AI HOC ONG A

So 7-2012
23
ng dng ca nh l
CHO MA TRN VUNG CP 2
ThS. Nguyn Hu Hc
Phng Khoa Hc - i Hc ng
TM TT
y l nh l c bn ca i s tuyn tnh. y ta s xem xt ng dng ca n trong vic
tnh ton ly tha v tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn vung cp 2.
T kha: nh l Cayley-Hamilton, ma trn.
ABSTRACT
This is the basic theorem of linear algebra. In this paper, we will consider about its
applications in calculating the power and finding the inverse matrix of quare matrix level 2.
Keyword: Cayley-Hamilton theorem, matrix.
Trong bi vit ny ta k hiu E, O ln lt l ma trn n v, ma trn khng cng
cp vi ma trn tham gia trong biu thc.
1. nh l Cayley-Hamilton
1.1. nh l
Cho T l ma trn vung cp n. a thc c trng ca T bc n l nh thc:
T
( ) E T = (E l ma trn n v cp n)
Khi ta c: = ( )
T
T O (O l ma trn khng cp n) (1)
Chng minh nh l trn c th tham kho ti cc gio trnh i s tuyn tnh hoc
ti blog ca GS Ng Bo Chu http://ngobaochau.wordpress.com/tag/hamilton/
Khi T l ma trn vung cp 2 ta thu c kt qu sau:
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24
1.2. Mnh
Cho
| |
=
|
\ .
.
a b
A
c d
Khi ta c:
+ + =
2
( ) ( ) A a d A ad bc E O
(2)
Chng minh:
Theo nh l Cayley-Hamilton ta c:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A
a b
E A a d b c
c d

= = =


( )
2
a d (ad bc) = + +
Thay bi A, 1 bi E ta thu c (2).
2. ng dng ca nh l Cayley-Hamilton
2.1. Tnh ly tha ca ma trn vung
T
2
(2) A (a d)A (ad bc)E (*) = +
T ta thu c:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
A A.A A a d A (ad bc)E a d A ad bc A ( = = + = +

( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 3 2
A A.A A a d A (ad bc)A a d A ad bc A
(
= = + = +

T y, php tnh ly tha bc n ca ma trn c a v tnh ly tha bc (n-1) v
chuyn dn v php nhn 1 s vi ma trn v ng nhin, qu trnh tnh ton c n
gin i nhiu.
V d 1:
Cho
| |
=
|
\ .
1 2
1 4
A . Tnh
2 3
, A A .
Gii:
p dng cng thc (*), ta c:
2
5 10 6 0 1 10
A 5A 6E
5 20 0 6 5 14
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
3 2
1 10 1 2 11 38
A 5A 6A 5 6
5 14 1 4 19 46
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
AI HOC ONG A
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25
T nhn xt trn ta c th ngh n vic tnh
n
A (n 1, 2,3,...) = . Khi gp loi ton ny,
phng php quen thuc m ta ngh n chnh l phng php quy np ton hc tng
c dng tnh s hng tng qut ca dy s hay tnh o hm cp n ca mt hm s.
Ni dung ca phng php ny l tnh mt s s hng ban u, d on s hng tng
qut v chng minh d on bng quy np ton hc.
V d 2:
Cho
| |
=
|
\ .
0
0
a
A
b
. Tnh A
n

Gii:
p dng cng thc (*), ta c:
2
2
2
a 0
A (a b)A abE
0 b
| |
= + =
|
\ .
3
3 2
3
a 0
A (a b)A abA
0 b
| |
= + =
|
\ .
n
n
n
a 0
A
0 b
| |
=
|
\ .

Ta c:

n n 1
n 1 n
n n 1
a 0 a 0 a 0
A A .A
0 b 0 b 0 b
+
+
+
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
Vy (**) ng vi mi n = 1, 2, 3,...
Trong v d 2, A l ma trn c bit, ta d dng on c A
n
, tuy nhin, khi A l ma
trn bt k, nh trong v d 1, ta rt kh tm ra quy lut d on A
n
, y cng l hn
ch ca phng php ny. By gi ta s suy ngh phng php s dng nh l Cayley-
Hamilton gii quyt bi ton ny!
Trc ht, ta thy rng a thc c trng ca A l a thc bc hai, v vy c th phn
tch (2) thnh dng: (A - E)(A - E) = 0 (tt nhin c c trng hp , C tuy nhin
trong phm vi bi ny ta tm thi gii hn , R).
2.1.1. Trng hp
Khi t ( )( ) 0 ( ) ( ) A E A E A E A A E = =
T bng quy np ton hc ta d dng chng minh c:
(**)
AI HOC ONG A
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n n
(A E)A (A E) =
(i)
Hon ton tng t, ta c:
n n
(A E)A (A E) = (ii)
(2.2) (2.1) : ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n n
A A E =
n n n 1 n 1
n
( )
A A E


=


(3)
V d 3:
Cho
4 2
1 1
A
| |
=
|
\ .
. Tnh:
n
A .
Gii:
Theo nh l Cayley-Hamilton ta c: + = =
2
5 6 0 ( 2 )( 3 ) 0 A A E A E A E
Ta c:
= = ( 2 )( 3 ) 0 ( 2 ) 3( 2 ) A E A E A A E A E
Bng quy np ton hc ta d dng chng minh c:
1
( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 2 3 ( 2 ) ( )
n n n n n
A A E A E A A A E i
+
= =
(iii)
Mt khc: ( 2 )( 3 ) 0 ( 3 ) 2( 3 ) A E A E A A E A E = =
Lp lun tng t ta thu c:
1
( 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) 3 2 ( 3 ) ( )
n n n n n
A A E A E A A A E ii
+
= =
(iv)
1
2.3 2 2(3 2 )
( ) ( ) : (3 2 ) (2.3 3.2 )
3 2 3 2
n n n n
n n n n n
n n n n
i ii A A E
+
| |
= =
|
+
\ .

2.1.2. Trng hp =
Khi (2) tr thnh:
2
( ) A E O =
t: A E B A E B = = + vi
2
B O = .
p dng khai trin nh thc Newton:
1 1 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n n
n n
A E C E B C E B B

= + + + +
Do
2 1 1
( )
n n n n n
B O A E n EB E n A E

= = + = +
1
( 1) (2.4)
n n n
A n A n E

=

Trong cho ta cng s thu c

!
(ii)-(i)
(iii)-(iv)
(4)
(3) (4)
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V d 4:
Cho
3 1
1 1
A
| |
=
|
\ .
. Tnh
n
A
Gii:
Theo nh l Cayley-Hamilton:
2 2
4 4 ( 2 ) A A E O A E O + = =
p dng (4) vi 2 = ta c:
1 1
1
1 1
( 2)2 .2
.2 ( 1).2
.2 ( 2)2
n n
n n n
n n
n n
A n A n E
n n

| | +
= =
|

\ .
Trong phng php trn, ta s dng phn tch biu thc thnh nhn t. Nu nhn
theo kha cnh a thc, a thc c trng ca ma trn A:
2
( ) ( ) ( ) a d ad bc = + + . Gi , l hai nghim ca ( ) .
- Trng hp
Theo nh l v php chia a thc, tn ti a thc ( ) Q v cc s p, q sao cho:
2
( ) ( ) ( )
n
a d ad bc Q p q ( = + + + +

Ln lt thay , = = vo biu thc trn ta thu c:
1 1
( )
n n
n
n n n
p
p q
p q
q

+ =

+ =

=

T ta thu c cng thc (3):

=

1 1
( )
n n n n
n
A A E



- Trng hp =
Khi ta c:
2
( ) ( )
n
Q p q = + +
o hm hai v theo ta c:

1 2
2( ) ( ) ( ) '( )
n
n Q Q p

= + +
Ln lt thay = vo hai biu thc trn ta c:
AI HOC ONG A
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1
1
( 1)
n n
n n
p q p n
n p q n

= + =


= =

T ta thu c cng thc (4):

=
1
( 1)
n n n
A n A n E

i vi trng hp a thc c trng c nghim phc, ta th xt v d c th sau y:
V d 5:
Cho
3 7
1 2
A
| |
=
|
\ .
. Tnh
n
A
Gii:
Theo nh l Cayley-Hamilton ta c:
2
0 A A E + + =
T :
2
2 7
1 3
A A E
| |
= =
|

\ .

3 2
1 0
0 1
A A A E
| |
= = =
|
\ .
Do :
3
1 0
( 1, 2,3,...)
0 1
m
A E m
| |
= = =
|
\ .
3 1
3 7
( 0,1, 2,...)
1 2
m
A A m
+
| |
= = =
|
\ .
3 2 2
2 7
( 0,1, 2,...)
1 3
m
A A m
+
| |
= = =
|

\ .
Trong trng hp ny cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng:
1 3 2 2
cos sin
2 3 3
i
i

+
= = +
1 3 4 4
cos sin
2 3 3
i
i

= = +
AI HOC ONG A
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p dng cng thc Moivre v s dng cng thc (3) ta cng thu c:
3 3 3
1 0
1 ( 1, 2,3,...)
0 1
m m m
A E m
| |
= = = = =
|
\ .
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 7
( 0,1, 2,...)
1 2
m
m
m
A A m


+
+
+
| | =
= = =

|
=
\ .
3 2 2
3 2 2
3 2 2
( )
m
m
m
A A E A E A



+
+
+
=
= + = =

3 2 2
2 7
( 0,1, 2,...)
1 3
m
A A m
+
| |
= = =
|

\ .
S dng nhng kt qu thu c trn, ta d dng kim tra li ly tha bc n ca
cc ma trn c bit:
0 0
0 0
n
n
n
a a
A A
b b
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

(v d 2)
1
0 0
n n
n
n
a b a na b
A A
a a

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
1
0 0
n
n
n n
a a
A A
b a na b a

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2.2. Tm ma trn nghch o
i vi ma trn vung cp 2, vic tm ma trn nghch o kh n gin. y, ta
th xt mt v d s dng nh l Cayley-Hamilton tm ma trn nghch o.
V d 6:
Cho
1 4
2 3
A
| |
=
|
\ .
. Tm ma trn nghch o
1
A

Gii:
p dng nh l Cayley-Hamilton ta c:
2
4 5 A A E O =
Nhn hai v ng thc trn vi
1
A

:
AI HOC ONG A
So 7-2012
30

1
4 5 A E A O

=
1
1
3 4
5 4
2 1
3 4
5 5
2 1
5 5
A A E
A

| |
= =
|

\ .
| |

|
=
|

\ .
Kt lun
Bi ton v ly tha ca ma trn vung cp 2 c nhiu cch gii khc nhau, chng
hn ngoi cch s dng phng php quy np nh nu trong bi ta c th s dng
phng php cho ha ma trn... Trong nhiu gio trnh i s tuyn tnh khng gii
thiu nh l ny, nn bi vit ny nhm gii thiu mt s ng dng ca nh l Cayley-
Hamilton trong vic tnh ton vi cc ma trn vung cp 2. Kt hp vi cc kin thc
Ton s cp s cho ta nhiu li gii ngn gn v th v. i vi cc ma trn vung cp
cao hn d nhin vic tnh ton cng phc tp hn, vn ny ti xin cp trong mt
bi vit khc
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Hamilton_theorem
2. http://ngobaochau.wordpress.com/tag/hamilton/