You are on page 1of 22

:

40
:

] [k n] u[n 1] u[n 7

k 8

1 2 . ) 1 (A
] u[n 8] u[n 11 ] u[n 1] u[n 7) .(


:
1 , t >
u(t)
, t <

t
t 1 .
2

) u(t u(t) . t
t . :
, t
)du(t
u (t)
dt
, t

(t)

:
( ) d

u(t)

:
t

)) u(t
( () d u () d u() u(t) u

:
( t ) d

() d

t t

u(t t )

1 . :
( ) d 1

() d

) u() 1
( () d u () d u() u

) ( ( ) d

() d

93

:44 ) (
:
:
) (.
: ) x(t ) x(t
-
.
: x f (t)
) (

.

): x(t

: x f (t)

:38
.
x(t 1) , t
(
y(t)
2x(t 1) , t

x[n 1] , n 1

y[n]
( , n
] x[n
, n 1

x(t) 2 , x(t)
(
y(t)
x(t) 3 , x(t)

x(t) 3 , x(t)
(
y(t)
x(t) 2 , x(t)

2x(t) 1 , x(t 1) 1
y(t)
(
, x(t 1) 1
) x(t

x(t) 2 , x(t 1)
(
y(t)
x(t) 3 , x(t 1)

x(t) , x(t 1)
y(t)
(
x(2t) , x(t 1)

x 2 (t) , t
y(t)
(
x(t) , t

x2 (t) , x(t)
(
y(t)
x(t) , x(t)

100

:46 y x
t .

t :

:40
y(t) 2t x2 (t) x(t) 1 .
:
. 46 .
y x t . t 1 y x
:
y 2x2 x 1

x .
x 2
y ) ( x . .
:47
) ( y(t) ) ( x(t) .

x(t) y(t)
: 23
. x(t) y(t)
.
x(t) y(t) .
:
x(t) y(t) .
) x1 (t ) x2 (t . :
)T x2 (t) y(t

)T x1(t) y(t

) x1 (t) x2 (t :

T x1 (t) x2 (t) T x1 (t) T x2 (t) y(t) y(t)

) x1(t) x 2 (t .
.
x(t) y(t) .
1 .

108
:

4 .
.
:
: S1 ) y(t) x(2t
t
2

S2 ) ( y(t) x .
) y(t) x(t . .
t
2

) y(t) x(2t ) ( y(t) x


t
t
t .
2
2
t . t

t . TI . TV
TI .
1 , t
: S1
2 , t

y(t)

t , x(t)
S2
2 , x(t)

y(t) .

1 2 1 ) 2 ( 2
. 2 . y(t) 2
. .

.
.
1
) 1 ( 2 ) ( x(t)
. .
:46
S1 S2
S
( S .
( S .
(4
(3
(2 )(
(1 )(
:
4 .

: ) LTI (

194

t
t
( )z(t) x (t) y() d x() d y(t

z(t) x(t) y(t) (t) u(t) x(t) (t) y(t) u(t) x(t) u(t) y(t) (t)

t
t
) (t
)x (t
)y(t
y( ) d
x( ) d

.
:17
LTI ) x(t ) y(t ) s(t .

x() s(t ) d (1

x() s(t ) d (3

y(t)

x ( ) s(t ) d (2

y(t)

(4 2 3

y(t)

:
4 .
LTI ) ) ( h(t) s(t
)( :
x ()s(t ) d

x() s(t ) d

y(t) x(t) h(t) x(t) s(t) x (t) s(t)

LTI
LTI .


)( .
:

)) (t ( .
t ) t ( )( 1 1 .
2

1 15 .

198

: ) LTI (

y(1) 1 TV .
y(1) y() TV .
LTI LTI
.
.
.


1 N :
M

] a k y[n k] bk x[n k


. N
. ] y[n N .
:
1
]y[n] y[n 1] x[n
3

) ( N 1
.
:83 :
:

LTI .
): (y[n ] C
TV .
): (y[n ]
TV .

1 .

251

(9 : T

2
T

) ( k

2
N

) ( k

) (t kT

] [n kN

: 8
) ( .
T a k 1 . a k 1 8
T

T .
(10 :
2a
2 a 2
1 2

ea|t| , a

1 2 cos 2

|n| ,


. a .
:
1 ) ( .
(11 n :
( j)n

)(n) (t

: )
( .
(12 :
2
j

sgn t

:
1 , t
sgn (t)
1 , t

286

) X( 2 Y()
) Y() 1 X() 1 X( .
2

n
x[n] , 3
(
y[n]
, O.W

] y[n ] x[n :

n
n
x[n] , 3
1 , 3
x[n]
] x[n] [n 3 k
y[n]
, O.W
, O.W
k

] [n 3k

3 3 .

.:
2
)k
3

1
2
X()
2
3

Y()

] [n 3 k

y[n] x[n]


2
2 . )k
3

) 2 (

) ( 2 ) () ( 2 . :
3

2
1
2
2
k) X() ( ) () ( )
3
3
3
3

1
2
X()
2
3

Y()

1
2 1
1
2
) Y() X( ) X() X(
3
3
3
3
3

:16
] x[n ] y[n] x[2n .

:
)( :
1

1
2
1 1
)X i X( ) X(
2
2
2
2 2 2 2

Y()

]y[n] x[2n

312
.32

] x[n ) X(f ) cos2 (2f . ]n 2 x[n

A
) (79

/ 5 (1

A (3

2 (2

A (4

: 2 .
f:
j
) X (f
2

]nx[n

:
j j
1
X(f )
) X (f

2 2
42

]n nx[n] n2 x[n

] n2 x[n ) 12 X(f .
4

]n 2 x[n

X ()

(n 2 x[n]) e j2f n

X (f )

1
4

A ) 12 X(f f .:
4

1 1
X(f ) cos (2f ) cos 4f
2 2

X(f ) 2 sin 4f

X() 82

X(f ) 82 cos 4f

1
1
X ()
(82 ) 2
2
2
4
4

n2 x[n]

) X(f
] x[n ]n 2 x[n

.33 ) x(t ) X( d

2 .

X() e


(1

(t 1)2
2

(2

(t 1)2
2

(3

t2
2

) (83

te

(4

)(t 1
2

(t 1) e

: 2 3 .
:
)j X(

)x (t

314

: 4 .
] g[n ] v[n :
g[ n ] ,

v[n] g2 [n] 2

,

n
n

)( :

)V( ) G(
2

)V() G(2

]v[n] g2 [n

4 .
.36

x[n] , n

3
y[n]
] x[n ) X(f . ] y[n
n
,

) (79
) Y(f
1
1
1 1
1
Y(f ) X(f ) X(f ) X(f ) (1
3
3
3 3
3
1 f 1 f 1 1 f 1
(Y(f ) X( ) X
() X
) (3
3 3 3
3
3
3

2
1
1 1
1
Y(f ) X(f ) X(f ) X(f ) (2
3
3
3 3
3
2 f 1 f 1 1 f 1
(Y(f ) X( ) X
() X
) (4
3 3 3
3
3
3

: 2 .
] y[n ] x[n :

] [n 3 k

x[n] , n
1 , n

3
3
y[n]
x[n]
x[n] 1 [n 3 k]

n
n
,
,

3
3

3 . .:

1
1
Y(f ) X(f ) (f ) (f k)

3
3
k

) (f ) (f 1 .
F

x[n] 1 [n 3 k]

1
. ) (f k
3

) 1 1 ( 1
2

) (f 1 ) (f ) (f 1 ) (f ) (f . ) Y(f
3

:
1
1 1
1
1
Y(f ) X(f ) (f ) (f ) (f ) (f )
3
3 3
3
3

1
1 2
1
1
) Y(f ) X(f ) X(f ) X(f
3
3 3
3
3

325

:
e jkn

] x[n

ak

jk n
3

jk n
e 3

ak

e k . ) (1:

j n
j n
1 j
1 j
x[n] ( e 3 ) e 3 ( e 3 ) e 3 (
1) e j n
2
2

a
3

j n

a 1

j n

e 3 a1 e 3 a 1
] x[n :

a1

j3 n
3

e jn e a 3.
2

1 j
1 j
a1 e 3 , a 1 e 3 , a 3 1
2
2

a11
N 6 6 6 . a k a k 6 . a11
. a k N 6 a 1 a5 a11 ...
. :
2

1 j
a11 a 1 e 3
2

a 1 a 5 a11

:
:91 ) x(t T )z(t kT

x(t)

:
1
1
)Z(k ) Z(
T
T
k

FS

ak

)z(t kT

x(t)

) Z( ) z(t . .
: )z(t kT
2
)k
T

2
T

x(t) :

X() Z()

) (t kT

z(t kT) z(t)

x(t)

Z() 2 :
T
)(1

2
) Z(k ) ( k
T

2
Z() ( k )

T
k

X()

337

( )(:

( m ) m ) mn n (
.
)M lcm( N , m

k M i
m

m 1

)M
N

( a
i

bk

FS

]y[n] x[mn

] a[k ] x[n ] b[k ] y[n . ] a ( M ) [k ] a[k


N

M.
N

:13
x(t) 4 cos t y(t) x(3 t) 4 cos 3 t a k bk
.
:
.
) x(t T 2 2 1 .:
T

jt

jt

x(t) 4 cos t 2 e 2 e

:
e jk t

ak

e jkt

ak

:
x(t) (
2) e jt (
2) e jt
a 1

a1

a1 2 a 1 2 a k . a k :

) ( 1
2.

y(t) x(3 t) 4 cos 3 t T 2 2 3 .:


3

x(3 t) 4 cos 3 t 2 e j3 t 2 e j3 t
1 .

419

106 r 1 :
:107 ] x[n Z ) X(z :

Fx[n]

]x[n

z 1 ROC X(z)

X(z) F x[n]r n r 1 ] x[n


j

Z z r 1 z e . z 1
) X(z ) X( ) X(z
z e j . ] x[n] ( / 5)n u[n Z

1
1 / 5 z

X(z)

z / 5 .
] x[n] ( / 5)n u[n z e j ) X(z :
1
1 / 5 e j

X()

z e j

1
1 / 5 z 1

X(z)

) X(e j .
] x[n] u[n ) ( Z
1
Z ] x[n] u[n
1 z 1
ROC .

X(z) z 1

:2
] x[n] ( 1 )n u[n 1] 2 n u[n 1
3
(2 Z.
(1 Z.
(3 . Z

) (83

(4 . Z

:
2 .
Z ] x[n :
1
1 1
1
]x[n] ( )n u[n 1] 2 n u[n 1] ( )n 1 u[n 1] ( )n u[n 1
3
3 3
2
1 z 1
1
1
1
1
1
X(z)

, ROC : z z z
3 1 1
1 1
3
2 3
2

1 z
1 z
3
2

1
2

1
3

439

:
2 .
x[n] b n :
n
n
b
u[n] b
]u[n 1] b n u[n] (b1)n u[n 1
n 1

x[n] b

Z:
1
1

1 b z 1 1 b1 z 1

X(z)

]x[n] bn u[n] (b1)n u[n 1

) X(z z b z b1.
:15
Z :
1
a

1 a z 1

, z

z 1 a


) (1 a
1
x[n] [n 1]
u[n] (1
a
a n 1
2

) (1 a2
1
x[n] [n]
u[n] (3
a
an

X(z)

) (91

) (1 a
1
x[n] [n]
u[n 1] (2
a
a n 1
2

u[n 1] (4

) (1 a2
a n 1

x[n]

:
2 .
Z ) X(z ) (...
. ) X(z
x[n] :
1
a

a z 1
1
1
1
z 1

1
1
a
z 1 a z 1 a
1 z 1 1 z 1
a
a

1 a z 1
a

X(z)

Z :
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
]x[n] ( )n u[n] ( )n 1 u[n 1] [n] ( )n ( )n 1 u[n 1
a a
a
a
a
a a

1 a2 1 n
1
1
1
1
x[n] [n] a ( )n u[n 1] [n]
] ( ) u[n 1
a
a
a
a
a a

500
.3

:
t

)h2 (t) 2 e u(t

)u(t

2t

h1 (t) 1 e

.
) (88

h(t) 2 e t e 2t u(t) (1

h(t) 2 e2t e t u(t) (2

h(t) 2 e t e2t u(t) (3

h(t) 2 e t e2t u(t) (4

: 1 .
LTI :
)H(s) H1 (s) H2 (s

1 2 2 2

, Re[s] 1
s 2 s 1 s 2 s 1

.4

)h(t) h1 (t) h2 (t

H(s) H1 (s) H2 (s)

)h(t) 2 e2t u(t) 2 e t u(t

LTI ) x(t ) H(s :


s 1
s2 2s 2

H(s)

, t

y(t)

x(t) e

) (91

e t / 4 cos t / 8 sin t u(t) / 4 e t u( t) (1


e t / 4 sin t / 8 cos t u(t) / 4 e t u(t) (2
e t / 4 cos 2t / 8 sin 2t u(t) / 8 e t u( t) (3
e t / 4 sin 2t / 8 cos 2t u(t) / 8 e t u(t) (4

: 1 .
2
, 1 Re[s] 1
s2 1

X(s)

2
2
s 1

2
)s 1 s 2s 2 (s 1) (s2 2s 2
2

x(t) e

Y(s) X(s) H(s)

) H(s Re[s] 1 .
) Y(s 1 Re[s] 1 . ) Y(s
:
Bs C
A
2

2
2
s

1
)(s 1) (s 2s 2
)(s 2s 2

Y(s)

501

s 1 A /4 s 1 .
s C 1 / 2 . s
s B / 4 . :
/8
) /4 / 4 s 1 / 2 /4 / 4 (s 1
, 1 Re[s] 1

s 1 (s2 2s 2) s 1 (s 1)2 1 (s 1)2 1

Y(s)

:
)y(t) / 4 et u( t) / 4 e t cos t u(t) / 8 e t sin t u(t
.5

) x(t) 2 (t LTI .
) (83
t 2

4
(2

4 (1

2
(4

4 (3

: 3 .
X() 2
2 2

(1) e j( 2) ,

)x(t) 2 (t

)j H(

H() H() e

) H( H() 2 .
LTI :
2 2

Y() X() H() 2 e2 j ,

)y(t) x(t) h(t

Y() 2 ( )e2 j
4

) Y( .
t 2
:
1
1 2
Y() e jt d 2 e2 je jt d
2
2 2

y(t)

y(2) e2 je j2d (1) d 4

504

) h e (t t ) 1 (t 1 .
) h(t) (t 1 t 1 .

.10

1

1 j
)Y( j
H( j)

)X( j

1 1

1 (1
j 1 j

j H1 ( j) 1 (2

H1 ( j)
) (81

2
(3
1 j

d j
(4
d 1 j

: 3 .
d j
dt

:
1

H() j H1 () H2 () j
1 j

j
1

1 j 1 j
2

.11


) (81

[n] (1

h[n] (2

[(1)n 1] h[n] (3

[(1)n 1] h[n] (4

: 1 .
:
]y[n] ( 1) n w[n] w[n] , w[n] x[n] h[n

] x[n] [n w[n] h[n] . :


]y[n] (1)n h[n] h[n] e j n h[n] h[n

3 .

514

) X( .:

1
A
1
1
A
A j 1 j 2
)( j 1) ( j 2

( j 1) ( j 2)

x(t) A e t u(t) e2t u(t)

)(1
A X()2 d 2
2

x(t) dt 1

e2t dt 1

. :
2

X()

x(t) dt 2

X()2 d 2

A2 e t u(t) e2t u(t) dt A2

e2t e4 t 2 e3 t dt A2 1 1 2 1
A 12 2 3
2 4 3

I A2

A A 2 3 .
A ) (1 2 .
.21

LTI .
sin 4 t
4 t
2

sin 4 t
sin 2 (t 2)
(2
(1
4 t
2 (t 2)

h(t)

sin 4 t
(3
4 t

) (87

sin 2 (t 2)
x(t)

2 (t 2)

sin 2 (t 2)
/ 25
(4
2 (t 2)

/ 25

: 4 .
) x(t :
1 1 j2 j2

e
4 e

2 4 4

X()

1 sin 2 (t 2)
x(t)
4 (t 2)

2 2
4

) X() (115 4 4
. ) h(t H() 1
4
8

4 4 1 . ) Y() X() H(
4

) 1 X( :

4
2
sin
2
(t 2)
1

1
1
1
F
Y() X() H() X() X()
y(t) x(t)
4 8 4
4
4 2 (t 2)

1
4

.22

515
)x(

(t ) d

sin t

) (89

1 cos t
(1
t

1 cos t
(2
t

1 cos t
(3
t2

(4 .

: 2 .
:

)x(
1
d x(t)
) (t
t
LTI h(t) 1 .
t
h(t) 1 h(t) 1 .
t
t
1
. -
t

y(t)

. ) h(t
. h(t) 1 2 h() 2 .:
t
)h(t

)H(
2

1
t

)H(t

) H(

)h(t

F
H(t)
) 2 h(

)2 h(

) H( ) H(t .
2 j sgn t . H(t) j sgn t . H() j sgn

. ) X( . :
2
j , 1

Y() X() H() ( j sgn )


2
j , 1

) Y( :

517

. ](n 1) u[n 1

] (n 1) u[n )( :
1
1
1 1
1
]y[n] 8 (n 1) ( ) n 1 u[n] 4 ( ) n u[n] 8 (n 1) ( )n ( )u[n] 4 ( )n u[n
4
4
4 4
4
1 n
1 n
1 n
] 2 (n 1) ( ) u[n] 4 ( ) u[n] 2 (n 3) ( ) u[n
4
4
4

3 . 2 4
. Z
1
Y(z) 6 z :

1
(1 z 1 )2
4

6 z 1
6
z 1

1
1
1
(1 z 1 )2 (1 z 1 )2 (1 z 1 )2
4
4
4

Y(z)

Z :
1
1
1
1
]y[n] 24 (n 1) ( ) n 1 u[n 1] 4n ( ) n u[n] 6 (n 1) ( ) n u[n] n ( ) n 1 u[n
4
4
4
4

2 . ] nu[n ] nu[n 1 )(
4 .
n
!
.24

11
3
, 2 , (1
4
2
1
7
, , 3 (3
4
2

) (81

2z

4z

2
2

2z

3z

6z

2z

H(z)

11
3
, 2 , (2
4
2
1 7
, , 3 (4
4 2

: 1 .
Z ) H(z ) (
. ] h[n ) H(z
. ) H(z
z:
3 z 3 2 z2 2 z 6
2 z 3 4 z2 3 z 2

6 2 z 2 z2 3 z 3
3

2 3 z 4z 2z
2

6 z 3 2 z 2 2 z 1 3
2

4z

3z

2z

H(z)

559

LTI
) ) H2 (s) H1(s(
LTI LTI
. LTI
TI . )( .
.
.
LTI ) . 13 (.
LTI ) ( .
) x1(t) y2 (t ) x2 (t) y1(t LTI :
1
)H2 (s

H1 (s)

)Y1 (s) X2 (s

)X1 (s) Y2 (s

)X1 (s) Y2 (s) , X2 (s) Y1 (s

) H1 (s) H2 (s) H(s :


)h(t) (t

L1

H(s) 1

H2 (s) 1

1
)H(s

H(s)

H(s) 1 ) Y1 (s) X1 (s ) y1 (t) x1 (t


LTI LTI.
.70

) x(t .
) (89
LTI

(1 1

(2 2

(4

(3

: 3 .
LTI 126 . 1 :
], Re[s

1 e s
s

X(s)

)x(t) u(t) u(t 1

1 e2/ 5s
], Re[s
s
s s
Y1 (s)

)y1 (t) u(t) u(t 2 / 5

s .
6 3 ) ( .

560
1 :

, Re[s] or Re[s]

Y (s) 1 e2/ 5s
H1 (s) 1
)X(s
1 e s

) H1 (s ) s j2k k( .
) H1 (s Re[s] Re[s]
R x R y R h . 1
LTI ) H1 (s Re[s] Re[s] .
2:
1 e s
], Re[s
s
1 e1/ 5s
Y1 (s)
], Re[s
s

X(s)

, Re[s] or Re[s]

)x(t) u(t) u(t 1

)y2 (t) u(t) u(t 1 / 5


Y (s) 1 e1/ 5s
H2 (s) 2
)X(s
1 e s

) H2 (s ) s j2k k( . )H2 (s

Re[s] Re[s] R x R y R h

. 2 LTI

) H2 (s Re[s] Re[s] . LTI.


LTI
) H1(s LTI
1 . ) (105
) H1(s :
1

(t k) (t 2 / 5 k)

h1 (t)

1 e 2 / 5 s
, Re[s]
1 e s

H1 (s)

) x(t LTI :

x(t k) x(t 2 / 5 k)

y1(t) x(t) h1 (t) x(t) (t k) (t 2 / 5 k)


k

x(t k) x(t 2 / 5 k) x(t) x(t 2 / 5) x(t 1) x(t 3 / 5)

y1(t)

:
y1(t) x(t) x(t 1) x(t 2) x(t 2 / 5) x(t 3) x(t 3 / 5) x(t 4) x(t 4 / 5)
1 LTI.

You might also like