Tai Lieu Cao Hoc - Ket Cau Be Tong Cot Thep - Chuong8

Cao hc: Xy Dng Dn Dng v Cng Nghip Bi ging: Prof.
Andrew Whittaker
Mn hc: Phn Tch ng X & Thit K Kt Cu BTCT Bin dch: PhD H Hu Chnh
Chng 8: M HNH GIN O: KHI NIM & M HNH

Chng 8: M HNH GIN O:
K
KKH
HH
I
II N
NNI
II
M
MM &
&& M
MM
H
HH
N
NNH
HH

8.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
Cc m hnh gin o, hay m hnh chng v ging (Strut and Tie Model) c gia
tng s dng thit k v trin khai ct thp trong cc thnh phn kt cu BTCT chu ti
trng ng v ti ng t. Nhng m hnh nh vy c trnh by trong cc chng 8 v
chng 9 v chng thc s hu ch trong thit k:
Lin kt dm-ct trong khung chu mmen v trong m cu (bent cap).
Vch cng (shear wall) vi khong trng hay l hng ln.
Mng tr cu giao thng
Phn u dm (end block) ca dm cng trc hay cng sau (pre- and post-tensioned).

Trong cc chng 8 v chng 9, m hnh gin o c trnh by cho thnh phn kt cu
BTCT chu ti trng ng nh dm cao, vai ct , v cc lin kt dm-ct.
Cc m hnh gin o c gii thiu trong ACI 318-02 cc phn sau:
10.7 (Dm cao - Deep flexural members)
11.8 (Cc iu khon c bit cho dm cao - Special provisions for deep flexural members)
Appendix A (M hnh gin o - Strut-and-tie models)
Schlaich v ng s lu rng cc thnh phn kt cu BTCT chu ti trng bi:
Trng ng sut nn (trng ng sut nn b tng).
Ging chu ko (ct thp, tng ng sut trc, trng ng sut ko b tng)
V cc mc ch phn tch, cc m hnh gin o gom li tt c cc ng sut nn v cc
ging chu ko, ri ni chng vi nhau bi cc nt (node).
Cao hc: Xy Dng Dn Dng v Cng Nghip Bi ging: Prof. Andrew Whittaker

8.2 CC VNG KHNG LIN TC
8.2.1 Gii thiu

Theo l thuyt m hnh gin o, mt thnh phn kt cu nh dm hay vai ct c th chia
thnh hai vng:
Vng B (B vit tt ca Beam hay Bernoulli)
Vng D (D vit tt ca Discontinuity hay Disturbance)
Trong vng B, c th p dng l thuyt dm, c th l cc mt phng vn phng sau khi
un. Cc ni ng sut trong cc vng ny c th tnh d dng t ni lc ca tit din
(mmen un v xon, lc dc v lc ct). Nu tit din khng nt (M < M
cr
), cc ni ng
sut tnh c nh cc c trng ca tit din nh din tch tit din (A) v mmen qun
tnh (I). Nu ng sut ko vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng ( M > M
cr
), m hnh
gin (truss model) c s dng.
Gi thuyt Bernoulli l c s ca nhiu phng php thit k v phn tch k thut kt
cu. Gi thuyt ny l khng gi tr trong cc vng ca kt cu hay ca cu kin m phn
phi bin dng l phi tuyn ng k. Cc v d ca vng nh vy l:
Vng gn ti tp trung (bao gm vng gn gi ta)
Cc gc v cc lin kt ca khung
Vng gn l hng
Cc vng ny do phn phi bin dng phi tuyn ln c gi l cc vng D. Nu vng D
khng b nt, c th phn tch chng bng phng php ng sut n hi tuyn tnh. Tuy
nhin trong nhiu trng hp, vng D s nt v khng th p dng l thuyt tuyn tnh
c na. M hnh gin o c pht trin phn tch v thit k cho cc vng D b
ph hoi do nt.

Cc vng D mu c phn phi bin dng phi tuyn do (a) khng lin tc hnh hc, (b)
khng lin tc tnh hc (ti trng) c Schlaich v cng s m t di y:

Trc khi bn lun v cc phng php phn tch v thit k cho cc vng B v D, cn
bit phng php phn chia mt thnh phn kt cu nh dm cao thnh cc vng B v D.
V mc ch ny, cn thit nh gi ng x ca thnh phn kt cu giai on khng nt.
Xt mt na dm chu ti ng tm nh hnh v di y (theo Schlaich et al.). Trnh by
trong hnh l cc ng ng ng sut vi gi thit vt liu n hi tuyn tnh.

- Trong vng B cc ng ng ng sut thay i t t.
- Trong 2 vng D cc ng ng ng sut thay i gp.

phn loi ng cc vng B v D, phi xem xt c hnh hc v ti trng; ch xem xt
hnh hc l khng y . Schlaich trnh by s phn chia cc thnh phn kt cu thnh
cc vng B v D da trn c hnh hc v ti trng nh sau:
a. Phn vng trong ct

b. Phn vng trong dm


8.3 PHNG PHP THIT K V M HNH TON
8.3.1 Phn tch h khung
Phng php phn tch g thch hp cho h kt cu siu tnh nh dm lin tc hay khung?
Cc phng php phn tch n hi thch hp cho trng thi gii hn dch v (service
limit state), khi m ng x ton b kt cu hoc l khng nt hoc l xem nh nt vi
cc ng sut ko thp hn ng sut chy do. Cc phng php n hi cng c th
c dng c tnh nghim an ton ca ti trng ti hn.
Cc phng php phn tch do thch hp cho vic xc nh mt nghim thc ca ti
trng ti hn.
8.3.2 M hnh ho cc vng B v D
Tip theo s phn tch khung kt cu xc nh cc ni lc trong cc vng B v cc lc
bin trong cc vng D, c th thit k v trin khai ct thp cho cc thnh phn kt cu.
i vi cc vng khng nt (B v D), c th dng cc phng php chun phn
tch ng sut ca thp v b tng.
Nu cc ng sut ko trong cc vng ring l B hay D vt qu cng chu ko
ca b tng, cc ni lc nn tnh ton bng phng php gin o (strut-and-tie
procedure) s c bn lun cc phn tip theo.

Phng php gin o tng i minh bch, bao gm 3 bc chnh nh sau:
1. Pht trin m hnh gin o c gii thch di y. Cc thanh chng (strut) chu nn
v cc thanh ging (tie) chu ko lm c ng hay thay th cc trng ng sut tht bi
cc hp lc ng thng v tp trung cong ca chng ti cc nt (node).
2. Tnh ton cc lc chng v ging, m phi tho iu kin cn bng. Cc lc ny l cc
ni lc va nu phn trn.
3. Xc nh kch thc cc thanh chng, cc thanh ging, v cc nt vi ch thch ng
cc b rng khe nt.
Mt s thn trng cn lu trong khi pht trin mt m hnh gin o v b tng c th
chu ng c ch mt khong gii hn ca bin dng do:
Ti thiu yu cu ti phn phi lc.
Chn mt phn phi ca cc thanh chng v cc thanh ging m l bn sao hng v
ln ca cc ni lc tnh bng phn tch n hi.
o Mt m hnh nh vy c th dng kim tra mc ti s dng v mc ti ti hn.
o C th pht trin m hnh khc tnh ti trng ti hn thc (ln hn) bng cch
ti nh hng hay di chuyn cc thanh chng v ging.
Vy phi xem xt n kh nng xoay hay kh nng bin dng khng n hi
ca m hnh.

Trnh by y s tp trung vo s pht trin cc m hnh gin o cho cc vng D. Mt
vng nh vy c Schlaich v cng s trnh by v d dm cao chu ti phn b u
di y. Trong hnh di, phn a l cc ng ng ng sut n hi, cc ng sut n
hi (
x
) v m hnh gin o; cc ni lc (T , C, C
1
), khong cch cnh tay n (z), v gc
nghing ca thanh chng () nh l cc hm s ca kch thc dm F
i
(d/l) c biu din
trong phn b ca hnh.

F
i
const F
i

a)
b)
z/l
C/pl T/pl

+
Lu :
V tr cc thanh chng (4)
v thanh ging (1).
Quan h gia cc ng
ng ng sut v hng
thanh chng ( ).
Phn phi khng u ca
ng sut
x
trn chiu cao
dm.
So snh vi phn b
trong l thuyt dm.
S thay i gi tr ca T
(hay C) v C
1
khi gia tng
t s d/l.

Do s khim din ca kt qu phn tch n hi nh trnh by trn, cc m hnh gin o
c pht trin nh th no? Schlaich v cng s thit lp mt phng php tn l
phng php ng ti trng (load-path method) pht trin cc m hnh gin o, v
phng php ny c m t di y.
8.3.3 Phng php ng ti trng pht trin m hnh gin o
Bc th nht ca phng php ng ti trng l xc nh tt c cc lc tc dng trn
vng D nhm m bo rng s cn bng trn mt ngoi ca vng D c tho mn. u
tin xt vng D trong hnh di :

p sut phn b p i din cho cc lc ca vng B m tc dng ln vng D. (Ngoi ra,
chiu cao hp l vng D l bao nhiu?). Ans: h > 0,5l
Bc th hai l phn chia nh biu ng sut (trong trng hp ny l ng sut phn
b tuyn tnh p) cc ti trng tm ra ng i t mt ny n mt khc ca kt cu. Vi
v d trn, ti phn b p m p t trn nh dm s c chng bi hai phn lc gi
ta y dm: A v B. Ti phn b p c thay th bi cc lc tng cng A v B, vi
ln ca A ln hn B. Cc ng ti trng khng nh phc tho hnh v trn. Cc ng
ti trng c xu hng ly ng ngn nht (shortest path) kh d i t ti trng tc dng
n cc phn lc gi ta.
M hnh gin o hp l no i vi dm cao trn? Mt m hnh kh d trnh by di y.
Lu cc im sau lin quan n m hnh gin o ny :
Cc v tr ca cc thanh chng thng ng v thanh
chng nghing theo ng ti trng chy t ti phn
b nh dm n cc phn lc gi ta A v B y
dm.
V tr ca thanh chng nm ngang
o Ti sao cn thanh chng ny?
o Ti sao v tr thanh chng nh m t trong hnh ?
V tr ca thanh ging nm ngang
o Ti sao cn thanh ging ny ?

o Lc chu ko ca thanh ging do ct thp cung cp
Ct thp c neo nh th no ?
By gi xt v d khc hnh di. Nu xoay 90 theo chiu kim ng h, S ny c
th biu din mt phn u dm cng sau (post-tensioned).

Lm th no pht trin mt m hnh gin o cho trng hp c ng sut ko trong vng B
nh hnh trn? Trc ht nh trn, thay th ng sut phn b p bng cc lc tp trung
(trong v d ny l F v B). n nh mt thanh ging chu lc ko B c vng trn
trn. Chn cc thanh chng chu cc lc nn F v B. R rng khng c ti trng ko
phn pha trn dm nh trong hnh. M hnh gin o tng ng nh sau :

Lu cc im sau t hnh trn :
C s dch chuyn khong cch theo hng truyn ca lc F.
Thanh chng cn thit ti im chuyn tip (transition point) k hiu A cung cp
s thay i hng ca lc F.
Lm sao gii c lc trong thanh ging chu ko ti y dm ti im k hiu B ?
C th pht trin nhiu m hnh gin o cho mt trng hp ti n gin. Lm th no
chn c m hnh ti u?
Cc ti trng theo ng truyn vi ln nh nht v bin dng t nht.
V cc thanh ging c th bin dng ln hn cc thanh chng b tng, mt m hnh c
cc thanh ging vi s lng t nht v chiu di ngn nht c v l m hnh tt nht.

Schlaich v cng s xut biu thc n gin sau thc hin nhn xt th hai trn,
=
i
mi i i
Minimum l F
(8-1)
vi F
i
l lc chng hay ging i, l
i
l chiu di phn t i, v
mi
l bin dng trung bnh ca
phn t i.
S tham gia cc thanh chng b tng trong phng trnh trn y n chung c th b qua
v bin dng trong cc thanh chng b tng thng nh hn nhiu so vi bin dng trong
cc thanh ging (
c
<<
s
):
=
i
i i
Minimum l T
(8-2)
vi T
i
l lc ging i, l
i
l chiu di phn t i.
Dng biu thc ny s gip phn bit gia m hnh tt v m hnh xu m t di y:

Hai vng D thng gp nht, vi cc m hnh gin o tng ng, c m t bn di :

Cc bin th ca hai m hnh c bn ny c trnh by trang sau :


Dng cc thng tin trn y, tm cc m hnh gin o kh d (khong 2-3 m hnh v so
snh) cho cc trng hp sau:
Bi tp 1:
Mt lin kt ng trong mt mi ni
khung BTCT :
Xc nh cc vng B v D.
V cc thanh ging chu ko v
cc thanh chng chu nn.

Bi tp 2:
Mt lin kt m trong mt mi ni
khung BTCT :
Xc nh cc vng B v D.

Bi tp 3:
Vai ct vi ti dc trc nh
(vi hai trng hp):
Xc nh cc vng B v D.

a)- b)-

M
M
N
M
M
N
M
M
M
M

Bi tp 4:
Phn u mt dm cng-sau (post-
tensioned beam):
Xc nh cc vng B v D.

Bi tp 5:
Dm cao vi ti tp trung lch tm
t trn mng n hi.
Xc nh cc vng B v D.

Cc v d trn dng minh ha
cch chn mt m hnh gin o cho
mt trng hp ti bit trc.
Nu nhiu trng hp ti th x l
nh th no ?
Thit k cho tng trng hp ti
v phi hp cc m hnh v thp
ging.
Chn mt m hnh m hp l
nht cho tt c trng hp ti
trng m khng l ti u cho
trng hp ti ring l.

max
min
a
d
P

Bi tp 6:
Thit k v b tr ct thp theo phng php Strut-and-Tie cho on dm BTCT chuyn bc
(stepped beam) c cc thng s sau:
Kch thc dm: b = 15 inch, h = 22 inch, d = 20 inch
Mmen un: M = 4 kip.in
Cng vt liu: f
y
= 40 ksi (thp), f
c
= 4 ksi (btng)
Ghi ch: 1 inch = 25,4 mm ; 1 kip.in = 113 kNm ; 1 ksi = 6,9 MPa = 70,3 kG/cm
2

Gi b tr thp: Gi s tnh strut and tie:

A
A
A
A
A-A
h
b
M
M
h
h
h

TRNG NG SUT CA DM CHUYN BC
(Xc nh bng ForcePAD)

a)- Xc lp m hnh tnh ton:

b)- Trng ng sut ko theo ForcePAD:

b)- Trng ng sut nn theo ForcePAD:

Tai Lieu Cao Hoc - Ket Cau Be Tong Cot Thep - Chuong8

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Cao hc: Xy Dng Dn Dng v Cng Nghip Bi ging: Prof.

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