P r o f . V . A .

A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 1
What Need Not Be Proved
ALFELOR v HALASAN
G.R. No. 165987
CAE!"# $arc% &1' 2006
(g)ai*a+
NATURE
,%i* i* a Pe-i-ion for Revie. on Cer-iorari
FACTS
- ,%e c%i)dren and %eir* of -%e )a-e */o0*e* ,e)e*foro
and Ceci)ia A)fe)or fi)ed a Co1/)ain- for Par-i-ion.
A1ong -%e /)ain-iff* .ere ,ere*i-a 2orongon and %er
-.o c%i)dren' !o*%0a and $aria 3a-rina' .%o c)ai1ed -o
4e -%e *0rviving */o0*e of !o*e A)fe)or' one of -%e
c%i)dren of -%e decea*ed A)fe)or 2/o0*e*.
- !o*efina 5. 5a)a*an fi)ed a $o-ion for 6n-erven-ion
a))eging -%a- *%e %a* )ega) in-ere*- in -%e 1a--er of
)i-iga-ion in -%e a4ove-en-i-)ed ca*e for /ar-i-ion
4e-.een /)ain-iff* and defendan-*# -%a- *%e i* -%e
*0rviving */o0*e and /ri1ar7 co1/0)*or7 %eir of !o*e 3.
A)fe)or' one of -%e c%i)dren and co1/0)*or7 %eir* of
,e)e*foro 6. A)fe)or .%o*e in-e*-a-e e*-a-e i* *048ec- -o
%erein */ecia) /roceeding* for /ar-i-ion# -%a- %erein
in-ervenor %ad no- received even a *ing)e cen-avo fro1
-%e *%are of %er )a-e %0*4and !o*e 3. A)fe)or -o -%e
in-e*-a-e e*-a-e of ,e)e*foro 3. A)fe)or.
- !o*efina a--ac%ed -o *aid 1o-ion %er An*.er in
6n-erven-ion c)ai1ing -%a- *%e .a* -%e *0rviving */o0*e
of !o*e. ,%0*' -%e a))eged *econd 1arriage -o ,ere*i-a
.a* void a4 ini-io for %aving 4een con-rac-ed d0ring -%e
*04*i*-ence of a /revio0* 1arriage. !o*efina f0r-%er
a))eged -%a- !o*%0a and $aria 3a-rina .ere no- %er
%0*4and9* c%i)dren. !o*efina /ra7ed' a1ong o-%er*' for
-%e a//oin-1en- of a */ecia) ad1ini*-ra-or -o -a:e
c%arge of -%e e*-a-e. !o*efina a--ac%ed -o %er /)eading
a co/7 of -%e 1arriage con-rac- .%ic% indica-ed -%a-
*%e and !o*e .ere 1arried.
- !0dge *e- -%e 1o-ion for %earing. !o*efina /re*en-ed
-%e 1arriage con-rac- a* .e)) a* -%e Re/)7-in-
6n-erven-ion fi)ed 47 -%e %eir* of -%e decea*ed' .%ere
,ere*i-a dec)ared -%a- *%e :ne. ;of -%e /revio0*
1arriage of -%e )a-e !o*e 3. A)fe)or .i-% -%a- of -%e
%erein in-ervenor.< 5o.ever' !o*efina did no- a//ear in
co0r-.
- ,ere*i-a -e*-ified -%a- !o*e -o)d %er -%a- %e did no-
%ave %i* 1arriage -o !o*efina ann0))ed 4eca0*e %e
4e)ieved in good fai-% -%a- %e %ad -%e rig%- -o re1arr7'
no- %aving *een %er for 1ore -%an *even 7ear*. ,%i*
o/inion .a* *%ared 47 !o*e9* *i*-er .%o .a* a 80dge.
,ere*i-a a)*o dec)ared -%a- *%e 1e- !o*efina in 2001'
and -%a- -%e )a--er narra-ed -%a- *%e %ad 4een 1arried
-%ree -i1e*' .a* no. %a//i)7 1arried -o an Eng)i*%1an
and re*iding in -%e =ni-ed 2-a-e*.
- !0dge denied -%e 1o-ion and di*1i**ed in-ervenor9*
co1/)ain-' r0)ing -%a- re*/onden- .a* no- a4)e -o /rove
%er c)ai1. ,%e -ria) co0r- /oin-ed o0- -%a- -%e
in-ervenor fai)ed -o a//ear -o -e*-if7 in co0r- -o
*04*-an-ia-e %er c)ai1. $oreover' no .i-ne** .a*
/re*en-ed -o iden-if7 -%e 1arriage con-rac- a* -o -%e
e>i*-ence of an origina) co/7 of -%e doc01en- or an7
/04)ic officer .%o %ad c0*-od7 -%ereof. ,ere*i-a and %er
c%i)dren' !o*%0a and $aria 3a-rina' .ere -%e )ega) and
)egi-i1a-e %eir* of -%e )a-e !o*e 3. A)fe)or' con*idering
-%a- -%e )a--er referred -o -%e1 a* %i* c%i)dren in %i*
2-a-e1en- of A**e-* and ia4i)i-ie*' a1ong o-%er*.
- !o*efina fi)ed a $o-ion for Recon*idera-ion .%ic% .a*
denied. CA rever*ed -%e r0)ing of -%e -ria) co0r-. 6- %e)d
-%a- ,ere*i-a %ad a)read7 ad1i--ed (4o-% ver4a))7 and
in .ri-ing+ -%a- !o*efina %ad 4een 1arried -o -%e
decea*ed' and 0nder 2ec-ion ?' R0)e 129 of -%e Revi*ed
R0)e* of Evidence' a 80dicia) ad1i**ion no )onger
re@0ire* /roof. Con*e@0en-)7' -%ere .a* no need -o
/rove and e*-a4)i*% -%e fac- -%a- !o*efa .a* 1arried -o
-%e deceden-.
ISSUE
A"N -%e fir*- .ife of a deceden-' a fac- ad1i--ed 47 -%e
o-%er /ar-7 .%o c)ai1* -o 4e -%e *econd .ife' *%o0)d 4e
a))o.ed -o in-ervene in an ac-ion for /ar-i-ion invo)ving
-%e *%are of -%e decea*ed ;%0*4and< in -%e e*-a-e of
%i* /aren-*.
HELD
BE2.
- ,%e fac- of -%e 1a--er i* -%a- ,ere*i-a A)fe)or and %er
co-%eir*' /e-i-ioner* %erein' ad1i--ed -%e e>i*-ence of
-%e fir*- 1arriage in -%eir Re/)7- in-6n-erven-ion fi)ed in
-%e R,C. ,ere*i-a ad1i--ed *evera) -i1e* -%a- *%e :ne.
-%a- %er )a-e %0*4and %ad 4een /revio0*)7 1arried -o
ano-%er.
- ,%i* ad1i**ion con*-i-0-e* a ;de)i4era-e' c)ear and
0ne@0ivoca)< *-a-e1en-# 1ade a* i- .a* in -%e co0r*e
of 80dicia) /roceeding*' *0c% *-a-e1en- @0a)ifie* a* a
80dicia) ad1i**ion. A /ar-7 .%o 80dicia))7 ad1i-* a fac-
canno- )a-er c%a))enge -%a- fac- a* 80dicia) ad1i**ion*
are a .aiver of /roof# /rod0c-ion of evidence i*
di*/en*ed .i-%.
- A 80dicia) ad1i**ion a)*o re1ove* an ad1i--ed fac-
fro1 -%e fie)d of con-rover*7. Con*e@0en-)7' an
ad1i**ion 1ade in -%e /)eading* canno- 4e
con-rover-ed 47 -%e /ar-7 1a:ing *0c% ad1i**ion and
are conc)0*ive a* -o *0c% /ar-7' and a)) /roof* -o -%e
con-rar7 or incon*i*-en- -%ere.i-% *%o0)d 4e ignored'
.%e-%er o48ec-ion i* in-er/o*ed 47 -%e /ar-7 or no-.
- ,%e a))ega-ion*' *-a-e1en-* or ad1i**ion* con-ained
in a /)eading are conc)0*ive a* again*- -%e /)eader. A
/ar-7 canno- *04*e@0en-)7 -a:e a /o*i-ion con-rar7 of
or incon*i*-en- .i-% .%a- .a* /)eaded.
- 6n-erven-ion *%a)) 4e a))o.ed .%en a /er*on %a* (1+ a
)ega) in-ere*- in -%e 1a--er in )i-iga-ion# (2+ or in -%e
*0cce** of an7 of -%e /ar-ie*# (&+ or an in-ere*- again*-
-%e /ar-ie*# (?+ or .%en %e i* *o *i-0a-ed a* -o 4e
adver*e)7 affec-ed 47 a di*-ri40-ion or di*/o*i-ion of
/ro/er-7 in -%e c0*-od7 of -%e co0r- or an officer
-%ereof.
- Con*idering -%i* ad1i**ion of ,ere*i-a' /e-i-ioner*9
1o-%er' -%e Co0r- r0)e* -%a- re*/onden- !o*efina
5a)a*an *0fficien-)7 e*-a4)i*%ed %er rig%- -o in-ervene in
-%e /ar-i-ion ca*e. 2%e %a* *%o.n -%a- *%e %a* )ega)
in-ere*- in -%e 1a--er in )i-iga-ion.
Dispositive ,%e Ceci*ion of -%e Co0r- of A//ea)* in CA-
G.R. 2P No. 7?757 i* ADD6R$EC. ,%e Regiona) ,ria)
Co0r-' Eranc% 17' Cavao Ci-7' i* "RCEREC -o ad1i-
re*/onden- !o*efina 5a)a*an9* Co1/)ain--in-
6n-erven-ion and for-%.i-% cond0c- -%e /ro/er
/roceeding* .i-% di*/a-c%.
PSCFC FINANCIAL CORP v CA
(QUIASON, BANCO FILIPINO)
G.R. No. 10609?
EE"26"# Cec 28' 1992
(:oo:7+
NATURE
Pe-i-ion for ann0)1en- of forec)o*0re /roceeding*' and
da1age*
FACTS:
- P2CDC a* )and deve)o/er avai)ed of -%e 5o1e
Dinancing P)an of Eanco Di)i/ino and 4orro.ed fro1 -%e
)a--er -%e a1o0n- of P6'6&0'690 a* Fdeve)o/er )oan.F A*
*ec0ri-7' /e-i-ioner con*-i-0-ed a 1or-gage over *evera)
)o-* in Pa*a7 Ci-7 .%ic% .ere no- 7e- *o)d a- -%a- -i1e
-o -%ird /ar-ie*. 6- .a* agreed -%a- 0nder -%e 5o1e
Dinancing P)an' -%e Fdeve)o/er )oanF .o0)d 1a-0re on)7
af-er -%e )o-* *%a)) %ave 4een *04divided and i1/roved
and -%en *o)d -o -%ird /er*on* .%o .o0)d -%en 4e
*04*-i-0-ed a* 1or-gagor* -o -%e e>-en- of -%e )oan
va)0e of -%e )o-* and %o0*e* 4o0g%- 47 -%e1.
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 2
- 2e/- 25 1987' .i-%o0- -%e )oan %aving 1a-0red a*
none of -%e )o-* %ave 4een conve7ed -o 407er*' -%e
1or-gage .a* e>-ra80dicia))7 forec)o*ed and a
cer-ifica-e of *a)e .a* e>ec0-ed in favor of Eanco
Di)i/ino.
- Priva-e re*/onden-* ad1i--ed -%e )oan for .%ic%
/e-i-ioner %ad e>ec0-ed a /ro1i**or7 no-e *ec0red 47 a
rea) e*-a-e 1or-gage on -%e /ro/er-ie*. 5o.ever' -%e7
denied -%a- /e-i-ioner %ad avai)ed i-*e)f of Eanco
Di)i/inoG* 5o1e Dinancing P)an' averring in*-ead -%a-
0nder -%e /ro1i**or7 no-e and -%e con-rac- of
1or-gage' -%e *048ec- )oan .o0)d fa)) d0e F1 7ear fro1
da-eF or on 5 !an0ar7 1986 and -%a- 0/on defa0)- of
/e-i-ioner' Eanco Di)i/ino co0)d i11edia-e)7 forec)o*e
-%e 1or-gage 0nder Ac- No. &1&5.
- P2CDC *erved 0/on Eanco Di)i/ino a .ri--en re@0e*-
for ad1i**ion of -%e -r0-% of cer-ain 1a--er* *e- for-% a*
fo))o.*H
1. ,%e /)ain-iff (P2CDC+ ... .a* ... gran-ed 47 7o0 0nder
ED 5o1e Dinancing P)an' on -%e *ec0ri-7 of 1or-gage*
con*-i-0-ed on -%e )and* ac@0ired' 0nder -%e -er1* of
.%ic% -%e deve)o/er )oan*' de*/i-e -%e con-en-* of -%e
covering /ro1i**or7 no-e* and *ec0ri-7 in*-r01en-*'
.o0)d 1a-0re on)7 af-er -%e deve)o/1en- of -%e
ac@0ired )and* in-o re*iden-ia) *04divi*ion and -%e
re*a)e of -%e ... )o-* ... -o in-ere*-ed -%ird /ar-ie* .%o
.o0)d -%en 4e *04*-i-0-ed a* 1or-gagor* ...
2. ... in 198?' avai)ing i-*e)f of 7o0r *aid 5o1e
Dinancing P)an' -%e /)ain-iff o4-ained fro1 7o0 a )oan ...
of P6'6&0'690.00 for .%ic% i- *igned in 7o0r favor a
/ro1i**or7 no-e on -%e *ec0ri-7 of a 1or-gage
con*-i-0-ed on ... )o-*' .%ic% .ere no- -%en 7e- *o)d -o
an7 -%ird /er*on ...
&. ... on 2e/-e14er 25' 1987' .i-%o0- -%e *aid )oan
%aving 7e- 1a-0red for -%e rea*on -%a- none of -%e ...
)o-* %ad 7e- 4een -%e *048ec- of *a)e -o -%ird /er*on*
*0c% -%a- *04*-i-0-ion of -%e )a--er a* 1or-gagor* in
7o0r favor co0)d no- 7e- 4e %ad' a cer-ifica-e of *a)e
.a* e>ec0-ed 47 -%e No-ar7 P04)ic over -%e ... )and* in
7o0r favor.
- P2CDC received Eanco Di)i/inoG* an*.er -o i-* re@0e*-
for ad1i**ion *igned 47 i-* co0n*e)' A--7. P%i)i/ 2igfrid
A. Dor-0n. Co0n*e) ad1i--ed' inter alia' /e-i-ionerG*
1or-gage )oan a* .e)) a* -%e fac- -%a- Eanco Di)i/ino
.a* engaged in )and deve)o/1en- )oan*. 5o.ever'
re*/onden- denied -%a- /e-i-ioner avai)ed i-*e)f of -%e
5o1e Dinancing P)an' inc)0ding -%e agree1en- -%a- -%e
1a-0ri-7 of -%e de4- .o0)d de/end on -%e re*a)e of -%e
1or-gaged *04divi*ion )o-*.
- P2CDC 1ade a *econd re@0e*- for ad1i**ion on
re*/onden- Eanco Di)i/ino i1/)ied)7 o48ec-ing -o -%e
fir*- re/)7 %aving 4een 1ade 47 i-* )a.7er' A--7. Dor-0n'
.%o .a* no- even an a--orne7 7e- .%en Eanco Di)i/ino
ina0g0ra-ed i-* financing /)an in De4r0ar7 1968 and
-%erefore did no- %ave /er*ona) :no.)edge of -%e
financing *c%e1e. ,%e *econd re@0e*- ca))ed on Eanco
Di)i/ino -o ad1i- -%a- i- did no- *end a for1a) no-ice of
i-* in-en-ion -o forec)o*e -%e 1or-gage and -%a- -%ere
.a* no /04)ica-ion of -%e no-ice of forec)o*0re in a
ne.*/a/er of genera) circ0)a-ion.
- Eanco Di)i/ino o48ec-ed on -%e gro0nd of irre)evanc7
and denied a)) -%e re*-.
- P2CDC a*:ed -%e -ria) co0r- for a r0)ing -%a- -%e
1a--er* *o0g%- -o 4e ad1i--ed in i-* *econd 4id for
ad1i**ion *%o0)d 4e con*idered a* i1/)ied)7 ad1i--ed
.%en -%e an*.er .a* 1ade 47 a )a.7er .%o .a* no-
@0a)ified -o do *o a* %e %ad no direc- and /er*ona)
:no.)edge of -%e 1a--er* *o0g%- -o 4e ad1i--ed. 6n
in*i*-ing -%a- on)7 a c)ien- co0)d 1a:e a 4inding
ad1i**ion in di*cover7 /roceeding*' /e-i-ioner ci-e*
Koh v. IAC. (P2CDC co0n*e) 1i*@0o-ed -%e deci*ion# 2C
ordered co0n*e) -o *%o. ca0*e+
- ,ria) co0r- did no- gran- P2CDC9* 1o-ion. CA *0*-ained
-%e -ria) co0r-.
- Pe-i-ioner *041i-* -%a- -%e an*.er -o -%e re@0e*- for
ad1i**ion 0nder R0)e 26 *%o0)d 4e 1ade 47 -%e /ar-7
%i1*e)f and no4od7 e)*e' no- even %i* )a.7er.
Con*e@0en-)7' fai)0re of re*/onden- Eanco Di)i/ino'
0/on .%o1 -%e ca)) for ad1i**ion .a* *erved' -o render
-%e re@0ired *.orn *-a-e1en- .o0)d con*-i-0-e an
implied admission of -%e fac-* *o0g%- -o 4e ad1i--ed.
,%0*' i- 10*- 4e -%e /ar-7 i-*e)f .%o 10*- re*/ond -o
-%e re@0e*- for ad1i**ion and -%a- a 1ere re/)7 1ade
and verified 47 i-* co0n*e) a)one i* in*0fficien- and
con-rar7 -o -%e R0)e* and -%e in-en- 4e%ind reco0r*e -o
1ode* of di*cover7.
ISSUE
A"N a re@0e*- for ad1i**ion direc-ed -o an adver*e
/ar-7 0nder 2ec. 1' R0)e 26' of -%e R0)e* of Co0r- 1a7
4e an*.ered 47 %i* co0n*e)
HELD
BE2
- A%en R0)e 26 *-a-e* -%a- a /ar-7 *%a)) re*/ond -o -%e
re@0e*- for ad1i**ion' i- *%o0)d no- 4e re*-ric-ive)7
con*-r0ed -o 1ean -%a- a /ar-7 1a7 no- engage -%e
*ervice* of co0n*e) -o 1a:e -%e re*/on*e in %i* 4e%a)f.
- 2ec-ion 21 of R0)e 1&8 *-a-e*
2ec. 21. Authority of attorney to appear. - An a--orne7
i* /re*01ed -o 4e /ro/er)7 a0-%oriIed -o re/re*en- an7
ca0*e in .%ic% %e a//ear*' and no .ri--en /o.er of
a--orne7 i* re@0ired -o a0-%oriIe %i1 -o a//ear in co0r-
for %i* c)ien- ...
&
- Pe-i-ioner %a* no- *%o.n -%a- -%e ca*e a- 4ar fa))*
0nder an7 of -%e recogniIed e>ce/-ion* a* fo0nd in Ar-.
1878 of -%e Civi) Code' or in R0)e 20 of -%e R0)e* of
Co0r-.
- 2ec-ion 2& of R0)e 1&8 /rovide* -%a- F(a+--orne7* %ave
a0-%ori-7 -o 4ind -%eir c)ien-* in an7 ca*e 47 an7
agree1en- in re)a-ion -%ere-o 1ade in .ri-ing' and in
-a:ing a//ea)*' and in a)) 1a--er* of ordinar7 80dicia)
/roced0re ...F
Disposition Pe-i-ion denied
PEOPLE v HERNANDE
G.R. No. 108028
DRANC62C"# !0)7 &0' 1996
(eva+
FACTS
- Acc0*ed-a//e))an- Cri*-ina 5ernandeI .a* c%arged
.i-% -%e cri1e of i))ega) recr0i-1en- co11i--ed in )arge
*ca)e in vio)a-ing of Ar-. &8 (a+ and (4+ in re)a-ion -o
Ar-ic)e 1& (4+ and (c+ of -%e Ne. a4or Code.
1
Ee-.een
Cec.1?-Cec.2?' 1988' in $ani)a' *%e re/re*en-ed
%er*e)f -o %ave -%e ca/aci-7 -o con-rac-' en)i*- and
-ran*/or- Di)i/ino .or:er* for e1/)o71en- a4road' and
for a fee' recr0i-ed and /ro1i*ed e1/)o71en-J8o4
/)ace1en- a4road -oH R"GE6" N. EGA2P6' =CAR6C"
P. EGA2P6' 2"NNB P. EERNAEE' ARNE E. $ENC"KA'
EEN6," . EERNAEE' ARN"C P. VAENK=EA'
AR$ANC" P. PAG=ABAN' GREG"R6" P. $ENC"KA' !R.'
R"NAC ,. C"RREA' CAN6" PAAC and R"EER, P.
VEA2L=EK .i-%o0- fir*- %aving *ec0red -%e re@0ired
)icen*e or a0-%ori-7 fro1 -%e P"EA.
- =/on arraign1en-' 5ernandeI /)eaded no- g0i)-7 and
-ria) on -%e 1eri-* en*0ed. "f -%e 1? co1/)ainan-*' E.
1
Ar-. &8. 6))ega) Recr0i-1en-. (a+ An7 recr0i-1en- ac-ivi-ie*'
inc)0ding -%e /ro%i4i-ed /rac-ice* en01era-ed 0nder Ar-ic)e &?
of -%i* Code' -o 4e 0nder-a:en 47 non-)icen*ee* or non-%o)der*
of a0-%ori-7 *%a)) 4e dee1ed i))ega) and /0ni*%a4)e 0nder
Ar-ic)e &9 of -%i* Code. ,%e $ini*-r7 of a4or and E1/)o71en-
or an7 )a. enforce1en- officer* 1a7 ini-ia-e co1/)ain-* 0nder
-%i* ar-ic)e.
(4+ 6))ega) recr0i-1en- .%en co11i--ed 47 a *7ndica-e or in
)arge *ca)e *%a)) 4e con*idered an offen*e invo)ving econo1ic
*a4o-age and *%a)) 4e /ena)iIed in accordance .i-% Ar-ic)e &9
%ereof.
6))ega) recr0i-1en- i* dee1ed co11i--ed 47 a *7ndica-e if
carried o0- 47 a gro0/ of -%ree (&+ or 1ore /er*on* con*/iring
andJor confedera-ing .i-% one ano-%er in carr7ing o0- an7
0n)a.f0) or i))ega) -ran*ac-ion' en-er/ri*e or *c%e1e' defined
0nder -%e fir*- /aragra/% %ereof. 6))ega) recr0i-1en- i* dee1ed
co11i--ed again*- -%ree (&+ or 1ore /er*on* individ0a))7 or a*
a gro0/
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | &
Eerna4e' Ve)a*@0eI' G. $endoIa and A. $endoIa .ere
/re*en-ed a* .i-ne**e* for -%e /ro*ec0-ion.
- ,%e7 -e*-ified -o -%e fo))o.ing e**en-ia) fac-*H
,%eir fir*- enco0n-er .i-% -%e 5ernandeI .a* on
Cec.12' 1988 .%en one !o*efa Cinco acco1/anied
-%e1 -o -%e office of -%e P%i)i//ine ,%ai A**ocia-ion'
6nc. (P%i)i//ine-,%ai+ in Er1i-a' $ani)a -o 1ee- -%e
a//e))an-. 6n-rod0cing %er*e)f a* -%e genera) 1anager
of P%i)i//ine-,%ai' 5ernandeI a**er-ed -%a- %er
co1/an7 recr0i-ed .or:er* for /)ace1en- a4road and
a*:ed /riva-e co1/)ainan-* if -%e7 .an-ed -o .or: a*
fac-or7 .or:er* in ,ai/ei. En-iced 47 -%e a**0rance of
i11edia-e e1/)o71en- and an M800 /er 1on-% *a)ar7'
-%e7 a//)ied. 5ernandeI re@0ired -%e1 -o /a7
/)ace1en- and /a**/or- fee* in -%e -o-a) a1o0n- of
P22'500.00 /er a//)ican-' -o 4e /aid in -%ree
in*-a))1en-*. ,%e7 .ere i**0ed recei/-* 47 iIa
$endoIa' -%e )a*- one *igned 47 $endoIa and
5ernandeI. 5ernandeI -%en a**0red -%e1 -%a- -%e7
.o0)d 4e a4)e -o )eave for ,ai/ei *o1e-i1e 4efore -%e
end of Cec.1988' 40- con-rar7 -o -%e /ro1i*e' -%e7
.ere 0na4)e -o )eave for a4road. ,%e7 de1anded for
-%e re-0rn of -%eir 1one7 40- -o no avai).
- CEDEN2E /re*en-ed a* i-* )one .i-ne**' 5ernandeI'
.%o*e -e*-i1on7 con*i*-ed 1ain)7 in den7ing -%e
c%arge* again*- %er. 2%e c)ai1ed -%a- *%e never 1e-
an7 of -%e co1/)ainan-* nor did *%e ever recr0i- an7 of
-%e1. 2%e )i:e.i*e denied %aving received 1one7 fro1
an7one and a**er-ed -%a- *%e did no- :no. an7 iIa
$endoIa .%o i* -%e a))eged -rea*0re of P%i)-,%ai. 2%e
1ain-ained -%a- a)-%o0g% *%e %ad an office in Er1i-a
E0i)ding' -%e *aid office 4e)onged -o E.C. 6*)and Aood
Prod0c-* Cor/. .%ic% .a* engaged in -%e )ogging
40*ine**. 5o.ever' .%en @0e*-ioned f0r-%er' a//e))an-
ad1i--ed 4eing -%e /re*iden- of P%i)-,%ai 40- on)7 in a
no1ina) ca/aci-7' and c)ai1ed -%a- a* no1inee-
/re*iden-' *%e did no- /ar-ici/a-e in an7 of i-*
-ran*ac-ion*. A//e))an- )i:e.i*e in*i*-ed -%a- P%i)-,%ai
.a* engaged *o)e)7 in -%e 4arong -aga)og 40*ine**.
- ,%e co0r- rendered a deci*ion %o)ding -%a- -%e
defen*e of Fdenia)F in-er/o*ed 47 -%e acc0*ed co0)d no-
/revai) over -%e /o*i-ive and c)ear -e*-i1onie* of -%e
/ro*ec0-ion .i-ne**e* .%ic% %ad e*-a4)i*%ed -%e g0i)-
of -%e acc0*ed 4e7ond rea*ona4)e do04-.
- A//e))an- co1e* -o -%i* Co0r- for -%e rever*a) of -%e
80dg1en- of convic-ion
ISSUES
1. A"N 5ernandeI i* g0i)-7 of i))ega) recr0i-1en-
co11i--ed in a )arge *ca)e and 47 a *7ndica-e.
2. A"N -%e -ria) co0r- erred in -a:ing 80dicia) no-ice of
-%e fac- -%a- 5ernandeI %ad 4een c%arged of i))ega)
recr0i-1en- in ano-%er cri1ina) ca*e and in con*idering
-%e /endenc7 -%ereof a* evidence of -%e *c%e1e and
*-ra-eg7 ado/-ed 47 -%e acc0*ed.
&. A"N -%e -ria) co0r- erred in no- giving credence or
.eig%- -o -%e defen*e of -%e acc0*ed.
HELD
1. BE2
,%e /ro*ec0-ion %ad in fac- /re*en-ed evidence -o
/rove -%e *aid e)e1en- of -%e cri1e of i))ega)
recr0i-1en-. FEN56E6, 6F' a cer-ifica-ion i**0ed 47 -%e
C%ief icen*ing Eranc% of -%e P"EA' a--e*-ing -o -%e
fac- -%a- nei-%er a//e))an- nor P%i)i//ine-,%ai i*
)icen*edJa0-%oriIed -o recr0i- .or:er* for e1/)o71en-
a4road' .a* offered and ad1i--ed in evidence .i-%o0-
-%e o48ec-ion of -%e a//e))an-.
Reasoning
- Cefen*e con-end* -%a- -%e /ro*ec0-ion fai)ed -o /rove
one of -%e e**en-ia) e)e1en-* of -%e cri1e of i))ega)
recr0i-1en-- -%a- -%e offender i* a non-)icen*ee or non-
%o)der of a0-%ori-7 -o )a.f0))7 engage in -%e
recr0i-1en- and /)ace1en- of .or:er*. ,%i* e)e1en-
.a* -%e *048ec- of a *-i/0)a-ion /ro/o*ed 47 -%e
/ro*ec0-ion and ad1i--ed 47 -%e defen*e d0ring -ria).
5ernandeI no. a**ai)* a* erroneo0* -%e re)iance
/)aced 47 -%e /ro*ec0-ion on -%e *aid *-i/0)a-ion of
fac-* in di*/en*ing .i-% -%e /re*en-a-ion of evidence -o
/rove -%e *aid e)e1en- of -%e cri1e of i))ega)
recr0i-1en-. A//e))an- arg0e* -%a-H (1+ -%e *-i/0)a-ion
of fac-* .a* no- -an-a1o0n- -o an ad1i**ion 47 -%e
a//e))an- of -%e fac- of non-/o**e**ion of -%e re@0i*i-e
a0-%ori-7 or )icen*e fro1 -%e P"EA' 40- .a* 1ere)7 an
ad1i**ion -%a- -%e C%ief icen*ing "fficer of -%e P"EA'
if /re*en-ed in co0r-' .o0)d -e*-if7 -o -%i* fac-' and (2+
-%e *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* i* n0)) and void for 4eing
con-rar7 -o )a. and /04)ic /o)ic7. ,%i* 4eing -%e ca*e' i-
re1ained inc014en- 0/on -%e /ro*ec0-ion -o /re*en-
evidence of *0c% fac-.
ON WHAT WAS ADITT!D IN TH! STI"#$ATION
- A)-%o0g% a//e))an-G* arg01en-* find no *ignifican-
4earing in -%e face of -%e e>i*-ence of FEN56E6, 6F' -%e7
none-%e)e** re@0ire dee/er *cr0-in7 and a c)ear
re*/on*e for f0-0re a//)ica-ion.
- A//e))an- correc-)7 di*-ing0i*%e* 4e-.een an
ad1i**ion -%a- a /ar-ic0)ar .i-ne** if /re*en-ed in co0r-
.o0)d -e*-if7 -o cer-ain fac-*' and an ad1i**ion of -%e
fac-* -%e1*e)ve*. According -o -%e a//e))an-' .%a- .a*
*-i/0)a-ed on .a* F1ere)7 -%a- -%e -e*-i1on7 of -%e
C%ief icen*ing "fficer of -%e P"EA .o0)d 4e -o -%e
effec- -%a- a//e))an- i* no- )icen*ed nor a0-%oriIed -o
recr0i- .or:er*.F
- ,%e di*-inc-ion' -%o0g% cogen-' i* 0nfor-0na-e)7
ina//)ica4)e -o -%e ca*e a- 4ar. Convenien-)7 o1i--ed
fro1 -%e a//e))an-G* re/)7 c%ief i* -%e en*0ing
*-a-e1en- 1ade 47 -%e co0r- af-er co0n*e) for -%e
acc0*ed' A--7. =)e/' agreed -o -%e *-i/0)a-ion /ro/o*ed
47 -%e /ro*ec0-ionH
Atty. #lep% A&reed' (our Honor.
Court% The prose)ution and the defense a&reed to
stipulate*admit that from the re)ord of the "O!A
$i)ensin& and +e&ulation Offi)e' Dept. of $a,or and
!mployment' a))used Cristina Hernande-*"hil. et).'
Ass. . . . is neither li)ensed nor authori-ed ,y the offi)e
to re)ruit .or/ers overseas a,road and that if the duly
authori-ed representative from the "O!A
Administration is to ta/e the .itness stand' he .ill
)onfirm to this fa)t as ,orne ,y the re)ords.
- 6- i* eviden- -%a- -%e /ro*ec0-ion and -%e defen*e
co0n*e) *-i/0)a-ed on -.o -%ing*H -%a- fro1 -%e record
of -%e P"EA' 5ernandeI i* nei-%er )icen*ed nor
a0-%oriIed 47 -%a- office -o recr0i- .or:er* for over*ea*
a4road and -%a- if -%e d0)7 a0-%oriIed re/re*en-a-ive
fro1 -%e P"EA i* -o -a:e -%e .i-ne** *-and' %e .i))
confir1 -o -%i* fac-.
ON TH! 0A$IDIT( O1 TH! STI"#$ATION
- A//e))an- f0r-%er con-end* -%a- gran-ing -%a- defen*e
co0n*e) %ad in fac- agreed -o -%e a4ove *-i/0)a-ion of
fac-*' -%e *a1e i* n0)) and void for 4eing con-rar7 -o
-%e .e))-e*-a4)i*%ed r0)e -%a- a *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* i*
no- a))o.ed in cri1ina) ca*e*.
- ,%e r0)e /ro%i4i-ing -%e *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* in cri1ina)
ca*e* i* gro0nded on -%e f0nda1en-a) rig%- of -%e
acc0*ed -o 4e /re*01ed innocen- 0n-i) /roven g0i)-7'
and coro))ar7 d0-7 of -%e /ro*ec0-ion -o /rove -%e g0i)-
of -%e acc0*ed 4e7ond rea*ona4)e do04-. ,%e ra-iona)e
4e%ind -%e /ro*cri/-ion again*- -%i* c)a** of
agree1en-* 4e-.een /ro*ec0-ion and defen*e i* -%a-
;6- i* no- *0//o*ed -o 4e .i-%in -%e :no.)edge or
co1/e-ence of co0n*e) -o /redic- .%a- a /ro/o*ed
.i-ne** *%a)) *a7 0nder -%e *anc-ion of %i* oa-% and -%e
-e*- of cro**-e>a1ina-ion. A convic-ion for cri1e *%o0)d
no- re*- 0/on 1ere con8ec-0re. Nor i* i- /o**i4)e for a
-ria) co0r- -o .eig% .i-% e>ac- nice-7 -%e con-radic-or7
dec)ara-ion of .i-ne**e* no- /rod0ced *o a* -o 4e
*048ec-ed -o i-* o4*erva-ion and i-* 80dg1en- a* -o -%eir
credi4i)i-7.<
- 5o.ever' in -%e )ig%- of recen- c%ange* in o0r r0)e*'
/ar-ic0)ar)7 -%e /re--ria) /rovi*ion* in R0)e 118' -%e
/ro%i4i-ion again*- a *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* in cri1ina)
ca*e* no )onger %o)d* -r0e.
- A)-%o0g% no- e>/re**)7 *anc-ioned 0nder -%e o)d r0)e*
of co0r-' a *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* 47 -%e /ar-ie* in cri1ina)
ca*e* %a* )ong 4een a))o.ed and recogniIed a*
dec)ara-ion* con*-i-0-ing 80dicia) ad1i**ion*' %ence'
4inding 0/on -%e /ar-ie*. 6n "eople vs. 2o)ar -%i* Co0r-
*-a-ed -%a-H ,%ere i* no-%ing 0n)a.f0) or irreg0)ar a4o0-
-%e a4ove /roced0re. ,%e dec)ara-ion* con*-i-0-e
80dicia) ad1i**ion' .%ic% are 4inding on -%e /ar-ie*' 47
vir-0e of .%ic% -%e /ro*ec0-ion di*/en*ed .i-% -%e
in-rod0c-ion of addi-iona) evidence and -%e defen*e
.aived -%e rig%- -o con-e*- or di*/0-e -%e veraci-7 of
-%e *-a-e1en-* con-ained in -%e e>%i4i-*.
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | ?
- A1erican 80ri*/r0dence %a* e*-a4)i*%ed -%e
acce/-a4i)i-7 of -%e /rac-ice of *-i/0)a-ing d0ring -%e
-ria) of cri1ina) ca*e*' and *-a-ed in "eople vs. Hare
-%a-H ,%i* co0r- %a* %e)d -%a- an acc0*ed 1a7 47
*-i/0)a-ion .aive -%e nece**i-7 of a /roof of a)) or an7
/ar- of -%e ca*e .%ic% -%e /eo/)e %ave a))eged again*-
%i1 and -%a- %aving done *o' %e canno- co1/)ain in
-%i* Co0r- of evidence .%ic% %e %a* *-i/0)a-ed in-o -%e
record.
CO+O$$A+( ISS#!% SHO#$D STI"#$ATION 2! IN
W+ITIN3 AND SI3N!D 4Se).5 +.6678
- A *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* en-ered in-o 47 -%e /ro*ec0-ion
and defen*e co0n*e) d0ring -ria) in o/en co0r- i*
a0-o1a-ica))7 red0ced in-o .ri-ing and con-ained in -%e
officia) -ran*cri/- of -%e /roceeding* %ad in co0r-. ,%e
confor1i-7 of -%e acc0*ed in -%e for1 of %i* *igna-0re
affi>ed -%ere-o i* 0nnece**ar7 in vie. of -%e fac- -%a-H
Fan a--orne7 .%o i* e1/)o7ed -o 1anage a /ar-7G*
cond0c- of a )a.*0i- %a* /ri1a facie a0-%ori-7 -o 1a:e
re)evan- ad1i**ion* 47 /)eading*' 47 ora) or .ri--en
*-i/0)a-ion' .%ic% 0n)e** a))o.ed -o 4e .i-%dra.n are
conc)0*ive.F 6n fac-' F80dicia) ad1i**ion* are fre@0en-)7
-%o*e of co0n*e) or of -%e a--orne7 of record' .%o i*' for
-%e /0r/o*e of -%e -ria)' -%e agen- of %i* c)ien-. A%en
*0c% ad1i**ion* are 1ade for -%e /0r/o*e of
di*/en*ing .i-% /roof of *o1e fac-' -%e7 4ind -%e c)ien-'
.%e-%er 1ade d0ring' or even af-er' -%e -ria).F
- A//e))an- .a* never /reven-ed fro1 /re*en-ing
evidence con-rar7 -o -%e *-i/0)a-ion of fac-*. 6f
a//e))an- 4e)ieved -%a- -%e -e*-i1on7 of -%e C%ief
icen*ing "fficer of -%e P"EA .o0)d 4e 4eneficia) -o %er
ca*e' -%en i- i* -%e defen*e .%o *%o0)d %ave /re*en-ed
%i1. 5er con-in0o0* fai)0re -o do *o d0ring -ria) .a* a
.aiver of %er rig%- -o /re*en- -%e /er-inen- evidence -o
con-radic- -%e *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* and e*-a4)i*% %er
defen*e.
- ,%e *-i/0)a-ion of fac-* /ro/o*ed d0ring -ria) 47
/ro*ec0-ion and ad1i--ed 47 defen*e co0n*e) i*
-an-a1o0n- -o a 80dicia) ad1i**ion 47 -%e a//e))an- of
-%e fac-* *-i/0)a-ed on. Con-ro))ing' -%erefore' i* 2ec-ion
?' R0)e 129 of -%e R0)e* of Co0r-.
2. N".
+atio 6- i* -r0e -%a- a* a genera) r0)e' co0r-* are no-
a0-%oriIed -o -a:e 80dicia) no-ice of -%e con-en-* of -%e
record* of o-%er ca*e*' even .%en *0c% ca*e* %ave
4een -ried or are /ending in -%e *a1e co0r-' and
no-.i-%*-anding -%e fac- -%a- 4o-% ca*e* 1a7 %ave
4een -ried or are ac-0a))7 /ending 4efore -%e *a1e
80dge. 5o.ever' -%i* r0)e i* *048ec- -o -%e e>ce/-ion
-%a- in -%e a4*ence of o48ec-ion and a* a 1a--er of
convenience -o a)) /ar-ie*' a co0r- 1a7 /ro/er)7 -rea-
a)) or an7 /ar- of -%e origina) record of -%e ca*e fi)ed in
i-* arc%ive* a* read in-o -%e record* of a ca*e /ending
4efore i-' .%en .i-% -%e :no.)edge of -%e o//o*ing
/ar-7' reference i* 1ade -o i-' 47 na1e and n014er or
in *o1e o-%er 1anner 47 .%ic% i- i* *0fficien-)7
de*igna-ed. ,%e 80dicia) no-ice -a:en 47 -%e )o.er co0r-
of -%e /endenc7 of ano-%er i))ega) recr0i-1en- ca*e
again*- -%e a//e))an- fa))* *@0are)7 0nder -%e a4ove
e>ce/-ion in vie. of -%e fac- -%a- i- .a* -%e a//e))an-
%er*e)f .%o in-rod0ced evidence on -%e 1a--er .%en
*%e -e*-ified in o/en co0r-.
+easonin&
- A//e))an- ci-e* a vio)a-ion of 2ec-ion & of R0)e 129 of
-%e R0)e* of Co0r- .%ic% /rovide* -%a- 4efore -%e co0r-
1a7 -a:e 80dicia) no-ice of an7 1a--er' -%e /ar-ie* *%a))
4e %eard -%ereon if *0c% 1a--er i* deci*ive of a
1a-eria) i**0e in -%e ca*e. 6- i* c)ai1ed -%a- -%e )o.er
co0r- never anno0nced i-* in-en-ion -o -a:e 80dicia)
no-ice of -%e /endenc7 of -%e o-%er i))ega) recr0i-1en-
ca*e nor did i- a))o. -%e acc0*ed -o 4e %eard -%ereon.
- Even a**01ing' %o.ever' -%a- -%e )o.er co0r-
i1/ro/er)7 -oo: 80dicia) no-ice of -%e /endenc7 of
ano-%er i))ega) recr0i-1en- ca*e again*- -%e a//e))an-'
-%e error .o0)d no- 4e fa-a) -o -%e /ro*ec0-ionG* ca0*e.
,%e 80dg1en- of convic-ion .a* no- 4a*ed on -%e
e>i*-ence of ano-%er i))ega) recr0i-1en- ca*e fi)ed
again*- a//e))an- 47 a differen- gro0/ of co1/)ainan-*'
40- on -%e over.%e)1ing evidence again*- %er in -%e
in*-an- ca*e.
&. N".
Ae do no- find an7 co1/e))ing rea*on -o rever*e -%e
finding* of -%e )o.er co0r- -%a- a//e))an-G* 4are denia)*
canno- over-%ro. -%e /o*i-ive -e*-i1onie* of -%e
/ro*ec0-ion .i-ne**e* again*- %er.
Ae)) e*-a4)i*%ed i* -%e r0)e -%a- denia)* if
0n*04*-an-ia-ed 47 c)ear and convincing evidence are
nega-ive' *e)f-*erving evidence .%ic% de*erve no
.eig%- in )a. and canno- 4e given grea-er eviden-iar7
.eig%- over -%e -e*-i1on7 of credi4)e .i-ne**e* .%o
-e*-if7 on affir1a-ive 1a--er*. ,%a- *%e did no- 1ere)7
den7' 40- )i:e.i*e rai*ed a* an affir1a-ive defen*e %er
a//oin-1en- a* 1ere no1inee-/re*iden- of P%i)i//ine-
,%ai i* a f0-i)e a--e1/- a- e>c0)/a-ing %er*e)f and i* of
no con*e@0ence .%a-*oever .%en .eig%ed again*- -%e
/o*i-ive dec)ara-ion* of .i-ne**e* -%a- i- .a* -%e
a//e))an- .%o e>ec0-ed -%e ac-* of i))ega) recr0i-1en-
a* co1/)ained of.
Disposition A//e))an-G* convic-ion of -%e cri1e of
i))ega) recr0i-1en- in )arge *ca)e i* %ere47 ADD6R$EC'
and -%e /ena)-7 i1/o*ed $"C6D6EC.
RA!OS v CA (DELOS SANTOS !EDICAL
CENTER)
G.R. No. 12?&5?
3AP=NAN (1999+
(*8+
NATURE
Pe-i-ion for revie. on cer-iorari
FACTS
- 2o1e-i1e in 1985' /e-i-ioner Er)inda Ra1o*' af-er
*ee:ing /rofe**iona) 1edica) %e)/' .a* advi*ed -o
0ndergo an o/era-ion for -%e re1ova) of a *-one in %er
ga)) 4)adder (c%o)ec7*-ec-o17+. 2%e .a* referred -o Cr.
5o*a:a' a *0rgeon' .%o agreed -o /erfor1 -%e
o/era-ion on %er. ,%e o/era-ion .a* *c%ed0)ed for !0ne
17' 1985 a- 9H00 in -%e 1orning a- /riva-e re*/onden-
Ce o* 2an-o* $edica) Cen-er (C2$C+. 2ince nei-%er
/e-i-ioner Er)inda nor %er %0*4and' /e-i-ioner Roge)io'
:ne. of an7 ane*-%e*io)ogi*-' Cr. 5o*a:a
reco11ended -o -%e1 -%e *ervice* of Cr. G0-ierreI.
- Pe-i-ioner Er)inda .a* ad1i--ed -o -%e C2$C -%e da7
4efore -%e *c%ed0)ed o/era-ion. E7 7H&0 in -%e 1orning
of -%e fo))o.ing da7' /e-i-ioner Er)inda .a* a)read7
4eing /re/ared for o/era-ion. =/on -%e re@0e*- of
/e-i-ioner Er)inda' %er *i*-er-in-)a.' 5er1inda Cr0I' .%o
.a* -%en Cean of -%e Co))ege of N0r*ing a- -%e Ca/i-o)
$edica) Cen-er' .a* a))o.ed -o acco1/an7 %er in*ide
-%e o/era-ing roo1.
- A- aro0nd 9H&0 in -%e 1orning' Cr. 5o*a:a %ad no- 7e-
arrived *o Cr. G0-ierreI -ried -o ge- in -o0c% .i-% %i1
47 /%one. ,%ereaf-er' Cr. G0-ierreI infor1ed Cr0I -%a-
-%e o/era-ion 1ig%- 4e de)a7ed d0e -o -%e )a-e arriva)
of Cr. 5o*a:a. 6n -%e 1ean-i1e' -%e /a-ien-' /e-i-ioner
Er)inda *aid -o Cr0I' F$ind7' ini/ na ini/ na a:o' i:0%a
1o a:o ng i4ang Coc-or.F
- E7 10H00 in -%e 1orning' .%en Cr. 5o*a:a .a* *-i))
no- aro0nd' /e-i-ioner Roge)io a)read7 .an-ed -o /0))
o0- %i* .ife fro1 -%e o/era-ing roo1. 5e 1e- Cr.
Garcia' .%o re1ar:ed -%a- %e .a* a)*o -ired of .ai-ing
for Cr. 5o*a:a. Cr. 5o*a:a fina))7 arrived a- -%e %o*/i-a)
a- aro0nd 12H10 in -%e af-ernoon' or 1ore -%an -%ree
(&+ %o0r* af-er -%e *c%ed0)ed o/era-ion.
- Cr0I' .%o .a* -%en *-i)) in*ide -%e o/era-ing roo1'
%eard a4o0- Cr. 5o*a:a9* arriva). A%i)e *%e %e)d -%e
%and of Er)inda' Cr0I *a. Cr. G0-ierreI -r7ing -o
in-04a-e -%e /a-ien-. Cr0I %eard Cr. G0-ierreI 0--erH
Fang %ira/ 1a-in-04a-e ni-o' 1a)i 7a-a ang
/ag:a:a/a*o:. " )01a)a:i ang -i7an.F Cr0I no-iced a
4)0i*% di*co)ora-ion of Er)indaO* nai)4ed* on %er )ef-
%and. 2%e (Cr0I+ -%en %eard Cr. 5o*a:a in*-r0c-
*o1eone -o ca)) Cr. Ca)deron' ano-%er ane*-%e*io)ogi*-.
A%en %e arrived' Cr. Ca)deron a--e1/-ed -o in-04a-e
-%e /a-ien-. ,%e nai)4ed* of -%e /a-ien- re1ained
4)0i*%' -%0*' *%e .a* /)aced in a -rende)en40rg /o*i-ion
a /o*i-ion .%ere -%e %ead of -%e /a-ien- i* /)aced in a
/o*i-ion )o.er -%an %er fee-. A- -%i* /oin-' Cr0I .en-
o0- of -%e o/era-ing roo1 -o e>/re** %er concern -o
/e-i-ioner Roge)io -%a- Er)inda9* o/era-ion .a* no-
going .e)).
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 5
- Cr0I @0ic:)7 r0*%ed 4ac: -o -%e o/era-ing roo1 and
*a. -%a- -%e /a-ien- .a* *-i)) in -rende)en40rg /o*i-ion.
A- a)1o*- &H00 in -%e af-ernoon' *%e *a. Er)inda 4eing
.%ee)ed -o -%e 6n-en*ive Care =ni- (6C=+. ,%e doc-or*
e>/)ained -o /e-i-ioner Roge)io -%a- %i* .ife %ad
4ronc%o*/a*1. Er)inda *-a7ed in -%e 6C= for a 1on-%.
2%e .a* re)ea*ed fro1 -%e %o*/i-a) on)7 fo0r 1on-%*
)a-er or on Nove14er 15' 1985. 2ince -%e i))-fa-ed
o/era-ion' Er)inda re1ained in co1a-o*e condi-ion 0n-i)
*%e died on A0g0*- &' 1999.1
- Pe-i-ioner* fi)ed .i-% -%e Regiona) ,ria) Co0r- of
L0eIon Ci-7 a civi) ca*e for da1age* again*- /riva-e
re*/onden-*. Af-er d0e -ria)' -%e co0r- a @0o rendered
80dg1en- in favor of /e-i-ioner*. E**en-ia))7' -%e -ria)
co0r- fo0nd -%a- /riva-e re*/onden-* .ere neg)igen- in
-%e /erfor1ance of -%eir d0-ie* -o Er)inda. "n a//ea) 47
/riva-e re*/onden-*' -%e Co0r- of A//ea)* rever*ed -%e
-ria) co0r-9* deci*ion and direc-ed /e-i-ioner* -o /a7
-%eir F0n/aid 1edica) 4i))*F -o /riva-e re*/onden-*.
- Pe-i-ioner* fi)ed .i-% -%i* Co0r- a /e-i-ion for revie. on
cer-iorari.
ISSUES
1. A%e-%er or no- /riva-e re*/onden-* .ere neg)igen-
in -%e /erfor1ance of -%e o/era-ion on $r*. Ra1o*.
2. A%e-%er or no- -%e CA erred in -a:ing 80dicia) no-ice
-%a- n0r*e* do no- %ave in-04a-ion in -%eir c0rric0)01
a* gro0nd for e>c)0ding Cean Cr0I9 ($r*. Ra1o*9 *i*-er
in )a.' .%o .a* .i-% %er d0ring -%e o/era-ion+
-e*-i1on7.
HELD
1. BE2
Ratio Re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i* a a-in /%ra*e .%ic% )i-era))7
1ean* ;-%e -%ing or -%e -ran*ac-ion */ea:* for i-*e)f.<
,%e /%ra*e ;re* i/*a )o@0i-0r< i* a 1a>i1 for -%e r0)e
-%a- -%e fac- of -%e occ0rrence of an in80r7' -a:en .i-%
-%e *0rro0nding circ01*-ance*' 1a7 /er1i- an
inference or rai*e a /re*01/-ion of neg)igence' or
1a:e o0- a /)ain-iff9* /ri1a facie ca*e' and /re*en- a
@0e*-ion of fac- for defendan- -o 1ee- .i-% an
e>/)ana-ion.
- ,%e doc-rine of re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i* *i1/)7 a
recogni-ion of -%e /o*-0)a-e -%a-' a* a 1a--er of
co11on :no.)edge and e>/erience' -%e ver7 na-0re of
cer-ain -7/e* of occ0rrence* 1a7 80*-if7 an inference of
neg)igence on -%e /ar- of -%e /er*on .%o con-ro)* -%e
in*-r01en-a)i-7 ca0*ing -%e in80r7 in -%e a4*ence of
*o1e e>/)ana-ion 47 -%e defendan- .%o i* c%arged
.i-% neg)igence. 6- i* gro0nded in -%e *0/erior )ogic of
ordinar7 %01an e>/erience and on -%e 4a*i* of *0c%
e>/erience or co11on :no.)edge' neg)igence 1a7 4e
ded0ced fro1 -%e 1ere occ0rrence of -%e acciden-
i-*e)f. 5ence' re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i* a//)ied in con80nc-ion
.i-% -%e doc-rine of co11on :no.)edge.
- Re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i* no- a r0)e of *04*-an-ive )a. and'
a* *0c%' doe* no- crea-e or con*-i-0-e an inde/enden-
or *e/ara-e gro0nd of )ia4i)i-7. 6N2,EAC' 6, 62
C"N26CEREC A2 $EREB EV6CEN,6ARB "R 6N ,5E
NA,=RE "D A PR"CEC=RA R=E. 6- i* regarded a* a
$"CE "D PR""D' "R A $ERE PR"CEC=RA
C"NVEN6ENCE 26NCE 6, D=RN625E2 A 2=E2,6,=,E D"R'
ANC RE6EVE2 A PA6N,6DD "D' ,5E E=RCEN "D
PR"C=C6NG 2PEC6D6C PR""D "D NEG6GENCE. 6n o-%er
.ord*' 1ere invoca-ion and a//)ica-ion of -%e doc-rine
doe* no- di*/en*e .i-% -%e re@0ire1en- of /roof of
neg)igence. 6- i* *i1/)7 a *-e/ in -%e /roce** of *0c%
/roof' /er1i--ing -%e /)ain-iff -o /re*en- a)ong .i-% -%e
/roof of -%e acciden-' eno0g% of -%e a--ending
circ01*-ance* -o invo:e -%e doc-rine' crea-ing an
inference or /re*01/-ion of neg)igence' and -o -%ere47
/)ace on -%e defendan- -%e 40rden of going for.ard
.i-% -%e /roof. 2-i))' 4efore re*or- -o -%e doc-rine 1a7
4e a))o.ed' -%e fo))o.ing re@0i*i-e* 10*- 4e
*a-i*fac-ori)7 *%o.nH
1. ,%e acciden- i* of a :ind .%ic% ordinari)7 doe* no-
occ0r in -%e a4*ence of *o1eone9* neg)igence#
2. 6- i* ca0*ed 47 an in*-r01en-a)i-7 .i-%in -%e
e>c)0*ive con-ro) of -%e defendan- or defendan-*# and
&. ,%e /o**i4i)i-7 of con-ri40-ing cond0c- .%ic% .o0)d
1a:e -%e /)ain-iff re*/on*i4)e i* e)i1ina-ed.
Reasoning
- 6n -%e a4ove re@0i*i-e*' -%e f0nda1en-a) e)e1en- i*
-%e ;con-ro) of -%e in*-r01en-a)i-7< .%ic% ca0*ed -%e
da1age. 20c% e)e1en- of con-ro) 10*- 4e *%o.n -o 4e
.i-%in -%e do1inion of -%e defendan-. 6n order -o %ave
-%e 4enefi- of -%e r0)e' a /)ain-iff' in addi-ion -o /roving
in80r7 or da1age' 10*- *%o. a *i-0a-ion .%ere i- i*
a//)ica4)e' and 10*- e*-a4)i*% -%a- -%e e**en-ia)
e)e1en-* of -%e doc-rine .ere /re*en- in a /ar-ic0)ar
inciden-.
A,5"=G5 GENERAB' ENPER, $EC6CA ,E2,6$"NB
62 RE6EC =P"N 6N $APRAC,6CE 2=6,2 ," PR"VE
,5A, A P5B26C6AN 5A2 C"NE A NEG6GEN, AC, "R
,5A, 5E 5A2 CEV6A,EC DR"$ ,5E 2,ANCARC
$EC6CA PR"CEC=RE' A5EN ,5E C"C,R6NE "D RE2
6P2A "L=6,=R 62 AVA6EC EB ,5E PA6N,6DD' ,5E
NEEC D"R ENPER, $EC6CA ,E2,6$"NB 62 C62PEN2EC
A6,5 EECA=2E ,5E 6N!=RB 6,2ED PR"V6CE2 ,5E
PR""D "D NEG6GENCE. ,%e rea*on i* -%a- -%e genera)
r0)e on -%e nece**i-7 of e>/er- -e*-i1on7 a//)ie* on)7
-o *0c% 1a--er* c)ear)7 .i-%in -%e do1ain of 1edica)
*cience' and no- -o 1a--er* -%a- are .i-%in -%e co11on
:no.)edge of 1an:ind .%ic% 1a7 4e -e*-ified -o 47
an7one fa1i)iar .i-% -%e fac-*. "rdinari)7' on)7
/%7*ician* and *0rgeon* of *:i)) and e>/erience are
co1/e-en- -o -e*-if7 a* -o .%e-%er a /a-ien- %a* 4een
-rea-ed or o/era-ed 0/on .i-% a rea*ona4)e degree of
*:i)) and care. 5o.ever' -e*-i1on7 a* -o -%e
*-a-e1en-* and ac-* of /%7*ician* and *0rgeon*'
e>-erna) a//earance*' and 1anife*- condi-ion* .%ic%
are o4*erva4)e 47 an7 one 1a7 4e given 47 non-e>/er-
.i-ne**e*. 5ence' in ca*e* .%ere -%e re* i/*a )o@0i-0r
i* a//)ica4)e' -%e co0r- i* /er1i--ed -o find a /%7*ician
neg)igen- 0/on /ro/er /roof of in80r7 -o -%e /a-ien-'
.i-%o0- -%e aid of e>/er- -e*-i1on7' .%ere -%e co0r-
fro1 i-* f0nd of co11on :no.)edge can de-er1ine -%e
/ro/er *-andard of care.
A5ERE C"$$"N 3N"AECGE ANC ENPER6ENCE
,EAC5 ,5A, A RE2=,6NG 6N!=RB A"=C N", 5AVE
"CC=RREC ," ,5E PA,6EN, 6D C=E CARE 5AC EEEN
ENERC62EC' AN 6NDERENCE "D NEG6GENCE $AB EE
CRAAN G6V6NG R62E ," AN APP6CA,6"N "D ,5E
C"C,R6NE "D RE2 6P2A "L=6,=R A6,5"=, $EC6CA
EV6CENCE' A56C5 62 "RC6NAR6B REL=6REC ," 25"A
N", "NB A5A, "CC=RREC E=, 5"A ANC A5B 6,
"CC=RREC. A%en -%e doc-rine i* a//ro/ria-e' a)) -%a-
-%e /a-ien- 10*- do i* /rove a ne>0* 4e-.een -%e
/ar-ic0)ar ac- or o1i**ion co1/)ained of and -%e in80r7
*0*-ained .%i)e 0nder -%e c0*-od7 and 1anage1en- of
-%e defendan- .i-%o0- need -o /rod0ce e>/er- 1edica)
-e*-i1on7 -o e*-a4)i*% -%e *-andard of care. Re*or- -o
re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i* a))o.ed 4eca0*e -%ere i* no o-%er
.a7' 0nder 0*0a) and ordinar7 condi-ion*' 47 .%ic% -%e
/a-ien- can o4-ain redre** for in80r7 *0ffered 47 %i1.
ENA$PE2 D"R CA22 C62C=226"N
,%0*' co0r-* of o-%er 80ri*dic-ion* %ave a//)ied -%e
doc-rine in -%e fo))o.ing *i-0a-ion*H )eaving of a foreign
o48ec- in -%e 4od7 of -%e /a-ien- af-er an o/era-ion'
in80rie* *0*-ained on a %ea)-%7 /ar- of -%e 4od7 .%ic%
.a* no- 0nder' or in -%e area' of -rea-1en-' re1ova) of
-%e .rong /ar- of -%e 4od7 .%en ano-%er /ar- .a*
in-ended' :noc:ing o0- a -oo-% .%i)e a /a-ien-9* 8a.
.a* 0nder ane*-%e-ic for -%e re1ova) of %i* -on*i)*' and
)o** of an e7e .%i)e -%e /a-ien- /)ain-iff .a* 0nder -%e
inf)0ence of ane*-%e-ic' d0ring or fo))o.ing an o/era-ion
for a//endici-i*' a1ong o-%er*.
Never-%e)e**' de*/i-e -%e fac- -%a- -%e *co/e of re* i/*a
)o@0i-0r %a* 4een 1ea*0ra4)7 en)arged' i- doe* no-
a0-o1a-ica))7 a//)7 -o a)) ca*e* of 1edica) neg)igence
a* -o 1ec%anica))7 *%if- -%e 40rden of /roof -o -%e
defendan- -o *%o. -%a- %e i* no- g0i)-7 of -%e a*cri4ed
neg)igence. Re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i* no- a rigid or ordinar7
doc-rine -o 4e /erf0nc-ori)7 0*ed 40- a r0)e -o 4e
ca0-io0*)7 a//)ied' de/ending 0/on -%e circ01*-ance*
of eac% ca*e. 6- i* genera))7 re*-ric-ed -o *i-0a-ion* in
1a)/rac-ice ca*e* .%ere a )a71an i* a4)e -o *a7' a* a
1a--er of co11on :no.)edge and o4*erva-ion' -%a- -%e
con*e@0ence* of /rofe**iona) care .ere no- a* *0c% a*
.o0)d ordinari)7 %ave fo))o.ed if d0e care %ad 4een
e>erci*ed.
A di*-inc-ion 10*- 4e 1ade 4e-.een -%e fai)0re -o
*ec0re re*0)-*' and -%e occ0rrence of *o1e-%ing 1ore
0n0*0a) and no- ordinari)7 fo0nd if -%e *ervice or
-rea-1en- rendered fo))o.ed -%e 0*0a) /roced0re of
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 6
-%o*e *:i))ed in -%a- /ar-ic0)ar /rac-ice. 6- 10*- 4e
conceded -%a- -%e doc-rine of re* i/*a )o@0i-0r can %ave
no a//)ica-ion in a *0i- again*- a /%7*ician or *0rgeon
.%ic% invo)ve* -%e 1eri-* of a diagno*i* or of a
*cien-ific -rea-1en-. ,%e /%7*ician or *0rgeon i* no-
re@0ired a- %i* /eri) -o e>/)ain .%7 an7 /ar-ic0)ar
diagno*i* .a* no- correc-' or .%7 an7 /ar-ic0)ar
*cien-ific -rea-1en- did no- /rod0ce -%e de*ired re*0)-.
,%0*' re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i* no- avai)a4)e in a 1a)/rac-ice
*0i- if -%e on)7 *%o.ing i* -%a- -%e de*ired re*0)- of an
o/era-ion or -rea-1en- .a* no- acco1/)i*%ed.
,%e rea) @0e*-ion' -%erefore' i* .%e-%er or no- in -%e
/roce** of -%e o/era-ion an7 e>-raordinar7 inciden- or
0n0*0a) even- o0-*ide of -%e ro0-ine /erfor1ance
occ0rred .%ic% i* 4e7ond -%e reg0)ar *co/e of
c0*-o1ar7 /rofe**iona) ac-ivi-7 in *0c% o/era-ion*'
.%ic%' if 0ne>/)ained .o0)d -%e1*e)ve* rea*ona4)7
*/ea: -o -%e average 1an a* -%e neg)igen- ca0*e or
ca0*e* of -%e 0n-o.ard con*e@0ence. 6f -%ere .a* *0c%
e>-raneo0* in-erven-ion*' -%e doc-rine of re* i/*a
)o@0i-0r 1a7 4e 0-i)iIed and -%e defendan- i* ca))ed
0/on -o e>/)ain -%e 1a--er' 47 evidence of e>c0)/a-ion'
if %e co0)d.
DAC,=A EA262 D"R ,5E RA,6"
Er)inda *041i--ed %er*e)f for c%o)ec7*-ec-o17 and
e>/ec-ed a ro0-ine genera) *0rger7 -o 4e /erfor1ed on
%er ga)) 4)adder. "n -%a- fa-ef0) da7 *%e de)ivered %er
/er*on over -o -%e care' c0*-od7 and con-ro) of /riva-e
re*/onden-* .%o e>erci*ed co1/)e-e and e>c)0*ive
con-ro) over %er. A- -%e -i1e of *041i**ion' Er)inda .a*
ne0ro)ogica))7 *o0nd and' e>ce/- for a fe. 1inor
di*co1for-*' .a* )i:e.i*e /%7*ica))7 fi- in 1ind and
4od7. 5o.ever' d0ring -%e ad1ini*-ra-ion of
ane*-%e*ia and /rior -o -%e /erfor1ance of
c%o)ec7*-ec-o17 *%e *0ffered irre/ara4)e da1age -o
%er 4rain. ,%0*' .i-%o0- 0ndergoing *0rger7' *%e .en-
o0- of -%e o/era-ing roo1 a)read7 decere4ra-e and
-o-a))7 inca/aci-a-ed. "4vio0*)7' 4rain da1age' .%ic%
Er)inda *0*-ained' i* an in80r7 .%ic% doe* no- nor1a))7
occ0r in -%e /roce** of a ga)) 4)adder o/era-ion. 6n fac-'
-%i* :ind of *i-0a-ion doe* no- %a//en in -%e a4*ence of
neg)igence of *o1eone in -%e ad1ini*-ra-ion of
ane*-%e*ia and in -%e 0*e of endo-rac%ea) -04e.
Nor1a))7' a /er*on 4eing /0- 0nder ane*-%e*ia i* no-
rendered decere4ra-e a* a con*e@0ence of
ad1ini*-ering *0c% ane*-%e*ia if -%e /ro/er /roced0re
.a* fo))o.ed. D0r-%er1ore' -%e in*-r01en-* 0*ed in
-%e ad1ini*-ra-ion of ane*-%e*ia' inc)0ding -%e
endo-rac%ea) -04e' .ere a)) 0nder -%e e>c)0*ive con-ro)
of /riva-e re*/onden-*' .%o are -%e /%7*ician*-in-
c%arge. i:e.i*e' /e-i-ioner Er)inda co0)d no- %ave
4een g0i)-7 of con-ri40-or7 neg)igence 4eca0*e *%e .a*
0nder -%e inf)0ence of ane*-%e-ic* .%ic% rendered %er
0ncon*cio0*.
Con*idering -%a- a *o0nd and 0naffec-ed 1e14er of
-%e 4od7 (-%e 4rain+ i* in80red or de*-ro7ed .%i)e -%e
/a-ien- i* 0ncon*cio0* and 0nder -%e i11edia-e and
e>c)0*ive con-ro) of -%e /%7*ician*' .e %o)d -%a- a
/rac-ica) ad1ini*-ra-ion of 80*-ice dic-a-e* -%e
a//)ica-ion of re* i/*a )o@0i-0r. =/on -%e*e fac-* and
0nder -%e*e circ01*-ance* -%e Co0r- .o0)d 4e a4)e -o
*a7' a* a 1a--er of co11on :no.)edge and
o4*erva-ion' if neg)igence a--ended -%e 1anage1en-
and care of -%e /a-ien-. $oreover' -%e )ia4i)i-7 of -%e
/%7*ician* and -%e %o*/i-a) in -%i* ca*e i* no-
/redica-ed 0/on an a))eged fai)0re -o *ec0re -%e
de*ired re*0)-* of an o/era-ion nor on an a))eged )ac: of
*:i)) in -%e diagno*i* or -rea-1en- a* in fac- no
o/era-ion or -rea-1en- .a* ever /erfor1ed on Er)inda.
,%0*' 0/on a)) -%e*e ini-ia) de-er1ina-ion a ca*e i*
1ade o0- for -%e a//)ica-ion of -%e doc-rine of re* i/*a
)o@0i-0r.
None-%e)e**' in %o)ding -%a- re* i/*a )o@0i-0r i*
avai)a4)e -o -%e /re*en- ca*e .e are no- *a7ing -%a- -%e
doc-rine i* a//)ica4)e in an7 and a)) ca*e* .%ere in80r7
occ0r* -o a /a-ien- .%i)e 0nder ane*-%e*ia' or -o an7
and a)) ane*-%e*ia ca*e*. Eac% ca*e 10*- 4e vie.ed in
i-* o.n )ig%- and *cr0-iniIed in order -o 4e .i-%in -%e
re* i/*a )o@0i-0r coverage.
2. BE2
Ratio A)-%o0g% .i-ne** Cr0I i* no- an ane*-%e*io)ogi*-'
*%e can ver7 .e)) -e*-if7 0/on 1a--er* on .%ic% *%e i*
ca/a4)e of o4*erving *0c% a*' -%e *-a-e1en-* and ac-*
of -%e /%7*ician and *0rgeon' e>-erna) a//earance*'
and 1anife*- condi-ion* .%ic% are o4*erva4)e 47 an7
one. ,%i* i* /reci*e)7 a))o.ed 0nder -%e doc-rine of re*
i/*a )o@0i-0r .%ere -%e -e*-i1on7 of e>/er- .i-ne**e* i*
no- re@0ired. 6- i* -%e acce/-ed r0)e -%a- e>/er-
-e*-i1on7 i* no- nece**ar7 for -%e /roof of neg)igence
in non--ec%nica) 1a--er* or -%o*e of .%ic% an ordinar7
/er*on 1a7 4e e>/ec-ed -o %ave :no.)edge' or .%ere
-%e )ac: of *:i)) or .an- of care i* *o o4vio0* a* -o
render e>/er- -e*-i1on7 0nnece**ar7.
AE ,A3E !=C6C6A N",6CE "D ,5E DAC, ,5A,
ANE2,5E26A PR"CEC=RE2 5AVE EEC"$E 2"
C"$$"N' ,5A, EVEN AN "RC6NARB PER2"N CAN ,E
6D 6, AA2 AC$6N62,EREC PR"PERB. A2 2=C5' 6,
A"=C N", EE ,"" C6DD6C=, ," ,E 6D ,5E ,=EE
AA2 PR"PERB 6N2ER,EC. ,%i* :ind of o4*erva-ion' .e
4e)ieve' doe* no- re@0ire a 1edica) degree -o 4e
acce/-a4)e.
A- an7 ra-e' .i-%o0- do04-' /e-i-ionerG* .i-ne**' an
e>/erienced c)inica) n0r*e .%o*e )ong e>/erience and
*c%o)ar*%i/ )ed -o %er a//oin-1en- a* Cean of -%e
Ca/i-o) $edica) Cen-er 2c%oo) of N0r*ing' .a* f0))7
ca/a4)e of de-er1ining .%e-%er or no- -%e in-04a-ion
.a* a *0cce**. 2%e %ad e>-en*ive c)inica) e>/erience
*-ar-ing a* a *-aff n0r*e in C%icago' 6))inoi*# *-aff n0r*e
and c)inica) in*-r0c-or in a -eac%ing %o*/i-a)' -%e DE=-
NR$D# Cean of -%e ag0na Co))ege of N0r*ing in 2an
Pa4)o Ci-7# and -%en Cean of -%e Ca/i-o) $edica) Cen-er
2c%oo) of N0r*ing. evie.ing .i-ne** Cr0IG *-a-e1en-*'
.e find -%a- -%e *a1e .ere de)ivered in a
*-raig%-for.ard 1anner' .i-% -%e :ind of de-ai)' c)ari-7'
con*i*-enc7 and */on-anei-7 .%ic% .o0)d %ave 4een
diffic0)- -o fa4rica-e. Ai-% %er c)inica) 4ac:gro0nd a* a
n0r*e' -%e Co0r- i* *a-i*fied -%a- *%e .a* a4)e -o
de1on*-ra-e -%ro0g% %er -e*-i1on7 .%a- -r0)7
-ran*/ired on -%a- fa-ef0) da7.
PHILIPPINE HELATH"CARE PRO#IDERS,
INC$ (!A%ICARE) v CAR!ELA
ESTRADA&CARAHEALTH SER#ICES
GR 171051
NAC5=RA# H!an 28 2008
(da+
NATURE
Pe-i-ion for revie. on cer-iorari (origina) ac-ion .a* an
ac-ion for 4reac% of con-rac- and da1age* fi)ed 47
re*/onden- Car1e)a E*-rada' *o)e /ro/rie-or of Cara
5ea)-% 2ervice*' again*- P%i)i//ine 5ea)-%-Care
Provider*' 6nc. ($a>icare++

FACTS
- $a>icare i* a cor/ora-ion engaged in *e))ing %ea)-%
in*0rance /)an* ."n 2e/-e14er 15' 1990' $a>icare
engaged -%e *ervice* of Car1e)a E*-rada .%o .a*
doing 40*ine** 0nder -%e na1e of CARA 5EA,5
P2ERV6CE2Q -o /ro1o-e and *e)) -%e /re/aid gro0/
/rac-ice %ea)-% care de)iver7 /rogra1 ca))ed $AN6CARE
P)an .i-% -%e /o*i-ion of 6nde/enden- Acco0n-
E>ec0-ive. .,%e )e--er agree1en- /rovided for /)ain-iff-
a//e))ee9* PE*-rada9*Q co1/en*a-ion in -%e for1 of
co11i**ion.
- E*-rada *041i--ed /ro/o*a)* and 1ade
re/re*en-a-ion* -o -%e officer* of $ERAC" regarding
-%e $AN6CARE P)an 40- .%en $ERAC" decided -o
*04*cri4e -o -%e $AN6CARE P)an' $a>icare direc-)7
nego-ia-ed .i-% $ERAC" regarding -%e -er1* and
condi-ion* of -%e agree1en- and )ef- /)ain-iff-a//e))ee
E*-rada o0- of -%e di*c0**ion* on -%e -er1* and
condi-ion*."n Nove14er 28' 1991' $ERAC"
even-0a))7 *04*cri4ed -o -%e $AN6CARE P)an and *igned
a 2ervice Agree1en- direc-)7 .i-% $a>icare for 1edica)
coverage of i-* @0a)ified 1e14er*.
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 7
- ,%e -o-a) /re1i01 a1o0n-* /aid 47 $ERAC" -o
$a>icare .a* P20'169'&&5.00.
- E*-rada de1anded fro1 $a>icare -%a- i- 4e /aid
co11i**ion* for -%e $ERAC" acco0n- and nine (9+
o-%er acco0n-*. $a>icare denied -%i* 4eca0*e $a>icare
direc-)7 nego-ia-ed .i-% $ERAC" and -%e o-%er
acco0n-* and -%a- no agen- .a* given -%e go *igna) -o
in-ervene in -%e nego-ia-ion* for -%e -er1* and
condi-ion* and -%e *igning of -%e *ervice agree1en-
.i-% $ERAC" and -%e o-%er acco0n-* *o -%a- if ever
$a>icare .a* inde4-ed -o E*-rada' i- .a* on)7 for
P1'555.00 and P?&.)2 a* co11i**ion* on -%e acco0n-*
of "ver*ea* Dreig%-er* Co. and $r. Enri@0e Aco*-a'
re*/ec-ive)7.
- $a>icare and i-* officer* fi)ed -%eir An*.er .i-%
Co0n-erc)ai1 a))eging -%a- E*-rada did no- in-ervene in
-%e nego-ia-ion* of -%e con-rac- .i-% $ERAC" .%ic%
.a* direc-)7 nego-ia-ed 47 $ERAC" .i-% $a>icare#
and E*-rada9* a))eged o-%er c)ien-*Jacco0n-* .ere no-
accredi-ed .i-% P$a>icareQ a* re@0ired' *ince -%e
agenc7 con-rac- on -%e $AN6CARE %ea)-% /)an* .ere
no- rene.ed.
- Eo-% -%e -ria) and a//e))a-e co0r-* %e)d -%a- E*-rada
.a* -%e ;efficien- /roc0ring ca0*e< in -%e e>ec0-ion of
-%e *ervice agree1en- 4e-.een $era)co and $a>icare
con*i*-en- .i-% o0r r0)ing in $ano-o: Ero-%er*' 6nc. v.
Co0r- of A//ea)*.
- A- -%e 2C $a>icare 0rge* -%e co0r- -%a- 4o-% -%e R,C
and CA fai)ed -o -a:e in-o acco0n- -%e *-i/0)a-ion*
con-ained in -%e De4r0ar7 19' 1991 )e--er agree1en-
a0-%oriIing -%e /a71en- of co11i**ion* on)7 0/on
*a-i*fac-ion of -.in condi-ion*' i.e.' co))ec-ion and
con-e1/oraneo0* re1i--ance of /re1i01 d0e* 47
E*-rada -o $a>icare. A))eged)7' -%e )o.er co0r-*
di*regarded E*-rada9* ad1i**ion -%a- -%e nego-ia-ion*
.i-% $era)co fai)ed. ,%0*' -%e f)a.ed a//)ica-ion of -%e
;efficien- /roc0ring ca0*e< doc-rine en0ncia-ed in
$ano-o: Ero-%er*' 6nc. v. Co0r- of A//ea)*'P9Q and -%e
erroneo0* conc)0*ion 0/%o)ding E*-rada9* en-i-)e1en-
-o co11i**ion* on con-rac-* co1/)e-ed .i-%o0- %er
/ar-ici/a-ion.

ISSUE
A"N E*-rada i* en-i-)ed -o a co11i**ion for -%e
e>ec0-ion of -%e *ervice agree1en- 4e-.een $era)co
and $a>icare.

HELD
BE2
- Con-rar7 -o $a>icare9* a**er-ion' -%e -ria) and -%e
a//e))a-e co0r-* caref0))7 con*idered -%e fac-0a)
4ac:dro/ of -%e ca*e a* 4orne o0- 47 -%e record*. Eo-%
co0r-* .ere one in -%e conc)0*ion -%a- $a>icare
*0cce**f0))7 )anded -%e $era)co acco0n- for -%e *a)e of
%ea)-%care /)an* on)7 47 vir-0e of E*-rada9*
invo)ve1en- and /ar-ici/a-ion in -%e nego-ia-ion*. ,%e
a**ai)ed Ceci*ion a/-)7 *-a-e*H
,%ere i* no di*/0-e a* -o -%e ro)e -%a- E*-rada /)a7ed
in *e))ing $a>icare9* %ea)-% in*0rance /)an -o $era)co.
E*-rada9* effor-* con*i*-ed in 4eing -%e fir*- -o offer -%e
$a>icare /)an -o $era)co' 0*ing %er connec-ion* .i-%
*o1e of $era)co E>ec0-ive*' invi-ing *aid e>ec0-ive* -o
dinner 1ee-ing*' 1a:ing *041i**ion* and
re/re*en-a-ion* regarding -%e %ea)-% /)an' *ending
fo))o.-0/ )e--er*' e-c.
- ,%e*e effor-* .ere recogniIed 47 $era)co a* *%o.n
47 -%e cer-ifica-ion i**0ed 47 i-* $an/o.er P)anning
and Re*earc% 2-aff 5ead R04en A. 2a/i-0)a .
- t%i* Co0r- find* -%a- E*-rada9* effor-* .ere
in*-r01en-a) in in-rod0cing -%e $era)co acco0n- -o
$a>icare in regard -o -%e )a--er9* $a>icare %ea)-%
in*0rance /)an*. E*-rada .a* -%e efficien- ;in-ervening
ca0*e< in 4ringing a4o0- -%e *ervice agree1en- .i-%
$era)co.
- ,%e 8e--i*oning of -%e /e-i-ion i* inevi-a4)e even 0/on
a c)o*e /er0*a) of -%e 1eri-* of -%e ca*e.
- $a>icare9* for1er C%air1an Ro4er-o 3. $aca*ae-
-e*-ified -%a- $a>icare %ad 4een -r7ing -o )and -%e
$era)co acco0n- for -.o (2+ 7ear* /rior -o E*-rada9*
en-r7 in 1990. Even .i-%o0- -%a- ad1i**ion' .e no-e
-%a- $era)co9* A**i*-an- Vice-Pre*iden-' Cona-i)a 2an
!0an' in a )e--er da-ed !an0ar7 21' 1992 -o -%en
$a>icare Pre*iden- Pedro R. 2en' ca-egorica))7
ac:no.)edged E*-rada9* effor-* re)a-ive -o -%e *a)e of
$a>icare %ea)-% /)an* -o $era)co' -%0*H
- 2o1e-i1e in 1989' $era)co received a /ro/o*a) fro1
P%i)i//ine 5ea)-%-Care Provider*' 6nc. ($a>icare+
-%ro0g% -%e ini-ia-ive and effor-* of $*. Car1e)a
E*-rada' .%o in-rod0ced $a>icare -o $era)co. Prior -o
-%i* -i1e' .e did no- :no. -%a- $a>icare i* a 1a8or
%ea)-% care /rovider in -%e co0n-r7. Ae %ave *ince
nego-ia-ed and *igned 0/ .i-% $a>icare -o /rovide a
%ea)-% 1ain-enance /)an for de/enden-* of $era)co
e>ec0-ive*' effec-ive Cece14er 1' 1991 -o Nove14er
&0' 1992.
- A- -%e ver7 )ea*-' E*-rada /ene-ra-ed -%e $era)co
1ar:e-' ini-ia))7 c)o*ed -o $a>icare' and )aid -%e
gro0nd.or: for a 40*ine** re)a-ion*%i/. ,%e on)7 rea*on
E*-rada .a* no- a4)e -o /ar-ici/a-e in -%e co))ec-ion and
re1i--ance of /re1i01 d0e* -o $a>icare .a* 4eca0*e
*%e .a* /reven-ed fro1 doing *o 47 -%e ac-* of
$a>icare' i-* officer*' and e1/)o7ee*. 2%e .a* in fac-
-%e ;/roc0ring ca0*e<.,o 4e regarded a* -%e ;/roc0ring
ca0*e< of a *a)e a* -o 4e en-i-)ed -o a co11i**ion' a
4ro:er9* effor-* 10*- %ave 4een -%e fo0nda-ion on
.%ic% -%e nego-ia-ion* re*0)-ing in a *a)e 4egan.P18Q
Veri)7' E*-rada .a* in*-r01en-a) in -%e *a)e of -%e
$a>icare %ea)-% /)an* -o $era)co. Ai-%o0- %er
in-erven-ion' no *a)e co0)d %ave 4een con*011a-ed.
- O' ()d*+*a, Ad-*..*o'.
a9i)are )ontends that !strada herself admitted that
her ne&otiations .ith eral)o failed as sho.n in Anne9
:1; of the Complaint.
- Ae o4*erve -%a- -%i* Anne> ;D< i*' in fac-' $a>icare9*
co0n*e)9* )e--er da-ed A/ri) 10' 1992 addre**ed -o
E*-rada. ,%e )e--er con-ain* a 0ni)a-era) dec)ara-ion 47
$a>icare -%a- -%e effor-* ini-ia-ed and nego-ia-ion*
0nder-a:en 47 E*-rada fai)ed' *0c% -%a- -%e *ervice
agree1en- .i-% $era)co .a* *0//o*ed)7 direc-)7
nego-ia-ed 47 $a>icare. ,%0*' -%e )a--er effec-ive)7
dec)are* -%a- E*-rada i* no- -%e ;efficien- /roc0ring
ca0*e< of -%e *a)e' and a* *0c%' i* no- en-i-)ed -o
co11i**ion*.
- "0r %o)ding in A-i))o 666 v. Co0r- of A//ea)*'ironica))7
-%e ca*e ci-ed 47 $a>icare -o 4o)*-er i-* /o*i-ion -%a-
-%e *-a-e1en- in Anne> ;D< a1o0n-ed -o an ad1i**ion'
/rovide* a con-rar7 an*.er -o $a>icare9* ridic0)o0*
con-en-ion. Ae in-oned -%erein -%a- in spite of the
presen)e of <udi)ial admissions in a party=s pleadin&'
the trial )ourt is still &iven lee.ay to )onsider other
eviden)e presented. Ae r0)ed' -%0*H
- A* /rovided for in 2ec-ion ? of R0)e 129 of -%e R0)e* of
Co0r-' -%e genera) r0)e -%a- a 80dicia) ad1i**ion i*
conc)0*ive 0/on -%e /ar-7 1a:ing i- and doe* no-
re@0ire /roof ad1i-* of -.o e>ce/-ion*H 1+ .%en i- i*
*%o.n -%a- -%e ad1i**ion .a* 1ade -%ro0g% /a)/a4)e
1i*-a:e' and 2+ .%en i- i* *%o.n -%a- no *0c%
ad1i**ion .a* in fac- 1ade. ,%e )a--er e>ce/-ion a))o.*
one -o con-radic- an ad1i**ion 47 den7ing -%a- %e
1ade *0c% an ad1i**ion.
- Dor in*-ance' if a /ar-7 invo:e* an ;ad1i**ion< 47 an
adver*e /ar-7' 40- ci-e* -%e ad1i**ion ;o0- of con-e>-'<
-%en -%e one 1a:ing -%e ad1i**ion 1a7 *%o. -%a- %e
1ade no ;*0c%< ad1i**ion' or -%a- %i* ad1i**ion .a*
-a:en o0- of con-e>-.
- ,%i* 1a7 4e in-er/re-ed a* -o 1ean ;no- in -%e *en*e
in .%ic% -%e ad1i**ion i* 1ade -o a//ear.< ,%a- i* -%e
rea*on for -%e 1odifier ;*0c%.<
- 6n -%i* ca*e' -%e )e--er' a)-%o0g% /ar- of E*-rada9*
Co1/)ain-' i* no-' i/*o fac-o' an ad1i**ion of -%e
*-a-e1en-* con-ained -%erein' e*/ecia))7 *ince -%e 4one
of con-en-ion re)a-e* -o E*-rada9* en-i-)e1en- -o
co11i**ion* for -%e *a)e of %ea)-% /)an* *%e c)ai1* -o
%ave 4ro:ered. 6- i* 1ore -%an o4vio0* fro1 -%e
en-ire-7 of -%e record* -%a- E*-rada %a* 0ne@0ivoca))7
and con*i*-en-)7 dec)ared -%a- %er invo)ve1en- a*
4ro:er i* -%e /ro>i1a-e ca0*e .%ic% con*011a-ed -%e
*a)e 4e-.een $era)co and $a>icare.
- $oreover' 2ec-ion &?'P22Q R0)e 1&2 of -%e R0)e* of
Co0r- re@0ire* -%e /0r/o*e for .%ic% -%e evidence i*
offered -o 4e */ecified. =ndenia4)7' -%e )e--er .a*
a--ac%ed -o -%e Co1/)ain-' and offered in evidence' -o
de1on*-ra-e $a>icare9* 4ad fai-% and i)) .i)) -o.ard*
E*-rada.
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 8
- Even a c0r*or7 reading of -%e Co1/)ain- and a)) -%e
/)eading* fi)ed -%ereaf-er 4efore -%e R,C' CA' and -%i*
Co0r-' readi)7 *%o. -%a- E*-rada doe* no- concede' a-
an7 /oin-' -%a- %er nego-ia-ion* .i-% $era)co fai)ed.
C)ear)7' $a>icare9* a**er-ion -%a- E*-rada %er*e)f doe*
no- /re-end -o 4e -%e ;efficien- /roc0ring ca0*e< in -%e
e>ec0-ion of -%e *ervice agree1en- 4e-.een $era)co
and $a>icare i* 4a*e)e** and an o0-rig%- fa)*e%ood.
O/0e+t Ev*de'+e
SISON # PEOPLE
250 2CRA 58
P=N"# Nove14er 16' 1995
(1aia+
NATURE
Con*o)ida-ion of 2 ca*e*H /e-i-ion 0nder r0)e ?5 47
acc0*ed' and a0-o1a-ic revie. of -%e 10rder ca*e
*ince /ena)-7 i1/o*ed .a* rec)0*ion /er/e-0a
FACTS
- Af-er -%e 1986 EC2A Revo)0-ion' -%ere .a* a -i1e
.%en -%e A@0ino ad1ini*-ra-ion .a* o/en)7 c%a))enged
47 $arco* )o7a)i*-* -%ro0g% ra))ie*
- 6n one /ar-ic0)ar ra))7 (.%ic% .a* di*/er*ed 47 -%e
/o)ice for no- %aving a /er1i- -o ra))7+ on !0)7 27' 1986
in 0ne-a' 2-e/%en 2a)cedo .a* :i))ed. A//aren-)7' af-er
-%e /o)ice di*/er*ed -%e ra))7i*-* (0*ing -ear ga* and
-r0nc%eon*+' *o1e $arco* )o7a)i*-* c%a*ed /eo/)e
.earing 7e))o. (Cor7i*-a+ and 1a0)ed -%e1
- ,%a-9* %o. 2a)cedo died. 5e .a* 1a0)ed 47 *o1e
$arco* )o7a)i*-* (8 .ere acc0*ed a* /rinci/a)*' 5 .ere
convic-ed+' %i--ing and 4o>ing and :ic:ing %i1 a)) over
%i* 4od7' even .%en %e .a* do.n a)read7. ,%e
a--ac:er* even /0nc%ed %i1 .i-% *-one* in -%eir %and*
and :ic:ed %i1 on -%e %ead. 5e )o*- con*cio0*ne** and
.%en -%e 0ne-a9* e)ec-rician r0*%ed %i1 -o PG5' %e
.a* a)read7 dead. ,%e 1edica) re/or- *%o.ed -%a- -%e
ca0*e of dea-% .a* %e1orr%age' in-racrania) -ra01a.
(no-eH -%ere9* a gra/%ic de*cri/-ion of -%e 1a0)ing in
-%e origina) ca*e' and na:a:a.a *i7a' /inag-0)0ngan
-a)aga. 2a4i /a' %e even %ad a c%ance -o *i- on -%e
/ave1en- and .i/e -%e 4)ood fro1 %i* face' 40- %i*
a--ac:er* .en- af-er %i1 again+.
- 2o1e /re** /eo/)e .ere /re*en- in -%e 1a0)ing' and a
)o- of /ic-0re* .ere -a:en of -%e inciden- (.%ic%
reac%ed -%e fron- /age* of ne.*/a/er*+
- ,%e /ro*ec0-ion /re*en-ed a* evidence -e*-i1onie* of
12 .i-ne**e*' inc)0ding 2 e7e.i-ne**e*' ne.*/a/er
acco0n-* of -%e inciden-' and vario0* /%o-ogra/%*
d0ring -%e 1a0)ing.
- R,C convic-ed -%e 5 a--ac:er* a* /rinci/a)' and an
acco1/)ice (a ;1ovie *-ar)e-< Annie Derrer .%o*e
/ar-ici/a-ion in -%e cri1e .a* -o *%o0- :&ulpihn niyo
an& m&a )ory he)/lers>< i11edia-e)7 4efore -%e
inciden-+.
- CA confir1ed and increa*ed *en-ence -o rec)0*ion
/er/e-0a (and ac@0i--ed -%e *-ar)e-+
- in re)a-ion -o o0r -o/ic (o48ec- evidence+' -%e re)evan-
/ar- of -%e ca*e i* -%e error a**igned -o -%e )o.er co0r-
in ad1i--ing -%e /%o-ogra/%* in evidence *ince -%e7
.ere no- /ro/er)7 iden-ified 47 -%e one .%o -oo: -%e1
ISSUE
A"N -%e /%o-ogra/%* of -%e inciden- *%o0)d 4e
ad1i--ed in evidence
HELD
BE2
+atio Ae r0)e -%a- -%e 0*e of -%e*e /%o-ogra/%* 47
*o1e of -%e acc0*ed -o *%o. -%eir a))eged non-
/ar-ici/a-ion in -%e cri1e i* an ad1i**ion of -%e
e>ac-ne** and acc0rac7 -%ereof.
Reasoning
- ,%e r0)e in -%i* 80ri*dic-ion i* -%a- /%o-ogra/%*' .%en
/re*en-ed in evidence' 10*- 4e iden-ified 47 -%e
/%o-ogra/%er a* -o i-* /rod0c-ion and -e*-ified a* -o -%e
circ01*-ance* 0nder .%ic% -%e7 .ere /rod0ced. ,%e
va)0e of -%i* :ind of evidence )ie* in i-* 4eing a correc-
re/re*en-a-ion or re/rod0c-ion of -%e origina)' and i-*
ad1i**i4i)i-7 i* de-er1ined 47 i-* acc0rac7 in /or-ra7ing
-%e *cene a- -%e -i1e of -%e cri1e. ,%e /%o-ogra/%er'
%o.ever' i* no- -%e on)7 .i-ne** .%o can iden-if7 -%e
/ic-0re* %e %a* -a:en. ,%e correc-ne** of -%e
/%o-ogra/% a* a fai-%f0) re/re*en-a-ion of -%e o48ec-
/or-ra7ed can 4e /roved prima fa)ie' ei-%er 47 -%e
-e*-i1on7 of -%e /er*on .%o 1ade i- or 47 o-%er
co1/e-en- .i-ne**e*' af-er .%ic% -%e co0r- can ad1i- i-
*048ec- -o i1/eac%1en- a* -o i-* acc0rac7.
P%o-ogra/%*' -%erefore' can 4e iden-ified 47 -%e
/%o-ogra/%er or 47 an7 o-%er co1/e-en- .i-ne** .%o
can -e*-if7 -o i-* e>ac-ne** and acc0rac7.
- ,%a- -%e /%o-ogra/%* are fai-%f0) re/re*en-a-ion* of
-%e 1a0)ing inciden- .a* affir1ed .%en a//e))an-*
Ric%ard de )o* 2an-o*' Ni)o Pacadar and !oe) ,an
iden-ified -%e1*e)ve* -%erein and gave rea*on* for
-%eir /re*ence -%erea-.
- .%en -%e /ro*ec0-ion offered -%e /%o-ogra/%* a* /ar-
of i-* evidence' a//e))an-*' -%ro0g% co0n*e) A--7.
aIaro' !r. o48ec-ed -o -%eir ad1i**i4i)i-7 for )ac: of
/ro/er iden-ifica-ion. 5o.ever' .%en -%e acc0*ed
/re*en-ed -%eir evidence' A--7. Ain)ove (7e****' -%e
na1eR+ C01a7a*' co0n*e) for acc0*ed !o*e)i-o ,a1a7o
and Gerr7 Neri 0*ed E>%i4i-* V' V1-V?8 -o /rove -%a-
%i* c)ien-* .ere no- in an7 of -%e /ic-0re* and -%erefore
co0)d no- %ave /ar-ici/a-ed in -%e 1a0)ing of -%e
vic-i1. ,%e /%o-ogra/%* .ere ado/-ed 47 a//e))an-
!o*e)i-o ,a1a7o and acc0*ed Gerr7 Neri a* /ar- of -%e
defen*e e>%i4i-*. And a- -%i* %earing' A--7. C01a7a*
re/re*en-ed a)) -%e o-%er acc0*ed /er 0nder*-anding
.i-% -%eir re*/ec-ive co0n*e)*. A- *04*e@0en- %earing*'
-%e /ro*ec0-ion 0*ed -%e /%o-ogra/%* -o cro**-e>a1ine
a)) -%e acc0*ed .%o -oo: -%e .i-ne** *-and. No
o48ec-ion .a* 1ade 47 co0n*e) for an7 of -%e acc0*ed'
no- 0n-i) A--7. aIaro a//eared a- -%e &
rd
%earing and
in-er/o*ed a con-in0ing o48ec-ion -o -%eir ad1i**i4i)i-7.
- An ana)7*i* of -%e /%o-ogra/%* vis-a-vis -%e acc0*edG*
-e*-i1onie* revea) -%a- on)7 & of -%e a//e))an-* co0)d
4e readi)7 *een in vario0* 4e))igeren- /o*e* )0nging or
%overing 4e%ind or over -%e vic-i1. A//e))an- 2i*on
a//ear* on)7 once and %e' a)-%o0g% (a))eged)7+ aff)ic-ed
.i-% %ernia i* *%o.n 1ere)7 r0nning af-er -%e vic-i1.
A//e))an- !o*e)i-o ,a1a7o .a* no- iden-ified in an7 of
-%e /ic-0re*. ,%e a4*ence of -%e -.o a//e))an-* in -%e
/%o-ogra/%* doe* no- e>c0)/a-e -%e1. ,%e
/%o-ogra/%* did no- ca/-0re -%e en-ire *e@0ence of -%e
:i))ing of 2a)cedo 40- on)7 *eg1en-* -%ereof. A%i)e -%e
/ic-0re* did no- record 2i*on and ,a1a7o %i--ing
2a)cedo' -%e7 .ere 0ne@0ivoca))7 iden-ified 47 -%e
e7e.i-ne**e*.

A//e))an-*G denia)* and a)i4i* canno-
overco1e -%eir e7e4a)) iden-ifica-ion.
Disposition Pe-i-ion i* denied. Ceci*ion 1odified
(increa*ed a.ard of 1ora) da1age* and inde1ni-7 for
dea-%+
PEOPLE v ADO#ISO
G.R. No.116196-7
3AP=NAN# !0ne 2&' 1999
(o.en+
NATURE
A//ea) fro1 R,C Ca1arine* 20r !oin- !0dg1en-
FACTS
- Pa4)o Adovi*o' a 1e14er of -%e Ci-iIen* Ar1ed Dorce*
Geogra/%ica) =ni- (CADG=+' .a* fo0nd g0i)-7 4e7ond
rea*ona4)e do04- for $0rder* of R0fino Ag0no* and
E1e-erio Va*@0eI. Do0r 0niden-ified /er*on* .%o %ave
4een origina))7 c%arged .i-% %i1' %o.ever' re1ained a-
)arge. ,%e infor1a-ion *-a-e*H
,%a- on or a4o0- -%e 18-% da7 of De4r0ar7 1990 a-
a4o0- 8H00 o9c)oc: in -%e evening a- 2i-io ,an-agan'
Earanga7 Ca*0gad' $0nici/a)i-7 of E0)a' Province of
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 9
Ca1arine* 20r' P%i)i//ine* and .i-%in -%e 80ri*dic-ion
of -%i* 5onora4)e Co0r-' -%e a4ove-na1ed acc0*ed'
.%i)e ar1ed .i-% a**or-ed )ong firear1*' con*/iring'
confedera-ing and 10-0a))7 %e)/ing one ano-%er' .i-%
in-en- -o :i)) and .i-% -reac%er7 and eviden-
/re1edi-a-ion' did -%en and -%ere .i))f0))7' 0n)a.f0))7
and fe)onio0*)7 *%oo- one R0fino Ag0no* *evera)
-i1e* .i-% *aid firear1* %i--ing -%e )a--er on -%e
differen- /ar-* of %i* 4od7 .%ic% .ere -%e direc- and
i11edia-e ca0*e of %i* dea-%' -o -%e da1age and
/re80dice of -%e %eir* of *aid R0fino Ag0no*.
,%a- -%e cri1e co1/)ained of again*- -%e acc0*ed i*
no- *ervice connec-ed. (infor1a-ion .r- -%e :i))ing of
E1e-erio Va*@0eI' con-ain* -%e *a1e a))ega-ion*+
- PROSECUTION VERSION:
,%e */o0*e* E1e-erio and Ana*-acia Va*@0eI %ad
-.o ad8acen- %o0*e* in 2i-io ,an-agan' Earanga7
Ca*0gad' E0)a' Ca1arine* 20r. "ne of -%e %o0*e*
.a* ac-0a))7 a )amali& .%ere -%e7 *-ored %arve*-ed
rice. ,%e */o0*e* /referred -o )ive -%ere 4eca0*e i-
.a* coo)er. ,%e )iving area of -%e )amali& %ad .a))*
of 4a14oo ca))ed salsa&. ,%i* area .a* e)eva-ed
fro1 -%e gro0nd. ,%ree *-e/* )ed do.n -o an a.ning
(suya,+ .a))ed .i-% 4a14oo *)a-*. ,%e*e *)a-* .ere
/)aced %oriIon-a))7 a//ro>i1a-e)7 fo0r -o *i> inc%e*
a/ar-. A /or-ion of -%e a.ning .a* 0*ed a* a :i-c%en
40- ano-%er /or-ion %ad a papa& .%ere -%e Va*@0eI9
grand*on' R0fino Ag0no*' *on of -%eir da0g%-er
Virginia' .o0)d *)ee/ .%enever %e -ended -%e
irriga-ion /01/. ,%e */o0*e*9 *on Eonifacio
occ0/ied -%e o-%er %o0*e eig%- (8+ 1e-er* fro1 -%e
)amali& .i-% %i* o.n *on E)1er.
A- aro0nd 8H00 in -%e evening of De4r0ar7 18' 1990'
E1e-erio VaI@0eI .a* /re/aring coffee a* %i* .ife
.a* a4o0- -o re-ire for -%e nig%-. ,%eir grand*on
R0fino %ad a)read7 gone -o *)ee/ in -%e papa&.
Ana*-acia %ad 80*- fini*%ed */reading -%e *)ee/ing
1a- .%en *%e %eard -%ree or fo0r g0n*%o-*.
E1e-erio -%en 0--ered -%a- %e %ad 4een *%o-. 2eeing
E1e-erio' Ana*-acia e>c)ai1ed' ;A%7 *%o0)d 7o0 no-
4e %i- .%en in fac- -%ere are g0n* in fron- of 7o0.<
Ana*-acia *a. -%e ;/ro-r0ding edge of -%e g0n< on
-%e .a)) near -%e *-air* .%ere E1e-erio .en- do.n.
A ,a-1 'ear the .ta*r. 2here E-eter*o dra'3
+o44ee *,,)-*'ated the camalig 40- Ana*-acia
fai)ed -o recogniIe -%e /er*on* .%o fired -%eir g0n*
a- %er %0*4and.
,%e Va*@0eI9 *on Eonifacio .a* in -%e 4igger %o0*e
.%en %e %eard -%e g0n*%o-*. Ear)ier -%a- evening'
Eonifacio .a* -a):ing -o R0fino regarding -%e engine
of -%e irriga-ion /01/. Eonifacio .a* *-i)) -a):ing
.%en %e no-iced -%a- R0fino %ad fa))en a*)ee/' -%e
)a--er9* 4ac: again*- -%e 4a14oo .a)). Eonifacio )ef-
R0fino *noring in -%e papa& and .en- -o -%e o-%er
%o0*e. "n)7 a 1in0-e %ad /a**ed af-er %e %ad gone
0/ .%en Eonifacio %eard -%e g0n*%o-*. 5e and %i*
16-7ear-o)d *on E)1er i11edia-e)7 .en- do.n -%e
fron- 7ard -o inve*-iga-e.
Eonifacio %id %i1*e)f in -%e dar: /or-ion of -%e 7ard'
4e%ind a cocon0- -ree. Dro1 a di*-ance of eig%- (8+
1e-er*' Eonifacio *a. R0fino' .%o .a* in*ide -%e
)amali&' 4eing *%o- 47 *evera) /er*on* fro1 -%e
o0-*ide. Loo3*'5 thro)5h the /a-/oo .,at. o4
the camalig 2a,, ' Eonifacio recogniIed one of -%e
a**ai)an-*' .i-% a )arge 40i)- and )ong %air' a*
a//e))an- Pa/,o Adov*.o 4eca0*e of -%e 5a. ,a-1
that 2a. ,*5hted *'.*de the camalig . "f R0fino9*
a**ai)an-*' on)7 a//e))an- .a* no- .earing a 1a*:.
A//e))an- .a* %o)ding a )ong firear1 .ra//ed in*ide
a *ac: .i-% i-* 10II)e /ro-r0ding and direc-ed .%ere
R0fino .a* *)ee/ing. A//e))an- -%en fired %i--ing
R0fino. A- -%a- 1o1en-' Eonifacio %eard %i* fa-%er
E1e-erio *%o0- ;Pino'< (referring -o %i* grand*on
R0fino+ and *a. %i* fa-%er go do.n -%e *-air*
carr7ing a ga* )a1/. A//e))an- fired again' %i--ing
E1e-erio a- -%e *-o1ac%.
Dor %i* /ar-' E)1er' .%o r0*%ed -o.ard* -%e )amali&
.i-% %i* fa-%er Eonifacio' *a. five (5+ /er*on* ai1ing
-%eir firear1* a- -%e )amali&. E>ce/- for a//e))an-'
eac% of -%e*e /er*on* %ad a cover over -%eir face*.
,%ree (&+ of -%e1 .ere /o*i-ioned in a di-c% near -%e
)amali& .%i)e -.o (2+ o-%er* .ere near i-* door.
E)1er *a. -%e*e five (5+ /er*on* *%oo- %i* co0*in
R0fino .%o .a* )7ing do.n on -%e papa&. A)-%o0g%
%i* 4ac: .a* %i-' R0fino .a* a4)e -o cra.) 0nder -%e
papa&. E)1er9* grandfa-%er .a* a)*o %i- on -%e
*-o1ac% 40- %e 1anaged -o go 0/ -%e )amali&.
A%en a//e))an- and %i* co1/anion 47 -%e )amali&
door *a. E)1er' -%e7 fired a- %i1 -%en' .i-% -%e -%ree
o-%er* a- -%e di-c%' e*ca/ed -o -%e 4anana
/)an-a-ion. E)1er' on -%e o-%er %and' f)ed -o.ard*
-%e cocon0- /)an-a-ion.
=/on re-0rning -o -%e )amali&' E)1er *a. %i* fa-%er
carr7ing %i* grandfa-%er E1e-erio. 5e a)*o fo0nd
R0fino a- -%e foo- of a cocon0- -ree near -%e river'
)7ing on %i* *ide .i-% %i* 4od7 c0r)ed. R0fino -o)d
E)1er -%a- %e %ad 4een %i- and' .%en E)1er fai)ed -o
)oca-e %i* .o0nd' R0fino -oo: E)1er9* %and and /0- i-
on %i* 4ac:. E)1er -%en 1oved R0fino ;*ide.i*e.<
=/on re-0rning -o -%e )amali&' E)1er carried %i*
grandfa-%er and 4andaged %i* *-o1ac% .i-% dia/er*.
6n -%e 1ean-i1e' Eonifacio .en- -o -%e 10nici/a)
40i)ding of E0)a -o fe-c% -%e /o)ice. 6n*/ec-or An-onio
o/eI and 2enior Po)ice "fficer 1 C)aro Ea))evar
re-0rned -o -%e *cene of -%e cri1e .i-% %i1. ,%e
/o)ice 4ro0g%- E1e-erio and R0fino -o -%e 10nici/a)
%a)) of E0)a and -%en -o -%e Eico) Regiona) 5o*/i-a).
Eo-% E1e-erio and R0fino died ear)7 -%e ne>-
1orning.
- ,%e +ert*4*+at*o' da-ed $arc% 7' 1990 and *igned 47
Cr. !anice Nane--e E*-rada' re*iden- /%7*ician of -%e
Eico) Regiona) 5o*/i-a) in Naga Ci-7' *-a-e* -%a- &5-
7ear-o)d R0fino Ag0no* died of fo0r (?+ g0n*%o-
.o0nd*H a- -%e ing0ina) area' -%e *acra) area' -%e -%ig%
and -%e a4do1en. ,%e .o0nd* a- -%e ing0ina) area and
-%e -%ig% 4ore con-0*ion co))ar*. ,%e *a1e /%7*ician
cer-ified -%a- E1e-erio Va*@0eI' 88 7ear* of age'
*0*-ained *even (7+ g0n*%o- .o0nd* a- -%e
/ara014i)ica) area' )014ar area' %7/oga*-ri01'
an-erior a*/ec- of -%e rig%- forear1' an-ero1edia)
a*/ec- of -%e rig%- forear1' an-ero1edia) a*/ec- )ef-
ar1 and an-ero)a-era) a*/ec- of -%e )ef- ar1. Do0r (?+
of -%e*e g0n*%o- .o0nd* %ad con-0*ion co))ar* S a- -%e
/ara014i)ica) area' -%e %7/oga*-ri01' -%e rig%- forear1
and -%e )ef- ar1.
- ACCUSEDS VERSION:
Adovi*o in-er/o*ed a,*/* a'd de'*a, a* %i* defen*e.
5e c)ai1ed -%a- %e .a* a 1e14er of -%e CADG=
.%o*e %ead@0ar-er* .a* )oca-ed in Earanga7
Pa)*ong' E0)a' Ca1arine* 20r. A- aro0nd 7H00 in -%e
evening of De4r0ar7 18' 1990' %e .a* in 2i-io
E0ra4od' Pa)*ong' a4o0- a :i)o1e-er a.a7 fro1 -%e
CADG= %ead@0ar-er*. 5e' -oge-%er .i-% Dranci*co
Ei*)o14re' Een8a1in A)ina' !r. and PDC An-ero
E*-eron' %ad *o1e drin:* in -%e *-ore of 5onoria
,ragan-e 0n-i) aro0nd 11H00 /.1. 5onoria ,ragan-e
and Dranci*co Ei*)o14re corro4ora-ed %i* a)i4i.
An-ero E*-eron )i:e.i*e -e*-ified -%a- fro1 7H00 0n-i)
/a*- 11H00 -%a- nig%- of De4r0ar7 18' 1990' %e and
Adovi*o %ad a drin:ing */ree a- -%e ,ragan-e *-ore.
5e di*-inc-)7 re1e14ered -%a- da-e 4eca0*e i- .a*
-%e fie*-a of Ea)a-an. ,o *0//or- %i* denia)' %e
/re*en-ed -. An-onio o/eI' -%e de/0-7 c%ief of
/o)ice and 2P"2 C)aro Ea))e4ar of -%e PNP E0)a Po)ice
2-a-ion. o/eI iden-ified a /o)ice cer-ifica-ion
/re/ared 47 Pfc. Ra1on N. Cana4e -o -%e effec-
-%a- -%e *%oo-ing inciden- .a* 1er1etrated 6/7
)'*de't*4*ed ar-ed -e'$8 o/eI *aid -%a- %e
(o/eI+ .a* one of -%o*e .%o 4ro0g%- -%e vic-i1* -o
-%e %o*/i-a) .%o .ere -%en *-i)) con*cio0*. ,%e
vic-i1* -o)d %i1 -%a- -%e7 did no- :no. .%o *%o-
-%e1 or .%7 -%e7 .ere *%o-. ,%e defen*e a)*o
offered in evidence -%e te.t*-o'7 o4 Er'e.to A$
L)+e'a, Po,75ra1h E9a-*'er II of -%e Na-iona)
E0rea0 of 6nve*-iga-ion (NE6+ in $ani)a' .%o
cond0c-ed a 1o,75ra1h te.t on %i1. 6n Po)7gra/%
Re/or- No. 900175' 0cena o/ined -%a- a//e))an-9*
;/o)7gra1* revea)ed -%a- -%ere .ere no */ecific
reac-ion* indica-ive of dece/-ion -o /er-inen-
@0e*-ion* re)evan-< -o -%e inve*-iga-ion of -%e
cri1e*.
- 2P"2 C)aro Ea))e4ar' %o.ever -e*-ified -%a- in -%e
4o,,o2")1 *'ve.t*5at*o' %e cond0c-ed *evera) da7*
af-er -%e inciden-' Eonifacio Va*@0eI revea)ed -o %i1
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 10
-%a- %e (Eonifacio+ ;vivid)7 *a. -%e inciden- and
re+o5'*:ed8 a11e,,a't a. o'e o4 the 1er1etrator.
o4 the +r*-e and -%a- -%e :i))ing* %ad *o1e *o1e-%ing
-o do .i-% ,a'd d*.1)te /et2ee' Bo'*4a+*o;.
1are't. a'd the <a,*+*a 4a-*,7$
- REBUTTAL:
Eonifacio Va*@0eI revea)ed -%a- .%en %e re/or-ed
-%e inciden- -o -%e /o)ice' %e did no- iden-if7
a//e))an- a* one of -%e c0)/ri-* 4eca0*e %e .a*
afraid of a//e))an- .%o .a* a 1e14er of -%e CADG=.
Never-%e)e**' Eonifacio did 1en-ion -o -%e /o)ice -%a-
%e recogniIed a//e))an- a* one of -%e /er/e-ra-or* of
-%e cri1e a)-%o0g% %e -o)d -%e1 -%a- %e did no-
recogniIe a//e))an-9* fo0r (?+ co1/anion*. 5e did
no- 1en-ion -o o/eI and Cana4e a//e))an-9* iden-i-7
4eca0*e %e .a* ;conf0*ed< a4o0- .%a- %ad
%a//ened in -%eir %o0*e.
TRIAL COURTH !oin- !0dg1en- finding a//e))an-
g0i)-7 4e7ond rea*ona4)e do04- for -.o (2+ co0n-* of
10rder
APPELLANT CLAI!S:
5i* 4id for e>onera-ion on .%e-%er %e .a* /ro/er)7
iden-ified 47 -%e -.o (2+ e7e.i-ne**e* a* one of -%e
:i))er* of -%e vic-i1*. 5e con-end* -%a- e7e.i-ne**e*
Eonifacio and E)1er Va*@0eI /re*en-ed an
;incredi4)e< *-or7 4eca0*e i- i* ;%ig%)7 i1/ro4a4)e<
-%a- -%e7 co0)d %ave ;di*-inc-)7 and /o*i-ive)7
recogniIed acc0*ed-a//e))an- a* one of -%e
/er/e-ra-or* of -%e cri1e*.F According -o %i1'
Eonifacio' .%o .a* in -%e dar: /or-ion of -%e 7ard
%iding 4e%ind a cocon0- -ree' co0)d no- %ave
iden-ified a//e))an- 47 -%e )ig%- e1ana-ing fro1 ga*
)a1/ in*ide -%e )amali& .%ere E1e-erio Va*@0eI and
R0fino Ag0no* .ere *-a7ing a- -%e -i1e of -%e
inciden-. Nei-%er co0)d E)1er Va*@0eI' .%o dec)ared
-%a- %e *a. %i* grandfa-%er *%o- 47 %i1' co0)d %ave
iden-ified %i1 4eca0*e of -%e 1oor ,*5ht*'5 +o-*'5
4ro- the 5a. ,a-1 /e*'5 +arr*ed /7 h*.
5ra'd4ather . 5e c)ai1* -%a- -%e ga* )a1/ carried
47 E)1erG* grandfa-%er .a* ;a .-a,, +a' a/o)t t2o
(=) *'+he. ta,, a'd the 2*+3 *. .-a,,er tha' a
+*5arette8 and -%e ,a-1 *'.*de the camalig 62a.
1,a+ed *'.*de a /*55er +a' .o that the d*re+t*o'
o4 the ,*5ht e-a'at*'5 there4ro- 2a. )12ard.
a'd 'ot .*de2*.e$8
ISSUES
1. A"N vi*i4i)i-7' -%ro0g% )a1/' i* fac-or in i1/eac%ing
.i-ne** -e*-i1on7
2. A"N vi*i4i)i-7' -%ro0g% 4a14oo *)a-*' i* fac-or in
i1/eac%ing .i-ne** -e*-i1on7
&. A"N /er/e-ra-ion of a cri1e .i-%o0- a 1a*: i*
i1/ro4a4)e
?. A"N fai)0re -o iden-if7 %i1 a* /er/e-ra-or
i11edia-e)7 af-er -%e cri1e i* a re)evan-
5. A"N 1o-ive i* re)evan- in -%i* ca*e
6. A"N a)i4i %o)d* .a-er
7. A"N /o)7gra/% -e*- i* re)evan-
HELD
1. N"
Ratio Vi*i4i)i-7 i* indeed a vi-a) fac-or in -%e
de-er1ina-ion of .%e-%er or no- an e7e.i-ne** co0)d
%ave iden-ified -%e /er/e-ra-or of a cri1e. 5o.ever' i-
i* *e--)ed -%a- .%en condi-ion* of vi*i4i)i-7 are
favora4)e' and -%e .i-ne**e* do no- a//ear -o 4e
4ia*ed' -%eir a**er-ion a* -o -%e iden-i-7 of -%e
1a)efac-or *%o0)d nor1a))7 4e acce/-ed. 6))01ina-ion
/rod0ced 47 :ero*ene )a1/ or a f)a*%)ig%- i* *0fficien-
-o a))o. iden-ifica-ion of /er*on*. Aic:)a1/*'
f)a*%)ig%-*' even 1oon)ig%- or *-ar)ig%- 1a7' in /ro/er
*i-0a-ion* 4e con*idered *0fficien- i))01ina-ion' 1a:ing
-%e a--ac: on -%e credi4i)i-7 of .i-ne**e* *o)e)7 on -%a-
gro0nd 0n1eri-orio0*.

Reasoning
- 6n -%i* ca*e' no- one (1+ 40- -.o (2+ ga* )a1/*
i))01ina-ed -%e /)ace S -%e one /)aced in*ide -%e
)amali& and -%a- %e)d 47 E1e-erio a* %e de*cended
fro1 -%e *-air* af-er -%e fir*- vo))e7 of g0nfire.
A//e))an-9* con-en-ion -%erefore -%a- one /ar-ic0)ar ga*
)a1/ co0)d no- %ave )ig%-ed -%e /)ace 4eca0*e i- .a*
/)aced in*ide a can i* /0eri)e. Ee*ide*' E)1er .a* no-
de*cri4ing ei-%er of -%e ga* )a1/* d0ring -%e inciden-.
,%e defen*e co0n*e) a- -%e -ria) and a//e))an-9* co0n*e)
1i*0nder*-ood -%e -e*-i1onie* of E)1er and %i*
grand1o-%er on -%a- 1a--er.
- ,%ro0g% Ana*-acia9* -e*-i1on7' i- .a* *%o.n -%a- -%e
)a1/ in*ide -%e )amali& .a* /)aced on -%e f)oor and a
can .a* /)aced over i- on)7 a4ter -%e inciden- .%en
Ana*-acia )ef- .i-% %er *on and -%e /o)ice -o 4ring -%e
vic-i1* -o -%e %o*/i-a).
2. N"
- ,%e 4a14oo *)a-* of -%e )amali& co0)d no- %ave
effec-ive)7 o4*-r0c-ed -%e e7e.i-ne**e*G vie. of
Adovi*o' con*idering -%a- -%e *)a-* .ere 40i)- fo0r (?+
1e-er* a/ar-. Ee*ide*' i- i* -%e na-0ra) reac-ion of
re)a-ive* of vic-i1* -o *-rive -o o4*erve -%e face* and
a//earance of -%e a**ai)an-*' if no- a*cer-ain -%eir
iden-i-ie*' and -%e 1anner in .%ic% -%e cri1e i*
co11i--ed. A re)a-ive .i)) na-0ra))7 4e in-ere*-ed in
iden-if7ing -%e 1a)efac-or -o *ec0re %i* convic-ion -o
o4-ain 80*-ice for -%e dea-% of %i* re)a-ive(*+. 6- 10*-
re1e14ered -%a- Adovi*o .a* no- a co1/)e-e *-ranger
-o -%e e7e.i-ne**e*. Eonifacio %ad :no.n %i1 for -en
(10+ 7ear* .%i)e E)1er %ad 4een ac@0ain-ed .i-% %i1
for fo0r (?+ 7ear*. E)1er reca))ed -%a- Adovi*o 0*ed -o
8oin -%e ra,u- a- -%e 4arrac:*. Da1i)iari-7 .i-% %i* face
and a//earance 1ini1iIed if no- era*ed -%e /o**i4i)i-7
-%a- -%e7 co0)d %ave 4een 1i*-a:en a* -o %i* iden-i-7.
&. N"
- Adovi*o9* a))ega-ion -%a- i- .a* ;i1/ro4a4)e< for %i1
-o %ave co11i--ed -%e cri1e* .i-%o0- a 1a*:' 0n)i:e
-%e o-%er /ar-ici/an-*' de*erve* *can- con*idera-ion. 6-
i* no- con-rar7 -o %01an e>/erience for a /er*on -o
co11i- a cri1e 4efore -%e ver7 e7e* of /eo/)e .%o are
fa1i)iar -o -%e1. 6ndeed' *o1e 1a7 even -a:e /ride in
-%eir iden-ifica-ion a* -%e /er/e-ra-or of a cri1ina) ac-.
?. N"
Ratio ,%e fai)0re of a .i-ne** -o revea) a- once -%e
iden-i-7 of -%e acc0*ed a* one of -%e /er/e-ra-or* of -%e
cri1e doe* no- affec-' 10c% )e**' i1/air %i* credi4i)i-7
a* a .i-ne**. ,%e genera) or co11on r0)e i* -%a-
.i-ne**e* reac- -o a cri1e in differen- .a7*. ,%ere i* no
*-andard for1 of %01an 4e%aviora) re*/on*e -o a
*-range' *-ar-)ing and frig%-f0) even-' and -%ere i* no
*-andard r0)e 47 .%ic% .i-ne**e* -o a cri1e 10*- reac-.
Reasoning
- ,%e de)a7 in re/or-ing %i* /ar-ici/a-ion -o -%e /o)ice
.a* %o.ever *0fficien-)7 e>/)ained 47 Eonifacio.
Eonifacio .a* afraid of Adovi*o *ince -%e )a--er .a* a
1e14er of -%e CADG= and' a* *0c%' .a* /rovided .i-%
a g0n. 5e .a* a)*o %e*i-an- in iden-if7ing %i1
i11edia-e)7 )e*- %e go- .ind of %i* i1/ending arre*-
and /o*-%a*-e e*ca/ed -%e c)0-c%e* of -%e )a..
5. N"
- According -o Adovi*o' Eonifacio *0*/ec-ed -%a- %e .a*
%ired 47 -%e Ga)icia fa1i)7 -o :i)) EonifacioG* fa-%er .%o
%ad ear)ier .on in a )and di*/0-e .i-% -%e Ga)icia*. 6- i*
irre)evan- %ere -o -a): of 1o-ive on -%e /ar- of Eonifacio
ina*10c% a* -o credi4)e .i-ne**e* %ad 1o.*t*ve,7
*de't*4*ed a//e))an- a* one of -%e /ar-ici/an-* in -%e
:i))ing of E1e-erio Va*@0eI and R0fino Ag0no*.
6. N"
Ratio Dor an a)i4i -o /ro*/er' 1oreover' -%ere 10*- 4e
/roof -%a- -%e defendan- .a* no- on)7 *o1e.%ere e)*e
.%en -%e cri1e .a* co11i--ed 40- -%a- %e co0)d no-
4e /%7*ica))7 /re*en- a- -%e /)ace of -%e cri1e or i-*
i11edia-e vicini-7 a- -%e -i1e of i-* co11i**ion.
Reasoning
- Adovi*o9* a)i4i -%0* cr014)e* in -%e face of %i* /o*i-ive
iden-ifica-ion a* one of -%e /er/e-ra-or* of -%e cri1e*.
A//e))an- did no- /rove -%e /%7*ica) i1/o**i4i)i-7 of %i*
4eing in 2i-io ,an-agan .%ic% i* no- e>ac-)7 re1o-e
fro1 2i-io Pa)*ong .%ere %e c)ai1ed -o 4e .%en -%e
inciden- %a//ened. Eo-% /)ace* are .i-%in -%e
$0nici/a)i-7 of E0)a. A//e))an- ad1i--ed -%a- -%e
di*-ance 4e-.een -%e -.o sitios co0)d 4e nego-ia-ed in
-%ree %o0r* even .i-%o0- an7 1ean* of -ran*/or-a-ion.
"n -%e o-%er %and' %i* a))eged co1/anion in 2i-io
Pa)*ong' An-ero E*-eron' -e*-ified -%a- -%e di*-ance
co0)d 4e -rave)ed in -%ir-7-five (&5+ 1in0-e* 47
;-ri1o4i)e< or /riva-e ve%ic)e.
- A/ar- fro1 -%e fac- -%a- a//e))an-G* a)i4i .a*
in%eren-)7 .ea:' %e .a* no- even *0re .%ere %e .a*
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 11
and .%o .ere %i* co1/anion* a- -%e -i1e -%e cri1e*
.ere co11i--ed.
7. N"
Ratio A /o)7gra/% i* an e)ec-ro1ec%anica) in*-r01en-
-%a- *i10)-aneo0*)7 1ea*0re* and record* cer-ain
/%7*io)ogica) c%ange* in -%e %01an 4od7 -%a- are
4e)ieved -o 4e invo)0n-ari)7 ca0*ed 47 an e>a1inee9*
con*cio0* a--e1/- -o deceive -%e @0e*-ioner. ,%e
-%eor7 4e%ind a /o)7gra/% or )ie de-ec-or -e*- i* -%a- a
/er*on .%o )ie* de)i4era-e)7 .i)) %ave a ri*ing 4)ood
/re**0re and a *04con*cio0* 4)oc: in 4rea-%ing' .%ic%
.i)) 4e recorded on -%e gra/%. 5o.ever' A1erican
co0r-* a)1o*- 0nifor1)7 re8ec- -%e re*0)-* of /o)7gra/%
-e*-* .%en offered in evidence for -%e /0r/o*e of
e*-a4)i*%ing -%e g0i)- or innocence of one acc0*ed of a
cri1e' .%e-%er -%e acc0*ed or -%e /ro*ec0-ion *ee:* i-*
in-rod0c-ion' for -%e rea*on -%a- /o)7gra/% %a* no- a*
7e- a--ained *cien-ific acce/-ance a* a re)ia4)e and
acc0ra-e 1ean* of a*cer-aining -r0-% or dece/-ion. ,%e
r0)e i* no differen- in -%i* 80ri*dic-ion.
Disposition !oin- !0dg1en- of -%e -ria) co0r- i* %ere47
ADD6R$EC$
PEOPLE v E!PLEO
226 2CRA ?57
REGAAC"# 2e/ 15' 199&
(a-%e+
FACTS
E)i*a Cordova 7 =rdane-a fi)ed a co1/)ain- again*-
Ed10nd E1/)eo 7 $a@0i)an c%arging -%e )a--er .i-% -%e
cri1e of ra/e a))eged)7 co11i--ed 47 gra44ing %er
0nder a /oin- of a g0n' forced %er -o )ie on -%e gro0nd
and forci4)7 -ore %er 0nder.ear' :i**ed and .i-% -%e
0*e of *0/erior *-reng-%' %ad carna) :no.)edge .i-%
%er. C0ring -%e -ria)' Co))en Parreno' corro4ora-ed -%e
-e*-i1on7 of -%e vic-i1' E)i*a' 4eing one of -%e )a--er9*
co1/anion* on -%e da-e and -i1e of -%e inciden-.
,%e ,C fo0nd E1/)eo g0i)-7 4e7ond rea*ona4)e do04-
of -%e cri1e of ra/e. ,%0*' -%i* a//ea).
ISSUES
1. A"N -%e -ria) co0r- erred in finding %i1 g0i)-7
4e7ond rea*ona4)e do04- of -%e cri1e of ra/e on -%e
4a*i* of -%e -e*-i1onie* of co1/)ainan- E)i*a Cordova
and /ro*ec0-ion .i-ne**' Co))en ParreTo' .%ic% are
a))eged)7 re/)e-e .i-% con-radic-ion* and
incon*i*-encie* on 1a-eria) /oin- (in *%or-' -%e i**0e
devo)ve* on -%e credi4i)i-7 of co1/)ainan- and .i-ne**+
2. A"N -%e -ria) co0r- erred in no- -a:ing in-o
con*idera-ion -%e re*0)-* of -%e 1edica) e>a1ina-ion
cond0c-ed on /riva-e co1/)ainan-' -%e re/or- on .%ic%
.a* ad1i--ed a* E>%i4i- E
HELD
1. N".
Ratio A%en an a//ea)ed convic-ion %inge* on -%e
credi4i)i-7 of .i-ne**e*' -%e a**e**1en- of -%e -ria)
co0r- i* accorded -%e %ig%e*- degree of re*/ec-. A4*en-
an7 /ro/er rea*on -o de/ar- fro1 -%i* f0nda1en-a)
r0)e' fac-0a) conc)0*ion* reac%ed 47 -%e )o.er co0r-'
.%ic% %ad -%e o//or-0ni-7 -o o4*erve and eva)0a-e -%e
de1eanor of -%e .i-ne**e* .%i)e on -%e .i-ne** *-and'
*%o0)d no- 4e di*-0r4ed.
Reasoning
a. ,%e con-radic-ion 4e-.een -%e affidavi- and -%e
-e*-i1on7 of a .i-ne** 1a7 4e e>/)ained 47 -%e fac-
-%a- an affidavi- .i)) no- a).a7* di*c)o*e a)) -%e fac-*
and .i)) of-en-i1e* and .i-%o0- de*ign incorrec-)7
de*cri4e' .i-%o0- -%e de/onen- de-ec-ing i-' *o1e of
-%e occ0rrence* narra-ed. Eeing -a:en e> /ar-e' an
affidavi- i* a)1o*- a).a7* inco1/)e-e and of-en
inacc0ra-e' *o1e-i1e* fro1 /ar-ia) *0gge*-ion*' and
*o1e-i1e* fro1 .an- of *0gge*-ion* and in@0irie*'
.i-%o0- -%e aid of .%ic% -%e .i-ne** 1a7 4e 0na4)e -o
reca)) -%e connec-ed co))a-era) circ01*-ance* nece**ar7
for -%e correc-ion of -%e fir*- *0gge*-ion of %i* 1e1or7
and for %i* acc0ra-e reco))ec-ion of a)) -%a- 4e)ong* -o
-%e *048ec-. 6- %a* -%0* 4een %e)d -%a- affidavi-* are
genera))7 *04ordina-ed in i1/or-ance -o o/en co0r-
dec)ara-ion* 4eca0*e -%e for1er are of-en e>ec0-ed
.%en an affian-G* 1en-a) fac0)-ie* are no- in *0c% a
*-a-e a* -o afford %i1 a fair o//or-0ni-7 of narra-ing in
f0)) -%e inciden- .%ic% %a* -ran*/ired. D0r-%er' affidavi-*
are no- co1/)e-e re/rod0c-ion* of .%a- -%e dec)aran-
%a* in 1ind 4eca0*e -%e7 are genera))7 /re/ared 47
-%e ad1ini*-ering officer and -%e affian- *i1/)7 *ign*
-%e1 af-er -%e *a1e %ave 4een read -o %i1.
,%e e>ce/-ion -o -%e r0)e i* .%ere -%e o1i**ion in
-%e affidavi- refer* -o a ver7 i1/or-an- de-ai) *0c% -%a-
-%e affian- .o0)d no- %ave fai)ed -o 1en-ion i-' and
.%ic% o1i**ion co0)d affec- -%e affian-G* credi4i)i-7.
20c% e>ce/-ive circ01*-ance doe* no- o4-ain in -%e
/re*en- ca*e. ,%e a))eged o1i**ion* in -%e affidavi- of
co1/)ainan- are no- -%a- vi-a) and *04*-an-ia) a* -o
affec- %er credi4i)i-7. ,%e 1ore i1/or-an- de-ai) .%ic%
i* rea))7 1a-eria) -o -%e ca*e' and .%ic% i* ca-egorica))7
dec)ared and e>/)ained 4o-% in -%e affidavi- and in
co1/)ainan-G* -e*-i1on7' i* -%e fac- -%a- a//e))an- %ad
carna) :no.)edge of co1/)ainan- .i-%o0- %er con*en-.
4. ,%ere i* no di*cre/anc7 in -%e *-a-e1en-* 1ade 47
co1/)ainan- in %er affidavi-' .%ere *%e dec)ared -%a-
*%e .a* *-ri//ed na:ed d0ring -%e a**a0)-' and in %er
ora) -e*-i1on7' .%ere *%e *aid -%a- *%e .a* no- na:ed
.%en a//e))an- did -%e *e>0a) ac-. ,%i* *ee1ing
incon*i*-enc7 .a* )a-er c)arified 47 co1/)ainan- in %er
-e*-i1on7 .%ere *%e e>/)ained -%a- .%a- *%e rea))7
1ean- 47 -%e .ord Fna:edF i* -%a- *%e %ad no
0nder.ear 40- *%e %ad %er 0nifor1 on.
c. ,%e 4are fac- a)one -%a- co1/)ainan- did no- :no.
-%e na1e of %erein a//e))an-' .e canno- *afe)7
conc)0de -%a- -%e iden-i-7 of -%e a**ai)an- .a* no-
*0fficien-)7 e*-a4)i*%ed.
,%e fac- -%a- co1/)ainan- -e*-ified -%a- *%e .a* a4)e -o
recogniIe a//e))an- 4eca0*e a- -%a- -i1e -%e 1oon .a*
ver7 4rig%-' .%en in -r0-% and in fac- i- .a* a fir*-
@0ar-er 1oon' doe* no- *erve -o di*credi- %er en-ire
-e*-i1on7. 6- i* /erfec-)7 rea*ona4)e -o 4e)ieve -%e
-e*-i1on7 of a .i-ne** .i-% re*/ec- -o *o1e fac-* and
di*4e)ieve i- .i-% re*/ec- -o o-%er fac-*. 6- i* no-
inconceiva4)e -%a- co1/)ainan- 1a7 %ave .rong)7
/erceived -%e )ig%- co1ing fro1 -%e )a1/ /o*- a*
%aving co1e fro1 -%e 1oon.
d. Non-/re*en-a-ion of -%e -orn dre** and 0nder.ear of
-%e co1/)ainan- doe* no- de*-ro7 -%e ca*e for -%e
/ro*ec0-ion' -%ere 4eing *0fficien- and convincing
evidence -o /rove -%e ra/e c%arged 4e7ond rea*ona4)e
do04-. ,%o*e c)o-%e* are no- e**en-ia)' and need no- 4e
/re*en-ed' a* -%e7 are no- indi*/en*a4)e evidence -o
/rove ra/e. ,%e a4*ence -%ereof doe* no- nega-e -%e
-r0-% of a ra/e co1/)ain- and -%e credi4i)i-7 of a
vic-i1G* -e*-i1on7.
2. N".
Reasoning
a. An erroneo0* rec:oning or 1i*-e*-i1a-ion of -i1e i*
-oo -rivia) and i11a-eria) -o di*credi- -%e -e*-i1on7 of a
co1/)ainan-' e*/ecia))7 in -%i* ca*e .%ere -i1e i* no-
an e**en-ia) e)e1en- or %a* no *04*-an-ia) 4earing on
-%e fac- of co11i**ion of -%e cri1e. 4Note% med )ert
sho.s the information that she .as raped at a,out
?pm .hile in her testimony she )laimed that the
in)ident happened at around 7%@Apm8$inor
incon*i*-encie* are no- *0fficien- -o 4)0r or ca*- do04-
on *-raig%-for.ard a--e*-a-ion*. Dar fro1 4eing 4adge*
of fra0d and fa4rica-ion' -%e incon*i*-encie* in -%e
-e*-i1onie* of .i-ne**e* 1a7 on -%e con-rar7 4e
80*-ifia4)7 con*idered a* indica-ive of -%e -r0-%f0)ne**
on 1a-eria) /oin-* of -%e fac-* -e*-ified -o. ,%e*e 1inor
devia-ion* a)*o confir1 -%a- -%e .i-ne**e* %ad no- 4een
re%ear*ed.
4. ,%e 1edica) finding* of -%e /%7*ician .%o e>a1ined
co1/)ainan- *%o.* -%a- *%e .a* /o*i-ive for a)co%o)ic
4rea-%' 40- -%i* fac- a)one doe* no- *0fficien-)7
e*-a4)i*% -%a- *%e .a* in *0c% a *-a-e of in-o>ica-ion a*
.o0)d co1/)e-e)7 de/rive %er of %er *en*e of
/erce/-ion and .%ic% .o0)d /erver- %er o-%er.i*e
co%eren- and credi4)e -e*-i1on7.
Con*e@0en-)7' -%e r0)e i* -%a- -%e a4*ence of
*/er1a-oIoa doe* no- di*/rove -%e fac- of ra/e (Peo/)e
v* Ea)ane' Peo/)e v* 2e)fai*on' Peo/)e v* Carandang+.
A%a- i* e**en-ia) i* -%a- -%ere .a* geni-a) /ene-ra-ion'
.%ic% .a* 0ne@0ivoca))7 -e*-ified -o 47 co1/)ainan-.
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 12
Disposition ,%e 80dg1en- a//ea)ed fro1 i* ADD6R$EC
in -o-o.
PEOPLE v$ ESPINOA
G.R. No. 10?596
P=N"# Nove14er 2&' 199&
(g)ai*a+
FACTS
- Pro*ec0-ion .i-ne** 0cre*io Croda .a* in -%e )iving
roo1 of %i* %o0*e .%en %e %eard crie* for %e)/. A* %e
.en- do.n -%e *-air*' %e *a. -%e a//e))an-* drag -%e
vic-i1 a.a7 fro1 -%e road -o.ard* %i* %o0*e. 5e
/o*i-ive)7 recogniIed -%e vic-i1. 5e a)*o .i-ne**ed -%e
acc0*ed-a//e))an- Roge)io and Vic-or E*/inoIa %ac: -%e
vic-i1 *evera) -i1e* .i-% -%eir )ong 4o)o* .%i)e
a//e))an- $ag4ari- %e)d 4ac: -%e vic-i1 .%o .a* )7ing
on %i* 4ac:.
- Pro*ec0-ion .i-ne** C%ar)i-o G0evarra

-e*-ified -%a-
%e .a* .a-c%ing -%e corona-ion cere1onie* of -%e
fie*-a @0een a- -%e 4arrio %a)) .%en %e received
infor1a-ion fro1 %i* 4ro-%er' Ra0)' a4o0- a %ac:ing
inciden-. 5e i11edia-e)7 .en- -o -%e /)ace and -%ere
*a. Rena-o 2a)var' *erio0*)7 .o0nded and )7ing on %i*
4ac:. 5e a*:ed 2a)var .%o .a* re*/on*i4)e and 2a)var
an*.eredH F6 .a* 4e-ra7ed 47 Roge)io E*/inoIa' Vic-or
E*/inoIa and !0)ian $ag4ari).F
- 2i1/)icio 2a)var' !r. .%o a)*o /roceeded a- -%e
cro**ing of An)a.agan and 3i*a.i af-er 4eing infor1ed
-%a- %i* 4ro-%er' Rena-o 2a)var .a* -%e vic-i1 of an
a--ac:' .a* a4)e -o -a): -o -%e )a--er .%o .a* -%en *-i))
con*cio0* and co%eren- in */eec%. ,%e vic-i1 iden-ified
-%e -%ree acc0*ed-a//e))an-* a* %i* a**ai)an-*.
- Acc0*ed-a//e))an-* .ere c%arged .i-% and convic-ed
of $0rder 47 -%e R,C for %ac:ing -o dea-% a cer-ain
Rena-o 2a)var. CA affir1ed.
ISSUE
A"N -%e ,ria) Co0r- and -%e Co0r- of A//ea)* erred in
giving credence -o -%e -e*-i1on7 of -%e )one a))eged
e7e-.i-ne** 0cre*io Cr0do.
HELD
1. N"
- E7e.i-ne** 0cre*io Croda' /o*i-ive)7 iden-ified
Roge)io E*/inoIa' Vic-or E*/inoIa and !0)ian $ag4ari) a*
-%e a**ai)an-* of Rena-o 2a)var. 6- i* 0nre40--ed -%a-
0cre*ioG* %o0*e i* )oca-ed a- )ea*- -%ree (&+ fa-%o1*
a.a7 fro1 -%e *cene of -%e cri1e. $oreover' d0ring -%e
%ac:ing inciden-' -%e /)ace .a* i))01ina-ed 47 -%e
1oon.
- ,%e acc0*ed %i1*e)f' Roge)io E*/inoIa' ad1i--ed on
cro**-e>a1ina-ion -%a- /ro*ec0-ion .i-ne** 0cre*io
Croda and C%ar)i-o G0a)dera1a' 4o-% re*iden-* of
Pa7ad' Pangan-0can' E0:idnon' are %i* friend* and
co0)d no- -%in: of an7 rea*on .%7 -%e7 -e*-ified again*-
%i1.
- 0cre*io -e*-ified in de-ai) %o. -%e acc0*ed-
a//e))an-*' -a:ing advan-age of -%eir *0/erior *-reng-%'
%ac:ed -o dea-% -%e vic-i1.
- ,%e -e*-i1on7 of a .i-ne**' 1en-ioning -%e 1in0-iae
of an inciden- -%a- co0)d no- ea*i)7 4e concoc-ed' *0c%
a* -%e 10rder in -%e ca*e a- 4ar' de*erve* credence for
i- indica-e* *inceri-7 and -r0-%f0)ne** in -%e narra-ion of
even-*.
- ,%e credi4)e -e*-i1on7 of a )one .i-ne** can /rovide a
ra-iona) 4a*i* for convic-ion. ,%e fig%- for -r0-% i* no-
nece**ari)7 .on 47 -%e /ar-7 .i-% 1ore n01ero0*
.i-ne**e*. 6- i* -%e @0a)i-7 and no- -%e @0an-i-7 of
.i-ne**e* -%a- co0n-* in a**e**ing -%eir credence.
- Ae -a:e 80dicia) no-ice of -%e fac- -%a- /eo/)e 0*0a))7
*%7 a.a7 fro1 an7 invo)ve1en- in cri1ina) ca*e* d0e
-o i-* inconvenience' if no- -%e danger i- /o*e* -o -%eir
)ive*. ,%e fac-' -%erefore' -%a- i- -a:e* -%e1 a )ong -i1e
-o decide .%e-%er or no- -o -e*-if7 *%o0)d no-
nece**ari)7 erode -%eir credi4i)i-7. 6nn -%i* ca*e'
0cre*io %ad 80*- .i-ne**ed a gr0e*o1e' %ac:ing
inciden-. ,%ere i* no *-andard for1 of 4e%avior .%en
on i* confron-ed .i-% a *%oc:ing inciden-.

0cre*ioG*
ini-ia) %e*i-a-ion -o re/or- -%e cri1e -o -%e a0-%ori-ie*
d0e -o -%e *%oc:ing e>/erience *%o0)d no- 4e co0n-ed
again*- %i* credi4i)i-7.

- 6- canno- a)*o 4e do04-ed -%a- -%e n01ero0* .o0nd*
*0ffered 47 -%e vic-i1 .ere d0e -o %ac:ing 47 1ean* of
*%ar/ 4)aded in*-r01en-*.
A//e))an-G* /ar-ici/a-ion in -%e 1erci)e** :i))ing of
Rena-o 2a)var i* f0r-%er 40--re**ed 47 -%e fac- -%a-
4efore -%e vic-i1 died' %e di*c)o*ed -o .i-ne**e*
C5AR6," G=ACERA$A ANC 26$P6C6" 2AVAR' !R.
-%e na1e of %i* a**ai)an-*. =--erance* 1ade
i11edia-e)7 af-er a *-ar-)ing occ0rrence and 4efore -%e
dec)aran- %ad an o//or-0ni-7 -o fa4rica-e a fa)*e
*-a-e1en- can 4e con*idered a* /ar- of -%e re* ge*-ae.
- A* 4e-.een -%e /o*i-ive dec)ara-ion* of -%e
/ro*ec0-ion .i-ne**e* and -%e nega-ive *-a-e1en-* of
-%e a//e))an-*' -%e for1er de*erve 1ore credence and
.eig%- -%an -%e )a--er. 6n -%i* ca*e' .e give f0)) credi- -o
-%e fac-0a) finding* of -%e -ria) co0r- con*idering -%a- i-
i* in -%e 4e*- /o*i-ion -o .eig% conf)ic-ing dec)ara-ion*
of .i-ne**e* a* i- .a* a4)e -o o4*erve -%eir de1eanor
and cond0c- .%i)e giving -%eir -e*-i1onie*.
Dispositive ,%e deci*ion of -%e a//e))a-e co0r- finding
acc0*ed-a//e))an-* R"GE6" E2P6N"KA' V6C,"R
E2P6N"KA and !=6AN $AGEAR6 g0i)-7 4e7ond
rea*ona4)e do04- of $0rder i* %ere47 ADD6R$EC.
According)7' -%e7 are *en-enced -o *0ffer -%e /ena)-7 of
rec)0*ion /er/e-0a and -o /a7 -%e %eir* of Rena-o
2a)var an inde1ni-7 of fif-7 -%o0*and /e*o*
(P50'000.00+.
PEOPLE v A!ESTUO
GR 10?&8&
!0) 12' 2001# 3AP=NAN
(a-%e+
NATURE
A//ea) fro1 -%e deci*ion of -%e R,C of 3a)oo:an Ci-7.
FACTS
A- a4o0- nine--%ir-7 in -%e evening of De4r0ar7 22'
1991' a gro0/ of eig%- ar1ed 1en .earing 1a*:*
en-ered -%e %o0*e of co1/)ainan- Per)i-a de)o* 2an-o*
ac*a1ana a- 2acred 5ear- Vi))age' 3a)oo:an Ci-7 and
ro44ed -%e *aid /re1i*e* of va)0a4)e* in -%e -o-a)
a1o0n- of P728'000.00. 6n -%e co0r*e of -%e ro44er7'
-.o 1e14er* of -%e gang ra/ed $aria De Ca-an7ag and
E*-re))a Ro)ago' niece and e1/)o7ee' re*/ec-ive)7 of
co1/)ainan- ac*a1ana.
- "n De4r0ar7 27' 1991' acc0*ed-a//e))an- A)4ino
Eaga*' Va)eriano A1e*-0Io' Dederico A1/a-in' Cio*coro
ViTa* and fo0r o-%er acc0*ed' .%o*e iden-i-ie* are
0n:no.n and .%o are *-i)) a- )arge 0/ -o -%e /re*en-'
.ere c%arged .i-% -%e co1/)e> cri1e of ro44er7 in
4and .i-% do04)e ra/e.
- ,%e -ria) co0r- rendered 80dg1en- convic-ing a)) -%e
acc0*ed.
- Dro1 -%e 80dg1en- of convic-ion 47 -%e -ria) co0r-'
on)7 %erein acc0*ed-a//e))an- Eaga* a//ea)ed -o -%i*
Co0r-. 5i* a//ea) i* 4a*ed 1ain)7 on (1+ -%e a))eged
de/riva-ion of %i* con*-i-0-iona) rig%- -o 4e re/re*en-ed
47 co0n*e) d0ring %i* iden-ifica-ion' (2+ -%e -ria) co0r-9*
error in giving d0e .eig%- -o -%e o/en co0r-
iden-ifica-ion of %i1 .%ic% .a* 4a*ed on a *0gge*-ive
and irreg0)ar o0--of-co0r- iden-ifica-ion' and (&+ -%e -ria)
co0r-9* i1/ro/er re8ec-ion of %i* defen*e of a)i4i.
ISSUES
1. A"N %i* con*-i-0-iona) rig%- -o 4e re/re*en-ed 47
co0n*e) .a* vio)a-ed
2. A"N -%e ,C erred in giving d0e .eig%- -o -%e o/en
co0r- iden-ifica-ion of %i1 .%ic% .a* 4a*ed on a
*0gge*-ive and irreg0)ar o0--of-co0r- iden-ifica-ion
&. A"N -%e ,C i1/ro/er)7 re8ec-ed %i* defen*e of a)i4i
HELD
1. N".
Ratio ,%e g0aran-ee* of 2ec. 12 (1+' Ar-. 666 of -%e
1987 Con*-i-0-ion' or -%e *o-ca))ed $iranda rig%-*' 1a7
4e invo:ed on)7 47 a /er*on .%i)e %e i* 0nder c0*-odia)
inve*-iga-ion. C0*-odia) inve*-iga-ion *-ar-* .%en -%e
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 1&
/o)ice inve*-iga-ion i* no )onger a genera) in@0ir7 in-o
an 0n*o)ved cri1e 40- %a* 4eg0n -o foc0* on a
/ar-ic0)ar *0*/ec- -a:en in-o c0*-od7 47 -%e /o)ice .%o
*-ar-* -%e in-erroga-ion and /ro/o0nd* @0e*-ion* -o -%e
/er*on -o e)ici- incri1ina-ing *-a-e1en-*. Po)ice )ine-0/
i* no- /ar- of -%e c0*-odia) inve*-iga-ion# %ence' -%e
rig%- -o co0n*e) g0aran-eed 47 -%e Con*-i-0-ion canno-
7e- 4e invo:ed a- -%i* *-age.
+easonin&% Eaga* co0)d no- 7e- invo:e %i* rig%- -o
co0n*e) .%en %e .a* /re*en-ed for iden-ifica-ion 47 -%e
co1/)ainan-* 4eca0*e -%e *a1e .a* no- 7e- /ar- of -%e
inve*-iga-ion /roce**. $oreover' -%ere .a* no *%o.ing
-%a- d0ring %i* iden-ifica-ion 47 -%e co1/)ainan-*' -%e
/o)ice inve*-iga-or* *o0g%- -o e)ici- an7 ad1i**ion or
confe**ion fro1 acc0*ed-a//e))an-. 6n fac-' record*
*%o. -%a- -%e /o)ice did no- a- a)) -a): -o acc0*ed-
a//e))an- .%en %e .a* /re*en-ed 4efore -%e
co1/)ainan-*. ,%e a))eged infringe1en- of -%e
con*-i-0-iona) rig%-* of -%e acc0*ed .%i)e 0nder
c0*-odia) inve*-iga-ion i* re)evan- and 1a-eria) on)7 -o
ca*e* in .%ic% an e>-ra-80dicia) ad1i**ion or confe**ion
e>-rac-ed fro1 -%e acc0*ed 4eco1e* -%e 4a*i* of %i*
convic-ion. 6n -%e /re*en- ca*e' -%ere i* no *0c%
confe**ion or e>-ra-80dicia) ad1i**ion.
2. BE2.
Ratio ,%ere i* no )a. re@0iring a /o)ice )ine-0/ a*
e**en-ia) -o a /ro/er iden-ifica-ion. ,%e fac- -%a- %e
.a* 4ro0g%- o0- of -%e de-en-ion ce)) a)one and .a*
1ade -o *-and 4efore -%e acc0*ed 47 %i1*e)f and
0nacco1/anied 47 an7 o-%er *0*/ec-* or /er*on* doe*
no- de-rac- fro1 -%e va)idi-7 of -%e iden-ifica-ion
/roce**. 5o.ever' .e agree -%a- co1/)ainan-*9 o0--of-
co0r- iden-ifica-ion of acc0*ed-a//e))an- .a* *erio0*)7
f)a.ed a* -o /rec)0de i-* ad1i**i4i)i-7. 6n re*o)ving -%e
ad1i**i4i)i-7 and re)ia4i)i-7 of o0--of-co0r-
iden-ifica-ion*' .e %ave a//)ied -%e -o-a)i-7 of
circ01*-ance* -e*- en0ncia-ed in -%e ca*e of Peo/)e v*.
,ee%an:ee .%ic% )i*-* -%e fo))o.ing fac-or*H >>> (1+
-%e .i-ne**9 o//or-0ni-7 -o vie. -%e cri1ina) a- -%e
-i1e of -%e cri1e# (2+ -%e .i-ne**9 degree of a--en-ion
a- -%a- -i1e# (&+ -%e acc0rac7 of an7 /rior de*cri/-ion
given 47 -%e .i-ne**# (?+ -%e )eve) of cer-ain-7
de1on*-ra-ed 47 -%e .i-ne** a- -%e iden-ifica-ion# (5+
-%e )eng-% of -i1e 4e-.een -%e cri1e and -%e
iden-ifica-ion# and (6+ -%e *0gge*-ivene** of -%e
iden-ifica-ion /roce**.
Reasoning
- ,%e o0--of-co0r- iden-ifica-ion of %erein acc0*ed-
a//e))an- 47 co1/)ainan-* in -%e /o)ice *-a-ion a//ear*
-o %ave 4een i1/ro/er)7 *0gge*-ive. Even 4efore
co1/)ainan-* %ad -%e o//or-0ni-7 -o vie. acc0*ed-
a//e))an- face--o-face .%en %e .a* 4ro0g%- o0r of -%e
de-en-ion ce)) -o 4e /re*en-ed -o -%e1 for
iden-ifica-ion' -%e /o)ice 1ade an anno0nce1en- -%a-
%e .a* one of -%e *0*/ec-* in -%e cri1e and -%a- %e
.a* -%e one /oin-ed -o 47 acc0*ed A1/a-in a* one of
c0)/ri-*. ,%e fac- -%a- -%i* infor1a-ion ca1e -o -%e
:no.)edge of -%e co1/)ainan-* /rior -o -%eir
iden-ifica-ion 4a*ed on -%eir o.n reca)) of -%e inciden-
de-rac-* fro1 -%e */on-anei-7 of -%eir *04*e@0en-
iden-ifica-ion and -%erefore' i-* o48ec-ivi-7.
&. BE2
Ratio ,%e defen*e of a)i4i or denia) a**01e*
*ignificance or *-reng-% .%en i- i* a1/)7 corro4ora-ed
47 a credi4)e .i-ne**. And -o 4e given .eig%-' acc0*ed
10*- /rove no- on)7 -%a- %e .a* *o1e.%ere e)*e .%en
-%e cri1e .a* co11i--ed 40- -%a- %e .a* *o far a.a7
-%a- i- .a* /%7*ica))7 i1/o**i4)e for %i1 -o 4e /re*en-
a- -%e cri1e *cene or i-* i11edia-e vicini-7 a- -%e -i1e
of i-* co11i**ion. ,%o0g% in%eren-)7 .ea: a* a
defen*e' a)i4i in -%e /re*en- ca*e %a* 4een *0fficien-)7
e*-a4)i*%ed 47 corro4ora-ive -e*-i1onie* of credi4)e
.i-ne**e* and 47 evidence of /%7*ica) i1/o**i4i)i-7 of
acc0*ed-a//e))an-9* /re*ence a- -%e *cene of -%e cri1e.
A)i4i' -%erefore' *%o0)d %ave 4een /ro/er)7 a//recia-ed
in acc0*ed-a/e))an-9* favor.
Reasoning
Acc0*ed-a//e))an- ve%e1en-)7 arg0e* -%a- i- .a*
/%7*ica))7 i1/o**i4)e for %i1 -o %ave 4een /re*en- a-
-%e *cene of -%e cri1e or i-* i11edia-e vicini-7 a- -%e
-i1e of i-* co11i**ion. Dir*-' -%e cri1e .a* co11i--ed
aro0nd 9H&0 in -%e evening of De4r0ar7 22' 1991.
Acc0*ed-a//e))an-' a* .e)) a* -.o o-%er .i-ne**e*'
-e*-ified -%a- %e .or:ed in -%e fac-or7 0n-i) 10 /.1. -%a-
nig%- and .en- -o *)ee/ af-er. 2econd' -%ere .a* on)7
one door in -%e fac-or7 .%ic% .a* -%e on)7 1ean* of
en-rance and e>i- and -%i* door .a* :e/- )oc:ed 47
.i-ne** "ca*)a af-er -en /.1. -%a- nig%-. "ca*)a .a* -%e
on)7 /er*on .%o %ad a :e7 -o -%i* door. ,%ird' -%e
.indo.* on -%e fir*- f)oor of -%e 40i)ding con*i*-ed of
%o))o. 4)oc:* .i-% *1a)) %o)e* .%ic% do no- a))o.
/a**age. ,%e *econd and -%ird f)oor .indo.* .ere 1?
and 21 fee- %ig%' re*/ec-ive)7. ,%ere .a* no /o**i4)e
1ean* of e>i- -%ro0g% -%e*e .indo.* .i-%o0- acc0*ed-
a//e))an- ge--ing %0r- or in80red. a*-)7' -%e cri1e -oo:
/)ace in 3a)oo:an Ci-7 aro0nd 9H&0 /.1. .%i)e acc0*ed-
a//e))an-9* /)ace of .or: .a* in Pa*a7 Ci-7. A**01ing
for -%e *a:e of arg01en- -%a- %e .a* a4)e -o )eave -%e
/re1i*e* af-er 10 /.1. -%a- nig%-' 47 -%e -i1e %e
reac%e* 3a)oo:an' -%e cri1e .o0)d %ave a)read7 4een
co1/)e-ed.
- Ano-%er *ignifican- evidence .%ic% -%e -ria) co0r-
fai)ed -o con*ider i* -%e vo)0n-ar7 confe**ion of acc0*ed
Dederico A1/a-in a4*o)ving acc0*ed-a//e))an- Eaga* of
-%e cri1e. A1/a-in9* -e*-i1on7 .a* c)ear and
ca-egorica) -%a- %e /oin-ed on Eaga* 4eca0*e %e .a*
afraid -o 4e %i- again 47 -%e /o)ice1an if %e .o0)d no-
do *o. A1/a-in did no- :no. Eaga* and %e did no-
even *a. %i* face 4efore /oin-ing on %i1. A1/a-in and
acc0*ed-a//e))an- .ere c%arged a* co-con*/ira-or* in
-%e cri1e of ro44er7 .i-% ra/e. A* a co-acc0*ed' i-
.o0)d %ave 4een 1ore con*i*-en- .i-% %01an na-0re
for A1/a-in -o i1/)ica-e acc0*ed-a//e))an- if indeed %e
.a* one of -%e gang. 6n fac-' -%e Co0r- %a* recogniIed
-%a- ;a* i* 0*0a) .i-% %01an na-0re' a c0)/ri-'
confe**ing a cri1e i* )i:e)7 -o /0- -%e 4)a1e a* far a*
/o**i4)e on o-%er* ra-%er -%an %i1*e)f. ,%e fac- -%a- %e
-e*-ified -o -%e innocence of a co-acc0*ed' an ac- .%ic%
re*0)-ed in no advan-age or 4enefi- -o %i1 and .%ic%
1ig%- in fac- i1/)ica-e %i1 1ore' *%o0)d %ave 4een
received 47 -%e -ria) co0r- a* an indic01 of -%e -r0-% of
A1/a-in9* -e*-i1on7 and -%e innocence of %erein
acc0*ed-a//e))an-. A1/a-in9* -e*-i1on7' -%erefore'
*%o0)d %ave 4een given .eig%- 47 -%e -ria) co0r-.
- $ore *o' -%e *a1e .a* *04*-an-ia))7 corro4ora-ed 47
ano-%er .i-ne**' Rodo)fo Ro*a)e*' acc0*ed-a//e))an-9*
co-.or:er and .%o .a* /re*en- .%en acc0*ed-
a//e))an- .a* arre*-ed. Ro*a)e* -e*-ified -%a- %e
no-iced -%a- -%e reac-ion of Dederico A1/a-in .a*
afraid' *o' 4eca0*e of fear %e .a* a4)e -o /oin- on -%e
/er*on of A)4ino Eaga* 40- .%en a*:ed %e doe* no-
:no. -%e na1e of A)4ino Eaga*.
Disposition ,%e deci*ion of -%e -ria) co0r- convic-ing
acc0*ed-a//e))an- A)4ino Eaga* of -%e cri1e of ro44er7
.i-% 10)-i/)e ra/e i* REVER2EC and %e i* ACL=6,,EC
of -%e cri1e c%arged.
PEOPLE v #ALLE(O
&82 2CRA 192
PER C=R6A$# $a7 9' 2002
(g0i)ia+
FACTS
,%e acc0*ed-a//e))an- Gerrico Va))e8o .a* convic-ed 47
-%e R,C of ra/e .i-% %o1icide' .%ic% .a* affir1ed 47
-%e CA.
,%e acc0*ed .a* convic-ed -%ro0g% -%e ff
circ01*-ancia) evidenceH
1. ,%e vic-i1' Cai*7' .en- -o Ai1ee Va))e8oG*
%o0*e for -0-oring aro0nd 1/1
2. A- aro0nd 2/1' -%e acc0*ed and Cai*7 .en-
-oge-%er -o -%e )a--erG* %o0*e -o ge- a 4oo:
fro1 .%ic% -%e for1er co0)d co/7 Cai*7G*
*c%oo) /ro8ec-. Af-er ge--ing -%e 4oo:' -%e7
/roceeded -o -%e acc0*edG* re*idence.
&. Cai*7 -%en .en- -o %er neig%4orG* %o0*e -o
.a-c% ,V. ,%e acc0*ed -%ereaf-er arrived and
.%i*/ered *o1e-%ing -o Cai*7' and -%e )a--er
.en- .i-% %i1 -o.ard* -%e Gco1/0er-aG
?. A- a4o0- ?H&0/1' 2/* Be/e* *a. acc0*ed
co1ing o0- of -%e Gco1/0er-aG .i-% %i* c)o-%e*
.e-' a)-%o0g% %i* face and %air .ere no-.
According -o .i-ne**e*' %e )oo:ed /a)e'
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 1?
0nea*7' and ,alisa. 5e :e/- )oo:ing aro0nd
and did no- even gree- -%e1 a* .a* %i*
c0*-o1 -o do *o.
5. ,%e fi*%ing 4oa- 0*ed 47 -%e acc0*ed a* a
4o14er .a* doc:ed 47 -%e *ea*%ore.
6. A )i--)e 4efore 5/1 ano-%er .i-ne** *a. -%e
acc0*ed 407ing cigare--e* and no-iced -%a- %i*
c)o-%e* .ere .e-' 40- no- %er %air and face.
7. A- aro0nd 5H&0' $a. Nida Cio)a' 1o-%er of -%e
.i-ne**' )oo:ed for %er da0g%-er and -%e
acc0*ed -%a- Cai*7 %ad gone -o %er
c)a**1a-eG* %o0*e. ,%e infor1a-ion /roved -o
4e fa)*e.
8. Cai*7G* 4od7 .a* fo0nd -ied -o an aro1a -ree
a- -%e /ar- of -%e river near -%e Gco1/0er-aG.
9. C0ring -%e ini-ia) inve*-iga-ion' -%e acc0*ed
%a* *cra-c%e* on %i* fee- *i1i)ar -o -%o*e
ca0*ed 47 -%e -%orn* of an aro1a -ree.
10. ,%e c)o-%e* .orn 47 -%e acc0*ed on -%a- da7
.ere 4)ood*-ained. ,%e 4)ood*-ain* on -%e
acc0*edG* c)o-%e* and -%o*e on Cai*7G* c)o-%e*
.ere fo0nd /o*i-ive of %01an 4)ood -7/e GAG.
11. ,%e acc0*edG* 4)ood -7/e i* G"G.
12. ,%e vagina) *.a4* fro1 Cai*7G* 4od7
con-ained %er CNA /rofi)e a* .e)) a* -%a- of
-%e acc0*ed.
ISSUES
1. A"N -%e 4)ood*-ain* fo0nd on -%e acc0*edG*
gar1en-* .ere no- /roven -o %ave 4een -%a- of -%e
vic-i1 a* -%e vic-i1G* 4)ood .a* no- de-er1ined and
2. A"N -%e 1e-%od 47 .%ic% %i* c)o-%e* .ere
recovered .a* /ro/er.
&. A"N CNA ana)7*i* cond0c-ed 47 NE6 .a* a)*o
@0e*-ioned a* -%e NE6 fai)ed -o *%o. -%a- a)) -%e
*a1/)e* .ere no- con-a1ina-ed.
?. A"N /ro*ec0-ionG* ora) and .ri--en confe**ion*
.ere ad1i**i4)e a* evidence and A"N -%e e>-ra80dicia)
confe**ion* 47 -%e acc0*ed .ere ad1i**i4)e
HELD
1. "n -%e 4)ood*-ained c)o-%e* and 1ean* of recover7
Even if -%ere .a* no direc- de-er1ina-ion a* -o .%a-
4)ood -7/e -%e vic-i1 %ad' i- can rea*ona4)7 4e inferred
-%a- -%e vic-i1 .a* a 4)ood -7/e GAG *ince *%e *0*-ained
con-0*ed a4ra*ion* a)) over %er 4od7 .%ic% .o0)d
nece**ari)7 /rod0ce -%e 4)ood*-ain* on %er c)o-%ing.
2. A* -o -%e 1e-%od 47 .%ic% -%e acc0*edG* c)o-%e*
.ere recovered' -%ere i* no *%o.ing -%a- acc0*ed .a*
coerced or forced in-o /rod0cing -%e gar1en-*.
&. "n -%e va)idi-7 of CNA
CNA i* an organic *04*-ance fo0nd in a /er*onG* ce))*
.%ic% con-ain* %i* or %er gene-ic code. A%en a cri1e i*
co11i--ed' 1a-eria) i* co))ec-ed fro1 -%e *cene of a
cri1e or fro1 -%e vic-i1G* 4od7 for -%e *0*/ec-G* CNA.
,%e /0r/o*e of CNA i* -o a*cer-ain .%e-%er an
a**ocia-ion e>i*-* 4e-.een -%e evidence *a1/)e and
-%e reference *a1/)e. ,%e -e*- 1a7 7ie)d -%ree /o**i4)e
re*0)-*H
1+ ,%e *a1/)e* are differen- and -%erefore 10*-
%ave origina-ed fro1 differen- *o0rce*
(e>c)0*ion+. ,%i* conc)0*ion i* a4*o)0-e and
re@0ire* no f0r-%er ana)7*i* or di*c0**ion#
2+ 6- i* no- /o**i4)e -o 4e *0re' 4a*ed on -%e
re*0)-* of -%e -e*-' .%e-%er -%e *a1/)e* %ave
*i1i)ar CNA -7/e* (inconc)0*ive+. ,%i* 1ig%-
occ0r for a varie-7 of rea*on* inc)0ding
degrada-ion' con-a1ina-ion' or fai)0re of *o1e
a*/ec- of -%e /ro-oco). Vario0* /ar-* of -%e
ana)7*i* 1ig%- -%en 4e re/ea-ed .i-% -%e
*a1e or a differen- *a1/)e' -o o4-ain a 1ore
conc)0*ive re*0)-# or
&+ ,%e *a1/)e* are *i1i)ar' and co0)d %ave
origina-ed fro1 -%e *a1e *o0rce (inc)0*ion+. 6n
*0c% a ca*e' -%e *a1/)e* are fo0nd -o 4e
*i1i)ar' -%e ana)7*- /roceed* -o de-er1ine -%e
*-a-i*-ica) *ignificance of -%e 2i1i)ari-7.
6n a**e**ing -%e /ro4a-ive va)0e of CNA evidence'
co0r-* *%o0)d con*ider' a1ong o-%er* -%ing*' -%e
fo))o.ing da-aH %o. -%e *a1/)e* .ere co))ec-ed' %o.
-%e7 .ere %and)ed' -%e /o**i4i)i-7 of con-a1ina-ion of
-%e *a1/)e*' -%e /roced0re fo))o.ed in ana)7Iing -%e
*a1/)e*' .%e-%er -%e /ro/er *-andard* and /roced0re*
.ere fo))o.ed in cond0c-ing -%e -e*-*' and -%e
@0a)ifica-ion of -%e ana)7*- .%o cond0c-ed -%e -e*-*.
,%e 4)ood*-ain* -a:en fro1 -%e c)o-%ing of -%e vic-i1
and of acc0*ed' -%e *1ear* -a:en fro1 -%e vic-i1 a*
.e)) a* -%e *-rand* of %air and nai)* -a:en fro1 %er
-e*-ed nega-ive for -%e /re*ence of %01an CNA. 6- i*
-%e inade@0ac7 of -%e */eci1en* *041i--ed for
e>a1ina-ion' and no- -%e /o**i4i)i-7 -%a- -%e *a1/)e*
%ad 4een con-a1ina-ed' .%ic% acco0n-ed for -%e
nega-ive re*0)-* of -%eir e>a1ina-ion. E0- -%e vagina)
*.a4* -a:en fro1 -%e vic-i1 7ie)ded /o*i-ive for -%e
/re*ence of %01an CNA. =/on ana)7*i* 47 -%e e>/er-*'
-%e7 *%o.ed -%e CNA /rofi)e of acc0*ed.
?. "n -%e e>-ra-80dicia) confe**ion*
,%ere are -.o :ind* of invo)0n-ar7 or coerced
confe**ion* -rea-ed in Ar- 666 of -%e Con*-i-0-ionH (1+
coerced confe**ion*' -%e /rod0c- of -%ird degree
1e-%od* *0c% a* -or-0re' force' vio)ence' -%rea-' and
in-i1ida-ion' .%ic% are dea)- .i-% in /ar 2 of 2ec-ion 12'
and (2+ 0nco0n*e))ed *-a-e1en-*' given .i-%o0- -%e
4enefi- of $iranda .arning*' .%ic% are -%e *048ec- of
/ar 1 of -%e *a1e *ec-ion.
Acc0*ed arg0e* -%a- -%e ora) confe**ion* given -o
$a7or A40-an of Ro*ario' Cavi-e and -o NE6 Doren*ic
Eio)ogi*- *%o0)d 4e dee1ed inad1i**i4)e for 4eing
vio)a-ive of %i* con*-i-0-iona) rig%-* a* -%e*e .ere 1ade
47 one a)read7 0nder c0*-odia) inve*-iga-ion -o /er*on*
in a0-%ori-7 .i-%o0- -%e /re*ence of co0n*e).
,%e -e*-i1on7 of A--7. e7va i* no- on)7 corro4ora-ed
47 -%e -e*-i1on7 of $a7or Rena-o A40-an' i- i* a)*o
confir1ed 47 acc0*ed .%ere %e .a* a//ri*ed of -%e
con*e@0ence* of -%e *-a-e1en-* %e 1ade a* .e)) a*
-%e .ri--en confe**ion* %e .a* -o e>ec0-e. Nei-%er can
%e @0e*-ion -%e @0a)ifica-ion* of A--7. 0/o e7va .%o
ac-ed a* %i* co0n*e) d0ring -%e inve*-iga-ion. ,o 4e an
effec-ive co0n*e)' a )a.7er need no- c%a))enge a)) -%e
@0e*-ion* 4eing /ro/o0nded -o %i* c)ien-. ,%e /re*ence
of a )a.7er i* no- in-ended -o *-o/ an acc0*ed fro1
*a7ing an7-%ing .%ic% 1ig%- incri1ina-e %i1 40-'
ra-%er' i- .a* ado/-ed in o0r Con*-i-0-ion -o /rec)0de
-%e *)ig%-e*- coercion a* .o0)d )ead -%e acc0*ed -o
ad1i- *o1e-%ing fa)*e. 6ndeed' co0n*e) *%o0)d no-
/reven- an acc0*ed fro1 free)7 and vo)0n-ari)7 -e))ing
-%e -r0-%.
Acc0*ed ad1i--ed -%a- %e .a* fir*- a*:ed .%e-%er %e
.an-ed -%e *ervice* of A--7. e7va 4efore -%e )a--er
ac-ed a* %i* defen*e co0n*e). And co0n*e) .%o i*
/rovided 47 -%e inve*-iga-or* i* dee1ed engaged 47
-%e acc0*ed .%ere -%e )a--er never rai*ed an7 o48ec-ion
again*- -%e for1erG* a//oin-1en- d0ring -%e co0r*e of
-%e inve*-iga-ion 40-' on -%e con-rar7' -%ereaf-er
*04*cri4ed -o -%e veraci-7 of %i* *-a-e1en- 4efore -%e
*.earing officer. Con-rar7 -o -%e a**er-ion* of acc0*ed'
A--7. e7va .a* no- -%e 10nici/a) a--orne7 of Ro*ario'
Cavi-e 40- on)7 a )ega) advi*er of $a7or Rena-o A40-an.
,%e 1a7orG* @0e*-ion* -o acc0*ed-a//e))an- .ere no- in
-%e na-0re of an in-erroga-ion' 40- ra-%er an ac- of
4enevo)ence 47 a )eader *ee:ing -o %e)/ one of %i*
con*-i-0en-*.
Dor -%e *a1e rea*on' -%e ora) confe**ion 1ade 47
acc0*ed-a//e))an- -o NE6 Doren*ic Eio)ogi*- Pe- E7ron
E0an i* ad1i**i4)e. Acc0*ed-a//e))an- .o0)d %ave -%i*
Co0r- e>c)0de -%i* confe**ion on -%e gro0nd -%a- i- .a*
0nco0n*e))ed and -%a- $r. E0an' .%o ini-ia-ed -%e
conver*a-ion .i-% acc0*ed-a//e))an-' .a* /ar- of -%e
NE6. ,%e @0e*-ion* /0- 47 $r. E0an -o acc0*ed-
a//e))an- .ere a*:ed o0- of 1ere /er*ona) c0rio*i-7
and c)ear)7 no- a* /ar- of %i* -a*:*.
,%e confe**ion' -%0*' can 4e )i:ened -o one free)7 and
vo)0n-ari)7 given -o an ordinar7 individ0a) and i*'
-%erefore' ad1i**i4)e a* evidence.
,%e 4are a**er-ion* of 1a)-rea-1en- 47 -%e /o)ice
a0-%ori-ie* in e>-rac-ing confe**ion* fro1 -%e acc0*ed
are no- *0fficien-. ,%e *-anding r0)e i* -%a- F.%ere -%e
defendan-* did no- /re*en- evidence of co1/0)*ion' or
d0re** nor vio)ence on -%eir /er*on# .%ere -%e7 fai)ed
-o co1/)ain -o -%e officer .%o ad1ini*-ered -%eir oa-%*#
.%ere -%e7 did no- in*-i-0-e an7 cri1ina) or
ad1ini*-ra-ive ac-ion again*- -%eir a))eged in-i1ida-or*
for 1a)-rea-1en-# .%ere -%ere a//eared -o 4e no
1ar:* of vio)ence on -%eir 4odie*# and .%ere -%e7 did
no- %ave -%e1*e)ve* e>a1ined 47 a re/0-a4)e
P r o f . V . A . A v e n a E v i d e n c e - A 2 0 1 0 P a g e | 15
/%7*ician -o 40--re** -%eir c)ai1'F a)) -%e*e .i)) 4e
con*idered a* indica-ing vo)0n-arine**.
Even if acc0*ed .a* -r0-%f0) and %i* a**ai)ed
confe**ion* are inad1i**i4)e' -%e circ01*-an-ia)
evidence i* *0fficien- -o e*-a4)i*% %i* g0i)- 4e7ond a))
rea*ona4)e do04-. ,%e /ro*ec0-ion .i-ne**e* /re*en-ed
a 1o*aic of circ01*-ance* *%o.ing acc0*ed-a//e))an-G*
g0i)-. ,%eir -e*-i1onie* r0)e o0- -%e /o**i4i)i-7 -%a- -%e
cri1e .a* -%e %andi.or: of *o1e o-%er evi) 1ind.
,%e*e .i-ne**e* %ave no- 4een *%o.n -o %ave 4een
1o-iva-ed 47 i)) .i)) again*- acc0*ed.
6f -%e acco0n- of acc0*ed -%a- %e .a* 4ea-en 0/ i* -r0e'
Cr. An-onio Ver-ido .o0)d %ave fo0nd 1ore -%an 1ere
a4ra*ion* and %e1a-o1a on %i* )ef- finger. Cr. Ver-idoG*
finding* are 1ore con*i*-en- .i-% -%e -%eor7 -%a-
acc0*ed-a//e))an- *0*-ained /%7*ica) in80rie* a* a
re*0)- of -%e *-r0gg)e 1ade 47 -%e vic-i1 d0ring -%e
co11i**ion of -%e ra/e in -%e Fco1/0er-a.F
No o-%er .i-ne** no- re)a-ed -o acc0*ed-a//e))an- .a*
ever ca))ed -o corro4ora-e %i* c)ai1. ,%e defen*e
/re*en-ed on)7 acc0*edG* *i*-er' Ai1ee Va))e8o' -o
corro4ora-e %i* *-or7. Ae %ave %e)d -i1e and again -%a-
a)i4i canno- /ro*/er if i- i* e*-a4)i*%ed 1ain)7 47 -%e
acc0*ed and %i* re)a-ive*' and no- 47 credi4)e /er*on*.
6- i* .e)) *e--)ed -%a- a)i4i i* -%e .ea:e*- of a)) defen*e*
a* i- i* ea*7 -o con-rive and diffic0)- -o di*/rove. Dor -%i*
rea*on' -%i* Co0r- )oo:* .i-% ca0-ion 0/on -%e defen*e
of a)i4i' e*/ecia))7 .%en' a* in -%i* ca*e' i- i*
corro4ora-ed on)7 47 re)a-ive* or friend* of -%e
acc0*ed.
Disposition
deci*ion of -%e R,C of Cavi-e Ci-7' finding
acc0*ed Gerrico Va))e8o 7 2a1ar-ino G=6,B 4e7ond
rea*ona4)e do04- of -%e cri1e of Ra/e .i-% 5o1icide i*
%ere47 ADD6R$EC.