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Two Way Slab - Elastic Frame Method
Two Way Slab - Elastic Frame Method
Two-Way Slabs:
Elastic Frame
Method
141
INTRODUCTION
A23.3 presents two parallel methods for calculating moments in two-way slab systems.
These are the Direct Design Method presented in Chap. 13 and the Elastic Frame Method
presented in this chapter. In addition, A23.3 Cl. 13.6.1 allows other methods if they meet
certain requirements. The relationship between the Direct Design Method and the Elastic
Frame Method is explained in Sec. 136 of this book. In the Direct Design Method, the
statical moment, M0 , is calculated for each panel. This moment is then divided between
positive and negative moment regions using arbitrary moment coefcients and the positive
moments are adjusted to reect pattern loadings. In the Elastic Frame Method, all of this
is accomplished by frame analyses.
The use of frame analyses to analyse slabs was rst proposed by Peabody 141 in 1948
and a method of slab analysis referred to as design by elastic analysis was incorporated in
the 1956 and 1963 editions of the ACI code. In the late 1940s Siess and Newmark 142,143
studied the application of moment distribution analyses to two-way slabs on stiff beams.
Following extensive research on two-way slabs carried out at the University of Illinois,
Corley and Jirsa 144 presented a more rened method of frame analysis for slabs. This
has been incorporated in the 1971 and subsequent ACI codes and in A23.3. Corley and
Jirsa considered only gravity loads. Studies of the use of frame analyses for laterally loaded
column-slab structures 145 led to treatment of this problem in the 1983 and subsequent ACI
codes. The Equivalent Frame Method in the ACI code corresponds to the Elastic Frame
Method in A23.3.
The Elastic Frame Method is intended for use in analyzing moments in any practical
building frame. Its scope is thus wider than the Direct Design Method, which is subject to
the limitations presented in Sec. 136 (A23.3 Cl. 13.10.1). It works best for frames that
can also be designed by the Direct Design Method, however.
This chapter builds on the basic knowledge of the behaviour and design of slabs in
exure and shear presented in Chap. 13.
Figure 148
Frame action and twisting of
edge member.
142
705
Figure 1411
Division of edge members
for calculation of C .
The constant C in Eq. 146 is calculated by subdividing the cross section into rectangles and carrying out the following summation:
C=
1 0.63
x
y
x 3y
3
(147;
A23.3 Eq. 1314)
where x is the shorter side of a rectangle and y is the longer side. The subdivision of
the cross section of the torsional members is illustrated in Fig. 1411. Several possible
combinations of rectangles may have to be tried to get the maximum value of C . To do
this, the wide rectangles should be made as large as possible in their smaller dimension.
Thus the rectangles chosen in Fig. 1411b will give larger values of C than those shown in
Fig. 1411a.
When using a moment distribution analysis, the frame analysis is carried out for a
frame with slabs having stiffnesses, Ks , equivalent columns having stiffnesses, Kec , and
possibly beams parallel to the slabs with stiffnesses, Kb .
EXAMPLE 143 Calculation of Kt ,
The 200 mm thick at plate shown in Fig. 144 is attached to 300 mm 600 mm columns
oriented with the 300 mm dimension perpendicular to the edge, as shown in Fig. 144. The storeyto-storey height is 2700 mm. The slab and columns are 30 MPa concrete. Compute Kt , Kc , and
Kec for the connections between the slab strip along line 2 and columns A2 and B 2.
1. Compute the values for the exterior column, A2 .
(a) Dene the cross section of the torsional members. According to A23.3 Cl. 13.9.2.7, the
attached torsional member at the exterior column corresponds to condition (a) in Fig. 1410 as
shown in Fig. 1412a. Here x = 200 mm and y = 300 mm.
(b) Compute C .
x3y
C=
1 0.63
x
y
1 0.63
200 mm
300 mm
(147;
A23.3 Eq. 1314)
= 464 10 mm
6
(c) Compute Kt .
Kt =
142
9Ecs C
t (1
c2 / t )3
(146;
A23.3 Eq. 1313)
709
y = 300 mm
y = 600 mm
x = 200 mm
Figure 1412
Attached torsional members
Example 143.
where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and
beams on each side of line 2. Since both beams are similar:
9Ecs N/mm2 464 106 mm4
Kt =
Note that Kt is in Nmm for Ecs in MPa because the value 2.15 106 has the units of C/ mm3 .
(d) Compute Kc for the edge columns. The height centre-to-centre of the oor slabs is 2700
mm. The distribution of stiffnesses along the column is similar to Fig. 147a. The edge columns
are bent about an axis parallel to the edge of the slab.
Ic =
600 3003
4.86Ecc Ic
c
and the carryover factor is 0.56. Because there are two columns, one above and one below the
oor, with the same stiffness
Kc = 2
(e) Compute the equivalent column stiffness Kec for the edge column connection.
1
Kec
Kc
Kt
1
4.86
106 E
cc
1
2.15 106 Ecs
The slab and the columns have the same concrete strength, so Ecs = Ecc = Ec . Therefore,
Kec = 1.49 106 Ec Nmm.
Note that Kec is only 31% of Kc . This illustrates the large reduction in effective stiffness due
to the lack of a torsionally stiff member at the edge of the slab along line 1.
2. Compute the values at the interior column B2 . The torsional member at column B 2 also has
a section corresponding to condition (a) in Fig. 1410 with x = 200 mm and y = 600 mm as
shown in Fig. 1412b. Thus C = 1.26 109 mm4 and Kt = 4.89 106 Ecs Nmm. In the slab
strip along line 2, the columns are bent about their strong axes and have Ic = 5.40 109 mm4 .
Again
4.86Ecc Ic
= 19.4 106 Ecc Nmm
Kc = 2
c
710
Chapter 14
Kc .
@
;
@
;
450 mm
270 mm
180 mm
450 mm
270 mm
Figure 1414
Torsional members at B 1
and B 2Example 144.
450 mm
270 mm
180 mm
270 mm
(b) Compute C . To compute C , divide the torsional member into rectangles to maximize C
as shown in Fig. 1414a:
C = 1 0.63
4503 450
450
450
+ 1 0.63
180
1803 270
270
= 5.36 10 mm
9
(c) Compute Kt .
Kt =
For span A1 B 1,
9Ecs C
t (1
Kt =
5775(1
450/5775)3
(146;
A23.3 Eq. 1313)
c2 / t )3
7000(1 450/7000)3
Is =
6388 1803
12
Therefore, Isb /Is = 3.03 and Kt = 3.03 19.1 106 Ecs = 57.9 106 Ecs Nmm.
712
Chapter 14
the centroid of the shear perimeter in Fig. 1415c gives the moment to be transferred as
(148)
Span A2 B 2 :
KA2B 2 =
4.11EI1
1
where
= 5500 mm and
I1 =
KA2B 2 =
5500 2003
12
COFA2B 2 = 0.509
Similarly, KB 2A2 = 2.74 106 Ec Nmm and COFB 2A2 = 0.509.
Fixed end moments = 0.085wf
2
2a 1
Span B 2 C 2 :
KB 2C 2 =
4.10Ec I1
1
COFB 2C 2 = 0.507
xed end moments = 0.084wf
2
2a 1
Span C 2 D 2 : Same as A2 B 2 .
142
717
(b) Determine the moment distribution coefcients for the equivalent columns. From Example 143:
Column A2: Kec = 1.49 106 Ec Nmm, COF = 0.56
Column B 2: Kec = 3.91 106 Ec Nmm, COF = 0.56
(c) Compute the distribution factors. The distribution factors are computed in the usual manner, thus:
DFA2B 2 =
=
KA2B 2
KA2B 2 + KecA2
2.74 106 Ec
2.74 106 Ec + 1.49 106 Ec
= 0.648
2a
= 5500 mm.
Span A2 B 2 :
M = 0.085wf
2
2a 1
1,
Span B 2 C 2 :
0.299
0.509
0.352
0.507
0.648
Figure 1418
Stiffness, carryover, and distribution factorsExample 145.
718
Chapter 14
0
0
0.56
2.74
1.49
0.274
0.56
Carryover
factor
2.51
0.427
0.274
D2
3.91
0.509
0.427
0.352
0.648
0.299
0.56
C2
2.74
1.49
0.56
B2
3.91
A2
720
Sum
Sum at
joint
FEM
Dist 1
CO 1
Dist 2
CO 2
Dist 3
CO 3
Dist 4
DF
7.1
7.1
50.4
0.2
2.3
+1.4
49.3
0.352
Col.
A2
57.5
+147.1
90.7
3.9
+2.5
+6.5
4.2
+0.7
0.5
0.648
Slab
186.7
147.1
7.7
46.1
+12.7
+1.3
+1.4
2.0
+0.8
0.299
Slab
COF = 0.509
0.427
Col.
B2
+10.1
+1.1
+2.0
+18.1
11.1
0.0
Cant.
TABLE 141
+176.6
+173.0
7.1
+3.6
+11.6
5.9
+1.3
0.6
+0.7
0.274
Slab
176.6
173.0
+7.1
3.6
11.6
+5.9
1.3
+0.6
0.7
0.274
Slab
COF = 0.507
10.1
1.1
2.0
18.1
+11.1
0.427
Col.
C2
+186.7
+147.1
+7.7
+46.1
12.7
1.3
1.4
+2.0
0.8
0.299
Slab
57.5
0.5
147.1
+90.7
+3.9
2.5
6.5
+4.2
0.7
0.648
Slab
COF = 0.509
+50.4
0.2
+2.3
1.4
+49.3
0.352
Col.
D2
+7.1
+7.1
0.0
Cant.
14.1
12.6 kN m
23.7
25.2
25.2 kN m
14.1
Figure 1420
Moments in column A2
Example 145.
(b) Compute the shear on the section and the moment about the centroid of the section. A
free-body diagram of the joint is shown in Fig. 1421b. The shear forces and bending moments
computed using the Elastic Frame Analysis act at the centre-line of the column, as shown in
Fig. 1421b. It is necessary to compute statically equivalent forces acting at the centroid of the
critical shear perimeter, axis X X in Fig. 1421b. From vertical force equilibrium, the shear
force acting through axis X X is 38.5 + 133.8 = 172.3 kN. When the shear forces act through
the centroid of the shear perimeter the corresponding moment is (Eq. 148)
143
722
Chapter 14
3. For combined gravity and lateral loads: Superimpose the results from steps 1 and 2.
This is a complex series of steps. It is hoped that by the next code revision, the Elastic
Frame Method will be restated in a clearer and a more computer-compatible form.
145
CHAPTER SUMMARY
A23.3 presents two parallel methods for calculating moments in a two-way slab: the Direct
Design Method, presented in Chap. 13, and the Elastic Frame Method, presented in Chap. 14,
which corresponds to the Equivalent Frame Method in the ACI code. In the Elastic Frame
Method, the two-way slab system is idealized as two plane frame structures consisting of
columns and slabs, one in each orthogonal direction.
Section 142 reviews the modelling of the beams and columns in the idealized elastic
frame and the derivation of the stiffnesses of the frame members. Calculation of distribution
factors, carryover factors and xed-end moments that allow nonprismatic members to be
analysed using the moment distribution method are presented. The column stiffnesses
require modication because, at a joint, the average rotation of the beam and slab is greater
than the rotation of the end of the column. The column stiffness is therefore computed for
an equivalent column consisting of the actual column and an attached torsional member on
one or both sides of the joint.
Other aspects concerning the use of the Elastic Frame Method to analyze slab systems
for vertical loads are presented in Sec. 142, including the live load patterns to be considered
in the structural analysis, the computation of moments at the faces of supports, and the
calculation of the moment at the centroid of the shear perimeter of a column. To illustrate
the difference between the Direct Design Method, presented in Chap. 13, and the Elastic
Frame Method, the long example from Sec. 1310 is recomputed at the end of Sec. 142.
The Elastic Frame Method was derived assuming that the moment distribution method
would be used to compute the moments in frames. Section 143 presents some of the
considerations necessary for modelling a frame for analysis by a standard computer program
to obtain results that are consistent with those obtained using the Elastic Frame Method.
In practice, computer analysis programs that are specically written for the analysis of
reinforced concrete slab systems are often used.
Section 144 presents the use of the Elastic Frame Method to analyse slabs in sway
frames subjected to lateral loads. A procedure is described where the stiffnesses used in
the analysis for gravity loads are modied to obtain values appropriate for the analysis for
lateral loads.
PROBLEMS
141 Design the north-south strips in the slab shown
in Fig. P136 using the Elastic Frame Method.
Loadings, dimensions, and material strengths are
as given in Problem 136.
142 Repeat Problem 141 for the east-west strips in
Fig. P136.
143 Compute the moments in the east-west strips along
lines A and B in the slab shown in Fig. 145. The
726
Chapter 14