Debian GNU/Linux

Debian:

5.0.2 2 2013

Debian GNU/Linux.


Copyright

1996-2013 by Software in the Public Interest, portions copyright

2004, 2005, 2006 Kamaraju Kusumanchi

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the copyright notice and this
permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modied versions of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying,
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into another language, under the above conditions
for modied versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software
Foundation instead of in the original English.

1.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

Debian GNU/Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3

, Debian, Linux?! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4

Debian GNU/Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5

Debian GNU/Linux Linux? Debian, - ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6

Debian GNU Free Software Foundation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.7

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Debian GNU/Linux

2.1

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2

stable?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3

Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4

Debian -? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5

CD frozen unstable?
, CD ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6

Debian -? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Debian

3.1

Debian (//) ? . . . .
3.1.1

, - . ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.2

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.3

. Kde,
Gnome, Xorg . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.5

 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.6

, . ?

3.1.7

. . . . . . .

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.8

, ? . . . . . . . . .

3.1.9

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

3.1.10 / Debian. ,
?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

ii

3.1.11 .
? , ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

3.1.12 (wheezy). ? - ,

3.2

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

3.1.13 . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu ?

11

3.2.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/. . . Debian.
apt?

3.2.2

Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/. . . . . ? 12

3.2.3

Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/. . . Debian. ?

12

13

4.1

/ Debian GNU/Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

4.2

Debian GNU/Linux?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

4.3

Debian Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

4.4

Debian Unix?

14

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Debian ( .deb) RedHat/Slackware/. . . Linux?

RedHat ( .rpm) Debian GNU/Linux?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

4.6

-Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

4.7

, libtermcap?

. . . . . . . . . . . .

15

4.8

AccelX? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

, Debian

17

5.1

Debian GNU/Linux?

. . . . . . . .

17

5.2

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

5.3

, Debian ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

5.4

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

5.5

Debian GNU/Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

5.6

ld: cannot nd -lfoo ?

- libfoo.so Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

5.7

Debian Java ( , )? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

5.8

, Debian, ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

5.9

Debian , ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

5.10 pine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

5.11 qmail/ezmlm/djbdns? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

5.12 Flash (SWF)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

5.13 Google Earth? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

5.14 VoIP?

20

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5.15 , Linux. ?

12

4.5

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

20

FTP- Debian

21

6.1

Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

6.2

etch, lenny . .? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

6.2.1

21

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.2

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21

6.3

sid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

6.4

stable?

22

6.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

testing? ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

6.6

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

6.7

FTP- Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

6.8

dists/stable/main?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

6.9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

6.10 pool? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

6.11 incoming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

6.12 apt-? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

Debian

27

7.1

Debian?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

7.2

Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

7.3

Debian ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

7.4

control? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

7.5

conle?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

7.6

preinst, postinst, prerm postrm? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

6.5.1

iii

7.7

(Essential), (Required), (Important), (Standard), (Optional) (Extra) ?

7.8
7.9

. . . . . . . . . . .

30

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

, , (Recommends), (Suggests), (Replaces), (Breaks) (Provides) , (Depends)

(Conicts) ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.10 - (Pre-Depends)?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31
31

7.11 (unknown), (install), (remove), (purge),

(hold) ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

7.12 (hold) ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

7.13 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

7.14 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

7.15 Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

Debian

35

8.1

Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

8.1.1

dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

8.1.2

APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

8.1.3

aptitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

8.1.4

synaptic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

8.1.5

tasksel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

8.1.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

8.2

, Debian ; ? . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

8.3

, Debian?

40

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

8.4

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

8.5

, ?

40

8.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

foo foo-data?
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

Debian

43

9.1

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

9.1.1

aptitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

9.1.2

apt-get, dselect apt-cdrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

9.1.3

aptitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

9.1.4

mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

9.1.5

dpkg-mountable

45

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2

9.3

- .deb?

9.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

, ? ,
! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

9.5

46

9.6

, ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Debian

46

47

10.1 Debian ? . . . . . . . . .

47

10.2 Debian?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

10.3 ?

10.4 - Debian?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.5 ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 Debian GNU/Linux

48
48

49

11.1 , ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

11.2 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

11.3 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

11.4 X11? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

11.5 , . ,
Debian.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

11.6 , Debian rc.local ;

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

11.7 ,
?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

11.8 , - , ? . . . . . . . . . .

51

11.9 , ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

11.10 mawk, gawk; vim, elvis; trn,

tin. Debian?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 Debian GNU/Linux

52

53

12.1 Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

12.2 - - Debian?

54

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

12.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

12.2.5 Usenet

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

12.3 Debian GNU/Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

12.4 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

12.5 Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

12.2.2 -
12.2.3

13 Debian

57

13.1 Debian?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

13.3 Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

13.2 Debian ?

13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest

13.3.2 Free Software Foundation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

14 Debian GNU/Linux
14.1 CD- Debian ?
14.2 Debian ?

59
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

14.3 Linux . Debian

GNU/Linux ?

. . . . . .

59

14.4 Debian ,
Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 , Debian
15.1 -

60

61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2 :

61

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61

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61

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62

15.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62

15.3 Debian
15.4

16
16.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2

63
63

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

16.4

64

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vi

1.1 ?
( !) Debian (Debian GNU/Linux ) Debian. ,
, :
. Unix-
. , ,
.
, , . ` Debian?' .
53. , . ` ' . 63.

1.2 Debian GNU/Linux?

Debian GNU/Linux  Linux .
Debian GNU/Linux:

: Debian 29000 .
; Debian . Debian
- (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist) Debian.

: . , Debian GNU/Linux,
GNU
(GNU General Public License).
FTP- Debian 187 ( non-free contrib),
, .

: 880 , , Debian . FTP- .

Linux Linux, Debian GNU/Linux.

, Linux - .
, .
, . , ,
Linux. () Linux
(), , , , .
Debian

GNU/Linux

Unix-

. Unix-
GNU, Debian GNU/Linux, ,
GNU.

 1.

Debian , GNU (. Debian

(http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines)). ,
, . , ,
,
; , .
Debian (Ian Murdock) 1993 GNU Free
Software Foundation. , Debian GNU.
Debian GNU/Linux ,
Linux. , , Debian Linux , Linux
, . . ` Linux . Debian GNU/Linux
?' . 59.

1.3 , Debian, Linux?!

, Linux  Unix- .
386 ( ), . Linux
(Linus Torvalds) .
, Linux- :

, Linux (Linux Filesystem Hierarchy

Standard), http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.

Unix-, GNU Free Software Foundation.

Linux, , GNU, FSF POSIX

(IEEE 1003.1), . ` Debian Unix?' . 14.
, Linux (http://www.linux.org/info/), . Linux Online (http:
//www.linux.org/info).

1.4 Debian GNU/Linux?

, Debian Linux, Debian
GNU/Hurd BSD , . , -linux
.
Debian GNU/Hurd.
Hurd  , GNU Mach. GNU.
GNU/Hurd http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/, Debian
GNU/Hurd  http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/.
BSD. NetBSD, FreeBSD.
-linux . http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux.

1.5 Debian GNU/Linux Linux?

Debian, - ?
, Debian Linux:

(http://www.debian.org/social_contract), Debian 100%. Debian .

Debian (http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines).

 1.

Debian , ( ) . Linux ;
Debian (. ` Debian' . 27).
Linux , , , Debian  Linux,
Linux
.
880 , , 29000
Debian GNU/Linux. Debian
, ,
.
, , . ` Debian?' . 57.
Debian 29000 (http://packages.debian.org/stable/),
9 (http://www.debian.org/ports/). , GNU/Linux. `
Debian GNU/Linux?' . 17 , ` / Debian
GNU/Linux?' . 13  .
Debian . ,
WWW- . .
` ?' . 55.
Debian Debian  Debian (Debian Policy).
, Debian.

Debian (http://www.debian.org/intro/
why_debian).

1.6 Debian GNU Free Software Foundation?

Debian , Free Software Foundation (http://www.gnu.
org/) , , (Richard Stallman) (http://www.stallman.org/). , FSF Debian.
Debian FSF, . FSF , Debian GNU/Linux,
.
FSF  , GNU, Hurd (http://www.
gnu.org/software/hurd/). Debian FSF , Debian GNU/Hurd (http://www.
debian.org/ports/hurd/).

1.7 Debian ?
, .
Debra Ian Murdock, . (,
Ian (!), ee'-en.)

 1.

2
Debian GNU/Linux

Debian GNU/Linux
(http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual).
Debian GNU/Linux.

2.1 Debian ?
Debian GNU/Linux:

7.0, (stable) wheezy , , ,

.
(testing) , wheezy ,
; ,
. , , ,
.
, . FTP- Debian
, , 
!

. ` Debian?' . 21.

2.2 stable?
. Debian
, . ,
- . security.debian.org (ftp://
security.debian.org).
: . - .
. Debian , .
Debian (http://www.debian.org/
security/faq) Debian (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/).

2.3 Debian?
, - Debian
(http://www.debian.org/mirror/list).

 2. Debian GNU/Linux

CD ( DVD) Debian GNU/Linux -

(http://www.debian.org/CD).

2.4 Debian -?
Debian CD : CD, CD .
Debian. Debian GNU/Linux
(http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual).

2.5 CD frozen unstable? , CD !

Debian CD

/dists/frozen -> wheezy/

/dists/stable -> wheezy/
/dists/testing -> wheezy/
/dists/unstable -> wheezy/
, , sources.list

deb cdrom:[< cd>]/ unstable main [. . . ]

, , -
. , Debian , CD- /.disk/info.
CD /README.txt.
, , , (http://www.
debian.org/releases/).

2.6 Debian -?
. Debian ,
FTP- .
CD-, CD, ,
. (http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/).
, , Debian .

2.7 ?
. CD DVD, Debian GNU/Linux , , USB-,
, TFTP  .
. :
. , ,
. . Debian GNU/Linux (http:
//www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual).

3
Debian

Debian. .
, , ,
, , .
, Debian, , Debian .
` Debian?' . 21.

3.1 Debian (//) ?

- . , .
, Debian. , .
, .

 . .
.

, ,  .
, ,
. , .

Linux, ,  . ,
.

, , ,
, . , ,
.

, .
, .

3.1.1 , - . ?
- , - . . ,
, . / .
Linux (http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/) .
Debian, .
.

 3. Debian

 debian-user, debian-user@lists.debian.org.
, . (http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/). , ,
. , IRC (http://www.debian.org/support).
,
.

3.1.2 ?
. () .
.
, . , , .
 - .

3.1.3 .
Kde, Gnome, Xorg . . ?
, . .
, . ,
. ,
, . .
. , 24 , 7
.
, ,
. . , , . , , .
 , .
, . ,
. , .

3.1.4 ?
, . , .
. , /
.
, , , ,
, ,
. .
. . .

3.1.5  ?
. , .
( , ,  . .)
: , . :

. .

, . , ,
. , .

. , ,
, Debian.

. gcc3 gcc4.
labplot ,
gcc4, .
, gcc4 .

 3. Debian

3.1.6 , . ?
, . , () - . , .
, , ( , ).

3.1.7 ? ?
, ,
. , 10. ,
RC- (, ). RC-,
10 .
, , - , , , , .
. , . ,
. :

, XYZ.

, 10 XYZ-3.6, XYZ-3.7.

10 , XYZ-3.7 .

, 20 XYZ-3.7.

, XYZ , ,
XYZ-3.6 XYZ-3.7.

, 25 - RC-
XYZ-3.7 BTS.

XYZ ,
, 30 . , 5 ,
. 5 .
, RC-.

, , XYZ-3.8, 10 .

5 RC- XYZ-3.8.

, XYZ RC- XYZ

5 .

, 10 XYZ-3.7, XYZ-3.9.

, XYZ-3.9 20 .

, XYZ-3.7 , , ,
XYZ 20 . XYZ.

, , , XYZ 4 .
.
. .

3.1.8 , ?
, Debian Linux, ,
. , . , , ,
. ,
, ,  .
, / . .

 3. Debian

10

3.1.9 ?
Debian. .
wheezy; wheezy. , wheezy .

(oldstable) = squeeze; (stable) = wheezy; (testing) = wheezy; (unstable) = sid

sid, , .

sid ( wheezy). ( wheezy)

( ).

- . .
, , , (release-critical
 RC).

,
. , - .

RC- .

RC- .
wheezy.

= wheezy, = wheezy.
.

sid , Debian
.

3.1.10 / Debian. , ?
. /etc/apt/sources.list. ,
:

deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib

(unstable ) Debian, .
lsb_release ( lsb-release).
, :

$ lsb_release -a
LSB Version: core-2.0-noarch:core-3.0-noarch:core-3.1-noarch:core-2.0-ia32:core-3.0-ia32:core-3.1-ia32
Distributor ID: Debian
Description: Debian GNU/Linux unstable (sid)
Release: unstable
Codename: sid
, . sources.list , . , Debian. apt-pinning.
.

 3. Debian

11

3.1.11 . ? , ?
, /etc/apt/sources.list wheezy
stable. , .
, /etc/apt/sources.list testing.
, unstable.
wheezy. , /etc/apt
/sources.list wheezy, . wheezy
, wheezy.
Sid. , /etc/apt/sources.list sid,
.
, Debian , , . ,
, , /etc/apt/sources.list , .
, , (
), , ,
.
, , aptitudeupdate
. ,
. , ,
.
, apt-get dist-upgrade,
aptitude safe-upgrade aptitude full-upgrade. apt
aptitude.

3.1.12 (wheezy). ? - ,
?
/etc/apt/sources.list. ,
:

deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ testing main

deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main

/etc/apt/sources.list testing,
. wheezy
Debian . , ,
.
wheezy, ( wheezy
).

3.1.13 . ?
, , .

3.2 Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu ?

Debian, , Debian.
, .

 3. Debian

12

, .
GNU/Linux, Debian (http://www.debian.org/misc/
children-distros) Debian.

3.2.1 , Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/. . . Debian.

apt?
Debian. Debian. ,
apt , /etc/apt/sources.list.
Debian, . .
, ,
. - ,
Debian . ,
(.deb), .
, Knoppix  Linux, CD (live-CD), Debian
. Knoppix , ,
, , Linux. Knoppix , Debian 24 7 . ,
Debian Knoppix.
Debian, Debian. Debian
, Knoppix, . , ,
Debian Knoppix. , , Debian.

3.2.2 Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/. . . . .
?
Debian ( , IRC),
, Debian, .
.
. ,
Debian, , .

3.2.3 Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/. . . Debian. ?

Debian .
.
Debian , .
( /home) , Debian ,
( ) .
, ( /etc/ ,
, /var/).

13

4.1 / Debian GNU/Linux?

Debian GNU/Linux ,
, Linux. . Linux FAQ (http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/
intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER).
Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 :

amd64: 64- AMD AMD64 Intel EM64T, 64- ;

armel: ARM ;

armhf : armel ARMv7 .

i386: Intel , Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II

(Klamath Celeron), Pentium III AMD, Cyrix ;

ia64: Intel IA-64 (Itanium);

mips:MIPS SGI  Indy Indigo2; mipsel: MIPS

 Digital DECstation;

powerpc: IBM/Motorola PowerPC, PowerMac Apple Macintosh

CHRP PReP;

s390: IBM S/390;

s390x: 64- IBM System z, s390.

sparc: SPARC Sun UltraSPARC,

sun4.

Debian armhf ( ARM

), arv32 (32- Atmel RISC),
m32 (32- Renesas Technology RISC), s390x (64- IBM System z) sh ( Hitachi SuperH).
m68k Etch (Debian 4.0), Debian. Amiga ATARI
Motorola 680x0, x>=2 MMU. , , ,
.
hppa ( Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC ) alpha ( Compaq/Digital
Alpha) Squeeze (Debian 6.0) .
arm, armel.
. (http://www.debian.org/ports/).
, , PCMCIA (PC Card)
(http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual).

 4.

14

4.2 Debian GNU/Linux?

Debian :

FreeBSD: kfreebsd-amd64 kfreebsd-i386 64- 32- ,

. Debian 6.0 Squeeze .

, :

avr32  32- Atmel,

hurd-i386  32- . GNU Hurd 

, GNU,

sh  Hitachi SuperH.

NetBSD, netbsd-i386 ( 32- )

netbsd-alpha ( Alpha), ,
.
. (http://www.debian.org/ports/).

4.3 Debian Linux?

Debian Linux Linux. Linux
Debian, , .
Debian GNU/Linux (http://www.pathname.com/fhs/). ,
, Debian
Linux.
Debian GNU/Linux , Linux Standard Base (http://www.linuxbase.
org/). LSB  , .
Debian Etch LSB Release 3.1, . Linux Foundation Certication (https://www.
linux-foundation.org/lsb-cert/productdir.php). Debian
Linux Standard Base debian-lsb (http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/).

4.4 Debian Unix?

Linux Unix. ,
Unix System V, , BSD. ,
Unix , . , .
, POSIX.1 (IEEE 1003.11990) Unix-
.
Linux POSIX.1, POSIX ,
POSIX.1 ( FIPS 151-2) ; Linux POSIX. , Debian
, . (
, , POSIX.1).
Unix GmbH (, ) Linux-, FIPS 151-2 ( POSIX.1).
Unix, Unix Linux 2.0, Lasermoon Linux-FT.

 4.

15

4.5 Debian ( .deb)

RedHat/Slackware/. . . Linux? RedHat ( .rpm) Debian GNU/Linux?
Linux
.

, , , Debian Linux-, , , , , , .
, , , . . RedHat
Slackware , Debian GNU/Linux,
. , , ( )
Linux.
Alien (http://packages.debian.org/alien).
, , , - . .
Debian ( ) .
Debian, Debian, - ,
, .
: Linux (, , Debian GNU/Linux) , /usr/local/ . , , .

4.6 -Debian ?
/usr/local/ Debian. /usr/local/src/. ,
foo.tar /usr/local/src/foo. /usr/local/bin/,
/usr/local/lib/, /usr/local/etc/.
/ - ,
/usr/local/, /usr/local/.
, , :

ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo
, , ,
Debian Debian. ,
, Debian (. `
Debian?' . 53).

4.7 ,
libtermcap?
Debian terminfo ncurses, termcap
termcap. , ,
, libtermcap libncurses.
, termcap
, Debian termcap-compat. libtermcap.so.2 /etc/termcap.
can't load library 'libtermcap.so.2
/etc/termcap, .

 4.

16

4.8 AccelX?
AccelX termcap. ` , libtermcap?' . 15.

17

5
,
Debian

5.1 Debian
GNU/Linux?
Linux, Debian GNU/Linux :

GNU , ,
gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, Bash Unix;

Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk , ;

TeX (LaTeX) Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript;

Xorg, Linux,
X-, GNOME, KDE Xfce;

, , HTTP
(WWW), FTP, NNTP (), SMTP POP () DNS ( );
PostgreSQL, MySQL; -, Mozilla

1,

, OpenOce.org, Gnumeric , WYSIWYG-, .

28200 , ,
, , , , , - . , Debian 187
, Debian .

5.2 ?

/usr/share/doc//copyright, .
 , Debian GNU/Linux;
Debian ( ` control?' . 28), .
Debian, /usr/share/doc//changelog.Debian.gz, ,
Debian.

 5. , Debian

18

5.3 , Debian ?

Debian

(http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist)

indices/Maintainers. , .
WWW- Debian (http://packages.debian.org/)
Debian.

5.4 ?
Debian, ,
C/C++ . ,
build-essential. , , Debian.
, ,
, , , autoconf gettext.
Debian , Debian.
, , , , Debian. , ( build-essential),
, (Build-Dependencies).
, ,
:

# apt-get build-dep foo

# apt-get source --build foo
, Linux, Debian,
kernel-package. . ` Debian?' . 47.

5.5 Debian GNU/Linux?

, Debian, (http:
//www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/).
, , . ` Debian?' .
57.

5.6 ld: cannot nd -lfoo ? - libfoo.so Debian ?

Debian , ( libfoo.so.x.y.z )  . libfoo-dev libfooX-dev (
libfooX, X  ).

5.7 Debian Java ( , )?

Debian Java , Java
Development Kits Runtime Environments. Debian , , Java.
Java - . Debian,
Mozilla Konqueror, Java-, Java-.
Debian Java (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/).

 5. , Debian

19

5.8 , Debian, ?
, Debian, /etc/debian_version
base-les. , .
dpkg , Debian ,
, ,
, Debian GNU/Linux.
, Debian ,
() . Debian
. . foo,
dpkg list foo. , :

dpkg -l
:

dpkg --status foo

5.9 Debian , ?

Debian GNU/Linux
( kbd), ,
.
.

-US-ASCII , (, ISO-8859-1 ISO-8859-2),

, .

, , , , , , , , , , , ,
manpages-,  ISO- ). ,
LC_MESSAGES .
, LC_MESSAGES 'italian'. man
/usr/share/man/it/.

5.10 pine?
- . ,
,
Debian .
pine. pine-tracker.
, pine, pico, , mutt nano, main.

5.11 qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?
(Daniel J. Bernstein) (http://cr.yp.to/software.html)
, . 2007
: [. . . ] , , . . (http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html) .
2008 daemontools, djbdns ucspi-tcp Debian lenny ( main).
( 2008 ), qmail ezmlm Debian main;
Bug #457318 (ITP qmail) (http://bugs.debian.org/457318) Bug #469193 (ITP ezmlm-idx) (http://bugs.debian.org/
469193).
2008 publicle - .

 5. , Debian

20

5.12 Flash (SWF)?

Debian gnash swfdec  SWF.

5.13 Google Earth?

Google Earth GNU/Linux - Google,
, , . ,
googleearth-package ( contrib).

5.14 VoIP?
IP : SIP H.323.
Debian main. ekiga.

5.15 , Linux. ?
, :)
, ndiswrapper Linux Windows (
, , ). . - Debian ndiswapper (http://wiki.debian.org/NdisWrapper).

21

6
FTP- Debian

6.1 Debian?
: (stable), (testing) (unstable). ( ` testing? ?'
. 23). , (oldstable) (. . )
(experimental).
,
. , . ,
.
Debian, . ` Debian' . 7.

6.2 etch, lenny . .?

. Debian ,
, . Debian (
, unstable, stable,
).
stable  wheezy (. . Debian GNU/Linux 7.0), testing 
wheezy. , wheezy , wheezy  .
unstable  sid, sid ( ` sid?' . 22).

6.2.1 ?
: buzz 1.1, rex 1.2, bo 1.3.x,
hamm 2.0, slink 2.1, potato 2.2, woody 3.0, sarge 3.1,
etch 4.0, lenny 5.0, squeeze 6.0 wheezy 7.0.

6.2.2 ?
(Toy Story) Pixar.

buzz (Buzz Lightyear)  ,

rex  ,

bo (Bo Peep)  , ,

hamm  -,

 6. FTP- Debian

slink (Slinky Dog)  ,

potato  , , (Mr. Potato),

woody  ,

sarge  ,

etch  (Etch-a-Sketch),

lenny  ,

squeeze  ,

wheezy  -,

jessie  -.

sid  , .

22

6.3 sid?
sid unstable  , .
, testing, stable. sid
.
sid : Sid  ,
:-)

6.4 stable?

stable/main/: , Debian
GNU/Linux.
Debian (DFSG) (http://www.debian.org/
social_contract#guidelines) .

stable/non-free/: , , .
, .
, - .
(, CD-)
, , .

stable/contrib/: , DFSG
, - ,
non-free.

sid , FTP- : , -

unstable - ,
, . , , ,
. , . ,
sid.
, , stable sid,
unstable, . . (. `
pool?' . 24) , ,
, -
(, ).

 6. FTP- Debian

23

6.5 ?
testing , unstable.
, , , - ; , ,
, , testing. , , testing
.
testing , (http://www.debian.org/
devel/testing).

6.5.1 testing? ?
testing , .
, unstable
testing.
- testing - . ,
, , , testing .
.
testing , unstable .
- ,
testing ,
testing stable.
testing ,
, , . .
(http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/).
,
testing .
(Release Critical) ,
Release-critical (http://bugs.debian.org/release-critical/).
 NoRCBugs (http://wiki.debian.org/ReleaseGoals/NoRCBugs), ,
, , . , ,
RC- (http://release.debian.org/testing/rc_policy.txt).
stable
. . Debian (http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive).

6.6 ?
unstable .
, .
, GNU/Linux,
, :-)
unstable main, contrib non-free, ,
stable.

6.7 FTP- Debian?

- Debian , Debian GNU/Linux, .
dists  distributions (); Debian ( ).
pool , . ` pool?' . 24.
:

 6. FTP- Debian

24

/tools/: DOS , , /
Linux.
/doc/: Debian, Debian,
. .
/indices/: ( Maintainers ).
/project/: , .

6.8 dists/stable/main?

, .

binary-- , binary-i386  , Intel x86, binary-sparc 

Sun SPARCStation.
- (http://www.debian.org/
releases/). . ` / Debian GNU/Linux?' .
13.
binary-* Packages(.gz, .bz2) , .
pool.
, source/,
. Sources(.gz, .bz2).
, : , , debian-installer/binary-.

6.9 ?
Debian . , , ,
.
pool ( ` pool?' . 24) .
FTP-, apt-get source _.
. ,
pine, . ` pine?' . 19.
contrib non-free ,
Debian.

6.10 pool?
, . (main, contrib non-free) .
:
, .
, , apt-cache showsrc _
Directory:. , apache pool/main/a/apache/.
, - , , lib*, , -: ,
libpaper pool/main/libp/libpaper/.

3
2 dists/stable/main, dists/stable/contrib, dists/stable/non-free dists/unstable/main/ . .
3 dists, .

, -

, , - .
. dists ,
apt.

 6. FTP- Debian

25

6.11 incoming?
, , ,
, - incoming
. , ,
incoming http://incoming.debian.org/. ,
GPG MD5 .changes .dsc .

6.12 apt-?
- ,
Debian, apt- . ,
, Debian. , ,
Debian Repository HOWTO (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto).

 6. FTP- Debian

26

27

7
Debian

Debian.
, ,
` Debian' . 35 ` Debian' . 43.

7.1 Debian?
,
. Debian:

(binary) . , ,
man / info, .
, Debian- (. ` Debian?' . 28);
'.deb'.
Debian dpkg (, aptitude); .
.

(source). .dsc, (
), .orig.tar.gz, tar-
, gzip, .di.gz, Debian-
. dpkg-source
; . . ( dpkgsource apt-get.)

(dependencies),
. control,
. , , C GNU (gcc), binutils,
. gcc , binutils,
(dpkg) ,
binutils, gcc (, ,
. dpkg(8)). . ` , , (Recommends),
(Suggests), (Replaces), (Breaks) (Provides) ,
(Depends) (Conicts) ?' . 31.
Debian :

FTP-.

 7. Debian

28

7.2 Debian?
( -) Debian , ,
. - Debian
.deb.
Debian deb(5).
( Debian GNU/Linux), , .deb
, dpkg-deb(1).

7.3 Debian ?
Debian : <foo>_<><Debian>_<Debian>.deb
foo  . , - Debian (.deb-)
:

Packages , FTP- Debian.

;
.

dpkg info foo_VVV-RRR_AAA.deb ( VVV, RRR AAA  , ,

, ). , , ,
-.

VVV , . ,
, 19990513 1.3.8pre1.
RRR Debian, Debian ( ,
). Debian, ,
Debian Makele (debian/rules), Debian control (debian/control),
(debian/p*) , .
AAA , . , i386, , Intel 386 .
Debian FTP (` FTP- Debian?' . 23). .
Debian dpkg-architecture(1).

7.4 control?
control 5 Debian (Debian Policy
Manual) (. ` Debian?' . 53).
control Debian hello :

Package: hello
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 45
Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org>
Architecture: i386
Version: 1.3-16
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1)
Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
Package . , .
( ) Debian.

 7. Debian

29

Version , , ( )
Debian, . ` Debian ?' . 28.
Architecture , .
Depends , .
Installed-Size , .

.
Section , Debian FTP-.
Priority , ; , ,
dselect aptitude, , . ` (Essential),
(Required), (Important), (Standard), (Optional) (Extra) ?' . 30.
Maintainer , .
Description .
. 5 ( ) Debian (Debian Policy Manual), . `
Debian?' . 53.

7.5 conle?
Conle ( /etc),
. , ,
, .
, , :

dpkg --status
Conles:.

7.6 preinst, postinst, prerm postrm?

, . control
- Debian.
:
preinst , - Debian (.deb). preinst ,
( postinst).
postinst foo
- Debian (.deb). postinst / , ,
.
postinst , .
prerm .
.
postrm , foo, /
, . (. ` ?' . 30.)
/var/lib/dpkg/info. ,
foo, foo , , preinst, postinst . . foo.list
, foo. (,
dpkg, ,
.)

 7. Debian

30

7.7 (Essential), (Required), (Important), (Standard), (Optional) (Extra) ?

Debian
. :

(Required)  , .
, .
, , ,
dpkg , . ,
, , ,
.

(Important)  , Unix-.
.
Emacs, X, Tex . , .

(Standard)  , Linux-, ,
, .
(w3m), (mutt) FTP-.
, , - .
, Python OpenSSH (
), Exim ( , ),
identd (pidentd) RPC (portmap).
, , , .

(Optional)  , , , ,
, , - .
X, TeX .

(Extra)  , , , , , , , ,
, - .

Debian ,
. - ,
.
, (Essential), . .

7.8 ?
 , ,
. , tin trn
, ( ) .
, news-reader.
, smail sendmail . , mail transport agent. , ,
mail-transport-agent, .
, Debian , , , , .
update-alternatives, . ` mawk, gawk; vim,
elvis; trn, tin. Debian?' . 52.

 7. Debian

31

7.9 , , (Recommends),
(Suggests), (Replaces), (Breaks)
(Provides) , (Depends) (Conicts)
?
Debian ,
( ) (, )
().

A , A. A , . ,
.

A , ,
A, , .

A , , A (
).

A , A , . , A , .
.

A , , , ( ) A.

, . , .

A , A. ,
.

7.2 ( )
Debian, . ` Debian?' . 53.

7.10 - (Pre-Depends)?
-  . - ( .deb)
dpkg , , , .
-
. ,
dpkg ( congure),
.
, dpkg , .
, .
Debian a.out ELF,
. ,
, , LibC.
, .

7.11 (unknown), (install),

(remove), (purge), (hold) ?
, (
(Select) dselect, dpkg).
:

 7. Debian

32

(unknown)  , ;

(install)  ;

(remove)  , ;

(purge)  , ;

(hold)  , , . .
, .

7.12 (hold) ?
: dpkg, aptitude dselect.
dpkg :

dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt

selections.txt, , , libc6, :

libc6

install

libc6

hold

dpkg:

dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt

aptitude

aptitude hold _

aptitude unhold _
dselect (Select),
= ( H). .

7.13 ?
Debian ,
.
-, .
APT sources.list(5) deb-src,

apt-get source _
Debian
. , ,
. ,

apt-get build-dep _
.

 7. Debian

33

7.14 ?
-.
devscripts. , .
:

apt-get source _
:

cd _-*
( ):

sudo apt-get build-dep _

( , , Debian
)

dch -l local 'Blah blah blah'

, ,

debuild -us -uc

, ,

sudo dpkg -i ../*.deb

devscripts, :

__*.dsc,

__*.tar.gz

__*.di.gz (, Debian .di.gz ).

(. ` ?' . 32) dpkg-dev,
:

dpkg-source -x __-.dsc
_-.
, _-

dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b
( , fakeroot),

dpkg -i ../__-_.deb
.

7.15 Debian?
 Debian maint-guide
http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide.

 7. Debian

34

35

8
Debian

8.1 Debian?
Debian , , .
, .
, , aptitude dselect, apt, , , dpkg.
Debian Chapter 2. Debian package management (http://
www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch02.en.html) Debian (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/
debian-reference/) , . Debian Reference
DDP (http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference).

8.1.1 dpkg
. dpkg .
:

: dpkg help

( ) : dpkg info foo_VVV-RRR.deb

(. . ): dpkg install foo_VVV-RRR.deb

Debian ( ): dpkg unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb. ,

;
.
preinst (. ` preinst, postinst,
prerm postrm?' . 29).

, : dpkg congure foo. ,

postinst (. ` preinst, postinst, prerm postrm?' .
29). , conles. ,
congure (. . foo), - Debian (. . foo_VVV-RRR.deb).

blurf ( blurf*)
Debian: dpkg fsys-tarle foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*

( ): dpkg remove foo

( ): dpkg purge foo

, ( ) foo*: dpkg
list 'foo*'

 8. Debian

36

8.1.2 APT
APT (Advanced Package Tool)  ,
apt-get.
. dpkg, apt-get .deb, ,
.deb , /etc/apt/sources.list.

.deb apt-get dpkg. .

apt-get:

, :

apt-get update
( )

( ):

apt-get upgrade

foo :

apt-get install foo

apt-get remove foo

apt-get --purge remove foo

,
- :

apt-get dist-upgrade
( upgrade ,
. dist-upgrade .)
,
.
, apt-get ,
.
apt apt-cache.
, ,
, .
apt-cache:

, :

apt-cache search

apt-cache show

apt-cache depends

, (
):

apt-cache showpkg
apt-get(8), sources.list(5) apt
/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html apt-doc.

1 , ,
, Red Hat package manager, rpm

 8. Debian

37

8.1.3 aptitude
aptitude  Debian GNU/Linux,
apt. aptitude ,
curses, .
dselect apt-get, aptitude ,
:

, ,
;

. ,
mutt, , ;

. .
`tasksel' . 37;

su
. , su (, ,
).

aptitude , ( aptitude),
. apt-get. ,
foo, aptitude install foo.
, aptitude .
aptitude(8) aptitude-doc.

8.1.4 synaptic
synaptic  . ,
. aptitude,
, .
. - Synaptic (http://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/).

8.1.5 tasksel
.
Debian , Debian, . tasksel aptitude.
Debian . CD/DVD,
GNOME ( gnome-desktop). , , . , - ,
, , ,
, .

8.1.6
dselect
- Debian.
woody , aptitude.
aptitude, dselect .
aptitude . `aptitude' . 37.
dselect:

 8. Debian

38

, ,
, ,
;

dselect 7 , . , ,
<enter> .
, . - ,
(Access) (Select), dselect . , (Remove), dselect ,
, (Select) .
(Access) (Select) . ,
, ; ,
() .
; , ?.
dselect ,
. ,
(  , ).

(Access Method). ,
Debian; , - Debian,
FTP. dselect, ,
, .

(Update) . dselect Packages.gz, , Debian ( , dselect

).

(Select) . ,
( expert).
, ( ) .
29000 Debian;
, .
, ,
. ;
: +.
: .
 (removed): ,
, (. ` conle?' . 29)
. -.
 (purged): . _.
, . , .
=, dselect ,
,
Debian ( (Access Method),
(Update)).
, , :. dselect,
, . .

 8. Debian

39

, o . ;
( ), . , A ( ), -
B, ( ) A.
, v.
, .
.
, , package/foo.deb,
( ), , package/blurf.deb, dselect ,
. , , ,
. .
Shift-D; Shift-U. ,
Shift-Q.

, (Install)
. ,
(Remove). (Quit) dselect;
, , dselect .

dpkg-deb

- Debian (.deb ). :

: dpkg-deb help

, - Debian: dpkg-deb contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb)

Debian : dpkg-deb extract

foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp/. .

: dpkg-deb control foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp.

, , dpkg-deb extract, ,
dpkg install.
dpkg-deb(1).

dpkg-split

(, ),
.
Debian (. . , dpkg), . . dpkg-deb
.
, .deb N , :

dpkg-split split foo.deb. N , 460 .

N .

dpkg-split join "foo*".

 8. Debian

40

8.2 , Debian ; ?
( ) Debian GNU/Linux , .
start-stop-daemon, (,
).
, .

8.3 , Debian?
,

dpkg --list
, (
), , .
, foo, :

dpkg --list 'foo*'

, :

dpkg --status _

8.4 ?
foo,

dpkg --listles foo

, , , .

8.5 , ?
, foo, :

dpkg search _
_ . (, ,
.list /var/lib/dpkg/info/ , (diversions).)
 dlocate.

dlocate -S _

zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz

, foo. Contents-ARCH.gz
( ARCH ) (main, non-free,
contrib) FTP- Debian ( , /debian/dists/wheezy). Contents ,
, . ,
, foo, Contents.
dpkg search , ,
.

apt-le search foo

apt-le, ,
foo.
, Contents-ARCH.gz,
, /etc/apt/sources.list, ( ) apt-le
update.

 8. Debian

41

8.6 foo foo-data? ?

(foo) (foo-data) ( foo foo-doc). Debian
, , , ,
, .
: , .
, .
, , libdb4.2, libdb4.3, libdb4.2
.
foo-data foo, foo . .
. ,
aptitude (. `aptitude' . 37), ,
, .

 8. Debian

42

43

9
Debian

Debian .
. - , ,
.
 .
Debian http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes, Debian CD, DVD BluRay.

9.1 Debian ?
ftp Debian, ,
, dpkg. , dpkg
.
, , .
, . . Debian 
- .
. ,
. .

9.1.1 aptitude
APT  Debian. , , .
/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html ( apt-doc).
aptitude Debian GNU/Linux.
APT curses,
.
aptitude, /etc/apt/sources.list. Debian, , ,
:

http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free

ftp.us.debian.org - Debian.
(http://www.debian.org/mirror/list).
sources.list(8).

aptitude update

 9. Debian

44

aptitude dist-upgrade
, . . `aptitude' . 37.

9.1.2 apt-get, dselect apt-cdrom

apt-get  APT, APT dselect  APT
dselect. , .
apt-get, apt /etc/apt/sources.list (. `aptitude' .
43).

apt-get update

apt-get dist-upgrade
, . apt-get(8),
`APT' . 36.
APT dselect, dselect ( 0) APT,
, . /etc/apt/sources.list. . `dselect' .
37.
CD-, apt-cdrom.
, .
, ,
/var. , apt-get
clean apt-get autoclean, (: apt-move).

9.1.3 aptitude
aptitude  Debian . , , , (.
`aptitude' . 37). .
APT,

aptitude update

aptitude dist-upgrade
, Debian GNU/Linux aptitude . , , (http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/
releasenotes). ,
, .
aptitude(8) /usr/share/aptitude/README.

9.1.4 mirror
Perl () , mirror-master, FTP.
mirror .
.mirrorinfo. mirror

 9. Debian

45

, ,
.
mirror .
Debian. ( mirror  Perl-,
Unix .) mirror
, ,
.

9.1.5 dpkg-mountable
dpkg-mountable dselect mountable,
, /etc/fstab (, NFS), .
, , dselect, , , (
),
, dpkg .

9.2 ?
. , . , Debian start-stop-daemon, , .

9.3 - .deb?
. , ,
aptitude clean.

9.4 , ?
, !
log dpkg .
dpkg (

2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4

), (

2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4

). dpkg ( , ,
aptitude),

log /var/log/dpkg.log
/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg. , .
logrotate, /etc/logrotate.d/dpkg, :

/var/log/dpkg {
missingok
notifempty
}
dpkg dpkg(1).
aptitude , , ,
/var/log/aptitude. , !
 script(1).

 9. Debian

46

9.5 ?
. cron-apt;
cron.
.
: ,
.

9.6 , ?
Debian, Debian
apt-proxy.
apt-proxy Debian, Packages, Releases Sources ,
. apt-proxy HTTP- Debian ,
.
. apt-proxy (http://apt-proxy.sourceforge.net/).
, , .

47

10
Debian

10.1 Debian
?
.
: C Debian
. , ,
, , ,
(libc6-dev), . ,
/usr/src/linux, -I/usr/src/linux/include/.

10.2 Debian?
, ( ) , kernel-package. Debian linux-image-

make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image

.

make-kpkg --help
make-kpkg(1).
( )
Linux-, linux-source- ( ).
kernel-package /usr/share/doc/kernel-package
/README.gz.

10.3 ?
boot-oppies, admin FTP-
Debian. SYSLINUX. , MS-DOS, , Linux
( , syslinux.cfg ).
.
/usr/share/doc/boot-oppies/README
boot-oppies.

 10. Debian

48

10.4 - Debian?
Debian modconf, (/usr/sbin/modconf ),
. , , .
/etc/modules.conf ( ,
) /etc/modutils/ /etc/modules (
, ).
modconf ( /usr/lib/modules_help/) , () Congure.help,
.

10.5 ?
. linux-image-NNN.prerm , .
:

dpkg --purge linux-image-NNN

(NNN, , )

49

11

Debian GNU/Linux

11.1 , ?
libpaper1, .
/etc/papersize.
PAPERSIZE. papersize(5).

11.2 ?
/dev . , /dev/fd0
oppy, /dev/dsp  audio.
, ,
, . . :

adduser
, .
,
, . ,
, groups.
, udev
. , /etc/udev.

11.3 Debian ?
kbd console-tools. /etc/kbd/cong
/etc/console-tools/cong.

11.4 X11?
Debian X11 /etc/X11/app-defaults/.
X, .
, .

 11. Debian GNU/Linux

50

11.5 , . , Debian.
Uni-, Debian init. init ( /etc/inittab) , /etc/init.d/rcS.
/etc/rcS.d/ ( , ), , , ,
. , , ( ,
. ) /etc/rc.boot/.
, .
init , ( id /etc/inittab). Uni-,
System V, Linux 7 :

0 ( ),

1 ( ),

2 5 ( ),

6 ( ).

Debian id=2, , '2' ( ), /etc/rc2.d/.

, /etc/rcN.d/ 
/etc/init.d/. , /etc/rcN.d/ ,
/etc/init.d/. , - , , 'K'; . , 'S'; . 'K' 'S'
. .
/etc/init.d/ : start, stop,
reload, restart force-reload , .
.
, reload

/etc/init.d/sendmail reload
sendmail . (, Debian invoke-rc.d
/etc/init.d/.)

11.6 , Debian rc.local ; ?

, - (System V)
foo. :

foo /etc/init.d/.

Debian update-rc.d , .

, (,
).
/etc/init.d/foo start.

, foo , /etc/init.d/ update-rc.d foo defaults 19. defaults ,

( , LSB, )
2 5, 0, 1 6. ( update-rc.d
sysv-rc LSB Default-Start Default-Stop foo ,
update-rc.d le-rc (v0.8.10) .) 19 , foo
, 19, , 20 .

 11. Debian GNU/Linux

51

11.7 , ?
, - , Debian , . , , dpkg
, ,
.
, . dpkg ,
, .

11.8 , - , ?
, login-local
login Debian login.
:

/bin/login login-local.

/bin/login login ( ,
/bin/login).

dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login

Debian

login

/bin/login

/bin/login.debian.

cp login-local /bin/login
.

dpkg-divert list, , () .
dpkg-divert(8).

11.9 ,
?
:

dpkg-scanpackages __ _OVERRIDE [_] > my_Packages

:

__  , - Debian (
.deb).

_OVERRIDE  ,
FTP- Debian indices/override.main.gz Debian- main.
.

 11. Debian GNU/Linux

52

_  , my_Packages.

my_Packages, :

dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages

APT, sources.list(5).

11.10 mawk, gawk; vim, elvis; trn, tin. Debian?

, - , .
. .
, ( )
,
, Debian .
, .
'', , 
tin trn, . news-reader,
tin trn. ,
/etc/alternatives/news-reader , , /usr/bin/trn.
; , , .
, , , ,
Perl update-alternatives.
, , x-window-manager, :

update-alternatives --display x-window-manager

:

update-alternatives --cong x-window-manager

( ).
- ( , ),
/usr/local, .
, :

update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \

x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50
install /etc/alternatives/NAME,
NAME . ,
/etc/alternatives/NAME, ( , ).
, :

update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs

53

12
Debian GNU/Linux

12.1 Debian?

: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual.

Debian GNU/Linux . ,
.
debian-reference http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#
quick-reference.

Debian , , . . Debian, .
, , ,
Debian.
debian-policy http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#
policy.

, Debian. http://www.
debian.org/doc/ ,
Debian GNU/Linux.

Debian: ,
/usr/share/doc/.

Linux: Debian- doc-linux HOWTO

mini-HOWTO Linux (http://www.tldp.org/).

man Unix: ,
man- Unix. , ls, man ls.
man man .
Debian , man- ,
:
 man-db, man, .
 manpages, . (. ` Debian ,
?' . 19).

info GNU: , GNU,

man-, info-, GNU info, M-x info
GNU Emacs, Info.
man- , Info . , WWW; info .
(Richard Stallman) WWW.

, -
dwww, dhelp doccentral, , yelp.

 12. Debian GNU/Linux

54

12.2 - - Debian?
. Debian .
.
Debian (http://www.debian.org/support).

12.2.1
Debian (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/).
doc-debian /usr/share/doc
/debian/mailing-lists.txt.
Debian : debian--. : debian-announce, debianuser, debian-news. - debian--, debian--request@lists.debian.org subscribe . , -request
. ,
, .
WWW (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe). WWW (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe).
, : <listmaster@lists.debian.
org>.
 . , , , ( ) . ,
.
. , , , .
(http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#disclaimer).
Debian WWW http://lists.debian.org/.

?
Debian, , :

. Debian (http://www.debian.org/
MailingLists/#ads).

. Debian, , .

; , , .

, . ()

. ` Debian?' . 55 .

12.2.2 -
debianHELP (http://debianhelp.org/) Debian (http://forums.debian.net/)  -,
Debian . (
Debian.)

12.2.3
, howto, ,
Debian (http://wiki.debian.org/).

debian---REQUEST@lists.debian.org.

 12. Debian GNU/Linux

55

12.2.4
. ,
xyz, xyz@packages.debian.org.

12.2.5 Usenet
, Debian, Linux USENET comp.os.linux.*
linux.*. Linux Usenet , ,
Linux Online (http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html) LinuxJournal (http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php).

12.3 Debian GNU/Linux?

, Debian:

Debian WWW (http://search.debian.org/).

Google (http://groups.google.com/): .
, , , Promise Debian,
: Promise Linux driver. ,
, , .
Debian, , Debian.

, AltaVista (http://www.altavista.com/)
Google (http://www.google.com/), .
, cgi-perl , .

12.4 ?
( ) : Debian (http://www.
debian.org/social_contract) , .
Debian GNU/Linux (BTS),
, . ,
, .
: http://www.debian.org/Bugs/.
.
request@bugs.debian.org help .

12.5 Debian?
Debian, , , Debian. :

WWW. http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting.

Debian doc-debian. /usr/share/doc

/debian/bug-reporting.txt.

FTP. Debian doc/bug-reporting.txt.

reportbug,
, . , -
, .
. ,
,
debian-bugs-dist.

 12. Debian GNU/Linux

56

57

13
Debian

, (http://www.debian.org/donations) ( , , ), (
FTP WWW ) ( ).

13.1 Debian?
Debian , /
, (
), .
, Debian (http://www.
debian.org/devel/join/newmaint).

13.2 Debian ?
,
, -. ,
. , Debian (http://www.debian.org/mirror/size),
.
- . .
, ,
, -, , , ,
<debian-admin@lists.debian.org>.

13.3 Debian?
,
Debian.

13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest

Software in the Public Interest (SPI)  IRS 501(c)(3) , FSF
Debian. .
FSF, GNU. Linux
FSF GNU.
FSF, GNU FSF
GNU.
SPI : http://www.spi-inc.org/.

 13. Debian

58

13.3.2 Free Software Foundation

Debian Free Software Foundation . Free Software Foundation
Debian, GNU C, GNU Emacs
C, . FSF
: (General Public License), , Debian,
GNU Unix. Debian GNU.
FSF : http://www.fsf.org/.

59

14
Debian GNU/Linux

14.1 CD- Debian ?

! , ,
CD-, -. . , CD- Debian. , ,
GPL, .
CD-, , Debian,

.

14.2 Debian ?
. Debian , , , non-free.
CD- , ,
. , CD CD , .
: CD-.
, , , .

14.3 Linux . Debian GNU/Linux

?
. , Debian, Debian .
Debian (http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/) Debian; Skolelinux (http://www.skolelinux.org/) .
Debian , , Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix
Ubuntu, , Debian GNU/Linux,
.
Debian ,
, .
. ` , - , ?' . 51.

 14. Debian GNU/Linux

60

14.4 Debian ,
Debian?
, .  ;
, , .

61

15
,
Debian

15.1 -
Debian - , . ` Debian
, ?' . 19.
, , . ,
. .
GNU ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS GNU.
, Debian lenny :

, debconf: ,
Debian,
.

: ,
.

UTF-8 debian/changelog debian/control. , , .

15.2 :

Debian

(http://wiki.debian.org/LSBInitScripts/

DependencyBasedBoot), ,
. , , Debian
.

15.3 Debian
Debian, . .
Microsoft Windows:
Microsoft Windows BIOS. CD-ROM, DVD-ROM USB, ,
Debian.
debian-installer Debian Serial ATA RAID.

 15. , Debian

62

15.4
, lenny ARM EABI (http://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort) (
armel) ( arm). SuperH (http://wiki.debian.org/SHPort). , ,
sid.

15.5
Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian BSD, FreeBSD (http://www.debian.
org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/). AMD64 (kfreebsd-amd64) Intel (kfreebsd-i386).

63

16

16.1
(FAQ) ... (J.H.M. Dassen (Ray))
(Chuck Stickelman). . (Susan G. Kleinmann) (Sven Rudolph)
Debian GNU/Linux FAQ. (Santiago Vila),
(Josip Rodin). - (Javier Fernandez-Sanguino).
:

Debian-1.1, (Bruce Perens) (http://www.perens.com/).

Linux, (Ian Jackson) (http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/).

Debian (http://lists.debian.org/),

dpkg Debian (. `
Debian?' . 53)

, -

. :-)

Choosing

Debian

distribution

FAQ

(http://people.cornell.edu/pages/kk288/debian_choosing_

distribution.html), (Kamaraju Kusumanchi), GPL,

(. ` Debian' . 7)
, .
. .

16.2
. <doc-debian@packages.debian.org>, debian-faq (http://bugs.debian.org/
debian-faq).

16.3
WWW Debian http://www.debian.org/
doc/FAQ/.
, HTML PostScript http://www.debian.org/doc/
user-manuals#faq. .
debian-faq. debian-faq-ru, debian-faq-fr .
SGML-, ,
debian-faq, SVN: svn://svn.debian.org/svn/ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/
ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq/.

 16.

64

16.4
DebianDoc SGML DTD ( LinuxDoc SGML).
DebianDoc SGML , ,
, HTML, , TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF GNU info.
DebianDoc SGML Debian debiandoc-sgml.