MUC LUC

Trang
M U.....................................................................................................................1
PHN I .TNG QUAN LY THUYT DU NHN VA BI TRN. ....................2
I. TNG QUAN V DU NHN.. ...........................................................................3
I.1. MA SAT VA NGUYN LY BI TRN. ...........................................................3
I.2. VAI TRO CUA DU NHN TRONG HOAT NG CUA NG C. .........6
I.3. NHNG TNH CHT LY - HOA CUA DU NHN BI TRN ...................9
I.4. TNH CHT CAC LOAI DU GC C BAN DUNG TRONG PHI TRN
DU NHN . ................................................................................................12
I.4.1. DU GC CH BIN T DU MO. ...........................................................12
I.4.1.1. Cng ngh san xut du gc. ........................................................................12
I.4.1.2. Thanh phn hydrocacbon cua du gc. ........................................................16
I.4.2. DU GC TNG HP. .................................................................................17
I.4.2.1. Nhom hydrocacbon tng hp. ......................................................................18
I.4.2.2. Nhom cac este hu c...................................................................................18
I.4.2.3. Nhom este phosphat......................................................................................18
I.4.2.4. Nhom polyalkyl glycol. ................................................................................18
I.5. TNH CHT CAC LOAI PHU GIA DUNG TRONG PHI TRN. ...............19
I.5.1. Gii thiu phu gia. ...........................................................................................19
I.5.2. Cac chung loai phu gia. ...................................................................................20
I.6. PHN LOAI DU NHN DUNG CHO NG C T THEO TIU
CHUN QUC T ...........................................................................................24
I.6.1. Phn loai du ng c theo cp cht lng API ..............................................24
I.6.2. Phn loai du nhn ng c theo cp nht SAE. .......................................26
II. CAC CH MAI MON B MT...................................................................28
II.1. GII THIU......................................................................................................28
II.2. MAI MON KT DNH. ....................................................................................28
II.3. MAI MON (LUSURE ABRASIVE)................................................................34
II.4. MAI MON N MON........................................................................................39
II.5. MAI MON DO MOI (LUSURE PAR FATIGUE). .........................................42
II.6. MAI MON PHC HP. ...................................................................................44
II.6.1. n mon tip xuc. ............................................................................................44
II.6.2. Mai mon l trng............................................................................................46
II.7. MAI MON TRONG NG C.......................................................................48
II.7.1. S mai mon trong h thng xupap. ................................................................48
II.7.2. S mai mon trong h thng Piston - xecmng - xylanh .................................48

II.7.3. S n mon . ..............................................................................................49

III. CAC CH BI TRN.................................................................................50
III.1. CH MA SAT KH. ................................................................................50
III.2. CH BI TRN GII HAN....................................................................50
III.3. CH BI TRN LU CHT..................................................................54
III.3.1. Ch hydrodynamique (HD)......................................................................54
III.3.2. Ch thuy ng hoc an hi (EHD). .........................................................56
III.4. CH BI TRN HN HP. ...................................................................56
III.5. NG CONG STRIBECK. .........................................................................56
III.6. LY THUYT TNH TOAN LP PHIM DU. ..............................................58
III.6.1. Cu truc b mt cua cac chi tit. tip xuc .....................................................58
III.6.2. Cac gia thuyt tnh toan lp phim du bi trn.............................................59
IV. NG C XNG VA H THNG BI TRN NG C...........................67
IV.1. C TRNG KY THUT CUA NG C XNG...................................67
IV.1.1. c trng v cu tao cua ng c xng bn th............................................67
IV.1.2. c trng v hoat ng cua ng c xng bn th. ......................................71
IV.2. CU TAO H THNG BI TRN NG C XNG BN TH..............72
IV.2.1. Vai tro cua h thng bi trn ng c. .........................................................72
IV.2.2. Cac kiu h thng bi trn ng c. .............................................................72
IV.3. CAC CHI TIT CN BI TRN. .................................................................82
PHN II. PHI TRN DU NHN 15W- 40. ......................................................84
I. GII THIU..........................................................................................................84
II. CNG OAN TNH TOAN PHI TRN. ........................................................85
II.1. C S CHON DU GC VA PHU GIA........................................................85
II.2. SO SANH TNH KINH T CUA CAC T HP PHI TRN. .....................99
PHN III. CAC PHEP TH DU NHN NG C. .......................................101
I. GII THIU. ......................................................................................................102
II. TM QUAN TRONG CUA CAC PHEP TH NG C TRONG PHONG
TH NGHIM. ...................................................................................................102
III. CAC PHNG PHAP TH NGHIM NG C XNG BN TH CHU
YU HIN NAY. .............................................................................................103
PHN IV. TAC NG MI TRNG. ..............................................................108
I. GII THIU........................................................................................................109
II. PHNG PHAP THC HIN AN TOAN MI TRNG. ...........................110
III. TAI SINH DU NHN. ..................................................................................111
III.1. GII THIU. .................................................................................................111
III.2. BAN CHT CUA TAI SINH DU THAI. ..................................................111
III.3. CAC PHNG PHAP TAI SINH DU THAI. ...........................................112

III.4. S CNG NGH TAI SINH DU THAI. ............................................116

III.5. NHNG HIU BIT KHI S DUNG DU BI TRN. ...........................117
PHU LUC.
KT LUN.

M U.
Cach y 100 nm, thm ch con ngi vn cha co khai nim v du nhn. Tt ca
cac loai may moc luc by gi u c bi trn bng du m ln va sau o dung
du liu. Khi du liu khan him th ngi ta chuyn sang s dung cac loai du
thao mc khac. V du : bi trn coc si may dt ngi ta s dung n du co.
Khi nganh ch bin du mo ra i, san phm chu yu tai cac nha may ch bin du
mo la du hoa, phn con lai la mazut (chim 70 - 90%) khng c s dung va coi
nh bo i. Khi nganh cng nghip du mo phat trin vi s lng cn mazut cang
ngay cang ln, buc con ngi phai nghin cu s dung lai vao muc ch co
li.
Luc u ngi ta ly cn du mo chng ct hoc du mo c pha thm vao du
thao mc hoc m ln vi ty l thp tao ra du bi trn, nhng ch t lu sau
niii ta a bit dung cac san phm du mo ch tao ra du nhn.
Nm 1970 Creem (Nga) tai nha may Xakhanxkid bt u ch c du nhn t
du mo. Nha bac hoc Nga ni ting D.L.Mendeleep la mt trong nhng ngi u
tin chu y n vn dung mazut ch ra du nhn.
Nm 1870 - 1871 Ragorzin a xy dng mt xng th nghim du nhn quy m
nho. Luc u chng tach c 1 - 1.5% du hoa va sau o t cn con lai ch c
du nhn.
Nm 1876 - 1877 Ragorzin xy dng Balakhan nha may ch bin du nhn u
tin trn th gii co cng sut 100000 put/nm. Nha may a san xut c ba loai
du nhn sau :
- Du coc si.
- Du may.
- Du truc cho toa xe mua he va mua ng.
cn con lai trong thap chng ct c dung cho vao cac banh xe thay cho cn
chng ct.
Phat huy kt qua o. Nm 1879 Ragorzin a cho xy dng Conxtantinop nha
may th hai chuyn san xut du nhn xut khu.
Cung vi nganh cng nghip va nganh vn tai ng st phat trin manh me, nhu
cu v du nhn tng ln rt nhanh. Cac nha may san xut du nhn co cht lng
ngay mt cao hn c xy dng lai, m rng va t nn mong cho s thng tin
hung hu cua nganh ch tao du nhn.
Ngay nay vi nhng tin b khoa hoc khng ngng, con ngi a xy dng c
nhng thap chng ct chn khng hin ai thay th cho nhng nha may chng ct
cu ky vi nhng thap chng ct co cng sut thp.

Nhng phng tin tinh ch mi, trn c s s dung t trng va cac dung mi
chon loc khac a c ap dung. Mt s nha may mi cung c s dung
chuyn san xut ra cac cht phu gia du cho vao du nhn.Nhm cai thin va nng
cao cht lng cho cac loai du nhn.Nganh san xut du nhn tng hp a va
ang c phat trin khng ngng.
Hin nay trn th gii co hn 5000 chung loai du nhn, phu thuc vao tng iu
kin mi trng, a ly, diiu kin hoat ng... Cua cac tp oan san xut ln nh
BP, Castrol, Exson, Mobil, Total, Esso... Ho cung ang ap dung nhng thanh tu
mi nht cua khoa hoc ky thut. Da nganh cng nghip du mo hang nm tng
trng khng ngng va san xut du nhn cung khng ngng c nng cao v
cht lng cung nh s lng, sang tao thm nhiu loai du mi trong tng lai.

PHN I
TNG QUAN LY THUYT DU NHN VA BI TRN.
I. TNG QUAN V DU NHN.
I.1 MA SAT VA NGUYN LY BI TRN.
vic tm hiu v ma sat va nguyn ly bi trn la cng vic u tin cn thit trc
khi i vao nghin cu du nhn va cht lng du nhn. Nu nm vng c hai
vn nay th mi co th d dang tip cn va tm hiu anh hng cua du nhn i
vi qua trnh hoat ng cua cac thit b may moc, ng c.
I.1.1 S lc v ma sat.
khi mt vt dch chuyn trn b mt cua mt vt khac th se xut hin mt lc goi
la lc ma sat . Lc o can tr lai chnh chuyn ng cua vt th y.
trong mt s trng hp th lc ma sat cung co ch. V du : Lc ma sat dung trong
cac c phanh, cac truyn ng dy ai...
Trong nhiu trng hp khac th ma sat rt co hai. V du : Chuyn hoa nng lng
t dang nay sang dang khac, c nng bin thanh nhit nng... khc phuc c
hin tng ma sat [phai tiu tn mt phn nng lng kha ln.
Co nhiu dang ma sat :
-Ma sat trt : Khi mt vt rn chuyn ng trt trn mt vt khac. B mt cua
chung tip xuc vi nhau th se sinh ra lc ma sat goi la lc ma sat trt.
- Ma sat ln : khi mt vt hnh cu, hnh tron, hnh tru tron ln trn b mt cua mt
vt khac va hai vt tip xuc vi nhau tai mt im hoc mt ng thng th sinh
ra lc ma sat goi la ma sat ln.
Ma sat trt thng ln gp 10 - 100 ln ma sat ln (trong trng hp ma sat kh).
Nguyn nhn cua ma sat kh :
- Do s lin kt c hoc cua cac ch li (vi nhp nh ) trn b mt vt rn
- Do tac ng tng h gia cac phn t cua cac b mt lam vic tai cac im tip
xuc.
Hin tng ma sat lun keo theo s hao ph cng sut nhm khc phuc ma sat va
lam toa nhit, gy mai mon cac chi tit lam vic. S hao ph cng sut , toa nhit
va mai mon la ba ban ng hanh khng ri nhau va khng ch ring i vi ma sat
kh ma la tt ca cua cac dang ma sat.
Tuy theo iu kin va dang ma sat ma mi mt trong s cac ban ng hanh o co
th rt ln hoc ch cam nhn c ma thi.
Trong khi c gng giam bt hao ph sc khc phuc ma sat, con ngi a ap
dung nhiu bin phap khac nhau. Mt thng li ln cua con ngi la phat hin rng
khi cac b mt lam vic c bi trn bng du th ma sat giam xung rt nhiu,

thm ch ma sat trt cac b mt c bi trn co th nho hn ma sat ln na

(trong mt s iu kin nht nh).
Khi co hai b mt chuyn ng ln nhau c ngn cach bi mt lp du th se
xut hin ma sat t, tc la ma sat trong ban thn lp du gia cac phn t du.
Lng tn tht nng lng trong ma sat t so vi ma sat kh th nho hn rt
nhiu.
Ma sat t so vi ma sat kh co nhiu u im hn nh :
- mai mon cac chi tit giam i rt ro rt.
- Tn tht cng sut chng ma sat giam i.
- Cac chi tit b nong t hn.
- Cac vt ma sat co th chu c tai trong ln hn.
- Nng cao bn va keo dai thi gian hoat ng cua cac chi tit lam vic.
Khi thit k va ch tao may moc, th nhng nha thit k va ch tao se phai c gng
at c mi lp ghep cua cac chi tit co xat ma khi lam vic chung c ngn
cach bi mt lp du sao cho no c ma sat t tt nht.
I.1.2 S lc v nguyn ly bi trn.
Trn thc t, ngi ta co th s dung cac vt liu bi trn dang kh, dang long,
dang na rn, dang rn.
- Cac cht bi trn dang kh (khng kh, cacbonic, heli, cac kh dn xut halogen
cua hydrocacbon va mt s kh hu c khac ) c dung cho cac may moc co tai
trong nho, quay vi tc ln nh may siu ly tm, dung cho may moc hoat ng
nhit cao nh ng c y phan lc, tn la, dung trong nganh cng nghip
thc phm, dt, hoa cht ni ma tt ca moi s nhim bn cn c loai tr.
- Cac cht bi trn dang long c dung nhiu nht trong cac may moc, thit b
chu tai trong ln nh cac loai ng c, tuc bin hi nc, cac banh rng quay
nhanh...Trong trng hp bi trn t s ngn cach cac b mt ma sat c thc
hin bng mt lp mang thuy ng lc mi khi co iu kin cho phep va nh vy
c tnh quan trong nht cua cht bi trn long la nht.
- Cac cht bi trn na rn.
Cac cht bi trn na rn, co th dang deo hay dang huyn phu hoc nhu tng.
Dang cht bi trn deo nh cac cht beo gc ng thc vt, cac cht beo a xa
phong hoa, petroleum, cac san phm tng hp ...Cac loai xa phong kim loai nh
xa phong nhm, canxi, natri, liti, ch ...c dung nhiu trong san xut m nhn
gc du mo. Trong san xut cac may nng, lm, may moc xy dng cn dung
nhiu cac loai m nhn bi trn dang deo, cac cht bi trn na rn nh cac hn

hp huyn phu, nhu tng cua mt s ch phm phn tan vi d th trong nc c

dung nhiu trong gia cng kim loai.
- Cac cht bi trn dang rn.
Cac cht bi trn dang rn c dung nhiu trong cac iu kin c bit nh iu
kin bn ngoai kh quyn trai t, su di long nc, trong pin nguyn t hoc
nhit cao. Cac cht bi trn rn thng la cac kim loai mm nh ch, thic,
ng ... dang tm la rt mong, cac hp cht mui kim loa hoc mui phc nh
cac sulfua, clorua, phosphat, iodua ...
Trong s cac dang vt liu bi trn chim a phn la dang long va k n la dang
deo. Do o y ta ch quan tm xet n nguyn ly bi trn i vi cht long.
Cht long bi trn goi la du nhn hay du bi trn.
Yu cu trc ht la du nhn phai co kha nng chay loang trn b mt kim loai.
Tnh cht phc tap nay thng goi vi nhiu tn nh : Tnh bi trn, kha nng bi
trn, tnh bam dnh... Va ngay nay th chung ta quen s dung no vi khai nim la
tnh cht bi trn.
Du nhn co tnh cht bi trn th d chay loang trn b mt kim loai, i vao
nhng khe h nho va bam chc ln b mt. Ngc lai, nu no khng co tnh cht
o th khng co kha nng chay loang trn b mt lim loai va khng th chay c
vao cac khe nho. Lc lin kt gia cac phn t vi nhau cung la tnh cht cn thit
cua du nhn dung lam cht bi trn.
Lc lin kt gia cac phn t cua du nhn cang ln th lc ma sat gia cac phn t
chuyn ng cua du nhn cacng ln.Lc ma sat trong cua du bi trn, tc la lc
ma sat sinh ra gia cac phn t chuyn ng cua du bi trn goi la nht.
N.P.Petrop a hnh thanh nn mn khoa hoc nghin cu chuyn ng cua du bi
trn goi la thuyt bi trn thuy ng hoc.
Ap dung ly thuyt bi trn thuy ng hoc vao thit k, ch tao va s dung may
moc ngi ta a khng nh c cac yu t c ban sau :
-S lng ma sat cua cac chi tit lam vic phu thuc vao iu kin lam vic chu
yu cua chung.
- b day cua lp phim du am bao bi trn.
- Tac dung lam mat cua du nhn.
- Du co nht phu hp vi tng iu kin lam vic.
thc hin bi trn vi lng hao ph cng sut do ma sat nho nht cn phai
tnh n hang loat yu t : nht cua du, tai trong trn , tc chuyn
ng cua cac chi tiam vic, din tch cac b mt lam vic, khe h gia cac chi tit
lam vic, tnh trang nhit cua ...

Ngay nay, co nhiu phng phap tnh toan bi trn long cho cac chi tit ma sat,
nhng u da trn c s nhng nguyn ly bi trn thuy ng do Petrop a ra.
Trong thc t, nu khng cp n cac tnh toan chung ta cung co th ng dung
nhng nguyn ly c ban rut ra t ly thuyt bi trn thuy ng nh sau :
- Trong trng hp ma sat long, nu nht cua du, tc trt cua cac chi tit
lam vic va b mt tip xuc cua chung tng th lng tn tht do ma sat se tng
ln.
- nht cua du tng ln, tai trong cua cac chi tit lam vic giam th bn bi
trn long se tng ln.
- i vi cac chi tit lam vic co chuyn ng nhanh cn dung du co nht thp
va ngc lai.
- Khe h gia cac chi tit lam vic cang ln th du bi trn cang cn co nht
cao.
- Tai trong trn cac chi tit lam vic cang ln th nht cang cao.
I.2 Vai tro cua du nhn trong hoat ng cua ng c.
Trong qua trnh hoat ng cua ng c, du nhn co sau cng dung nh sau : Bi
trn, chng mai mon, chng n mon kim loai, lam mat va lam sach ng c.Di
y ta se xem xet sau cng dung o.
I.2.1 Du nhn bi trn may.
Trong tt ca cac cng dung cua du nhn th cng dung quan trong nht la bi trn
cac b mt co chuyn trt gia cac chi tit, lam giam ma sat, do o giam tn tht
c gii trong ng c nn lam tng hiu sut co ch cua toan ng c, tc la tng
tnh hiu qua kinh t cho hoat ng cua ng c.
Nguyn nhn cua vic giam ma sat la do khi bi trn se co s thay th ma sat trc
tip gia cac chi tit may bng ma sat ni tai cua mang cht bi trn ngn cach cac
chi tit may. Ma sat ni tai gia cac mang cht long nay lun nho hn rt nhiu so
vi cac dang ma sat khac. V du cac h s ma sat ng hoc gia cac truc thep.
- Ma sat trc tip khng co du bi trn : 0,8 - 1,0.
- Co du ng vt ch bi trn gii han : 0,05 - 0,10.
- Co du nhn ch bi trn thuy ng : 0,001 - 0,01.
- Co du ch bi trn thuy tnh : 0,000001 - 0,001.
I.2.2 Du nhn lam giam mai mon may.
Cng dung bi trn cua u nhn la giam ma sat, khng ch tng hiu sut hu ch
cua ng c ma con tac dung ngn chn ti a s mai mon xay ra cac ni co
nhng chuyn dch tng i gia cac b mt vi tc thp, gia nhng b mt
chu tai cao ... trong nhng trng hp nay mang du bi trn d co kha nng b

pha huy nn yu cu trong du bi trn phai co nhng phu gia chng mai mon.
Khi o iu kin nhit va ap lc cao du vn co kha nng tao thanh trn cac
chi tit kim loai mt mang cht bao v bn vng, chung se trt doc theo nhau ma
khng gy hin tng mai mon cac b mt kim loai.
I.2.3. Du nhn chng n mon kim loai.
Nc la mt nguyn nhn gy nn s g set cua cac chi tit c ch tao t hp
kim co cha st. Mi mt th tch nhin liu t chay trong ng c sinh ra hn
mt th tch nc. Mc du phn ln phn ln lng nc nay th hi va thoat ra
qua ng xa, tuy nhin vn con mt t ng lai trong long xylanh hay lot qua
xecmng va ngng lai trong cacte. Hin tng nay thng xay ra khi thi tit lanh
hay khi ng c cha c si m. Thm vao o cac san phm phu sinh ra do
nhin liu chay cha hoan toan, nhng kh chay co tnh n mon cung lot qua
xecmng ri ngng lai hoc hao tan trong du cacte. Ngoai ra con cac cht axt
c tao thanh do s oxy hoa du, v vy kha nng tao r set va n mon cang tro
nn trm trong. Cac chi tit cn c bao v chng lai s n mon va chng g.
Mang du bi trn phu trn b mt cac chi tit chu ma sat co tac dung chng r set
cho cac may moc trong thi gian hoat ng, nht la nhng b phn m t.
Ngoai ra chung con co tac dung han ch ti a s lan truyn cua cac axt sinh ra
trong qua trnh chay cua cac nhin liu co cha nhiu lu huynh.Tui tho cua ng
c phu thuc mt phn vao kha nng trung hoa cua du may i vi nhng hp
cht co tac dung n mon.
du nhn bao am c chc nng nay phai dung cac loai phu gia mang tnh
kim, co tac dung trung hoa cac axt tao ra khi nhin liu chay.
Thng thng trong qua trnh s dung du nhn, ham lng phu gia nay s giam
dn, khi ty l phu gia thp di ham lng cho phep th du khng con u phm
cht na va phai thay th.
I.2.4 Du nhn lam mat may.
Do ma sat, tai cac b mt lam vic nh Piston - xylanh, truc khuyu - bac lot ... u
phat sinh nhit. Mt khac mt s chi tit nh Piston, voi phun con nhn nhit cua
kh chay truyn n. Do o nhit mt s chi tit rt cao, co th pha hong iu
kin lam vic cua ng c nh gy ra bo ket, giam bn cua cac chi tit, gy kch
n ng c xng, giam h s nap ... Do o nhm giam nhit cua cac chi tit
may cn co h thng lam mat trong qua trnh hoat ng cua ng c.
Trn thc t, h thng nc lam mat ch lam mat c khoang 60% cac chi tit cn
c lam mat. Nc lam mat phn trn cua ng c nh cac nh xylanh, long
xylanh, cac van. Con truc khuyu, cac , truc cam, cac banh rng, piston va

nhiu cum chi tit khac c lam mat bng du may. Du may co nhit thp
cacte, theo h thng bi trn c dn n cac chi tit co nhit cao tai bt
nhit va du cacte lai c lam mat nh b tan nhit khng kh. Du bi trn la
phng tin chnh lam mat piston.
Nhng s liu thc nghim cho thy nhit chay khoang 1090 - 1650 0C. Nhng
phn chnh cua van co nhit khoang 540 - 1095 0C, nhit piston ln ti
5400C. Trong khi o thic va ch c dung ch tao cac chi tit bac co nhit
nong chay thp 232 0C va 327 0C. Du cacte co nhit trong khoang 90 140 0C c a ti hp thu bt nhit tai y, duy tr mt nhit n nh
khoang120 - 135 0C.
Chc nng lam mat nay oi hoi du phai chu nhit cao, co tnh cht n nh,
khng b bin cht do tac dung cua oxy trong khng kh nhit cao. Do o
trong thc t trong du nhn, ngi ta co cho thm mt s phu gia chng oxy hoa.
I.2.5 Du nhn lam kn may.
Ngoai tac dung bi trn may, chng n mon kim loai, lam giam mai mon may,
lam mat may con co tac dung lam kn may.
Thc t b mt cua xecmng, ranh xecmng va thanh xylanh khng bng phng
chnh v th hi t t trong bung t co ap sut cao lot ra ngoai vao cacte ni co
ap sut thp, lam giam cng sut cua ng c.
Du may co chc nng lp vao cac l trng gia b mt xecmng va thanh xylanh
co tac dung lam kn, ngn can ti a khng cho cac loai kh nong trong qua trnh
t chayi qua xecmng cua piston i vao cacte.
I.2.6 Du nhn lam sach may.
Trn b mt chi tit co ma sat, trong qua trnh lam vic thng co vay rn troc ra
khoi b mt. Du bi trn se cun tri cac vy troc, sau o gi lai trong bu loc
cua h thng bi trn, tranh cho b mt chi tit co ma sat b cao xc.
Trong ng c Diesel hay ng c dung xng pha ch, khi nhin liu chay tao ra
mui than hay mui ch, hnh thanh cn bun va cn cng bam trn thanh piston
nhiu gy chay xecmng, lam tc nghen cac b loc, ng dn du bi trn.
Cn bun c tao thanh do s kt hp gia hi nc, bui, san phm xung cp va
nhin liu chay d.
Can cng la san phm la san phm cua qua trnh oxy hoa cac hp cht kem n
nh co trong du tai nhit va ap sut cao. Cac b phnbm, xecmng, piston,
rt d dang ong cn cng.
Cn bun va cn cng u gy tac hai ln cho ng c.

Du nhn vi s co mt cua phu gia ty ra se co tac dung ngn can s tch tu cua
cn bun, cn cng, gi cho b mt cac chi tit lun c sach se va tao iu kin
cho ng c hoat ng tt hn.
Ngoai sau chc nng chnh a k ra trn, du nhn con co mt s chc nng nh:
- Truyn nng lng trong h thng thuy lc hoc.
- Giam xc va giam ting n.
- Cho phep chuyn ng nhng c cu c bi trn tai moi nhit .
- Thu ng vi la, chng sui bot, vi khun, tao, nm ...
I.3TNH CHT CAC LOAI DU GC C BAN DUNG TRONG PHI TRN
DU NHN.
I.3.1 Du gc ch bin t du mo.
Noi chung, mt cach truyn thng phng phap san xut du gc t du mo bao
gm nm qua trnh x ly c ban sau c kt hp vi nhau theo nhiu cach tuy
thuc vao ban cht cua du th, kha nng cua nha may loc du va yu cu v c
trng, tnh cht du gc cn san xut.

S c ban san xut du gc.

Cn chng ct kh
quyn

Chng ct chn khng

Du ct
nhe

Phn
chit

Du ct
trung bnh

Du ct
nng

Tach Asphal
bng propane

Chit bng dung

mi

Du ct
nhe

Du ct
trung bnh

Du ct
nng

Tach sap

Lam sach bng H2

Du gc

Cn
gudron

Du cn

Sap

 Chng ct chn khng.

Gazole (6 - 10%)

Cn RAT (40%)
nhin liu chng ct
kh quyn

75 mm Hg
250/3000 C

Distillat nhe (10 -20%)

Distillat trung bnh (10 -20%)

120 mm Hg
350/3900 C

Distillat nng (10 -20%)

Cn RSV (35 -45%)

S thap chng ct chn khng

Phn cn cua qua trnh chng ct kh quyn c a qua qua trnh chng ct chn
khng, cho phep thu c cac phn oan hydrocarbure co s nguyn t cacbon
tng quat trong khoang C25 - C60.Muc ch cua bc nay la iu chnh nht va
nhit chp chay cua du gc. Du th tt nht cho vic san xut du gc la du
co cha nhiu hydrocarbon naphtene.
Kh asphal phn cn chng ct chn khng.
Do trong gudron co cha nhiu cac cu t khng co li cho du gc (10 - 50% du
rt nng va asphal ), nn nu a trc tip vao trch ly se khng cho phep at cht
lng va hiu qua mong mun. Chnh v th ngi ta tin hanh kh asphal trc.
Trong san xut du nhn, ph bin dung propane long kh cht nha - asphal
trong phn oan cn chng ct chn khng. Asphal c tach bi propane long
di ap sut 36 - 42 at. Propane tan trong du va lam kt tua asphal.
Du + Dung mi
900 C
Propane
Pha loang nguyn liu
bi mt phn dung mi

35 bar

600 C
Nha ng
+ dung mi (ham lng t )

Cac qua trnh trch ly chit tach bng dung mi.

Muc ch cua qua trnh trch ly la chit tach cac cu t khng mong mun cha
trong cac phn oan du nhn ma bng chng ct chn khng khng th loai ra
c. Cac cu t nay thng lam cho du sau mt thi gian bao quan hay s dung
b bin i mau sc, tng nht, xut hin cac hp cht co tnh axt khng tan
trong du, tao thanh cn nha va cn bun trong du. Dung mi c chon phai
thoa man cac yu cu sau :
- Phai co tnh hoa tan chon loc. Tnh cht nay con c goi la chon loc cua
dung mi.
- Phai bn v hoa hoc, khng phan ng vi cac cu t nguyn liu, khng gy n
mon va d s dung.
- Co gia thanh re, d kim.
- Co nhit si khac nhit si khac xa so vi nhit si cua cac cu t cn
tach d dang thu hi dung mi, tit kim c nng lng.
Ba loai dung mi co cc tach phn hydrocarbone thm va cn nha ra khoi cac
phn oan du nhn c s dung ph bin o la Phenol, furfurol va Nmethylpirolydon.
Raffinat + 15% dung mi
900 C
Dung mi

Nguyn liu
700 C
Extrait + 90% dung mi

Qua trnh tach sap.

Sap la mt hn hp ma chu yu la cac parafine phn t ln va mt lng nho cac
hydrocarbon khac co nhit mong chay cac (chung d kt tinh nhit thp)
va kem hoa tan vao du nhn nhit thp. V th chung cn phai tach ra khoi
du nhn.
Co hai loai quy trnh cng ngh x ly tach parafine hin nay ang c s dung
trong cng nghip san xut du nhn.
Y Qua trnh th nht nhn manh vao tac dung cua hn hp dung mi hoa tan du
nhng ng thi kt tua paraphine.

Qua trnh kt tua nay va qua trnh loc tip sau o c thc hin nhit thp va
co chi ph rt ln.
Y Qua trnh th hai la qua trnh xuc tac hydrocraquage co tac dung chuyn hoa,
ng phn hoa cac n - parafine thanh i-parafine tao san phm.
Qua trnh lam sach bng hydro.
qua trnh tinh ch san phm du mo a tach sap la qua trnh cn thit nhm loai bo
cac cht hoat ng v mt hoa hoc, co anh hng ln nn mau cua du gc.
Thng cac hp cht nit co anh hng rt manh n mau sc cung nh mau
cua du gc. V th phai loai bo chung, va o chnh la yu cu cua qua trnh tinh
ch bng hydro.
Nguyn liu tip xuc vi hydro trong iu kin co xuc tac, nhit va ap sut cao.
Thng s dung nhit t 300 - 3700 C va ap sut t 40 - 60 at. Xuc tac thng
dung la Co - Molipden. Vi cng ngh san xut du gc khng ngng c cai tn
nhm tao ra cac san phm co cht lng tt hn, co hiu qua cao hn, kinh t
hn.Mt trong nhng hng cai tin chu yu cng ngh sanc xut du gc la vic
ap dung cac qua trnh x ly bng hydro nh : Hydrocracking, hydroisome hoa ...
Bng cach o co th san xut du gc co cht lng cao, co ch s nht cao,
n nh hoa hoc tt, nhit ng c thp.
I.4.1.1 Thanh phn hydrocarbon cua du gc.
Du gc ch bin t du mo co nhiu chung loai. tuy vy, chung c san xut t
quy trnh pha trn trn c s bn loai nguyn liu la :
- Phn oan du nhe : Si khoang 350 - 4000 C.
- Phn oan du trung bnh : Si trong khoang 400 - 4500 C.
- Phn oan du nng : Si trong khoang 450 - 5000 C.
- Phn oan du cn : Si khoang trn 5000 C.
Thanh phn hoa hoc chu yu cua du gc la hp phn hydrocarbon, bao gm cac
nhom khac nhau va mi nhom co nhng tnh cht khac nhau.
Nhom hydrocarbo naphten - parafine.
y la nhom hydrocarbon chu yu co trong du bi trn, ham lng cua chung co
th ln ti 40 -80% tuy thuc loai du mo.Nhom nay co cu truc chu yu la
hydrocarbon vong naphten, co kt hp vi nhanh alkyl hoc iso-alkyl. S nguyn
t carbon trong phn t co th t 20 - 70 nguyn t carbon. Loai hydrocarbon nay
co tnh bi trn tt, tnh n nh hoa hoc tt, do o chung la thn phn tt cua du
bi trn. Ngoai ra con co cac hydrocarbon dang n - parafine va iso - parafine vi
ham lng khng ln. Loai hydrocarbon nay co tnh n nh tt, tnh bi trn t
thay i theo nhit , nhng nht thp, nhit ng c lai cao.

 Nhom hydrocarbon thm va naphten thm.

Nhom nay bao gm cac hp cht trong day ng ng cua benzen, naphten. i
khi con co ng ng cua phenatren va antraxen.
Mt hp phn na la cac hydrocarbon hn tap, bao gm trong phn t ca vong
thm va naphten. Nhom hydrocarbon nay d b oxy hoa tao ra ca hp cht keo
nha, ng thi co tnh bi trn thay i nhiu theo nhit , do o chung la hp
phn lam giam cht lng du thng phm.
Nhom hydrocarbon rn.
Cac hydrocarbon rn co trong nguyn liu san xut du bi trn, i khi ln ti 40
- 50% tuy thuc ban cht cua du th. S co mt cua nhom hydrocarbon nay lam
tng nhit ng c, giam kha nng s dung du nhit thp, nhng lai lam
tng tnh n nh cua nht theo nhit va tnh n nh chng oxy hoa.
Ngoai nhng thanh phn k trn trong du bi trn con co cac hp cht hu c
cha lu huynh, nit, oxy tn tai dang cac hp cht nha, asphalten. y cung la
nhng hp phn lam giam cht lng cua du bi trn. Chung co mau sm, d b
bin cht, tao cn trong du khi lam vic nhit va ap sut cao.Tuy vy, s co
mt cua chung vi ham lng nho thch hp trong du thng phm la cn thit la
cn thit v lam tng tnh bam dnh cua dau i vi b mt kim loai, giup chng n
mon, mai mon cac chi tit may.Nhn chung, du gc c san xut t du mo co
nhng nhc im sau :
Tnh n nh hoa hoc, tn000n nh nhit khng cao, kha nng lam vic nhng
nhit thp khng tt, khng ap ng oi hoi bi trn trong pham vi nhit
rng...
I.4.2 DU GC TNG HP.
Du gc tng hp co tnh u vit hn la co th lam vic trong phm vi nhit
rng hn, tr v mt hoa hoc, t tiu hao, tit kim nng lng khng gy c hai
Du tng hp ngay cang co nhiu ng dung trong cac lnh vc khac nhau nh dung
lam du nhn ng c, du banh rng, du phanh. Trong nganh hang khng dung
du tng hp bi trn tuc bin kh hoc lam du thuy lc. Trong cng nghip
dung lam du may nen, cht long thuy lc chng chay.
Co bn nhom chu yu cua du tng hp la cac hydrocarbon tng hp, cac este hu
c, cac este phosphat va cac polyglyol.
I.4.2.1 Nhom hydrocarbon tng hp.
Cac hydrocarbon tng hp c san xut nh cac qua trnh polyme hoa cac
olefine, alkyl hoa cac olefine hay cac clo - parafine ...Trn thc t thng dung cac
cht nh polyisobutene, cac olgom cua cac olefine, cac polyalkylbenzen.

V mt cht lng nhom du tng hp nay khng thua kem du ch bin bng
cng ngh hydrocracking va kha nng tip nhn phu gia cua chung kha tt.
I.4.2.2 Nhom cac este hu c.
Cac este hu c dung lam du nhn tng hp bao gm cac este diaxt va este
polyol.
a) Cac este diaxt.
Du tng hp gc este diaxt co nhit ng c rt thp -50 n -600 C, bn
nhit cao va kha nng ty ra tt. Cac este diaxt c iu ch t phan ng cua
diaxt vi ru cha mt nhom chc hydroxyt. Cac axt thng dung la adipic, axt
azelaic, axt sebasic. Cac ru dung la 2- etylhexyl, trimetylhexyl, isodexyl va
tridexyl.
b) Cac este polyol.
c iu ch t polyglycol va monoaxt no. Du tng hp gc este polyol co
nhit ng c -30 n -700 C. Ch s nht t 120 - 160, bn nhit kha
cao.
I.4.2.3 Nhom este phosphat.
c trng chung cua cac este phosphat la tnh chu nhit cao hn nhiu so vi du
khoang va tnh bi trn cung tt hn, tranh c s ben la thng xay ra i vi
nhng du khoang thng thng. Du nay co nhit ng c t -50 C n -200
C.
I.4.2.4 Nhom polyalkyl glycol.
La nhng hp cht polyme c tng hp trn c s cac monome. Cac polyalkyl
glycol co hai loai : Tan va khng tan trong nc.
a) Polyalkyl glycol tan trong nc c dung lam du phanh thuy lc, lam cht
long thuy lcchu la trong gia cng ct got kim loai, trong ch bin cao su
tng hp...
b) Polyalkyl glycol khng tan trong nc dung pha ch cac loai du thuy lc cng
nghip, du bi trn cac may nen lanh kiu truc vt...
Nhom polyalkyl glycol la nhom cht bi trn tuyt vi, chung s dung tt
nhit mi trng thp nhng ng thi cung am bao bi trn tt nhit
rt cao.
I.5 TNH CHT C BAN CUA CAC LOAI PHU GIA DUNG TRONG PHI
TRN DU NHN.
Phu gia la nhng hp cht hu c, c kim, v c thm ch cac nguyn t hoa hoc
c pha vao san phm du m vi nng thng thng 0.01- 5% khi

lng.Trong vai trng hp, mt s phu gia dao ng t vai phn triu n trn
10%.
Co th s dung tng phu gia ring bit, cung co th dung hn hp mt s phu gia
c pha trn thanh phu gia ong goi sau o se c a tip vao du.
Mt s phu gia co tac dung nng cao nhng phm cht a co sn cua du, mt s
khac tao cho du co nhng phm cht mi cn thit. Cac loai phu gia khac nhau co
th h tr ln nhau tao ra hiu ng tng h, nhng cung co nhng phu gia co hiu
ng i khang nhau ngha la lam giam tac dung cua nhau, tng tac vi nhau tao
ra nhng san phm khng tan hoc anh hng xu ti phm cht cua du.
Hin trn th trng co nhiu nhan hiu phu gia khac nhau, gm nhng nhom
chnh sau :
Phu gia chng oxy hoa, phu gia tngch s nht, phu gia ha im ng, phu gia
ty ra, phu gia chng tao bot, phu gia kh nhu.
I.5.1 Phu gia tng ch s nht.
Phu gia nay tan c trong du, chung la cac polyme co tac dung lam tng nht
cua du.c bit chung co th lam tng rt t nht cua du nhit thp,
nhng nhit cao lai lam tng nht cua du mt cach ang k.
Nguyn nhn cua c tnh trn la do nhit thp cac phn t polyme dang
xon lai chung lam nht cua du tng rt t. Ngc lai nhit cao cac phn
t polyme dang dui ra va lam tng ang k nht cua du.
Cac phu gia nay c chia lam hai nhom, nhom hydrocarbon va nhom este.
- Nhom hydrocarbon co cac loai : Copolyme etylen - propylen, polyisobutylen,
copolyme styren - isopren.
- Nhom este co cac loai :Polymetacrylat, polyacrylat va cac copolyme cua este
styrenmaleic.
I.5.2 Phu gia ha nhit ng c.
Du khoang co th cha sap parafine. Khi cht bi trn b lam lanh, sap se kt tinh
thanh cac tinh th co cu truc kiu li mt cao va ngn can s chay cua du. Cac
cht ha im ng la cac phu gia ha thp nhit ng c cua du bi trn do
lam chm qua trnh tao thanh cac tinh th co kch thc ln cua parafine rn nh
chung bao boc xung quanh hoc cung kt tinh vi parafine. Do o ch tao thanh
cac tinh th nho thay v cac tinh th ln dang cac am vn xp hnh thanh khi
khng co cac phu gia ha im ng. S bin i hnh dang parafine rn nh vy
lam giam kha nng cac tinh th chng cheo, an cai vao nhau can tr dong chay
cua du, nh th du vn lu chuyn tt khng b ng cng lai.

Phn ln cac phu gia ha nhit ng c co cha cac san phm polyne hoa va
ngng tu. Trong s chung co mt s loai ng thi la phu gia cai thin nht.
Nhng phu gia loai nay thng c dung la :
- Polyacrylat va polymetacrylat t C12 n C24.
- Cac polyme alphaolefine va cac copolyme.
I.5.3 Phu gia chng tao bot.
S tao bot anh hng xu ti tnh cht bi trn cua du va lam tng s oxy hoa cua
chung do khng kh trn manh vao du. Trong thc t, s tao bot cua du la mt
vn ht sc lo ngai. Khi tao bot lam cho du b tht thoat nhiu, ngn can s lu
thng tun hoan cua du, gy nn hin tng bi trn khng y u, lam tng thi
gian phan hi cua h thng thuy lc. Kha nng han ch s tao bot cua du khac
nhau ro rt va phu thuc vao ban cht cua du th, ban cht phng phap ch bin
va nht cua du. han ch s tao bot co th s dung phu gia chng tao bot
Silicon long, c bit la polymetyl siloxan :
CH3
( Si O)n
CH3
La cht chng tao bot hiu qua nht vi nng pha ch t1-20 ppm. Thng
thng nng cht pha ch chng tao bot la 3-5 ppm i vi du ng c va 1520 ppm i vi du truyn ng t. Ngoai ra nhng cht nh polymetacrylat,
etanolamin, naphtalen alkyl hoa ... cung la nhng phu gia chng tao bot thch hp
cho du.
I.5.4 Phu gia kh nhu va tao nhu.

PHN II. PHI TRN DU NHN.

I.Gii thiu.
Phi trn la khu cui cung cua qua trnh san xut du nhn. Du gc sau khi san xut ra
t du khoang, t du tng hp hoc t du tai sinh khng ap ng c nhng yu cu s
dung. Do o ngi ta b sung vao cac phu gia vi nng thch hp sao cho hiu qua s
dung va hiu qua kinh t cao nht.
Vic phi trn c thc hin trong cac thit b khuy trn co canh khuy, co gia nhit .
Du sau khi c phi trn co cht lng ap ng yu cu c ong goi va cung cp cho
th trng.
II.Tin hanh tnh toan phi trn.
Du nhn a cp 15W - 40 phai phu hp vi nhng rang buc theo cp A3- 98 theo
tiu chun ACEA.Gii han nht iu kin lanh c xac nh theo SAE J 300 tai 150 C la 3500 (mPa.s). Do o ta co nht ng hoc cua du 15W - 40 -150 C la 4000
mm2/s.
a) Chon du gc :
- hydrocracking cua cac hang BP va TOTAL V ly do :
Du gc thu c co ch s nht cao nhn chung t trong khoang t 120
130, co bay hi thap hn hai ln so vi du gc khoang, n nh nhit cao. Du
gc hydrocracking thu c co cht lng cao, co gia thanh thp t nguyn liu co gia
thanh thp. Du gc khoang hydrocracking chu yu dung phi trn vi du tng
hp hoc du gc khoang tao ra du ng c co cp nht theo SAE la 15W-xx,
5W-xx, 10W-xx.
- Du tng hp PAO. V ly do :
Hp cht nay la loai du gc co nht thp thch hp cho vic pha ch cac
loai du nhn ng c co nht thp.No co th c xem la mt du gc
khoang c bit co tnh cht sanh ngang vi thanh phn tt nht tm thy trong
du nhn gc du mo. Chung co pham vi hoat ng rng t -540 C3150 C, bn
oxy hoa nhit 2000 C.
Mt s u im cua du tng hp (PAO) so vi du gc khoang c cho
bang sau :
Bang 1 : Nhng u dim cua du tng hp so vi du gc khoang :
u im ky thut.
bn oxy hoa cao
c trng nhit nht thp
bay hi thp

u im ng dung.
Nhit lam vic cao hn
Khoang nhit lam vic rng.
Giam thiu tiu hao du.

Ha im ng c
Lam vic c nhit thp hn
Kha nng bi trn tt hn Tit kim c nng lng
Khng c hai
Khng gy c hai khi tip xuc vi thc phm
b) Chon goi phu gia a nng dung cho du bi trn cp theo API-ASTM-SAE i vi
ng c xng (SAE J183 01.08.1997) SH.
Vic la chon va s dung phu gia cung lin quan n du gc s dung pha ch. Co th noi
du gc anh hng ln phu gia qua hai kha nng :
Y Tnh tng hp : Du gc mang tnh axit, baze, trung tnh tuy thuc vao qua trnh
tach loai, x ly. Phu gia s dung cung mang tnh axit, baze, trung tnh ... Cho nn chung
anh hng trc tip n du thanh phm.
Y Tnh hoa tan : Du gc co th hoa tan rt tt hoc qua xu vi cac phu gia a
vao. Tuy nhin s hoa tan mc thch hp se hiu qua hn. Bi v nu tnh hoa tan qua
tt sez gy anh hng n kha nng bam dnh cua phu gia ln b mt kim loai. Nu tnh
qua xu th s ng nht kho xay ra lam anh hng n kha nng hoa tan cua phu gia
trong du.
Goi phu gia a nng co cha nhng loai phu gia sau :
- Phu gia phn tan khng tro.
- Phu gia ty ra c kim.
- Phu gia chng oxy hoa.
- Phu gia chng mai mon.
Vic la chon phu gia ong goi cho vao du bi trn ng c xng chu yu da vao ham
lng tro sulphat, va tr s kim tng. Theo tiu chun ACEA A3- 98, ham lng tro
sulphat co trong du nhn ng c xng < 1,5 % khi lng.
Ta co cac nhan hiu phu gia sau :
Y Lubrizol 4980 N.
Co cac c tnh hoa hoc sau :
Min % khi lng
Max % khi lng
Ca
2.05
2.5
P
0.75
0.92
S
3.2
Zn
0.83
1.02
N
0.60
0.72
Tnh ham lng cn sulphat.
Da vao ham lng kim loai Ca, Zn co trong phu gia, ta xac nh c ham lng tro
sulphat theo cach sau :

MCaso 4
MZnso 4
+ % Zn.
MCa
MZn
136
161
%Cn sulphat = 2,5.
+ 1,02.
= 11.026 %.
40
65

% Cn sulphat = %Ca.

Ham lng phu gia Lubrizol 4980 N khi cho vao du gc hydrocracking la 13% (do nha
san xut quy nh ). Khi o ham lng cn sulphat trong du bi trn do phu gia ong goi
mang lai la 11,026.13/100 = 1,43 % < 1,5 % thoa man yu cu t ra cua ACEA A3 - 98.
Tnh ch s kim BN.
- Tnh ch s kim cua phu gia.
[KOH] = 2.([Ca]+[Zn]).
%mCa.MKOH 1000
%mZn.MKOH 1000
.
+ 2.
.
MCa
100
MZn
100
2,5.56 1000
1,02.56 1000
.
+ 2.
.
= 87,69 (mgKOH/g)
BN(Lubrizol4980 N) = 2.
40 100
65
100
BN = 2.

-Tnh ch s BN cua du nhn khi co phu gia Lubrizol 4980.

BN(du nhn) = 87,69.13/100 = 11.4 (mgKOH/g)
Y Lubrizol 4981.
Co cac c tnh hoa hoc sau :
Min % khi lng
Max % khi lng
Ca
2,19
2,68
P
0,7
0,85
S
3.2
Zn
0,77
0,94
N
0,55
0,67
Tnh ham lng cn sulphat.
Da vao ham lng kim loai Ca, Zn co trong phu gia, ta xac nh c ham lng tro
sulphat theo cach sau :
MCaso 4
MZnso 4
+ % Zn.
MCa
MZn
136
161
+ 0,94.
= 11,44 %.
%Cn sulphat = 2,68.
40
65

% Cn sulphat = %Ca.

Ham lng phu gia Lubrizol 4981 N khi cho vao du gc hydrocracking la 13% (do nha
san xut quy nh ). Khi o ham lng cn sulphat trong du bi trn do phu gia ong goi
mang lai la 11,44.13/100 = 1,487 % > 1.43% (cua Lubrizol4980 N).
Tnh ch s kim BN.
- Tnh ch s kim cua phu gia.
[KOH] = 2.([Ca]+[Zn]).

%mCa.MKOH 1000
%mZn.MKOH 1000
+ 2.
.
.
MCa
100
MZn
100
2,68.56 1000
0,94.56 1000
.
+ 2.
.
= 53.72 (mgKOH/g)
BN(Lubrizol) = 2.
40
100
65
100

BN = 2.

-Tnh ch s BN cua du nhn khi co phu gia Lubrizol 4981.

BN(du nhn) = 53.72.13/100 = 7.614 (mgKOH/g)
Phu gia nay khng cht lng bng Lubrizol4980 N nn khng s dung.
Y Phu gia OLOA 8810.
Co nhng c tnh hoa hoc sau :
Ca (%m)
3,93
P (%m)
1,1
Zn (%m)
1,2
N (%m)
0,82
% Cn sulphat (%m)
14,9
BN (mgKOH/g)
117
% Cn sulphat cua du khi co phu gia OLOA 8810 = 14,9.10,1/100 =1,5049 > 1,5
khng thoa man tiu chun ACEA A3 - 98 nn khng s dung.
Vy ta chon phu gia co nhan hiu Lubrizol 4980 N, vi ham lng s dung khi pha vao
trong du gc hydrocracking la 13% theo yu cu cua nha san xut.
Ta xem rng khi cho goi phu gia Lubrizol 4980 N vao du gc th se lam tng nht
ng lc cua du gc - 250 C la 100 mPa.s va lam tng nht ng hoc 1000 C la 1.5
mm2/s.
c) Chon phu gia ha im chay.
Chon nhan hiu Viscoplex 1 - 256 cua RohMax :
y la cht ha im chay a nng c ng dung trong cac loai du bi trn cho du ng
c, du thuy lc, du banh rng cha nhiu Polymetacrylat. Ty l phu gia a vao trong
khoang 0,1 - 0.3%. Ta chon ham lng s dung la 0.2%.
d) Chon phu gia chng tao bot.
Chon nhan hiu Dow corning 200 vi ham lng t 10 - 50 ppm. Chon ham lng
khoang 30 ppm. Loai nay c s dung do nhng c tnh sau : n nh nhit, nga m,
cach in rt tt, sc cng b mt thp, khng c.
e) Chon phu gia cai thin nht.
Ta co th s dung phu gia cai thin nht nhan hiu Shellvis 201 v co nhng c tnh
sau :

Shellvis 201 la cht cai thin ch s nht v nguyn tc c thit k cho vic s dung
phi trn du a cp vi nhng yu cu nghim ngt nht cua du carte, du ng c
diesel va du nhn cho ng c xng, cung co th dung phi trn du banh rng, du
thuy lc...
Shellvis 201 co th hoa trn c vi du tng hp nh nhng PAO va mt vai hn hp
cua PAO va este.
Shellvis 201 co PSSI ( n nh bin dang vnh cu ) khoang 25%.
Ngoai ra Shellvis 201 co n nh nht rt tt, cho phep khi ng d iu kin
lanh, mt mat do bay hi va tiu hao t, co kha nng chng tao cn tt trong ng c xng
va ng c diesel.
ap dung c gian Shellvis 201 th nht cua du gc + goi phu gia a nng phai
nm trong khoang t 7.08 8.6 mm2/s. Hay nht trong trng hp ch co du gc duy
nht nm trong khoang 5.58 7.1 mm2/s.
Kt hp rang buc nay vi rang buc v bay hi Noack cua hn hp cua du gc, phu
gia ( bay hi cua du thanh phm) <13%. Ta tnh c thanh phn cua mi loai du gc
trong hn hp da vao solver. Vi mt hn hp du gc gm t hai n ba du co khi
lng ring gn bng nhau, v rng khi lng ring gn ging nhau th kha nng tan ln
vao nhau cang cao. T o ta co cac t hp cac du gc nh sau :
Y T hp du BPHC6 va Total.
Cac tnh cht ly hoc c cho trn bang sau :
BPHC6
Total
20
829
827
20
32.1
25.7
100
5.89
5.1
%VNoack
8.9
12
Ch s nht VI
129
130
Trn solver ta co c kt qua thu c trong bang sau.
Adjustable Cells
Cell Nam Original
e
Value
$C$ x
0.7
3
$D$ y
0.3
3
Constraints
Cell Name
$F$6 c

Final
Value
0.7
0.3

Cell Value
Formula
Status
5.640943621 $F$6>=5.58 Not

Slack
0.060943621

$F$6 c

5.640943621 $F$6<=7.1

$E$9 vhh

9.83

$E$9<=13

Binding
Not
Binding
Not
Binding

1.459056379
3.17

Theo bang kt qua trn ta c : %VBPHC6= 70%

%VTotal = 30%
hh =5.64 mm2/s.
%VNOACK = 9.83.
V khi lng ring cua hai du gc gn ging nhau, nn ta co th coi :
%m BPHC6 =70%.
%m Total = 30%.
Vi n nh bin dang PSSI = 25% va theo SAE J300 ta co C: nht cua du thanh
phm 15W-40 1000 C sau khi a qua th nghim CEC-L-14-A-93 la 13.15mm2/s va 0 la
nht ng hoc cua du gc khi a a thm phu gia a nng. Ta tnh c nht cua
du thanh phm i :
i =

i =

C ( 0 .PSSI )
1 PSSI

13.15 (7.14 * 0.25)

= 15.15 mm2.
1 0.25

Trn gian Shellvis 201 blending, ta co % phu gia Shellvis 201 a vao du gc + phu
gia a nng nhm nng nht t 7.14 15.15 mm2/s la 7.64 %.
Tnh thanh phn cua mi du gc trong du thanh phm.
Xet trong 100g du thanh phm . Ta co 13g phu gia a nng, 7.64 g phu gia cai thin ch
s nht, 0.2 g phu gia ha im chay.Vy ta co khi lng cua du gc trong du thanh
phm la : 79.16 g
%mBPHC6 =
%mTotal =

0.7 * 79.16
* 100% = 55.4%
100

0.3 * 79.16
* 100% = 23.75%
100

 Kim tra lai bay hi Noack :

Ta coi cac loai phu gia co bay hi khng ang k , khi o ta co bay hi cua hn hp
la:
%Vhh = 0.554 * 8.9 + 0.2375 * 12 = 7.78 < 13 nn thoa man yu cu.
Tnh ch s nht VI cua du thanh phm.
Trn gian GROFF, ch s nht c xac nh la giao im cua ng thng c
trng cua du thanh phm ng vi nht CCS la 3500 (mPa.s) -150 C c xac nh
theo ASTM D5293 hay tng ng vi 4000mm2/s -150 C, va ng thngng vi
nht 1000 C cua du thanh phm.Trn gian ta xac nh c VI = 153.
Y Xet trng hp khi cho PAO8 vao hn hp cua BPHC6+Total.
Ta co cac tnh cht vt ly cua du gc PAO8 c cho trong bang sau :

PAO8
20

832

40

45.8

100

7.8

Ch s nht VI

153

%VNoack

3.5

Trn solver ta tnh c thanh phn cua PAO8 va cua hn hp BPHC6 + Total c cho
trn bang sau
Adjustable Cells
Cell
Name
$C$3 x
$D$3 y
Constraints
Cell
Name Cell Value
$F$6 c
7.077012343

Original Value
0.5
0.5

Final Value
0.7
0.3

Formula
Status Slack
$F$6>=5.58 Not
1.497012343

$F$6

7.077012343 $F$6<=7.1

$E$9

vhh

5.399

$E$9<=13

Binding
Not
0.022987657
Binding
Not
7.601
Binding

Theo bang kt qua trn ta c : %VPAO8 = 70%

%V(BPHC6+Total) = 30%
hh = 7.077mm2/s.
%VNOACK = 5.4%
V khi lng ring cua hai du gc gn ging nhau, nn ta co th coi :
%m PAO = 70%.
%m(BPHC6+Total) = 30%.
Vi n nh bin dang PSSI = 25% va theo SAE J300 ta co C: nht cua du thanh
phm 15W-40 1000 C sau khi a qua th nghim CEC-L-14-A-93 la 13.15mm2/s va 0 la
nht ng hoc cua du gc khi a a thm phu gia a nng(0= 8.577mm2/s). Ta tnh
c nht cua du thanh phm i :
i =

i =

C ( 0 .PSSI )
1 PSSI

13.15 (8.577 * 0.25)

= 14.67 mm2.
1 0.25

Trn gian Shellvis 201 blending, ta co % phu gia Shellvis 201 a vao du gc + phu
gia a nng nhm nng nht t 8.577 14.67 mm2/s la 6.2 %.
Tnh thanh phn cua mi du gc trong du thanh phm.
Xet trong 100g du thanh phm . Ta co 13g phu gia a nng, 6.2 g phu gia cai thin ch s
nht, 0.2 gphu gia ha im chay.Vy ta co khi lng cua du gc trong du thanh
phm la : 80.6 g
%mPAO8 =

0.7 * 80.6
* 100% = 56.42%
100

%m(BPHC6+Total) =

0.3 * 80.6
* 100% = 24.18%
100

 Kim tra lai bay hi Noack :

Ta coi cac loai phu gia co bay hi khng ang k , khi o ta co bay hi cua hn hp
la:
%Vhh = 0.5642 * 3.5 + 0.169 * 8.9 + 0.0725 * 12 = 4.35 < 13 nn thoa man yu cu.
Tnh ch s nht VI cua du thanh phm.
Cung tin hanh xac nh trn gian GROFF ng vi -15= 4000mm2/s,100= 14.67mm2/s.
Ta xac nh c VI = 149.
Y Xet s phi trn gia BPHC6 va PAO8.
Cac c trng ly hoc cua hai du gc c cho nh trong bang sau :
BPHC6
PAO8
20
829
832
20
32.1
45.8
100
5.89
7.8
%VNoack
8.9
3.5
Ch s nht VI
129
153
Trn solver ta tnh c thanh phn cua PAO8 va cua BPHC6 c cho trn bang sau :
Adjustable Cells
Cell
Name
$C$3
x
$D$3
y
Constraints
Cell Name Cell Value
$F$6 c
7.069713997

Original Value Final Value

0.7
0.65
0.3
0.35
Formula
$F$6>=5.58

$F$6 c

7.069713997 $F$6<=7.1

$E$9 vhh

5.39

$E$9<=13

Status
Not
Binding
Not
Binding
Not
Binding

Slack
1.489713997
0.030286003
7.61

Theo bang kt qua trn ta c : %VPAO8 = 65%

%VBPHC6 = 35%
hh = 7.069mm2/s.
%VNOACK = 5.4%
V khi lng ring cua hai du gc gn ging nhau, nn ta co th coi :

%m PAO8 = 65%.
%mBPHC6 = 35%.
Vi n nh bin dang PSSI = 25% va theo SAE J300 ta co C: nht cua du thanh
phm 15W-40 1000 C sau khi a qua th nghim CEC-L-14-A-93 la 13.15mm2/s va 0 la
nht ng hoc cua du gc khi a a thm phu gia a nng (0= 8.569mm2/s). Ta tnh
c nht cua du thanh phm i :
i =

i =

C ( 0 .PSSI )
1 PSSI

13.15 (8.569 * 0.25)

= 14.677 mm2.
1 0.25

Trn gian Shellvis 201 blending, ta co % phu gia Shellvis 201 a vao du gc + phu
gia a nng nhm nng nht t 8.569 14.677 mm2/s la 6.143 %.
Tnh thanh phn cua mi du gc trong du thanh phm.
Xet trong 100g du thanh phm . Ta co 13g phu gia a nng, 6.143g phu gia cai thin ch
s nht, 0.2 gphu gia ha im chay.Vy ta co khi lng cua du gc trong du thanh
phm la : 80.657 g
%mPAO8 =

0.65 * 80.657
* 100% = 52.427%
100

%mBPHC6 =

0.35 * 80.657
* 100% = 28.23%
100

Kim tra lai bay hi Noack :

Ta coi cac loai phu gia co bay hi khng ang k , khi o ta co bay hi cua hn hp
la:
%Vhh = 0.65 * 3.5 + 0.35 * 8.9 = 5.39 < 13 nn thoa man yu cu.
Tnh ch s nht VI cua du thanh phm.

Cung tin hanh xac nh trn gian GROFF ng vi -15= 4000mm2/s,100= 14.67mm2/s.
Ta xac nh c VI = 149
Y Xet s phi trn gia Total NHC5 va PAO8.
Cac c trng ly hoc cua hai du gc c cho nh trong bang sau :
Total NHC5
PAO8
20
833
832
20
22
45.8
100
4.6
7.8
%VNoack
12
3.5
Ch s nht VI
127
153
Trn solver ta tnh c thanh phn cua PAO8 va cua Total NHC5 c cho trn bang sau
Adjustable Cells
Cell
Name
$C$3
x
$D$3
y
Constraints
Cell
Name
$F$6 c

Original Value Final Value

0.65
0.8
0.35
0.2

Cell Value
Formula
7.018224373 $F$6>=5.58

$F$6

7.018224373 $F$6<=7.1

$E$9

vhh

5.2

$E$9<=13

Status
Not
Binding
Not
Binding
Not
Binding

Slack
1.438224373
0.081775627
7.8

Theo bang kt qua trn ta c : %VPAO8 =80%

%VTotalNHC5 = 20%
hh = 7.018mm2/s.
%VNOACK = 5.2%
V khi lng ring cua hai du gc gn ging nhau, nn ta co th coi :
%m PAO8 = 80%.
%mTotalNHC5 = 20%.
Vi n nh bin dang PSSI = 25% va theo SAE J300 ta co C: nht cua du thanh
phm 15W-40 1000 C sau khi a qua th nghim CEC-L-14-A-93 la 13.15mm2/s va 0 la

 nht ng hoc cua du gc khi a a thm phu gia a nng (0= 8.518mm2/s). Ta tnh
c nht cua du thanh phm i :
i =

i =

C ( 0 .PSSI )
1 PSSI

13.15 (8.518 * 0.25)

= 14.69 mm2.
1 0.25

Trn gian Shellvis 201 blending, ta co % phu gia Shellvis 201 a vao du gc + phu
gia a nng nhm nng nht t 8.518 14.69 mm2/s la 6.2 %.
Tnh thanh phn cua mi du gc trong du thanh phm.
Xet trong 100g du thanh phm . Ta co 13g phu gia a nng, 6.2g phu gia cai thin ch s
nht, 0.2 gphu gia ha im chay.Vy ta co khi lng cua du gc trong du thanh
phm la : 80.6 g
%mPAO8 =

0.80 * 80.6
* 100% = 64.48%
100

%mTotalNHC5 =

0.20 * 80.6
* 100% = 16.12%
100

Kim tra lai bay hi Noack :

Ta coi cac loai phu gia co bay hi khng ang k , khi o ta co bay hi cua hn hp
la:
%Vhh = 0.80 * 3.5 + 0.2 * 12 = 5.2 < 13 nn thoa man yu cu.
Tnh ch s nht VI cua du thanh phm.
Cung tin hanh xac nh trn gian GROFF ng vi -15= 4000mm2/s,100= 14.69mm2/s.
Ta xac nh c VI = 144.
III.3 So sanh tnh kinh t cua cac t hp phi trn.
Ta co bang so sanh gia thanh tng i cua cac du gc nh sau :

Du gc

Ty l gia thanh tng i.

Du gc khoang c in

Du gc khoang hydroraffinees

Du gc khoang hydrocraquees

2.5 3.5

Du gc khoang hydroisomerisees

45

PIO hydrogenes

3.54.5

PAO hydrogenes

46

Esters

515

V thanh phn cac phu gia trong cac t hp du gc la nh nhau. Nn ta ch xet n s

chnh lch gia thanh cua du gc trong cac t hp.
Ta co bang tom tt thanh phn cua cac du gc trong mi t hp,% bay hi Noack, ch
s nht VI nh sau :
T hp du gc

%Khi lng

%VNoack cua hn hp

Ch s nht VI

BPHC6

55.4

7.78

153

TOTAL

23.75

PAO8

56.42

4.35

149

BPHC6+TOTAL

24.18

PAO8

52.427

5.39

149

BPHC6

28.23

PAO8

64.48

5.2

144

TOTAL NHC5

16.12

Nu xet v li nhun th ta chon t hp cua hai du gc khoang BPHC6 VA TOTAL,

ng thi co ch s nht cao nht (kha nng thay i nht theo nhit thp nht).
Con xet v cht lng th ta nn chon t hp (BPHC6+TOTAL) va PAO8 co % bay hi
Noack la thp nht (4.35), ng thi co ch s nht kha cao (149).

Bang 5: Gia tr cua L, D va H phu thuc vao nht ng hoc

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7

D = (L-H)

231.9
235.0
238.1
241.2
244.3
247.4
250.6
253.8
257.0
260.1
263.3
266.6
269.8
273.0
276.3
279.6
283.0
286.4
289.7
293.0
296.5
300.0
303.4
306.9
310.3
313.9
317.5
321.1

110.4
112.1
113.8
115.6
117.3
119.0
120.8
122.6
124.4
126.2
128.0
129.8
131.6
133.5
135.3
137.2
139.1
141.1
142.9
144.8
146.8
148.8
150.8
152.8
154.8
156.9
158.9
161.0

121.5
122.9
124.2
125.6
127.0
128.4
129.8
131.2
132.6
134.0
135.4
136.8
138.2
139.6
141.0
142.4
143.9
145.3
146.8
148.2
149.7
151.2
152.6
154.1
155.6
157.0
158.6
160.1

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
20.0
20.2
20.2
20.4
20.6
20.8
21.0
21.2
21.4
21.6
21.8
22.0
22.2
22.4

D = (L-H)

429.0
433.2
437.3
441.5
445.7
449.9
454.2
458.4
462.7
467.0
471.3
475.7
479.9
483.9
488.6
493.2
501.5
510.8
519.9
528.8
538.4
547.5
556.7
566.4
575.6
585.2
595.0
604.3

224.7
227.2
229.7
232.3
234.7
237.3
239.8
242.3
245.0
247.6
250.2
252.9
255.2
257.8
260.9
263.7
268.5
274.4
279.8
285.3
291.3
296.8
302.6
308.6
314.1
320.2
326.4
332.0

204.3
205.9
207.6
209.3
211.0
212.7
214.4
216.1
217.7
219.4
221.1
222.8
224.5
226.2
227.7
229.5
233.0
236.4
240.1
243.5
247.1
250.7
254.2
257.8
261.5
264.9
268.6
272.3

Bang 5: Gia tr cua L, D va H phu thuc vao nht ng hoc (tt)

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
15.8
15.9
16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

D = (L-H)

324.6
328.3
331.9
335.5
339.2
342.9
346.6
350.3
354.1
358.0
361.7
365.6
369.4
373.3
377.1
381.0
384.9
388.9
392.7
396.7
400.7
404.6
408.6
412.6
416.7
420.7
424.9

163.0
165.2
167.3
169.4
171.5
173.7
175.8
178.1
180.3
182.5
189.7
187.0
189.2
191.5
193.8
196.1
198.4
200.8
203.0
205.3
207.7
210.0
212.4
214.8
217.3
219.7
222.2

161.6
163.1
164.1
166.1
167.7
169.2
170.7
172.3
173.8
175.4
177.0
178.6
180.2
181.7
183.3
184.9
186.5
188.1
189.7
191.3
192.9
194.6
196.2
197.8
199.4
201.0
202.6

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
22.6
22.8
23.0
23.2
23.4
23.6
23.8
24.0
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.8
25.0
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26.0
26.2
26.4
26.6
26.8
27.0
27.2
27.4
27.6
27.8

D = (L-H)

614.2
624.1
633.6
643.4
653.8
663.3
673.7
683.9
694.5
704.2
714.9
725.7
736.5
747.2
758.2
769.3
779.7
790.4
801.6
812.8
824.1
835.5
847.0
857.5
869.0
880.6
892.3

338.4
344.5
350.3
356.6
363.3
369.0
375.7
382.1
388.9
394.8
401.9
408.8
415.6
422.4
429.5
436.6
443.0
449.8
457.2
464.4
471.8
479.1
486.6
492.9
500.6
508.3
515.9

275.8
279.6
283.3
286.8
290.5
294.4
297.9
301.8
305.6
309.4
313.0
317.0
320.9
324.9
328.8
332.7
336.7
340.5
344.4
348.4
352.3
356.4
360.5
364.6
368.3
372.3
376.4

Bang 6: Gia tr cua L, D va H phu thuc vao nht ng hoc

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
28.0
28.2
28.4
28.6
28.8
29.0
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.8
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5
35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0

D = (L-H)

904.1
915.8
927.6
938.6
951.2
963.4
975.4
987.1
998.9
1011
1023
1055
1086
1119
1151
1184
1217
1251
1286
1321
1356
1391
1427
1464
1501

523.5
531.2
538.8
545.7
554.5
562.3
570.1
577.6
585.3
593.4
601.6
622.3
643.2
664.5
686.0
708.0
730.2
752.8
776.8
799.9
823.4
847.2
871.2
896.5
921.8

380.6
384.6
388.8
393.0
396.6
401.1
405.3
409.5
413.5
417.6
421.7
432.4
443.2
454.0
464.9
475.9
487.0
498.1
509.6
521.1
532.5
544.0
555.6
567.1
579.3

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
47.5
48.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
50.0
50.5
51.0
51.5
52.0
52.5
53.0
53.5
54.0
54.5
55.0
55.5
56.0
56.5
57.0
57.5
58.0
58.5
59.0
59.5

D = (L-H)

2380
2426
2473
2521
2570
2618
2667
2717
2767
2817
2867
2918
2969
3020
3073
3126
3180
3233
3286
3340
3396
3452
3507
3563
3619

1530
1563
1596
1630
1665
1699
1733
1769
1804
1839
1875
1911
1947
1984
2022
2060
2098
2136
2174
2213
2253
2293
2332
2372
2413

849.2
863.0
876.9
890.9
905.3
919.6
933.6
948.2
962.9
977.5
992.1
1007
1021
1036
1051
1066
1082
1097
1112
1127
1143
1159
1175
1190
1206

Bang 6: Gia tr cua L, D va H phu thuc vao nht ng hoc (tt)

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
41.5
42.0
42.5
43.0
43.5
44.0
44.5
45.0
45.5
46.0
46.5
47.0

D = (L-H)

1533
1575
1613
1651
1691
1730
1770
1810
1851
1892
1935
1978
2021
2064
2108
2152
2197
2243
2288
2333

946.8
972.3
998.3
1024
1052
1079
1106
1133
1162
1191
1220
1250
1280
1310
1340
1371
1403
1434
1466
1498

591.3
603.1
615.0
627.1
639.2
651.8
664.2
676.6
689.1
701.9
714.9
728.2
741.3
754.4
767.6
780.9
794.5
808.2
821.9
835.5

nht ng
hoc 1000C
mm2/s
60.0
60.5
61.0
61.5
62.0
62.5
63.0
63.5
64.0
64.5
65.0
65.5
66.0
66.5
67.0
67.5
68.0
68.5
69.0
69.5
70.0

D = (L-H)

3676
3734
3792
3850
3908
3966
4026
4087
4147
4207
4268
4329
4392
4455
4517
4580
4645
4709
4773
4839
4905

2454
2496
2538
2579
2621
2664
2707
2751
2795
2858
2882
2927
2973
3018
3064
3110
3157
3204
3250
3298
3346

1222
1238
1254
1270
1286
1303
1319
1336
1392
1369
1386
1402
1419
1436
1454
1471
1488
1506
1523
1541
1558

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Nha xut ban khoa hoc va ky thut. Ha Ni - 2000.
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Cac san phm du mo va hoa du.
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ng c t xng.
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ng c t trong.
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Giao trnh ng c xng va ng c diesel.
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ng c t.
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S tay s dung du m bi trn - tp 1.
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Hng dn s dung nhin liu - Du - M.
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Les bases lubrifiantes.
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