(Vnmath - Com) SKKN Ki Thuat Don Bien Tim Max Min

Gio vin: Trn nh Hin - Trng THPT ng Thc Ha - Ngh An
MC LC
Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chng 1.Gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.Mt s kin thc c s v o hm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.Gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.Mt s v d tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s 6
Chng 2.K thut gim bin trong bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr
ln nht ca biu thc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.Bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc bng
phng php th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.Bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc i
xng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.Bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc th
hin tnh ng cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.Bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc cha
ba bin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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LI NI U
Trong sch gio khoa lp 12 Gii tch trnh by cch tm gi tr ln nht, gi
tr nh nht ca hm s. V vy mt s dng bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr
ln nht ca mt biu thc cha mt bin tr nn n gin. Bi ton tm gi tr
nh nht, gi tr ln nht l mt bi ton bt ng thc v y l mt trong nhng
dng ton kh chng trnh trung hc ph thng. Trong cc bi ton tm gi tr
ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca mt biu thc dnh cho hc sinh kh, gii th biu
thc cn tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht thng cha khng t hn hai bin.
Khng nhng th, cc bi ton kh thng c gi thit rng buc gia cc bin.
Vic chuyn bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca mt biu thc
khng t hn hai bin sang bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm
s cha mt bin s gip chng ta gii c bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr
ln nht ca mt biu thc. Vn t ra l nhng dng bi ton tm gi tr nh
nht, gi tr ln nht no th chuyn v c dng bi ton tm gi tr nh nht,
gi tr nh nht ca hm s cha mt n. V vy chng ti chn ti
"ng dng o hm tm gi nh nht, gi tr nh nht ca mt biu
thc".
Trong qu trnh ging dy, bi dng hc sinh gii v n thi i hc, cao ng
bn thn c rt c mt s kinh nghim. V vy trong bi vit ny chng ti
trnh by chi tit mt s dng bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca
mt biu thc cha hai bin m iu kin rng buc ca hai bin hoc biu thc
th hin tnh i xng hoc tnh ng cp, trnh by mt s bi ton tm gi tr
nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca mt biu thc cha ba bin m bng cch nh gi
chng ta th c hai bin qua bin cn li.
Vi mc ch nh vy, ngoi li m u, mc lc v phn ti liu tham kho, bi
vit c trnh by trong hai chng.
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Chng 1. Gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s. Trong chng
ny, chng ti trnh by cc kin thc c s cn thit gii bi ton tm gi tr
nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s. cui chng, chng ti a ra mt s v
d minh ho.
Chng 2. K thut gim bin trong bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi
tr ln nht ca biu thc. Trong chng ny, chng ti trnh by chi tit cc
dng ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca mt biu thc cha hai bin
m iu kin rng buc ca hai bin hoc biu thc th hin tnh i xng hoc
tnh ng cp, trnh by mt s dng ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht
ca mt biu thc cha ba bin bng cch t n ph hoc th hai bin qua mt
bin cn li.
Tc gi xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy gio trong t Ton, cng cc
em hc sinh lp 12A-K30, 10C1-K33 trng THPT ng Thc Ha cng tc,
gip tc gi trong sut qu trnh nghin cu v hon thin bi bit.
Trong qu trnh thc hin bi vit ny, mc d rt c gng nhng khng th
trnh khi nhng hn ch, thiu st. Tc gi rt mong nhn c nhng kin
ng gp ca qu thy c, cc bn v cc em hc sinh bi vit c hon thin
hn.
Xin trn trng cm n!
Thanh Chng, thng 05 nm 2011
Tc gi
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CHNG 1
GI TR NH NHT, GI TR LN NHT CA HM S
1.1. Mt s kin thc c s v o hm
Trong mc ny chng ti trnh by li mt s kin thc v o hm v mt s
cng thc v o hm.
1.1.1 nh l. Nu hai hm s u = u(x) v v = v(x) c o hm trn J th
1. (u + v)
= u
+ v
;
2. (u v)
= u
;
3. (uv)
= u
v + uv
;
4. (ku)
= ku
;
5. (
u
v
)
=
u
vuv
v
2
, vi v(x) = 0
1.1.2 nh l. o hm ca mt s hm s thng gp.
(c)
= 0(c l hng s)
(x)
= 1
(x
n
)
= nx
n1
(n R) (u
n
)
= nu
n1
u
(
1
x
)
=
1
x
2
(
1
u
)
=
u
u
2
(
x)
=
1
2
x
(x > 0) (
u)
=
u
u
(e
x
)
= e
x
(e
u
)
= e
u
u
(ln x)
=
1
x
(x > 0) (ln u)
=
u
u
(sin x)
= cos x (sin u)
= u
cos u
(cos x)
= sin x (cos u)
= u
sin u
(tan x)
= 1 + tan
2
x(x =

2
+ k) (tan u)
= u
(1 + tan
2
u)
(cot x)
= (1 + cot
2
x)(x = k) (cot u)
= u
(1 + cot
2
u)
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1.1.3 Nhn xt. o hm ca mt s hm phn thc hu t thng gp
1. Cho hm s y =
ax+b
cx+d
vi a.c = 0, ad cb = 0. Ta c y
=
adcb
(cx+d)
2
.
2. Cho hm s y =
ax
2
+bx+c
mx+n
vi a.m = 0. Ta c y
=
amx
2
+2anx+bnmc
(mx+n)
2
.
3. Cho hm s y =
ax
2
+bx+c
mx
2
+nx+p
vi a.m = 0. Ta c y
=
(anmb)x
2
+2(apmc)x+(bpnc)
(mx
2
+nx+p)
2
.
1.2. Gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s
Trong mc ny chng ti trnh by li mt s kin thc v bi ton tm gi tr
nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s.
1.2.1 nh ngha. Gi s hm s f xc nh trn tp hp D R.
a) Nu tn ti mt im x
0
D sao cho f(x) f(x
0
) vi mi x D th s
M = f(x
0
) c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s f trn D, k hiu l M = max
xD
f(x).
b) Nu tn ti mt im x
0
D sao cho f(x) f(x
0
) vi mi x D th s
m = f(x
0
) c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s f trn D, k hiu l m = min
xD
f(x).
1.2.2 Nhn xt. Nh vy, mun chng t rng s M (hoc m) l gi tr ln nht
(hoc gi tr nh nht) ca hm s f trn tp hp D cn ch r:
a) f(x) M (hoc f(x) m) vi mi x D.
b) Tn ti t nht mt im x
0
D sao cho f(x
0
) = M (hoc f(x
0
) = m).
1.2.3 Nhn xt. Ngi ta chng minh c rng hm s lin tc trn mt
on th t c gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht trn on .
Trong nhiu trng hp, c th tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm
s trn mt on m khng cn lp bng bin thin ca n.
Quy tc tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm f trn on [a; b] nh
sau:
1. Tm cc im x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
thuc khong (a; b) m ti f c o hm bng 0
hoc khng c o hm.
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2. Tnh f(x
1
), f(x
2
), ..., f(x
n
), f(a) v f(b).
3. So snh cc gi tr tm c.
S ln nht trong cc gi tr l gi tr ln nht ca f trn on [a; b], s nh
nht trong cc gi tr l gi tr nh nht ca f trn on [a; b].
1.3. Mt s v d tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm
s
Trong mc ny chng ti trnh by mt s v d tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln
nht ca hm s.
1.3.1 V d. Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca hm s f(x) = x+
4 x
2
Bi lm. Tp xc nh D = [2; 2], f
(x) = 1
x
4x
2
, f
(x) = 0 x =
2. Bng
bin thin
t 2
2 2
f
(t) + 0
f(t)
2

2
@
@
@ R
2
T bng bin thin ta c min
x[2;2]
f(x) = f(2) = 2 v max
x[2;2]
f(x) = f(
2) = 2
2.
1.3.2 Bi tp. Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca hm s
f(x) =
1 x
2
+ 2
3
(1 x
2
)
2
.
Bn c t gii.
f(x) = 5 cos x cos 5x vi

4
x

4
.
Bn c t gii.
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f(x) =
2
1 x
4
+
1 + x
2
+
1 x
2
+ 3
1 + x
2
+
1 x
2
+ 1
.
Hng dn. t t =
1 + x
2
+
1 x
2
,
2 t 2.
f(x) = (x + 1)
1 x
2
.
Bn c t gii.
f(x) = x
6
+ 4(1 x
2
)
3
, vi x [1; 1].
Bn c t gii.
f(x) = sin 2x x, vi x [
2
;

2
].
Bn c t gii.
f(x) =
2x + 3
x
2
+ 1
.
Bn c t gii.
f(x) = x(
1 x
2
+ x).
Bn c t gii.
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CHNG 2
K THUT GIM BIN TRONG BI TON TM GI TR
NH NHT, GI TR LN NHT CA BIU THC
T kt qu ca Chng 1 chng ta thy rng vic tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr
ln nht ca hm s kh n gin.Vic chuyn bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi
tr ln nht ca mt biu thc khng t hn hai bin sang bi ton tm gi tr nh
nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s cha mt bin s gip chng ta gii c bi ton
tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca mt biu thc.
2.1. Bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
bng phng php th
Trong phn ny chng ti trnh by mt s dng bi ton tm gi tr nh nht,
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc cha hai bin bng cch th mt bin qua bin cn
li. T xt hm s v tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s.
2.1.1 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x +y =
5
4
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
4
x
+
1
4y
.
Bi lm. T gi thit x + y =
5
4
ta c y =
5
4
x. Khi P =
4
x
+
1
54x
. Xt hm
s f(x) =
4
x
+
1
54x
, x (0;
5
4
). Ta c f
(x) =
4
x
2
+
4
(54x)
2
. f
(x) = 0 x = 1 v x =
5
3
(loi). Ta c bng bin thin
x 0 1
5
4
f
(x) 0 +
f(x)
+
@
@
@ R
5

+
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x(0;
5
4
)
f(x) = f(1) = 5. Do min P = 5 t c khi
x = 1, y =
1
4
.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny c gii bng cch th mt bin qua mt bin cn li
v xt hm s cha mt bin.
2.1.2 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn y 0, x
2
+ x = y + 12. Tm gi tr nh nht,
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = xy + x + 2y + 17.
Bi lm. T gi thit y 0, x
2
+x = y+12 ta c y = x
2
+x12 v x
2
+x12 0 hay
4 x 3. Khi P = x
3
+3x
2
9x7. Xt hm s f(x) = x
3
+3x
2
9x7, x [4; 3].
Ta c f
(x) = 3(x
2
+ 2x 3), f
(x) = 0 x = 3 v x = 1. Ta c bng bin thin

x 4 3 1 3
f
(x) + 0 0 +
f(x)
13

20
@
@
@ R
12

20
x[4;3]
f(x) = f(1) = 12, max
x[4;3]
f(x) = f(3) = f(3) = 20.
Do min P = 12 t c khi x = 1, y = 10 v max P = 20 t c khi
x = 3, y = 6 hoc x = 3, y = 0.
nhng phi nh gi bin cn li. T tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca
hm s cha mt bin b chn.
2.1.3 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x +y = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
x
1 x
+
y
1 y
.
Bi lm. T gi thit x, y > 0, x + y = 1 ta c y = 1 x, 0 < x < 1. Khi
ta c P =
x
1x
+
1x
x
. Xt hm s f(x) =
x
1x
+
1x
x
, f
(x) =
2x
2(1x)
1x

x+1
2x
x
,
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f
(x) = 0 x =
1
2
. Bng bin thin
x 0
1
2
1
f
(x) 0 +
f(x)
+
@
@
@ R
2

+
T bng bin thin suy ra min P = min
x(0;1)
f(x) = f(
1
2
) =
2 t c khi x = y =
1
2
.
v s dng cc gi thit nh gi bin cn li. T tm gi tr nh nht, gi
tr ln nht ca hm s cha mt bin b chn.
2.1.4 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x +y 4. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
3x
2
+ 4
4x
+
2 + y
3
y
2
.
Bi lm. Ta c P =
3x
2
+4
4x
+
2
y
2
+ y. p dng bt ng thc AM -GM ta c P =
3x
2
+4
4x
+(
2
y
2
+
y
4
+
y
4
)+
y
2

3x
2
+4
4x
+3
3
2.y.y
y
2
.4.4
+
y
2
=
1
2
(x+y)+(
x
4
+
1
x
)+
3
2
2+2
x.1
4.x
+
3
2
=
9
2
.
Do min P =
9
2
t c khi x = y = 2.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny c gii bng cch nh gi biu thc P v c gng
chuyn v mt bin.
2.1.5 Bi tp. Cho x, y [3; 2] tho mn x
3
+ y
3
= 2. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi
tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x
2
+ y
2
.
Bn c t gii.
2.1.6 Bi tp. Cho x, y 0 tho mn x + y = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln
nht ca biu thc P =
x
y+1
+
y
x+1
.
Bn c t gii.
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2.1.7 Bi tp. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x + y = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc P = x
2
+ y
2
+
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
.
Bn c t gii.
2.1.8 Bi tp. Cho x + y = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = x
3
+ y
3
+ 3(x
2
y
2
) + 3(x + y).
Bn c t gii.
2.1.9 Bi tp. Cho a, b, x, y R tho mn 0 < a, b 4, a + b 7 v 2 x 3 y.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
2x
2
+y
2
+2x+y
xy(a
2
+b
2
)
.
Hng dn. Tm gi tr ln nht ca Q = a
2
+ b
2
, Xt hm s g(y) = f(x, y) vi
n y v x l tham s, tm gi tr nh nht ca g(y) l h(x). Sau tm gi tr nh
nht ca hm s h(x) vi x [2; 3].
2.1.10 Bi tp. Cho x, y R tho mn x
3
y. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = x
2
+ y
2
8x + 16.
Hng dn. Nu x > 0 th x
6
y
2
t xt hm s f(x) = x
6
+ x
2
8x + 16.
Nu x 0 th x
2
+ y
2
8x + 16 16 vi mi x 0, x
3
y.
2.1.11 Bi tp. Cho x, y (0; 1) tho mn x + y = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc P = x
x
+ y
y
.
Hng dn. Xt hm s f(x) = x
x
, x (0; 1). Chng minh
f(x)+f(y)
2
f(
x+y
2
).
Ta c P = x
x
+ (1 x)
1x
= f(x) + f(1 x) 2f(
1
2
) =
2.
2.1.12 Bi tp. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x + y = 2. Chng minh rng xy x
x
y
y
.
Bn c t gii.
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i xng
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc cha hai bin m gi thit hoc biu thc th hin
tnh i xng. T xt hm s v tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm
s.
2.2.1 V d. Cho x
2
+ y
2
= x + y. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P = x
3
+ y
3
+ x
2
y + xy
2
.
Bi lm. t t = x+y, t gi thit x
2
+y
2
= x+y ta c 2xy = (x+y)
2
(x+y) = t
2
t
hay xy =
t
2
t
2
. p dng bt ng thc (x+y)
2
2(x
2
+y
2
) = 2(x+y) hay t
2
2t suy
ra 0 t 2. Khi biu thc P = (x +y)
3
2xy(x +y) = t
2
. Do ta c max P = 4
t c khi t = 2 hay x + y = 2 v xy = 1 suy ra x = 1 v y = 1, ta c min P = 0
t c khi t = 0 hay x = 0 v y = 0.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny gi thit v biu thc P c cho di dng i xng
vi hai bin. V vy, chng ta ngh n cch i bin t = x + y. Nhng gii bi
ton trn vn th phi tm iu kin ca bin t. Sau y l mt s bi ton vi nh
hng tng t.
2.2.2 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x
2
+xy +y
2
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P =
xy
x+y+1
.
Bi lm. t t = x+y. T gi thit x, y > 0 v x
2
+xy +y
2
= 1 suy ra xy = t
2
1.
p dng bt ng thc (x + y)
2
4xy suy ra 0 < t
1
3
. Khi P = t 1
33
3
.
V vy max P =
33
3
t c khi (x; y) = (
2
3
;
1
3
) hoc (x; y) = (
1
3
;
2
3
).
2.2.3 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn x + y = 1 v x
2
+ y
2
+ xy = x + y + 1. Tm
gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =
xy
x+y+1
.
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Bi lm. t t = x +y. T gi thit x
2
+y
2
+xy = x +y +1 ta c (x +y)
2
xy =
(x + y) + 1 hay xy = t
2
t 1. p dng bt ng thc (x + y)
2
4xy suy ra
3t
2
4t 4 0 hay
2
3
t 2. Khi P =
t
2
t1
t+1
. Xt hm s f(t) =
t
2
t1
t+1
,
f
(t) =
t
2
+2t
(t+1)
2
, f
(t) = 0 t = 0 v t = 2(loi). Bng bin thin

t
2
3
0 2
f
(t) 0 +
f(t)
1
3
@
@
@ R
1

1
3
T bng bin thin ta c min P = min
t[
2
3
;2]
f(t) = f(0) = 1 t c khi (x; y) =
(1; 1) hoc (x; y) = (1; 1) v max P = max
t[
2
3
;2]
f(t) = f(
2
3
) = f(2) =
1
3
t c khi
x = y =
1
3
hoc x = y = 1.
2.2.4 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn 0 < x, y 1 v x + y = 4xy. Tm gi tr nh
nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x
2
+ y
2
xy.
Bi lm. t t = x + y. T gi thit 0 < x, y 1 v x + y = 4xy suy ra xy =
t
4
v
1 t 2. Khi P = (x+y)
2
3xy = t
2
3
4
t. Xt hm s f(t) = t
2
3
4
t, f
(t) = 2t
3
4
,
f
(t) = 0 t =
3
8
(loi). Bng bin thin
t 1 2
f
(t) +
f(t)
1
4

5
2
t[1;2]
f(t) = f(1) =
1
4
t c khi x = y =
1
2
v max P = max
t[1;2]
f(t) = f(2) =
5
2
t c khi (x; y) = (
2
2
2
;
2+
2
2
) hoc (x; y) =
(
2+
2
2
;
2
2
2
).
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2.2.5 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn x, y = 0 v xy(x +y) = x
2
+y
2
x y +2. Tm
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =
1
x
+
1
y
.
Bi lm. t t = x+y. T gi thit xy(x+y) = x
2
+y
2
xy +2 hay xy(x+y) =
(x+y)
2
2xy (x+y) +2 suy ra xy =
t
2
t+2
t+2
. p dng bt ng thc (x+y)
2
4xy
suy ra
t
3
2t
2
+4t8
t+2
0 hay t < 2 v t 2. Khi P =
x+y
xy
=
t
2
+2t
t
2
t+2
. Xt hm s
f(t) =
t
2
+2t
t
2
t+2
, f
(t) =
3t
2
+4t+4
(t
2
t+2)
2
, f
(t) = 0 t = 2 v t =
2
3
(loi). Bng bin thin
t 2
2
3
2 +
f
(t) 0 +0
f(t)
1
@
@
@ R
2
7

2
@
@
@ R
1
T bng bin thin ta c max P = max
t<2vt2
f(t) = f(2) = 2 t c khi x = y = 1.
2.2.6 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn xy + x + y = 3. Chng minh rng
3x
y + 1
+
3y
x + 1
+
xy
x + y
x
2
+ y
2
+
3
2
.
Bi lm. t t = x + y t gi thit x, y > 0, xy + x + y = 3, bt ng thc
(x+y)
2
4xy ta c xy = 3t, t > 0 v t
2
+4t12 0 hay t 2 hoc t 6(loi). Khi
bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
3(x+y)
2
6xy+3(x+y)
xy+(x+y)+1
+
xy
x+y
(x+y)
2
2xy+
3
2
hay
3t
2
+9t18
4
+
3t
t
t
2
+ 2t
9
2
t
3
t
2
+ 4t 12 0 (t 2)(t
2
+ t + 6) 0 lun
ng t 2, du bng xy ra khi t = 2 hay x = y = 1.
2
+ y
2
= 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc P = (1 + x)(1 +
1
y
) + (1 + y)(1 +
1
x
).
Bi lm. t t = x + y. T gi thit x, y > 0 v x
2
+ y
2
= 1 suy ra xy =
t
2
1
2
v t > 1. p dng bt ng thc (x + y)
2
2(x
2
+ y
2
) suy ra 1 < t
2. Khi
P = [1 + (x + y) + xy][
x+y
xy
] =
t
2
+t
t1
. Xt hm s f(t) =
t
2
+t
t1
, f
(t) =
t
2
2t1
t1
,
f
(t) = 0 t = 1
2(loi). Bng bin thin

14
www.VNMATH.com
t 1
2
f
(t) ||
f(t)
+
@
@
@ R
4 + 3
2
t(1;
2]
f(t) = f(
2) = 4 + 3
2 t c khi
x = y =
1
2
.
2.2.8 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x +y +1 = 3xy. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P =
3x
y(x+1)
+
3y
x(y+1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
.
Bi lm. t t = x + y. T gi thit x + y + 1 = 3xy suy ra xy =
t+1
3
. p dng
bt ng thc (x + y)
2
4xy ta c 3t
2
4t 4 0 hay t 2 v t
2
3
(loi). Ta c
P =
3xy(x+y)+3(x+y)
2
6xy
xy[xy+(x+y)+1]

(x+y)
2
2xy
x
2
y
2
=
9(4t
2
t2)
4(t+1)
2

3(3t
2
2t2)
(t+1)
2
=
3(5t+2)
4(t+1)
2
. Xt hm s
f(t) =
3(5t+2)
4(t+1)
2
, f
(t) =
3(5t+3)
4(t+1)
3
, f
(t) = 0 t =
3
5
(loi). Bng bin thin
t 2 +
f
(t)
f(t)
1
@
@
@ R
0
t[2;+)
f(t) = f(2) = 1 t c khi x = y = 1
2.2.9 V d. Cho x, y khng ng thi bng 0 tho mn x+y = 1. Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc P =
1
x
2
+y
2
+
x
2
y
2
+1
+
y
2
x
2
+1
.
Bi lm. t t = x
2
+y
2
, ta c (x+y)
2
= 1 suy ra (x
2
+y
2
) +2xy = 1 hay xy =
1t
2
.
p dng bt ng thc (x + y)
2
2(x
2
+ y
2
) suy ra t
1
2
. Khi
P =
1
x
2
+ y
2
+
(x
4
+ y
4
) + (x
2
+ y
2
)
x
2
y
2
+ (x
2
+ y
2
) + 1
=
1
t
+
2t
2
+ 8t 2
t
2
+ 2t + 5
.
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www.VNMATH.com
Xt hm s f(t) =
1
t
+
2t
2
+8t2
t
2
+2t+5
, f
(t) =
1
t
2
+
4t
2
+24t+44
(t
2
+2t+5)
2
,
f
(t) = 0 (t 1)(t + 1)
2
(t 5) = 0.
Ta c bng bin thin
t
1
2
1 5 +
f
(t) 0 + 0
f(t)
12
5
@
@
@ R
2

12
5
@
@
@ R
2
t[
1
2
;+]
f(t) = f(
1
2
) = f(5) =
12
5
t c khi
(x; y) = (
1
2
;
1
2
) hoc (x; y) = (2; 1); (x; y) = (1; 2) v min P = min
t[
1
2
;+]
f(t) = f(1) = 2
t c khi (x; y) = (1; 0); (x; y) = (0; 1).
2.2.10 V d. Cho x
2
+ y
2
= 1. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P = x
1 + y + y
1 + x.
Bi lm.t t = x + y, t gi thit x
2
+ y
2
= 1 hay xy =
(x+y)
2
1
2
=
t
2
1
2
v bt
ng thc xy
(x+y)
2
4
ta c
2 t
2. Khi ta c
P
2
= (x +y)
2
2xy + 2xy(x +y) +2xy
1 + (x + y) + xy = 1 +
t
3
t
2
+
(t
2
1)|t + 1|
2
.
Nu 1 t
2 th P
2
=
1
2
[(1 +
2)t
3
+
2t
2
(1 +
2)t + 2
2]. Xt hm s
f(t) =
1
2
[(1 +
2)t
3
+
2t
2
(1 +
2)t +2
2], f
(t) =
1
2
[3(1 +
2)t
2
+2
2t 1
2],
f
(t) = 0 t =
2 1 v t =
1+
2
3
. Ta c bng bin thin
t 1
1+
2
3
2 1
2
f
(t) + 0 0 +
f(t)
1

386
2
27
@
@
@ R
0

2 +
2
16
www.VNMATH.com
T bng bin thin ta c f(t) 2+
2 ng thc xy ra khi t =
2 hay P
2
2+
2
suy ra max P =
2 +
2 t c khi t =
2 hay x = y =
2
2
.
Nu
2 t 1 th P
2
=
1
2
[(1
2)t
3
2t
2
(1
2)t +2 +
2]. Xt hm s
g(t) =
1
2
[(1
2)t
3
2t
2
(1
2)t +2 +
2], g
(t) =
1
2
[3(1
2)t
2
2
2t 1 +
2],
g
(t) = 0 t = (
2 + 1)(loi) v t =
21
3
t
2 1
g
(t) +
g(t)
2
1
T bng bin thin suy ra g(t) 1 ng thc xy ra khi t = 1 hay P
2
1 suy ra
min P = 1 t c khi t = 1 hay x = 1, y = 0 hoc x = 0, y = 1.
vi hai bin nhng biu thc P cha a c v dng x+y, xy. V vy gii c
bi ton ny, chng ta bnh phng biu thc P. Sau y l mt bi ton tng
t.
2.2.11 V d. Cho x
2
+ y
2
thc P =
x
1+y
+
y
1+x
.
Bi lm. t t = x + y, t gi thit x
2
+ y
2
= 1 hay xy =
(x+y)
2
1
2
=
t
2
1
2
v bt
ng thc xy
(x+y)
2
4
ta c
2 t
2. Khi ta c
P
2
=
(x + y)
3
3xy(x + y) + (x + y)
2
2xy
1 + (x + y) + xy
+
2xy
1 + (x + y) + xy
=
t
3
+ 3t + 2
t
2
+ 2t + 1
+
2(t
2
1)
|t + 1|
vi t = 1.
Nu 1 < t
2 th P
2
= (
2 1)t + 2
2. Do P
2
4 2
2 suy ra
max P =
4 2
2 t c khi t =
2 hay x = y =
2
2
.
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Nu
2 t < 1 th P
2
= (1 +
2)t + 2 +
2. Do P
2
4 + 2
2 suy ra
min P =
4 + 2
2 t c khi t =
2 hay x = y =
2
2
.
2.2.12 V d. Cho x, y = 0 thay i tho mn (x +y)xy = x
2
+y
2
xy. Tm gi tr
ln nht ca biu thc P =
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
.
Bi lm. t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
. Khi , gi thit (x + y)xy = x
2
+ y
2
xy tr thnh
a + b = a
2
+ b
2
ab hay (a + b) = (a + b)
2
3ab v biu thc
P = a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)
3
3ab(a + b) = (a + b)[(a + b)
2
3ab] = (a + b)
2
.
t t = a+b. p dng bt ng thc ab
(a+b)
2
4
, t gi thit (a+b) = (a+b)
2
3ab
ta cab =
t
2
t
3

t
2
4
hay t
2
4t 0 suy ra 0 t 4. Khi P = t
2
16. V vy
max P = 16 t c khi t = 4 hay a = b = 2 hay x = y =
1
2
.
2.2.13 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn x
2
+ xy + y
2
2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P = x
2
xy + y
2
.
Bi lm. t t = x + y. T gi thit x
2
+ xy + y
2
2 hay (x + y)
2
xy 2 ta c
xy t
2
2. p dng bt ng thc xy
(x+y)
2
4
ta c t
2
8
3
hay
8
3
t
8
3
.
Khi P = (x + y)
2
3xy 2t
2
+ 6. Bng bin thin hm s f(t) = 2t
2
+ 6
t
8
3
0
8
3
f
(t) + 0
f(t)
2
3

6
@
@
@ R
2
3
T bng bin thin ta c max
t[
3
8
;
3
8
]
f(t) = f(0) = 6 suy ra max P = 6 t c khi
(x; y) = (
2;
2) hoc (x; y) = (
2;
2).
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny gi thit l mt bt ng thc i xng v biu thc
P c cho di dng i xng vi hai bin. gii c bi ton ny, chng ta
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www.VNMATH.com
nh gi biu thc P, i bin t = x+y v tm iu kin ca bin t. Sau y l mt
s bi ton vi nh hng tng t.
2.2.14 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x+y 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
x
2
+ y
2
+ xy
x + y
+
1
x
+
1
y
+
3
xy
.
Bi lm. t t = x + y. T gi thit suy ra 0 < t 1. p dng bt ng thc
(x+y)
2
4xy suy ra xy
t
2
4
. Khi P =
(x+y)
2
xy
x+y
+
x+y+3
xy

3t
4
+
4(t+3)
t
2
. Xt hm s
f(t) =
3t
4
+
4(t+3)
t
2
, f
(t) =
3
4

4(t+6)
t
3
=
3t
3
16t96
4t
3
, vi 0 < t 1 ta c bng bin thin
t 0 1
f
(t) ||
f(t)
+
@
@
@ R
67
4
t(0;1]
f(t) = f(1) =
67
4
suy ra min P =
67
4
t c khi
x = y =
1
2
.
2.2.15 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn 2(x
2
+ y
2
) = xy + 1. Tm gi tr nh nht,
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = 7(x
4
+ y
4
) + 4x
2
y
2
.
Bi lm. t t = x
2
+ y
2
. T gi thit 2(x
2
+ y
2
) = xy + 1 ta c xy = 2t 1 v p
dng bt ng thc x
2
+y
2
2xy v bt ng thc x
2
+y
2
2xy ta c
2
5
t
2
3
.
Khi P = 7(x
2
+y
2
)
2
10x
2
y
2
= 33t
2
+40t10. Xt hm s f(t) = 33t
2
+40t10,
f
(t) = 66t + 40, f
(t) = 0 t =
20
33
. Ta c bng bin thin
t
2
5
20
33
2
3
f
(t) + 0
f(t)
18
25

609
160
@
@
@ R
2
19
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t[
2
5
;
2
3
]
f(t) = f(
2
5
) =
18
25
t c khi (x; y) =
(
1
5
;
1
5
) hoc (x; y) = (
1
5
;
1
5
) v max P = max
t[
2
5
;
2
3
]
f(t) = f(
20
33
) =
609
160
t c khi
(x; y) = (
34+
33
;
34
33
) v (x; y) = (
34
33
;
34+
33
) v (x; y) = (
34+
33
;

34
33
)
v (x; y) = (
34
33
;

34+
33
).
vi hai bin. gii c bi ton ny, chng ta i bin t = x
2
+ y
2
bc ca
biu thc cng nh cng tt. Sau y l mt bi ton tng t.
2
(2x
2
1) +y
2
(2y
2
1) = 0. Tm gi tr nh
nht v gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x
2
(x
2
4) + y
2
(y
2
4) + 2(x
2
y
2
4).
Bi lm. t t = x
2
+ y
2
. T gi thit x
2
(2x
2
1) + y
2
(2y
2
1) = 0 hay 2(x
2
+
y
2
)
2
4x
2
y
2
(x
2
+y
2
) = 0 ta c x
2
y
2
=
2t
2
t
4
. p dng bt ng thc x
2
+y
2
2xy
suy ra 2t
2
t t
2
hay 0 t 1. Khi P = (x
2
+y
2
)
2
4(x
2
+y
2
) 8 = t
2
4t 8.
Xt hm s f(t) = t
2
4t 8, f
(t) = 2t 4, f
(t) = 0 t = 2(loi). Bng bin thin

t 0 1
f
(t)
f(t)
8
@
@
@ R
11
t[0;1]
f(t) = f(0) = 8 t c khi (x; y) = (0; 0)
v min P = min
t[0;1]
f(t) = f(1) = 11 t c khi (x; y) = (
6+
2
4
;
2
4
); (x; y) =
(
2
4
;
6+
2
4
); (x; y) = (
6+
2
4
;

2
4
) hoc (x; y) = (
2
4
;

6+
2
4
).
2.2.17 V d. Cho x, y tho mn (x
2
+y
2
)
2
3(x
2
+y
2
) +2 = x
2
3x
2
y
2
. Tm gi
tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x
2
+ 2y
2
3x
2
y
2
.
Bi lm. t t = x
2
+y
2
. T gi thit (x
2
+y
2
)
2
3(x
2
+y
2
) +2 = x
2
3x
2
y
2
ta
c t
2
3t + 2 0 hay 1 t 2. Khi P = (x
2
+ 3x
2
y
2
) + 2(x
2
+ y
2
) = t
2
t + 2.
20
www.VNMATH.com
Xt hm s f(t) = t
2
t + 2, f
(t) = 2t 1, f
(t) > 0 t [1; 2]. V vy max P =

max
t[1;2]
f(t) = f(2) = 4 t c khi (x; y) = (0;
2) v min P = min
t[1;2]
f(t) = f(1) = 2
t c khi (x; y) = (0; 1).
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny gi thit v biu thc P c cho di dng khng i
xng vi hai bin. gii c bi ton ny, chng ta nh gi gi thit v t
t = x
2
+ y
2
.
2.2.18 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn (x +y)
3
+4xy 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc P = 3(x
4
+ y
4
+ x
2
y
2
) 2(x
2
+ y
2
) + 1.
Bi lm. t t = x
2
+ y
2
. p dng bt ng thc (x + y)
2
4xy. T gi thit
(x + y)
3
+ 4xy 2 suy ra (x + y)
3
+ (x + y)
2
2 hay x + y 1. Khi p dng bt
ng thc x
2
+y
2
(x+y)
2
2
ta c t
1
2
. p dng bt ng thc (x
2
+y
2
)
2
4x
2
y
2
ta
c P = 3[(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
x
2
y
2
] 2(x
2
+ y
2
) + 1 3(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
3(x
2
+y
2
)
2
4
2(x
2
+ y
2
) + 1
hay P
9t
2
4
2t + 1. Xt hm s f(t) =
9t
2
4
2t + 1, f
(t) =
9t
2
2, f
(t) = 0 t =
4
9
.
Bng bin thin
t
1
2
+
f
(t) +
f(t)
9
16

+
t[
1
2
;+)
f(t) = f(
1
2
) =
9
16
. V vy min P =
9
16
t c khi
x = y =
1
2
.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny gi thit l bt ng thc i xng v biu thc P
c cho di dng i xng vi hai bin. gii c bi ton ny, chng ta nh
gi biu thc P v t t = x
2
+ y
2
.
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2.2.19 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x+y = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
x
1 x
+
y
1 y
.
Bi lm. t xy = t. p dng bt ng thc (x+y)
2
4xy suy ra 0 < t
1
4
. Khi
P
2
=
(x+y)
2
2xyxy(x+y)
1(x+y)+xy
+
2xy
1(x+y)+xy
=
3t+1
t
+2
t. Xt hm s f(t) =
3t+1
t
+2
t,
f
(t) =
1
t
2
+
1
t
, f
(t) = 0 t = 1(loi) v t = 0(loi). Bng bin thin

t 0
1
4
f
(t)
f(t)
+
@
@
@ R
2
t(0;
1
4
]
f(t) = f(
1
4
) = 2 suy ra min P =
2 t c khi
x = y =
1
2
.
vi hai bin. Ngoi cch i bin t = x + y ta c th gii bi ton ny vi cch i
bin t = xy. Sau y l mt bi ton vi nh hng tng t.
2.2.20 V d. Cho cc s thc x, y tho mn x
2
+ y
2
xy = 1. Tm gi tr nh
nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =
x
2
(x
2
+1)+y
2
(y
2
+1)
x
2
+y
2
3
.
Bi lm. T gi thit x
2
+ y
2
xy = 1 ta c 1 = x
2
+ y
2
xy xy v 1 =
x
2
+ y
2
xy = (x + y)
2
3xy 3xy suy ra
1
3
xy 1.
t t = xy. Khi P =
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
2x
2
y
2
+xy+1
(x
2
+y
2
)3
=
t
2
+3t+2
t2
. Xt hm s f(t) =
t
2
+3t+2
t2
,
f
(t) =
(t2)
2
4
(t2)
2
< 0 t [
1
3
; 1].
Do min P = min
t[
1
3
;1]
f(t) = f(1) = 4 t c khi x = y = 1 hoc x = y = 1
v max P = max
t[
1
3
;1]
f(t) = f(
1
3
) =
8
21
t c khi (x; y) = (
3
3
;
3
3
) hoc (x; y) =
(
3
3
;
3
3
).
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2.2.21 V d. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh rng
(x
4
+y
4
)
(x+y)
4
+
xy
x+y

5
8
.
Bi lm. Do bt ng thc ng vi x, y th cng ng vi tx, ty nn ta chun
ho x+y = 1. t t =
xy. Khi P = (x
2
+y
2
)
2
2x
2
y
2
+
xy = [(x+y)
2
2xy]
2
2x
2
y
2
+
xy = 2t
4
4t
2
+ t + 1. Xt hm s f(t) = 2t
4
4t
2
+ t + 1 vi t (0;
1
2
]. Ta
c f
(t) = 8t
3
8t + 1, do f
(2)f
(0) < 0, f
(0)f
(
1
2
) < 0, f
(
1
2
)f
(1) < 0 nn phng

trnh f
(t) = 0 c ng 1 nghim t
0
(0;
1
2
) ta c bng bin thin
t 0 t
0
1
2
f
(t) + 0
f(t)
1

f(t
0
)
@
@
@ R
5
8
t(0;
1
2
]
f(t) = f(
1
2
) =
5
8
t c khi t =
1
2
v
x + y = 1 hay x + y = 1,
xy =
1
2
suy ra x = y =
1
2
. Do P
5
8
, x, y > 0.
vi hai bin. gii c bi ton ny chng ta dng phng php chun ho.
2.2.22 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x + y = 1 v m > 0 cho trc. Tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc P =
1
x
2
+y
2
+
m
xy
.
Bi lm. t x =
1
2
+t, y =
1
2
t vi 0 |t| <
1
2
. Khi P =
2
4t
2
+1
4m
4t
2
1
. Xt hm s
f(t) =
2
4t
2
+1

4m
4t
2
1
, f
(t) =
16t
(4t
2
+1)
2
+
32mt
(4t
2
1)
2
=
16t[4(
m1)t
2
+
m+1][4(
m+1)t
2
+
m1]
(16t
4
1)
2
.
Nu m 1 th f
(t) = 0 t = 0. Kho min P = min

t(
1
2
;
1
2
)
f(t) = f(0) = 2 + 4m.
Nu 0 < m < 1 th f
(t) = 0 t = 0 vt
2
=
1
m
4(
m+1)
v t
2
=
m+1
4(1
m)
>
1
4
(loi) hay
t = 0, t =
m
4(
m+1)
, t =
m
4(
m+1)
. Ta c bng bin thin
23
www.VNMATH.com
t
1
2

m
4(
m+1)
0
m
4(
m+1)
1
2
f
(t) 0 + 0 0 +
f(t)
+
@
@
@ R
2m + 3
m + 1

2 + 4m
@
@
@ R
2m + 3
m + 1

+
T bng bin thin ta c
min P = min
t(
1
2
;
1
2
)
f(t) = f(
m
4(
m + 1)
) = f(
m
4(
m + 1)
) = 2m + 3
m + 1.
vi hai bin. Ngoi nhng nh hng quen thuc bi ton c gii vi phng
php i bin khc.
2.2.23 Bi tp. Cho x, y 1. Chng minh rng (
1
x

1
x
2
)(
1
y

1
y
2
)
1
16
.
Hng dn. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
x1
x
2
y1
y
2

1
16
hay
xy(x+y)+1
x
2
y
2

1
16
.
2.2.24 Bi tp. Cho x, y = 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
x
4
y
4
+
y
4
x
4
2(
x
2
y
2
+
y
2
x
2
) +
x
y
+
y
x
.
Hng dn. t t =
x
y
+
y
x
, iu kin |t| 2.
2.2.25 Bi tp. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x
2
+y
2
= x
1 y
2
+y
1 x
2
. Tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc P = x
2
+ y
2
+
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
.
Hng dn. t t = x
2
+ y
2
, vi 0 < t 1.
th hin tnh ng cp
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc cha hai bin m gi thit hoc biu thc th hin
24
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tnh ng cp. T xt hm s v tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm
s.
2
+y
2
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P = y(x + y).
Bi lm. t y = tx t iu kin x, y > 0 suy ra t > 0. T gi thit x
2
+ y
2
= 1
ta c x
2
=
1
t
2
+1
. Khi biu thc P = x
2
t(t + 1) =
t
2
+t
t
2
+1
. Xt hm s f(t) =
t
2
+t
t
2
+1
,
f
(t) =
t
2
+2t+1
(t
2
+1)
2
, f
(t) = 0 t =
2 + 1 v t = 1
2(loi). Ta c bng bin thin

t 0
2 + 1 +
f
(t) + 0
f(t)
0

2+1
2
@
@
@ R
1
t(0;+)
f(t) = f(
2 + 1) =
1+
2
2
t c khi
x =
21
2
2
v y =
2+1
2
2
.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny gi thit v biu thc P c cho di dng ng cp
vi hai bin. Sau y l mt s bi ton vi nh hng tng t.
2
+xy +y
2
= 2. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr
ln nht ca biu thc P = x
2
2xy + 3y
2
.
Bi lm. Nu x = 0 th y
2
= 2 suy ra P = 6.
Nu x = 0 th t y = tx. Khi t gi thit x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 2 ta c x
2
=
2
t
2
+t+1
. V
vy P =
2(3t
2
2t+1)
t
2
+t+1
.
Xt hm s f(t) =
2(3t
2
2t+1)
t
2
+t+1
, f
(t) =
2(5t
2
+4t3)
(t
2
+t+1)
2
, f
(t) = 0 t =
2
19
5
. Ta c
bng bin thin
25
www.VNMATH.com
t
2
19
5
2+
19
5
+
f
(t) + 0 0 +
f(t)
6

500+100
19
75
@
@
@ R
500100
19
75

6
tR
f(t) = f(
2+
19
5
) =
500100
19
75
t c khi
(x; y) = (5
2
38+
19
;
2
38+
19
(2 +
19)) hoc
(x; y) = (5
2
38+
19
;
2
38+
19
(2 +
19)) v
max P = max
tR
f(t) = f(
2
19
5
) =
500+100
19
75
t c khi
(x; y) = (5
2
38
19
;
2
38
19
(2
19)) hoc
(x; y) = (5
2
38
19
;
2
38
19
(2 +
19)) .
2.3.3 V d. Cho x, y 0 tho mn x
2
+y
2
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
4x
2
+ 6xy 5
2xy 2y
2
1
.
Bi lm. Nu x = 0 th t gi thit x
2
+ y
2
= 1 v y 0 suy ra y = 1. Khi
P =
5
3
.
Nu x = 0 th t y = tx. T gi thit x, y 0 v x
2
+y
2
= 1 suy ra t 0 v x
2
=
1
t
2
+1
.
Khi P =
x
2
(4+6t)5
x
2
(2t2t
2
)1
=
5t
2
6t+1
3t
2
2t+1
. Xt hm s f(t) =
5t
2
6t+1
3t
2
2t+1
, f
(t) =
8t
2
+4t4
(3t
2
2t+1)
2
,
f
(t) = 0 t =
1
2
v t = 1(loi). Ta c bng bin thin
t 0
1
2
+
f
(t) 0 +
f(t)
1
@
@
@ R
1

5
3
T bng bin thin ta c f(t) <
5
3
t 0 v min P = min
t[0;+)
f(t) = f(
1
2
) = 1
t c khi x =
2
5
v y =
1
5
. V vy max P =
5
3
t c khi x = 0, y = 1 v
min P = 1 t c khi x =
2
5
v y =
1
5
.
26
www.VNMATH.com
2.3.4 V d. Cho x, y [2010; 2011]. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P =
x+y
xy
2
(x
2
+ y
2
).
Bi lm.t t =
x
y
. Khi P =
(t+1)(t
2
+1)
t
.
Xt hm s f(t) =
(t+1)(t
2
+1)
t
, f
(t) = 2t + 1
1
t
2
, f
(t) = 0 2t
3
+ t
2
1 = 0.
Nu 2010 x y 2011 th
2010
2011
t 1. Ta c f
(t) > 0, t [
2010
2011
; 1] suy
ra max P = max
t[
2010
2011
;1]
f(t) = f(1) = 4 t c khi x = y v min P = min
t[
2010
2011
;1]
f(t) =
f(
2010
2011
) = 3, 999005965 t c khi x =
2010y
2011
.
Nu 2010 y x 2011 th 1 t
2011
2010
. Ta c f
(t) > 0, t [1;

2011
2010
]
suy ra max P = max
t[1;
2011
2010
]
f(t) = f(
2011
2010
) = 4, 00099552 t c khi x =
2011y
2010
v
min P = min
t[1;
2011
2010
]
f(t) = f(1) = 4 t c khi x = y.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny biu thc P c t v mu cng bc. gii bi ton
ny ta t t =
x
y
v s dng gi thit xt cc trng hp xy ra ca t.
2.3.5 V d. Cho x, y R tho mn x, y = 0 v x
2
+ y
2
= x
2
y + xy
2
. Tm gi tr
nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P =
2
x
+
1
y
.
Bi lm. t y = tx. T gi thit x
2
+ y
2
= x
2
y + xy
2
suy ra x =
t
2
+1
t
2
+t
. Khi
P =
(t
2
+t)(2t+1)
t(t
2
+1)
. Xt hm s f(t) =
2t
2
+3t+1
t
2
+1
, f
(t) =
3t
2
+2t+3
(t
2
+1)
2
f
(t) = 0 t =
1
10
3
.
Bng bin thin
t
1
10
3
1+
10
3
+
f
(t) 0 + 0
f(t)
2
@
@
@ R
3
10
2

3+
10
2
@
@
@ R
2
T bng bin thin ta c max P = max f(t) = f(
1+
10
3
) =
3+
10
2
t c khi
(x; y) = (
20+2
10
14+5
10
;
40+22
10
42+15
10
) v
min P = min f(t) = f(
1
10
3
) =
3
10
2
t c khi (x; y) = (
202
10
145
10
;
4022
10
4215
10
).
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2.3.6 V d. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh rng
4xy
2
(x+
x
2
+4y
2
)
3
1
8
.
Bi lm. t t =
x
y
. T gi thit x, y > 0 suy ra t > 0. Khi bt ng thc
cn chng minh tng ng vi
4t
(t+
t
2
+4)
3

1
8
hay t(
t
2
+ 4 t)
3
2. Xt hm
s f(t) = t(
t
2
+ 4 t)
3
, f
(t) = (
t
2
+ 4 t)
3
3t(
t
2
+4t)
3
t
2
+4
=
(
t
2
+4t)
3
(
t
2
+43t)
t
2
+4
,
f
(t) = 0 t =
2
2
. Ta c bng bin thin
t 0
2
2
+
f
(t) + 0
f(t)
0

2
@
@
@ R
0
t(0;+)
f(t) = f(
2
2
) = 2 hay t(
t
2
+ 4 t)
3
2 du bng
xu ra khi t =
2
2
hay y =
2x.
2.3.7 V d. Cho x > y > 0. Chng minh rng
x+y
2
>
xy
ln xln y
>
xy.
Bi lm. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
x
y
<
x
y
1
ln(
x
y
)
<
x
y
+1
2
.
Ta chng minh ln
x
y
>
2(xy)
x+y
. t t =
x
y
. T gi thit x > y > 0 suy ra t > 1. Chng
minh ln t >
2(t1)
t+1
. Xt hm s f(t) =
2(t1)
t+1
ln t, f
(t) =
4
(t+1)
2

1
t
=
(t1)
2
t(t+1)
2
0
t > 1. Ta c bng bin thin
t 1 +
f
(t) ||
f(t)
0
@
@
@ R
T bng bin thin ta c f(t) < 0 t > 1 hay

2(t1)
t+1
< ln t t > 1.
Ta chng minh
x
y
<
x
y
1
ln(
x
y
)
. t t =
x
y
. Bt ng thc tr thnh t
2
2tlnt1 > 0.
Xt hm s g(t) = t
2
2tlnt 1, g
(t) = 2(t lnt 1), g
(t) = 2(1
1
t
) 0, t > 0.
Suy ra pcm.
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2.3.8 V d. Cho x, y > 0 tho mn xy y 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
x
2
y
2
+ 9
y
3
x
3
.
Bi lm. t x = ty. T gi thit x, y > 0 v xy y 1 ta c ty
2
+ 1 = y hay
1 = t
2
y +
1
y
2t suy ra 0 < t
1
2
. Khi P = t
2
+
9
t
3
. Xt hm s f(t) = t
2
+
9
t
3
,
f
(t) = 2t
27
t
4
, f
(t) = 0 t =
5
27
2
(loi). Bng bin thin
t 0
1
2
f
(t) ||
f(t)
+
@
@
@ R
289
4
t(0;
1
2
]
f(t) = f(
1
2
) =
289
4
t c khi (x; y) = (1; 2).
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny gi thit c cc s hng khng cng bc. gii bi
ton ny ta nh gi gi thit rng buc gia hai bin x, y.
2.3.9 Bi tp. Cho x, y 0. Chng minh rng 3x
3
+ 7y
3
9xy
2
.
Bn c t gii.
2.3.10 Bi tp. Cho x, y 0. Chng minh rng x
4
+ y
4
x
3
y + xy
3
.
Bn c t gii.
2.3.11 Bi tp. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh rng
1
x
3
+
x
3
y
3
+ y
3
1
x
+
x
y
+ y.
Bn c t gii.
2.3.12 Bi tp. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 3(
x
2
y
2
+
y
2
x
2
) 8(
x
y
+
y
x
) vi
x, y = 0.
Hng dn. t t =
x
y
+
y
x
, |t| 2.
2.3.13 Bi tp. Cho 0 < x < y < 1. Chng minh rng x
2
ln y y
2
ln x > ln x lny.
29
www.VNMATH.com
Hng dn. Xt hm s f(t) =
ln t
1+t
2
.
2.3.14 Bi tp. Cho x, y > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
x
3
+y
3
+7xy(x+y)
xy
x
2
+y
2
.
Bn c t gii.
2.3.15 V d. Cho a, b > 0 v x > y > 0. Chng minh rng (a
x
+ b
x
)
y
< (a
y
+ b
y
)
x
.
Bn c t gii.
cha ba bin
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc cha ba bin bng cch t n ph hoc th hai bin
qua mt bin cn li. T , chuyn c bi ton v bi ton tm gi tr nh nht,
gi tr ln nht ca hm s.
2.4.1 V d. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x+y +z = 1. Chng minh rng
1
xz
+
1
yz
16.
Bi lm. t t = x+y. T gi thit ta c z = 1(x+y) hay z = 1t v 0 < t < 1. p
dng bt ng thc (x+y)
2
4xy hay xy
t
2
4
. Khi P =
1
xz
+
1
yz
=
t
xy(1t)

4
t
2
+t
.
Xt hm s f(t) =
4
t
2
+t
, f
(t) =
4(2t1)
(t
2
+t)
2
, f
(t) = 0 t =
1
2
. Ta c bng bin thin
t 0
1
2
1
f
(t) 0 +
f(t)
+
@
@
@ R
16

+
t(0;1)
f(t) = f(
1
2
) = 16 t c khi x = y =
1
4
, z =
1
2
. V
vy
1
xz
+
1
yz
16.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny kh n gin, ch cn th bin z theo bin x, y v i
bin t = x + y chng ta chuyn c bi ton v mt bin.
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2.4.2 V d. Cho x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
thc P = x + y + z + xy + yz + zx.
Bi lm. t t = x + y + z. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy -Schwarz ta c
(x + y + z)
2
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) suy ra
3 t
3. Khi
P = (x + y + z) +
1
2
[(x + y + z)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)] =
1
2
(t
2
+ 2t 1).
Xt hm s f(t) =
1
2
(t
2
+ 2t 1), f
(t) = 2t + 2, f
(t) = 0 t = 1. Ta c bng bin

thin
t
3 1
3
f
(t) 0 +
f(t)
1
3
@
@
@ R
1

1 +
3
t[
3;
3]
f(t) = f(1) = 1 t c khi t = 1
hay (x; y; z) = (1; 0; 0) v cc hon v ca n;
max P = max
t[
3;
3]
f(t) = f(
3) = 1 +
3 t c khi t =
3 hay (x; y; z) =
(
1
3
;
1
3
;
1
3
).
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny i xng vi ba bin, bng cch t t = x+y +z chng
ta chuyn c v mt bin. Sau y l mt s bi ton vi nh hng tng
t.
2.4.3 V d. Cho x, y, z 0. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
1
x + y + z + 1

1
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)
.
Bi lm. t t = x + y + z. p dng bt ng thc xy + yz + zx
(x+y+z)
2
3
v
xyz
(x+y+z)
3
27
. Ta c
P =
1
(x + y + z) + 1

1
xyz + (xy + yz + zx) + (x + y + z) + 1

1
t + 1

1
t
3
27
+
t
2
3
+ t + 1
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=
1
t + 1

27
(t + 3)
3
.
Xt hm s f(t) =
1
t+1
27
(t+3)
3
, f
(t) =
1
(t+1)
2
+
81
(t+3)
4
, f
(t) = 0 (t +3)
4
= [9(t +1)]
2
hay t = 0 v t = 3. Ta c bng bin thin
t 0 3 +
f
(t) + 0
f(t)
0

1
8
@
@
@ R
0
t[0;+)
f(t) = f(3) =
1
8
suy ra max P =
1
8
t c khi
x = y = z = 1.
2.4.4 V d. Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh rng
0 xy + yz + zx 2xyz
7
27
.
Bi lm. T gi thit x, y, z 0, x + y + z = 1 ta c xy + yz + zx 2xyz =
xy(1 z) +yz(1 x) +zx 0. Du bng xy ra khi (x; y; z) = (1; 0; 0) v cc hon v
ca n.
Do vai tr ca x, y, z bnh ng nn ta lun gi s c x = min{x, y, z}. T gi
thit x, y, z 0, x + y + z = 1 ta c 0 x
1
3
v y + z = 1 x. p dng bt ng
thc yz
(y+z)
2
4
v 1 2x > 0. Khi biu thc
P = xy + yz + zx 2xyz = x(y + z) + yz(1 2x) x(1 x) + (1 2x)
(y + z)
2
4
= x(1 x) + (1 2x)
(1 x)
2
4
=
1
4
(2x
3
+ x
2
+ 1).
Xt hm s f(x) = 2x
3
+x
2
+ 1 vi x [0;
1
3
]. Ta c f
(x) = 6x
2
+ 2x, f
(x) = 0
x = 0 v x =
1
3
. Ta c bng bin thin
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www.VNMATH.com
x 0
1
3
f
(x) +
f(x)
1

28
27
x[0;
1
3
]
f(x) = f(
1
3
) =
28
27
. Do max P =
1
4
max
x[0;
1
3
]
f(x) =
7
27
t c khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny i xng vi ba bin, chuyn n v theo mt bin
chng ta phi chn phn t i din, tm cch nh gi phn t v bin i biu
thc v theo phn t i din. Sau y l mt s bi ton vi nh hng tng
t.
2.4.5 V d. Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh rng
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+
15
4
xyz
1
4
.
Bi lm. Do vai tr ca x, y, z bnh ng nn ta lun gi s c x = min{x, y, z}.
T gi thit x, y, z 0, x + y + z = 1 ta c 0 x
1
3
v y + z = 1 x. p dng bt
ng thc yz
(y+z)
2
4
v
27x
4
3 < 0. Khi biu thc
P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+
15
4
xyz
= x
3
+ (y + z)
3
3yz(y + z) +
15xyz
4
= x
3
+ (y + z)
3
+ yz[
15x
4
3(y + z)]
= x
3
+ (1 x)
3
+ yz(
27x
4
3) x
3
+ (1 x)
3
+
(y + z)
2
4
(
27
4
x 3)
=
1
16
(27x
3
18x
2
+ 3x + 4).
Xt hm s f(x) =
1
16
(27x
3
18x
2
+3x+4), f
(x) =
1
16
(81x
2
36x+3), f
(x) = 0 x =
1
9
v x =
1
3
. Bng bin thin
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x 0
1
9
1
3
f
(x) + 0
f(x)
1
4

7
27
@
@
@ R
1
4
x[0;
1
3
]
f(x) = f(0) = f(
1
3
) =
1
4
. Do P
1
4
du bng xy
ra khi (x; y; z) = (
1
3
;
1
3
;
1
3
) hoc (x; y; z) = (0;
1
2
;
1
2
) v cc hon v ca n.
2.4.6 V d. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x +y +z = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc P =
x
1x
+
y
1y
+
z
1z
.
Bi lm. Xt hm s f(x) =
x
1x
, f
(x) =
2x
2(1x)
1x
. Phng trnh tip tuyn
ca th hm s y = f(x) ti im M(
1
3
;
1
6
) l y =
3
12
2
(15x 1).
Chng minh
x
1x

3
12
2
(15x 1). Nu 0 < x <
1
15
th bt ng thc ng.
Nu
1
15
x < 1 th bt ng thc tng ng vi (3x 1)
2
(25x 1) 0 lun
ng, ng thc xy ra khi x =
1
3
.
Tng t ta c
y
1y

3
12
2
(15y 1),
z
1z

3
12
2
(15z 1).
Cng theo v ta c P
3
12
2
[15(x +y +z) 3] =
6
2
. Do min P =
6
2
t c
khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny i xng vi ba bin. Biu thc cha mi s hng m
trong mi s hng ch cha mt bin. gii bi ton ny chng ta thng ngh
n phng php tip tuyn. Sau y l mt bi ton vi nh hng tng t.
2.4.7 V d. Cho x, y, z (0; 1) tho mn xy + yz + zx = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc P =
x
1x
2
+
y
1y
2
+
z
1z
2
.
Bi lm. Ta c P =
x
2
x(1x
2
)
+
y
2
y(1y
2
)
+
z
2
z(1z
2
)
. Xt hm s f(x) =
1
x(1x
2
)
vi
0 < x < 1, f
(x) =
3x
2
1
x
2
(1x
2
)
2
, f
(x) = 0 x =
1
3
v x =
1
3
(loi). Ta c bng bin
thin
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x 0
1
3
1
f
(x) 0 +
f(x)
+
@
@
@ R
3
3
2

+
T bng bin thin ta c
1
x(1x
2
)

3
3
2
x (0; 1). V vy
P
3
3
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
3
2
(xy + yz + zx) =
3
3
2
.
Do min P =
3
3
2
t c khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
2.4.8 V d. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc P =
x
2
y
2
+z
2
+
y
2
z
2
+x
2
+
z
2
x
2
+y
2
.
Bi lm. Ta c P =
x
2
1x
2
+
y
2
1y
2
+
z
2
1z
2
. Xt hm s f(x) =
1
x(1x
2
)
vi 0 < x < 1,
f
(x) =
3x
2
1
x
2
(1x
2
)
2
, f
(x) = 0 x =
1
3
v x =
1
3
x 0
1
3
1
f
(x) 0 +
f(x)
+
@
@
@ R
3
3
2

+
T bng bin thin ta c
1
x(1x
2
)

3
3
2
x (0; 1).
V vy P
3
3
2
(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
).
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
x
6
+ x
3
y
3
+ x
3
y
3
3x
4
y
2
; x
6
+ x
3
z
3
+ x
3
z
3
3x
4
z
2
; ...; x
3
y
3
+ y
3
z
3
+ x
3
z
3
3x
2
y
2
z
2
.
Khi 3(x
6
+y
6
+z
6
+2x
3
y
3
+2y
3
z
3
+2x
3
z
3
) x
6
+y
6
+z
6
+3x
4
y
2
+3x
4
z
2
+3x
2
y
4
+
3y
4
z
2
+ 3x
2
z
4
+ 3y
2
z
4
+ 6x
2
y
2
z
2
.
V vy ta chng minh c bt ng thc 3(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
hay
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3
.
Do P
3
3
2
(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
3
2
suy ra min P =
3
2
t c khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
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2.4.9 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn iu kin x + y + z = 1 Chng minh
xy + yz + zx
2
7
+
9
7
xyz.
Hng dn. Nu
7
9
x 1 th yz
9
7
xyz v y + z
2
9
. Suy ra xy + yz <
2
9
<
2
7
.
Nu 0 x <
7
9
th bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh (x + 1)(3x 1)
2
0.
2.4.10 Bi tp. Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic c chu vi bng 1.
Chng minh
13
27
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 4abc <
1
2
.
Bn c t gii.
2.4.11 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh rng
2(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) + 3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + 12xyz
5
3
.
Bn c t gii.
2.4.12 Bi tp. Cho 1 x, y, z 3 tho mn x + y + z = 6. Chng minh rng
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
14.
Hng dn. Gi s x = max{x, y, z}. Khi 2 x 3 v P = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(y 1)(z 1). Xt hm s theo n x.
2.4.13 Bi tp. Cho 0 x, y, z 2 tho mn x + y + z = 3. Chng minh rng
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
9.
Hng dn. Gi s x = max{x, y, z}. Khi 1 x 2 v P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+ 3yz(y + z). Xt hm s theo n x.
2.4.14 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z R tho mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2. Tm gi tr nh nht,
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz.
Hng dn. t t = x + y + z.
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2.4.15 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn x + y + z = 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P = xy
2
+ yz
2
+ zx
2
xyz.
Bn c t gii.
2.4.16 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn x + y + z = 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P = 9xy + 10xz + 22yz.
Hng dn. P = 9xy +10(x+y)z +12yz = 10(x+y)
2
+30(x+y 12y
2
+36y 3xy).
Xt hm s f(t) = t
2
+ 3t vi t [0; 3]. Suy ra
P = 10f(x + y) + 12f(y) 2xy 22 max
t[0;3]
f(t).
2.4.17 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x + y + z = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc P =
1
4+2ln(1+x)y
+
1
4+2ln(1+y)z
+
1
4+2ln(1+z)x
.
Hng dn. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy -Schwarz v xt hm s
f(t) = 2 ln(1 + t) t.
2.4.18 Bi tp. Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn 21ab + 2bc + 8ca 12. Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc P =
1
a
+
2
b
+
3
c
.
Hng dn. t x =
1
a
, y =
2
b
, z =
3
c
. Bi ton tr thnh: cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn
2x + 4y + 7z 2xyz. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P = x + y + z. p dng z
2x+4y
2xy7
ta
c
P x + y +
2x + 4y
14
x
+
14
x
x(2y
7
x
)
x + y +
2
x
+
2x +
14
x
2xy 7
= x +
11
2x
+
2xy 7
2x
+
2x +
14
x
2xy 7
.
p dng bt ng thc AG-MG v xt hm s f(x) = x +
11
2x
+ 2
1 +
7
x
2
.
2.4.19 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z R tho mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9. Chng minh rng
2(x + y + z) xyz + 10.
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Hng dn. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
[2(x + y + z) xyz]
2
= [x(2 yz) + 2(y + z)]
2
[x
2
+ (y + z)
2
][(2 yz)
2
+ 2
2
].
hay [2(x + y + z) xyz]
2
(9 + 2yz)(y
2
z
2
4yz + 8). t t = yz ta c
[2(x + y + z) xyz]
2
2t
3
+ t
2
20t + 72.
Gi s |x| |y| |z| t gi thit x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9 suy ra |x|
2
3. V vy
|t| = |yz|
y
2
+ z
2
2
=
9 x
2
2
3.
2.4.20 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z [0; 1]. Chng minh 2(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)(x
2
y+y
2
z+z
2
x) 3.
Hng dn. Xt hm s g(x) = f(x, y, z) vi n x v y, z l tham s. Hm s g(x)
t gi tr ln nht ti x = 0 hoc x = 1 nhng f(0) f(1) nn ta chng minh
f(1) 3. Tip tc xt hm s h(y)...
2.4.21 Bi tp. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
(2a + b + c)
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2
+
(2b + c + a)
2
2b
2
+ (c + a)
2
+
(2c + a + b)
2
2c
2
+ (a + b)
2
8.
Hng dn. Do bt ng thc ng vi a, b, c th cng ng vi ta, tb, tc. V vy
gi s a + b + c = 3. p dng phng php tip tuyn.
2.4.22 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z [1006; 2012]. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
xyz
.
Hng dn. Gi s 1006 x y z 2012. t y = kx, z = tx, khi
1 k t 2 v P =
1+k
3
+t
3
kt
.
Chng minh P
1+k
3
+2
3
2k
. Xt hm s f(k) =
k
3
+9
2k
vi k [1; 2].
2.4.23 Bi tp. Cho cc s thc a, b, c khng ng thi bng 0 tho mn a
2
+b
2
+c
2
=
2(ab + bc + ca). Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
(a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
.
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Hng dn. t x =
4a
a+b+c
, y =
4b
a+b+c
, z =
4c
a+b+c
. Khi ta c x + y + z = 4 v
xy + yz + zx = 4. p dng bt ng thc (y + z)
2
4yz suy ra 0 x
8
3
.
Khi P =
1
32
(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) =
1
32
(3x
3
12x
2
+ 12x + 16).
2.4.24 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z [1; 2]. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P = (x + y + z)(
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
).
Hng dn. Gi s 1 x y z 2 suy ra (1
x
y
)(1
y
z
) 0 v (1
y
x
)(1
z
y
) 0.
Nhn ra ri cng theo v ta c
P = (
x
y
+
y
x
) + (
y
z
+
z
y
) + (
x
z
+
z
x
) + 3 5 + 2(
x
z
+
z
x
).
t t =
x
z
, vi t [
1
2
; 1]. Ta c (2 t)(
1
2
t) 0 hay t +
1
t

5
2
.
2.4.25 Bi tp. Cho x + y = 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc
P = x
2
+ y
2
+ (
1 xy
x + y
)
2
v Q = 4x
2
+ 13y
2
+ (
xy 12
x + y
)
2
.
Hng dn. t z =
1xy
x+y
.
2.4.26 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc P = 6(y + z x) + 27xyz.
Hng dn. P 6[
2(y
2
+ z
2
) x] + 27x.
y
2
+z
2
2
= 6[
2(1 x
2
) x] +
27x(1x
2
)
2
.
a
3
(a+b)
3
+
b
3
(b+c)
3
+
c
3
(c+a)
3

3
8
.
Hng dn. t x =
b
a
, y =
c
b
, z =
a
c
suy ra xyz = 1. Bt ng thc tr thnh
1
(1 + x)
3
+
1
(1 + y)
3
+
1
(1 + z)
3

3
8
.
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
1
(1+x)
3
+
1
(1+x)
3
+
1
8

3
2(1+x)
2
.
Ta cn chng minh bt ng thc
1
(1+x)
2
+
1
(1+y)
2
+
1
(1+z)
2

3
4
.
p dng bt ng thc
1
(1+x)
2
+
1
(1+y)
2

1
1+xy
x, y > 0.
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Ta c P =
1
(1+x)
2
+
1
(1+y)
2
+
1
(1+z)
2

1
1+xy
+
1
(1+z)
2
=
z
1+z
+
1
(1+z)
2
.
Xt hm s f(z) =
z
1+z
+
1
(1+z)
2
.
2.4.28 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1. Chng minh rng
x
y
2
+ z
2
+
y
z
2
+ x
2
+
z
x
2
+ y
2

3
3
2
.
Bn c t gii.
2.4.29 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z [0; 1] tho mn x +y +z = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht v
1
x
2
+1
+
1
y
2
+1
+
1
z
2
+1
.
Hng dn. p dng phng php tip tuyn v bt ng thc
1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ 1
1 +
1
(x + y)
2
+ 1
x, y > 0; x + y 1.
2.4.30 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z 0 tho mn x + y + z = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht v
1x
1+x
+
1y
1+y
+
1z
1+z
.
Hng dn. p dng bt ng thc
1x
1+x
1 x v bt ng thc
1 x
1 + x
+
1 y
1 + y
1 +
1 (x + y)
1 + (x + y)
x + y
4
5
.
2a
a+b
+
2b
b+c
+
2c
c+a
3.
Hng dn. t x =
a
b
, y =
b
c
, z =
c
a
suy ra xyz = 1 v bt ng thc
1
1 + x
2
+
1
1 + y
2

2
1 + xy
xy 1.
2.4.32 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn (x + y + z)
3
= 32xyz. Chng minh rng
383 165
5
2

x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
(x + y + z)
4

9
128
.
Hng dn. Gi s x + y + z = 4. t t = xy + yz + zx.
40
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2.4.33 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x + y + z 1. Chng minh rng
3(x + y + z) + 2(
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
) 21.
2.4.34 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1. Chng minh rng
(
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
) (x + y + z) 2
3.
2.4.35 Bi tp. Cho x, y, z > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
2(x + y + z)
3
+ 9xyz
(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx)
.
Hng dn. Gi s x + y + z = 1 v z = min{x, y, z} suy ra 0 < z
1
3
.
2.4.36 Bi tp. Cho
xy+yz+zx
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=
1
7
. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu
thc P =
x
4
+y
4
+z
4
(x+y+z)
4
.
Hng dn. Gi s x + y + z = 1 v z = min{x, y, z} suy ra 0 < z
1
3
.
2.4.37 Bi tp. Cho a, b, c, d > 0 tho mn a
2
+ b
2
= 1 v c d = 3. Chng minh
rng P = ac + bd cd
9+6
2
4
.
Hng dn. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
P
(a
2
+ b
2
)(c
2
+ d
2
) cd =
2d
2
+ 6d + 9 d
2
3d.
41
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KT LUN
Bi vit thu c cc kt qu sau.
1. Trnh by c th cch tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s.
2. H thng mt s dng bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca mt
biu thc cha hai bin bng cch th mt bin qua bin cn li.
3. H thng mt s dng bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca
mt biu thc cha hai bin bng cch t n ph theo tnh i xng t = x + y,
t = x
2
+ y
2
hoc t = xy.
biu thc cha hai bin bng cch t n ph theo tnh ng cp t =
x
y
.
biu thc cha ba bin bng cch t n ph hoc th hai bin qua mt bin cn li.
42
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(Vnmath - Com) SKKN Ki Thuat Don Bien Tim Max Min

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Gio vin: Trn nh Hin - Trng THPT ng Thc Ha - Ngh An

(x) = 0 x = 3 v x = 1. Ta c bng bin thin

(t) = 0 t = 0 v t = 2(loi). Bng bin thin

2(loi). Bng bin thin

(t) = 66t + 40, f

(t) = 0 t = 2(loi). Bng bin thin

(t) > 0 t [1; 2]. V vy max P =

(t) = 0 t = 1(loi) v t = 0(loi). Bng bin thin

(1) < 0 nn phng

(t) = 0 t = 0. Kho min P = min

2(loi). Ta c bng bin thin

(t) > 0, t [1;

T bng bin thin ta c f(t) < 0 t > 1 hay

(t) = 2(t lnt 1), g

(t) = 0 t = 1. Ta c bng bin

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