TERRESTRI AL TRUNKED RADI O

TETRA
B
y
T
h
e
W
a
y

-

+

3
3

1

5
3

5
7

6
0

6
0
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS
FOR PROFESSIONAL
USERS
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 2
Sohab Sarfraz
Digitally signed by Sohab
Sarfraz
Date: 2003.05.13
20:13:41 Z
Reason: Owner of this
book (Batch 9 Faculty of
Electronic Engineering
GIK Institute)
Location: Topi, Pakistan
Signature
Not Verified
TETRA
POTENTI AL
TETRA (TErrestrial Trunked RAdio) was devised by ETSI to combine
Cellular Mobile Telephony, Packet Data and Digital Mobile Radio
together on one open cellular platform. The objective has been to
ensure that the TETRA standard will provide a broad range of
communication services for professional users throughout Europe
and beyond. The work has been supported by the European
Commission and by the TETRA MoU Association of manufacturers,
operators and users, many of whomhave participated in the
development of the ETSI standards. Public safety and security
services are among the major users of TETRA, since this is the only
digital standard that can provide themwith the benefits of true multi-
sourcing of the ETSI standard combined with a technology capable to
meet their most exacting needs. Police, fire and rescue organizations,
border guards, first aid and ambulance units, customs, prison
administration and other authorities need multi-media communication
which can provide direct access to services such as voice, data,
graphics and image, and do all that concurrently. Another new and
exciting market for TETRA is in military applications. The significant
reductions and the continuing close scrutiny of defence budgets
within NATO countries and elsewhere has reduced the size of
defence forces generally and is placing a greater emphasis on
automation of weapon platforms and increased use of COTS
(Commercial Off The Shelf) equipment in the field of computers and
communication - information movement & management.
By contrast, public applications also known as PAMR (Public Access
Mobile Radio) or SMR/ESMR (Enhanced Special Mobile Radio
service) are similar to any public cellular systemwhere an operator
publicly sells TETRA services to a variety of users on his network.
Typical customers range fromsmall local businesses operating in
a small town through to international transportation companies
operating across national borders. In addition to the normal voice
service available with standard cellular system, these TETRA systems
include additional applications such as all-informed group voice
communication, fleet management, telemetry and data acquisition.
To date, more than 40 contracts have been awarded world-wide, and
with a combined value of more than US $1,5 billion. TETRA systems
are being installed in most of the EU and EFTA countries, as well as
many of the neighbouring ones, to serve both the emergency
services and the civil market. A pan-European PAMR TETRA network
is being rolled out, starting with the UK, France and Germany. The
emergency services in the UK, Holland, Belgium, Gibraltar, Norway
and Finland have chosen TETRA technology for their nationwide
public safety networks, and most of themare already in the process
of rolling out the network. In Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Poland,
Hungary, Austria, Italy and Croatia TETRA technology has been
selected for one or more emergency services on a regional basis.
TETRA is also being seriously considered by several major users in
the Americas. In the Asia Pacific region, TETRA systems are already
operational in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, with others
under consideration for Hong Kong, India, and Malaysia. In J apan,
ARIB (the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) has
adopted TETRA as its next generation of trunked mobile radio.
ROBUST AND SECURE COMMUNI CATI ONS
TETRA is the only digital standard defined by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to meet the needs
of the most demanding users. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) and
PAMR applications depend on reliable communications products
and services. A good example is the emerging post Cold War
environment of peace keeping, where most of the operations will
be joint efforts of several national armies. In such situations, the
needs of the battle space for the high quality communication and
information systems, with common or at least interoperable
equipment, is steadily increasing. These factors are exert pressure
towards harmonizing equipment procurement, and one way in
which that can be done is through the use of more commercially
available communications technologies, or even products.
Especially attractive are those based on an open international
standard, since they bring greater financial benefits associated
with multiple product & technology sourcing. TETRA is currently in
the forefront of evaluation by the military both in Europe and
beyond. This activity is not publicized due to its nature, though
some of the initial purchases by NATO for non-combat applications,
and the various trials carried out by the research agencies of
national Ministries of Defence, give an idea of the future potential
for TETRA in this field.
WI RELESS COMMUNI CATI ONS FOR PROFESSI ONAL USERS
MOBI LE COMMUNI CATI ONS FOR PROFESSI ONAL USERS
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 3
Market data
REVENUESEUROPE
The PMR/PAMR in Europe
will grow from 7,5 to 10million
users in 10years
Source: The Strategis Group, ADL estimates
REVENUESREST OF THE WORLD
The non-US PMR/PAMR
will grow from 15 to 30 million
users over 10 years
Source: Arthur D Little (ADL)/Simoco
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 4
Market data
THE WORLD-WIDE MARKET
FOR DIGITAL MOBILE RADIO
INFRASTRUCTURE
BY STANDARD
Source: I MS
1998 2002
TETRA 172,2 1736,1
Tetrapol 225,7 711,1
APCO 25 323,9 1356,3
EDACS 297,7 415,5
iDEN 1312,5 1401,8
Others 2,3 0,5
Total 2334,4 5621,4
(MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 5
PERFORMANCE
WI RELESS COMMUNI CATI ONS FOR PROFESSI ONAL USERS
TETRA is the first digital technology that offers the benefits of
automatic operation and frequency efficiency of trunking,
combined with the terminal autonomy benefit of a conventional
PMR. TETRA offers a novel multi-mode capability by combining
these two modes, trunking and direct (conventional), into a
single terminal equipment, and it also provides the standardized
way of interworking between these two modes. Secondly, TETRA is
designed for users who need multi-tasking, i.e., to perform several
functions simultaneously, e.g., voice and text messaging, or who
need bandwidth-on-demand, facility to have a variable amount of
bandwidth allocated to them for the call duration depending on the
application. Thirdly, TETRA is designed for people who, in an
emergency situation, demand almost instantaneous
communication, both between individuals and within a group of an
unlimited size. They need priority calls backed by call pre-emption
if required, and on occasions an all-informed communication.
All this means that for professional users who require a demanding
technology for increasingly complex operational needs of today
and tomorrow, TETRA provides a choice of an unrivalled
performance and flexibility.
TETRA has been designed from the start to be multi-functional: It can
carry voice or data, and both voice and data simultaneously. Each
radio link contains a possibility of being configured as 4 independent
channels. A sophisticated voice encoder/decoder allows extremely
consistent behaviour in conditions of poor signal and very high noise.
Security is integrated into TETRA with the possibility of multi-level
authentication (user to radio, radio to network, network to radio,
network to network, user to user) as well as sophisticated encryption.
The intention is to meet or exceed the security that users expect from
a fixed telephone network.
The multi-traffic profile of TETRA allows the same equipment to be
used for voice communication and for data communication.
For services such as police and utilities this allows data
such as site plans, maps, operating instructions to be sent
in parallel with voice communication.
A particular strength of TETRA is that systems may be configured for
specific user needs. The principal application foreseen is for combined
voice and data communication. However, a Packet Data Optimised
(PDO) version is available for situations where data transfer is the
primary use. Designed originally for emergency and security services,
TETRA has been designed with security and resilience in mind.
Thus it includes the possibility of Direct Mode operation
(that is, mobile to mobile communication without an intermediary
station) for situations where mobile are out of range of a trunked
network or where the trunked network is out of action.
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 6
ADDED VALUE
TETRA SUPPORTS VOI CE, DATA, VI DEO
- AND DOES I T SECURELY
The TETRA standard provides the ability for a single radio to be
allocated multiple timeslots on a single radio frequency carrier,
which allows for simultaneous data and speech
communications to take place.
The multi-slot allocation can provide a maximum data capacity
of 28,8 kbit/s gross or 19,2 kbit/s net throughput using one of the
protected data services. This exceeds the capability of any
other spectrally efficient wireless technology and will become
ever more important with the rise in mobile data traffic. Data is
expected to overtake voice and constitute the majority of
mobile communications traffic within the next five years. By
that time integrated data and voice mobile communications will
be essential to both authority and business users.
The coverage is further enhanced by the use of TETRA
terminals operating in Direct Mode that is direct terminal to
terminal operation outside network coverage, or linked into the
trunking network via Direct Mode Gateways.
DESI GNED WI TH THE PROFESSI ONAL USER I N MI ND
The TETRA technology brings new outstanding features to
mobile communications. It combines the features of mobile
cellular phones with fast data communications and the
workgroup capabilities of PMR and PAMR. The present
TETRA systems already offer low-cost, elegant handsets,
which can operate either as cellular telephones with high
quality duplex speech and all the main telephony
supplementary services, or as closed user group despatch
communication with almost instantaneous 'press to talk' call
set-up. Users have the option of encryption for voice and
data, including end-to-end, and a whole host of standard
despatching services and facilities such as broadcast call,
emergency call, call monitoring, etc.
TETRA is a fully digital technology providing consistent voice
quality and low error rates for data traffic. It uses TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access) technology with four user channels
on one radio carrier, with 25 kHz spacing between carriers,
which makes it at present the most spectrally efficient digital
mobile communications standard in existence.
TETRA's open interfaces ensure interoperability with existing
services and networks. TETRA can, for example, carry IP data
and is compatible with WAP. It provides an ideal platform for
third-party systems and products. It is also future-proof,
offering easy integration and migration to future technologies
and services.
AN OPEN STANDARD
As a standard, TETRA is able to address many of the technical and
commercial problems of systems development in the late 20th
century and beyond. The following are some of the reasons for
developing the TETRA standard:
Pre-requisite for open tendering
Multi-vendor solutions become practical
Cross-industry manufacturer support and participation in the
standard development
Frequency harmonization across Europe.
A particular strength of TETRA is that systems may be configured for
specific user needs. The principal application foreseen is for
combined voice and data communication. However, a Packet Data
Optimised (PDO) version is available for situations where data
transfer is the primary use. Designed originally for emergency and
security services, TETRA has been designed with security and
resilience in mind. Thus it includes the possibility of Direct Mode
operation (that is, mobile to mobile communication without
infrastructure) for situations where mobiles are out of range of a
base station or where the base station is out of action.
WI RELESS COMMUNI CATI ONS FOR PROFESSI ONAL USERS
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 7
OUTLOOK
WI RELESS COMMUNI CATI ONS FOR PROFESSI ONAL USERS
SERVI NG ORGANI ZATI ONS'
OPERATI ONAL NEEDS
GSM, DECT and TETRA should be regarded as
complementary standards. Where GSM is the wireless
extension of the digital telephone network, TETRA is the
wireless extension of Integrated Services Private Branch
Exchanges. Whereas the GSM and DECT systems were
specifically designed for mobile radio telephone
communication, TETRA will cover the needs that GSM cannot
fulfil. Some of the most obvious examples are:
TETRA offers the same benefits as found in many public
cellular systems such as multi-site coverage, cellular
organization, automatic location, roaming, advanced
software design, etc. It provides a cost effective
means to transmit voice and data information
to remote units, mobile or fixed, in the operational
area of an organization or a company.
EXTENDING THE TETRA MARKET
Without the right radio spectrum, new technology becomes
superfluous. Radio spectrum is a limited resource and finding
new spectrum is difficult. Additionally, re-farming existing
bands can take many years.
For emergency systems in Europe, ERC Decision 96/01 has
designated frequency bands 380-383 MHz and 390-393 MHz
for use by a single harmonized digital land mobile system.
Additionally, whole or appropriate parts of the bands
383-385 MHz and 393-395 MHz can be utilized should
the bandwidth be required.
For civil systems in Europe there was no harmonized band
and ERC Decision 04/96 has designated bands in 410-430 MHz,
450-470 MHz, 870-876/915-921 and 385-390/395-399,9 MHz. So
far, the licences for PAMR systems in the north of Europe
have been largely in 410-430 MHz band whilst those in the
southern Europe are in 450-470 MHz.
Outside of Europe, the spectrumissue becomes more complex,
mainly because of traditional allocations of frequencies to other
services. Most of the major challenges for the TETRA market
can find a solution in appropriate regulatory actions.
Today, potential users of the TETRA system continue to
identify new areas for standardization. Currently under
consideration are requirements for extended physical range
(120 km), use in helicopters and light aircraft, and an extended
frequency range to cover 130 MHz to 1 GHz. The development
of high speed data systems has also been placed on the
TETRA agenda as a result of user requirements world-wide. In
response to this growing need, the TETRA Project has been
working on extending the TETRA PDO part of the standard in a
project named Digital Advanced Wireless Services (DAWS),
aimed at high rate packet-data service for applications such
as wireless ATM. This work is being carried out in co-
operation with the Association of Public-Safety
Communications Officials (APCO) and Project 34 to enable a
future joint standard on a global basis. Project 34 is a public
safety industry-wide effort within the United States
supported by a number of local, state and Federal
organizations including APCO.
ENSURI NG
I NTEROPERABI LI TY
BETWEEN TETRA SYSTEMS
Interoperability between all TETRA vendors is a pre-
condition for the market success for manufacturers,
operators and users. Although this is a very complex task,
work has been running since mid-1997 and will continue as
long as the standard evolves. A TETRA Interoperability
Profile (TIP) has been developed as a complement to the
core TETRA standards. Tests are also being created which
allow conformance to the TIP to be demonstrated, in order
to reduce testing costs for the user or the operator.
Broadcast Call
Group Call
Priority Call
Open Channel
Direct Mobile to Mobile
Communication without
any infrastructure
Mobile Repeater
Fast Call Set-up (0,3 sec.)
Up to four concurrent
services
Circuit date up
to 28,8 kbit/s
Packet Data -
IP compatible
These include:
releasing spectrum (where possible mirroring
CEPT/ERC recommendations), with spectrum
management responsibility being given to licensee;
removing traditional restrictions, e.g. interconnect to
PSTN;
adopting innovative approaches to type-approval,
licensing and use.
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 8
PARTNERS
In November 1994 a number of manufacturers, users,
network operators, regulators and test houses formed a
group to support and promote the concept of a single
European-wide standard for future digital mobile radio
services ensuring a multi-vendor market. This support is
based on ETSI's standard for a TErrestrial Trunked RAdio
(TETRA) 25 kHz TDMA system for voice and data services
and the complementary TETRA Packet Data Optimised (PDO)
25 kHz protocol for data only services. Signatories are bound
by an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding), thus giving the
group the name TETRA MoU.
The TETRA MoU Associ ati on
Contact
TETRA MoU Administration
c/o Simoco International
P.O.Box 24
St. Andrew's Road
Cambridge
CB4 1DP
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1223 876200
Fax: +44 1223 879200
e-mail: tetra.mou@europe.simoco.com
http://www.tetramou.com/
Mi ssi on
The TETRA MoU's objective is to support and promote the
TETRA standard world-wide and to provide a forum to share
and exchange information and ideas amongst a wide variety
of individuals who share a common interest in the success of
the standard. Membership fees are based upon the type of
business in which the member is engaged and fall into four
categories: Core manufacturers/operators/test houses;
Consultants and peripheral manufacturers; Users; Non-profit
making organizations.
Within ETSI, the task of developing standards
for this innovative technology has been
assigned to ETSI Project TETRA. The project
works in close collaboration with the
TETRA MoU Association.
WI RELESS COMMUNI CATI ONS FOR PROFESSI ONAL USERS
T
A
A
A
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 9
Glossary
MAI N TECHNI CAL
CHARACTERI STI CS OF TETRA
TRANSMISSION METHOD........................TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access)
MODULATION............................................../4 DQPSK (Differential
Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying)
CARRIER SPACING.....................................25 kHz
TRAFFIC CHANNELS PER CARRIER........4
GROSS BIT RATE PER CARRIER...............36 kbit/s
MAX DATA TRANSFER RATE ...................28 kbit/s
SPEECH CODING METHOD.......................ACELP, 4,56 kbit/s
ENCRYPTION ..............................................Optionally on radio path and
end-to-end
TETRA
TELESERVI CES
INDIVIDUAL CALL
GROUP CALL
ACKNOWLEDGED GROUP CALL
BROADCAST CALL
CIRCUIT MODE DATA
7,2/ 14,4/ 21,6/ 28,8 kbit/s
CIRCUIT MODE PROTECTED
DATA
4,8/ 9,6/ 14,4/ 19,2 kbit/s
CIRCUIT MODE STRONGLY
PROTECTED DATA
2,4/ 4,8/ 7,2/ 9,6 kbit/s
IP
LI ST OF DESPATCH- ORI ENTED
SUPPLEMENTARY SERVI CES OF
TETRA
CAD ..............................................................Call Authorized by Dispatcher
AS .................................................................Area Selection
AP .................................................................Access Priority
PC .................................................................Priority Call
LE ..................................................................Late Entry
PPC ...............................................................Pre-Emptive Priority Call
DL .................................................................Discreet Listening
DGNA............................................................Dynamic Group
Number Assignment
AL...................................................................Ambience Listening
TETRA BEARER
SERVI CES
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 10
Glossary
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
APCO
Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials
ACELP
Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction
CEPT
European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications
Administrations
DAWS
Digital Advanced Wireless Services
DECT
TM
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
DM/DMO
Direct Mode
DIRECT MODE
Mobile to mobile communication without the
intermediary of a base station
ERC
(CEPT) European Radiocommunications Committee
(E)SMR
(Enhanced) Special Mobile Radio (US term for PAMR)
GSM
TM
Global System for Mobile communications
TM
LMR
Land Mobile Radio (US term for PMR)
PAMR
Public Access Mobile Radio
PDO
Packet Data Optimised
TIP
TETRA Interoperability Profile
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol
PMR
Private (Professional) Mobile Radio
TETRA
Terrestrial Trunked Radio Trunked, trunking.
A method of automatic allocation of communication channels
for the call from a common pool of channels.
GSM and Global System for Mobile communications are
trade marks of the GSM Association.
DECT is a trade mark of ETSI.
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 11
WI RELESS COMMUNI CATI ONS FOR PROFESSI ONAL USERS
nels
ETSI Project TETRA has today over
150representatives involved in the
various technical Working Groups,
with support fromthe TETRA MoU
Association providing further
expertise in specialist areas.
Besides representatives fromthe
CEPT countries, the activity is now
extended worldwide, to include the
USA, China, Asia Pacific, and the
Middle East countries.
ETSI s Mi ssi on
THE FUTURE I S BUI LT
THROUGH PARTNERSHI P
ETSI s Structure
ETSI plays a major role in developing a wide range of
standards and other technical documentation as a
contribution contribution to world-wide standardization in
telecommunications, broadcasting and information
technology. ETSI's prime objective is to support global
standards harmonization by providing a forum in which all
the key players can contribute actively.
Contact
ETSI infocentre 06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex France
Tel: +33 (0) 4 92 94 42 22
Fax: +33 (0) 4 92 94 43 33
e-mail: infocentre@etsi.fr
www: http://www.etsi.org
Based in Sophia Antipolis (France), ETSI is a non-profit
making organization which unites nearly 700 members from
50 countries around the world, representing administrations,
network operators, manufacturers, service providers,
technical bodies and users. The Institute's work programme
is determined by its members, who are also responsible for
approving its deliverables. As a result,
ETSI's activities are maintained in close alignment
to the market needs expressed by its members.
ETSI is an independent organization, but operates in close
collaboration with many other organizations, notably the ITU,
CEN and CENELEC, the European Commission and the EFTA
Secretariat, plus numerous other regional and world-level
bodies with the ultimate goal
of achieving common global standards.
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 12
www.etsi.org
European Tel ecommuni cati ons Standards I nsti tute
F- 06921 Sophi a Anti pol i s Cedex, France
Tel : + 33 4 92 94 42 00
Fax: + 33 4 93 65 47 16
B
y
T
h
e
W
a
y

-

+

3
3

1

5
3

5
7

6
0

6
0
ETSI-TETRA-plaquette XP 4/10/99 14:22 Page 1