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Africa
List of countries and capitals with currency and
language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective
national flags and capitals,including their respective currency and native language.
This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. The
continents are:
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
South America
Oceania (a geopolitical region which includes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands)
Antarctica
In other models, Asia and Europe can be combined as Eurasia, while North and South America can be combined
as the Americas (for a detailed description of how the world is divided into continents, including different
models, see here).
There are sovereign states and dependent territories that can be considered to belong to more than one continent,
according to geographical, political, or historical criteria.
Contents
1 Africa
2 Asia
3 Europe
4 North America
5 South America
6 Oceania
7 Antarctica
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Africa
Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and
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Area 30,221,532 km
2
(11,668,599 sq mi)
Population 1,032,532,974
[1]
(2011, 2nd)
Pop. density 30.51/km
2
(about 80/sq mi)
Countries 57 (list of countries)
Languages Languages of Africa
Time Zones UTC-1 to UTC+4
dependent territories in Africa
Further information: Geography of Africa
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories
in Africa with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-
populous continent. At about 30.2 million km (11.7 million
sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the
Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land
area.
[2]
With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), it
accounts for about 15% of the world's human population.
The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the
north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai
Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast,
and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes
Madagascar and various archipelagoes. It has 54 fully
recognized sovereign states ("countries"), 9 territories and
three de facto states with limited recognition.
[3]
Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted
as the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great
apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have
been dated to around seven million years ago including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus
africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern
human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.
[4]
Africa straddles the equator and encompasses
numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate
zones.
[5]
The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011.
[6]
Flag Name Capital Currency
Official
language
Algeria Algiers Budju Arabic
Angola Luanda Angolar Portuguese
Benin
Porto-Novo (official)
Cotonou (seat of government)
West African
CFA franc
French
Botswana Gaborone Pula
English
Setswana
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou
West African
CFA franc
French
Burundi Bujumbura Rupie
Kirundi
French
Central
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Cameroon Yaound
Central
African CFA
franc
French
English
Cape Verde Praia
Cape Verdean
escudo
Portuguese
Central African
Republic
Bangui
Central
African CFA
franc
French
Sango
Chad N'Djamena
Central
African CFA
franc
French
Arabic
Comoros Moroni
Comorian
franc
Comorian
Arabic
French
Congo (Congo-
Brazzaville)
Brazzaville
Central
African CFA
franc
French
Cte d'Ivoire (Ivory
Coast)
Yamoussoukro (official)
Abidjan (seat of government)
West African
CFA franc
French
Democratic Republic of
the Congo (Congo-
Kinshasa)
Kinshasa
Congolese
franc
French
Djibouti Djibouti
Djiboutian
franc
French
Arabic
Egypt Cairo Egyptian gineih Arabic
Equatorial Guinea Malabo
Equatorial
Guinean
peseta
Spanish
French
Portuguese
Eritrea Asmara Tallero
Tigrinya
Arabic
English
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic
Gabon Libreville
Central
African CFA
franc
French
Gambia Banjul
British West
African pound
Mandinka
English
Ghana Accra
British West
African pound
English
Akan
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Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French
Guinea-Bissau Bissau
West African
CFA franc
Portuguese
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shilling
Swahili
English
Lesotho Maseru Lesotho loti
English
Sesotho
Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English
Libya Tripoli Dinar Arabic
Madagascar Antananarivo
Malagasy
ariary
Malagasy
French
Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha
English
Chichewa
Mali Bamako
West African
CFA franc
French
Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic
Mauritius Port Louis
Mauritian
rupee
Mauritian
Creole
French
English
Mayotte Mamoudzou Euro French
Morocco Rabat
Moroccan
dirham
Arabic
Berber
Mozambique Maputo
Mozambican
metical
Portuguese
Namibia Windhoek
Namibian
dollar
English
Niger Niamey
West African
CFA franc
French
Nigeria Abuja Naira English
Runion Saint-Denis
Overseas
department of
France
Rwanda Kigali
Rwandan
franc
Kinyarwanda
English
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French
Saint Helena, Ascension
and Tristan da Cunha
Jamestown (Saint Helena)
Georgetown (Ascension Island)
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan da
Cunha)
Saint Helena
pound
Pound sterling
English
Sao Tome and Principe So Tom Dobra Portuguese
Senegal Dakar CFA franc French
Seychelles Victoria
Seychellois
rupee
Seychellois
Creole
French
English
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English
Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling
Somali
Arabic
Somaliland Hargeisa
Somaliland
shilling
Somali
Arabic
South Africa
Pretoria (administrative/executive)
Cape Town (legislative)
Bloemfontein (judicial)
South African
rand
Afrikaans
English
Southern
Ndebele
Northern
Sotho
Southern
Sotho
Swazi
Tsonga
Tswana
Venda
Xhosa
Zulu
South Sudan Juba
South
Sudanese
pound
English
Sudan Khartoum
Sudanese
pound
Arabic
English
Swaziland
Mbabane (administrative)
Lobamba (royal and legislative)
Lilangeni
English
Swati
Tanzania
Dodoma (official)
Dar es Salaam (seat of government)
Tanzanian
shilling
Swahili
English
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Asia
Area 44,579,000 km
2
(17,212,000 sq mi)
[7]
Population 3,879,000,000 (1st)
[8]
Pop.
density
87/km
2
(225/sq mi)
Countries 48 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Togo Lom CFA franc French
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic
Uganda Kampala
Ugandan
shilling
Swahili
English
None Western Sahara
None Disputed territory between
Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab
Democratic Republic
Moroccan
dirham
Algerian dinar
Mauritanian
ouguiya
See
respective
claimants
Zambia Lusaka
Zambian
kwacha
English
Zimbabwe Harare various
English
Shona
Sindebele
Asia
Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Asia
See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Eurasia
Further information: Geography of Asia
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories
in Asia with geographical data such as area, population,
and population density, see here.
Asia (
i
/e/ or /e/) is the world's largest and most
populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and
northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total
surface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately
4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human
population. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly
quadrupled.
[9]
Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths of
Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural
river, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus
Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the
Caspian and Black Seas.
[10][11]
It is bounded on the east by
the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on
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Time Zones UTC+2 to UTC+12
the north by the Arctic Ocean.
Given its size and diversity, Asia a toponym dating back to
classical antiquity "is more a cultural concept" incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous
physical entity.
[12]
Asia differs very widely among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures,
environments, economics, historical ties and government systems.
Flag Name Capital Currency
Official
language
Abkhazia Sukhumi
Abkhazian apsar
Russian ruble
Abkhaz
Russian
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Pashto
Dari (Persian)
Akrotiri and
Dhekelia
Episkopi Cantonment Euro
English
Greek
Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian
Azerbaijan
[Europe]
Baku Manat Azerbaijani
Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali
Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha
British Indian
Ocean Territory
Diego Garcia
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
US dollar
UK pound
English
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar
Bahasa
Melayu
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer
China Beijing Renminbi (yuan)
Standard
Chinese
Christmas Island
Flying Fish Cove
External territory of Australia
Australian dollar English
Cocos (Keeling)
Islands
West Island
External territory of AustraliaExternal
territory of Australia
Australian dollar English
Cyprus
[Europe]
Nicosia Euro
Greek
Turkish
East Timor (Timor-
Leste)
Dili US Dollar
Portuguese
Tetum
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Georgia
[Europe]
Tbilisi Lari Georgian
Hong Kong Special administrative region of China Hong Kong dollar
English
Chinese
India New Delhi Indian rupee
Hindi
English
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian
Iran Tehran Rial Persian
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar
Kurdish
Arabic
Israel Jerusalem New shekel
Hebrew
Arabic
Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese
Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic
Kazakhstan Astana Tenge
Kazakh
Russian
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar Arabic
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som
Kyrgyz
Russian
Laos Vientiane Kip Lao
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic
Macau Special administrative region of China Macanese pataca
Portuguese
Chinese
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur (official)
Putrajaya (seat of government)
Ringgit Malaysian
Maldives Mal Maldivian rufiyaa Maldivian
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tgrg Mongolian
Myanmar (Burma)
Naypyidaw Kyat Burmese
Nagorno-
Karabakh
Stepanakert
De facto sovereign state lacking general
international recognition
Recognized by United Nations as de jure
part of Azerbaijan
Armenian dram Armenian
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part of Azerbaijan
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali
Northern Cyprus
Nicosia
De facto sovereign state lacking general
international recognition
Recognized by United Nation as de jure
part of Cyprus
Turkish lira Turkish
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won Korean
Oman Muscat Rial Arabic
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee
English
Urdu
Palestine
East Jerusalem (claimed capital)
Ramallah (West Bank seat of
government)
Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government)
Territory occupied by Israel
State of Palestine (flag displayed)
proclaimed on territory
Israeli shekel Arabic
Philippines Manila Peso
Filipino
English
Qatar Doha Riyal Arabic
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Arabic
Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar
English
Chinese
malay
Tamil
South Korea Seoul South Korean won Korean
South Ossetia
Tskhinvali
De facto sovereign state lacking general
international recognition
Recognized by United Nations as de jure
part of Georgia
Russian ruble
Ossetic
Georgian
Russian
Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Sri Lankan rupee
Sinhala
Tamil
Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic
Taipei
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Europe
Taiwan
De facto sovereign state lacking general
international recognition
Recognized by United Nations as part of
China.
New Taiwan dollar
Standard
Chinese
Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik
Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai
Turkey
[Europe]
Ankara Turkish lira Turkish
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new manat Turkmen
United Arab
Emirates
Abu Dhabi UAE dirham Arabic
Uzbekistan Tashkent
Uzbekistan som
(O'zbekiston so'mi)
Uzbek
Vietnam Hanoi ng Vietnamese
Yemen Sana'a Yemeni rial Arabic
Notes
The Russian Federation is classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division. Russia is
historically the successor of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a medieval state of northeastern Europe. The Russian
conquest of Northern Asia begins in the late 16th century. Today, most of the territory of Russia is in Asia, but
most of its population lives in the European part.
Europe
Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states
and dependent territories in Europe
See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Eurasia
Further information: Geography of Europe
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories
in Europe with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.
Europe (
i
/jrp/ EWR-p or /jrp/ YUR-p
[13]
) is, by
convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising
the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally
divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and
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Area 10,180,000 km
2
(3,930,000 sq mi)
[n]
Population 739,165,030
[n]
(2011), 3rd)
Pop. density 72.5/km
2
Countries 50 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time Zones UTC to UTC+6
Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black
Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean
Seas.
[14]
Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the
north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea
to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to
the southeast. Yet the borders of Europea concept dating
back to classical antiquityare somewhat arbitrary, as the
primarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporate
cultural and political elements.
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres
(3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50
states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country
has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous
continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population.
[15]
Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.
[16]
It played a predominant role in global
affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20th
centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of
Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.
[17]
Both World Wars were largely focused upon
Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century
as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.
[18]
During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the
Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to the
formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been
expanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Flag Name Capital Currency
Official
language
land Islands
Mariehamn
Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by
international treaty)
Euro Swedish
Albania Tirana Lek Albanian
Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan
Austria Vienna Euro German
Belarus Minsk
Belarusian
ruble
Belarusian
Russian
Belgium Brussels Euro
Dutch
French
German
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Sarajevo
Convertible
mark
Bosnian
Croatian
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Serbian
Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian
Croatia Zagreb Kuna Croatian
Czech Republic Prague
Czech
koruna
Slovak
German
Polish
Bulgarian
Croatian
Greek
Hungarian
Romani
Russian
Rusyn
Serbian
Ukrainian
Denmark Copenhagen
Danish
krone
[a]
Danish
Estonia Tallinn Euro Estonian
Faroe Islands
Trshavn
Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm
Faroese
krna
Faroese
Danish
Finland Helsinki Euro
Finnish
Swedish
France Paris
Euro
CFP franc
French
Germany Berlin Euro German
Gibraltar
Gibraltar
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
Gibraltar
pound
English
Greece Athens Euro Greek
Guernsey
Saint Peter Port
British Crown dependency
Pound
sterling
English
French
Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian
Iceland Reykjavk
Icelandic
krna
Icelandic
Ireland Dublin Euro Irish
Isle of Man
Douglas
British Crown dependency
Pound
sterling
English
Manx
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Italy Rome Euro Italian
Jersey
Saint Helier
British Crown dependency
Pound
sterling
English
French
Kosovo
Pristina
De facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN
member states
A United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was
put in place starting in 1999.
Euro
Albanian
Serbian
Latvia Riga Lats Latvian
Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German
Lithuania Vilnius
Lithuanian
litas
Lithuanian
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro
Luxembourgish
French
German
Macedonia Skopje
Macedonian
denar
Macedonian
Malta Valletta Euro
Maltese
English
Moldova Chiinu
Moldovan
leu
Moldovan
Monaco Monaco Euro
Mongasque
Italian
Occitan
English
Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin
Netherlands Amsterdam
Euro
US dollar
NA guilder
Aruban florin
Dutch
Norway Oslo
Norwegian
krone
Norwegian
Bokml
Nynorsk
Poland Warsaw Zoty Polish
Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese
Romanian
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Romania Bucharest
Romanian
leu Romanian
Russia Moscow Russian ruble
Russian
27 others co-
official
San Marino San Marino Euro Italian
Serbia Belgrade Serbian dinar Serbian
Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak
Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene
Spain Madrid Euro
Spanish
Catalan
Galician
Basque
Svalbard
Longyearbyen
Special territory of Norway (recognized by
international treaty)
Norwegian
krone
Norwegian
Sweden Stockholm
Swedish
krona
Swedish
Switzerland Bern Swiss franc
German
French
Italian
Romansh
Transnistria
Tiraspol
De facto sovereign state lacking general international
recognition
Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of
Moldova
Transnistrian
ruble
Russian
Moldovan
Ukrainian
Ukraine Kiev
Ukrainian
hryvnia
Ukrainian
United Kingdom London
Pound
sterling
English
Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian
Notes
Transcontinental countries in Europe and Asia, classified as West Asian countries by the United Nations
Statistics Division:
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North America
Area 24,709,000 km
2
(9,540,000 sq mi)
Population 528,720,588 (2008, 4th)
Pop. density 22.9/km
2
(59.3/sq mi)
[b]
Countries 23 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time Zones UTC-10 to UTC
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey.
In West Asia, but a member of the European Union: Cyprus.
North America
Main articles: North America and List of sovereign
states and dependent territories in North America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of North America
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories
in North America with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern
Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western
Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of
the Americas.
[19]
It is bordered to the north by the Arctic
Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and
south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South
America and the Caribbean Sea.
North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square
kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of the
planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July
2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million
people across 23 independent states. North America is the
third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and
the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Flag Name Capital Currency
Official
language
Anguilla The Valley
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's
Aruba Oranjestad
Constituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Bahamas Nassau
Barbados Bridgetown
Belize Belmopan
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Bermuda Hamilton
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Bonaire Kralendijk Special municipality of the Netherlands
British Virgin Islands Road Town
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Canada Ottawa
Cayman Islands George Town
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Clipperton Island Overseas territory of France
Costa Rica San Jos
Cuba Havana
Curaao Willemstad
Constituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Dominica Roseau
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo
El Salvador San Salvador
Greenland Nuuk
Self-governing territory of the Danish
Realm
Grenada St. George's
Guadeloupe Basse-Terre Overseas department of France
Guatemala Guatemala City
Haiti Port-au-Prince
Honduras Tegucigalpa
Jamaica Kingston
Martinique Fort-de-France Overseas department of France
Mexico Mexico City
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South America
Montserrat
Plymouth (official)
Brades (seat of
government)
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Navassa Island
Insular area of the United States of
America
Nicaragua Managua
Panama Panama City
Puerto Rico San Juan
Insular area of the United States of
America
Saba The Bottom Special municipality of the Netherlands
Saint Barthlemy Gustavia Overseas collectivity of France
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre
Saint Lucia Castries
Saint Martin Marigot
Overseas collectivity of France
Saint Pierre and
Miquelon
Saint-Pierre Overseas collectivity of France
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
Kingstown
Sint Eustatius Oranjestad Special municipality of the Netherlands
Sint Maarten Philipsburg
Constituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain
Turks and Caicos
Islands
Cockburn Town
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
United States Washington, D.C.
United States Virgin
Islands
Charlotte Amalie
Insular area of the United States of
America
South America
Main articles: South America and List of sovereign
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Area
17,840,000 km
2
(6,890,000 sq mi)
Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)
Pop. density 21.4 per km
2
(56.0 per sq mi)
Countries 12 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time Zones UTC-2 to UTC-5
states and dependent territories in South America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of South America
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories
in South America with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.
South America is a continent located in the Western
Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
[20][21]
It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the
north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the
Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelve
sovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and
Venezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas region
of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas
Territory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the
Netherlands may also be considered part of South America,
as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American states
that border the Caribbean Sea Colombia, Venezuela,
Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana are also known as
Caribbean South America.
South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 has
been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North
America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coined
in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the
first European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknown
to Europeans.
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Oceania
Flag Name Capital Currency
Official
language
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish
Bolivia
Sucre (official)
La Paz (seat of government)
Boliviano
Spanish
Quechua
Aymara
Brazil Braslia Real Portuguese
Chile Santiago Peso Spanish
Colombia Bogot Peso Spanish
Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish
Falkland
Islands
Stanley
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Falkland Islands
pound
English
French Guiana
Cayenne
Overseas department of France

Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English
Paraguay Asuncin Guaran
Spanish
Guaran
Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish
Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish
Venezuela Caracas Bolvar fuerte Spanish
Oceania
Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states
and dependent territories in Oceania
See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands
Further information: Geography of Oceania
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Geopolitical Oceania
Area
17,840,000 km
2
(6,890,000 sq mi)
Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)
Pop. density 21.4 per km
2
(56.0 per sq mi)
Countries 14 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time Zones UTC-2 to UTC-5
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories
in Oceania with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.
Oceania (UK pron.: /n/ or /sn/;
[22]
US /oini/)
[23]
is a region centered on the islands of the
tropical Pacific Ocean.
[24]
Opinions of what constitutes
Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of
the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions
of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)
[25]
to the entire
insular region between Asia and the Americas, including
Australasia and the Malay Archipelago.The term is
sometimes used more specifically to denote a continent
comprising Australia and proximate islands,
[26][27][28][29]
or
biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian
ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone
(Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from
New Zealand
[30]
or from mainland New Guinea).
[31]
Flag Name Capital Currency
Official
language
American
Samoa
Pago Pago
Insular area of the United States of
America
United States dollar
English
Samoan
Ashmore and
Cartier
Islands
External
territory of
Australia

Australia Canberra Australian dollar None
[c]
Baker Island
Insular area of the United States of
America
Cook Islands
Avarua
Self-governing parliamentary
democracy in free association with
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar
Cook Islands dollar
English
Cook
Islands
Mori
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Coral Sea
Islands
External territory of Australia
Fiji Suva
French
Polynesia
Papeete Overseas collectivity of France
Guam Hagta
Insular area of the United States of
America
Howland
Island

Insular area of the United States of

America
Jarvis Island
Insular area of the United States of
America
Johnston
Atoll

Insular area of the United States of

America
Kingman
Reef

Insular area of the United States of

America
Kiribati South Tarawa
Marshall
Islands
Majuro
Micronesia Palikir
Midway
Atoll

Insular area of the United States of

America
Nauru Yaren (seat of government)
New
Caledonia
Nouma
Sui generis collectivity (special
collectivity) of France
New
Zealand
Wellington
Niue Alofi
Self-governing parliamentary
democracy in free association with
New Zealand
Norfolk
Island
Kingston Self-governing territory of Australia
Northern
Mariana
Islands
Saipan
Insular area of the United States of
America
Palau Melekeok
Palmyra Insular area of the United States of
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Antarctica
Area 14,000,000 km
2
(5,400,000 sq mi)
[32]
Demonym Antarctican
Palmyra
Atoll
Insular area of the United States of
America
Papua New
Guinea
Port Moresby
Pitcairn
Islands
Adamstown
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Samoa Apia
Solomon
Islands
Honiara
Tokelau
Nukunonu (main settlement, although
each atoll has its own administrative
centre)
Dependent territory of New
Zealand
Tonga Nukualofa
Tuvalu Funafuti
Vanuatu Port Vila
Wake Island
Insular area of the United States of
America
Wallis and
Futuna
Mata-Utu Overseas collectivity of France
Antarctica
Main article: Antarctica
Further information: Geography of Antarctica
Antarctica (
i
/ntrtk/ or /ntrktk/)
[d]
is Earth's
southernmost continent, containing the geographic South
Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern
Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and
is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km
2
(5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after
Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For
comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia.
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at
least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest
continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the
continents.
[35]
Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual
precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and
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far less inland.
[36]
The temperature in Antarctica has reached 89 C (129 F). There are no permanent human
residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered
across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for
example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where
it occurs is tundra.
Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first
confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained
largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty
prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports
scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000
scientists from many nations.
Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60S,
and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been
made:
Argentina: Argentine Antarctica
Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory
Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial)
Chile: Antrtica
France: Adlie Land
New Zealand: Ross Dependency
Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land
United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory
(Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)
Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:
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Flag Name Capital Currency
Official
Language
Bouvet Island
Dependent territory of Norway

French Southern Territories
Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)
Port-aux-Franais (Kerguelen
Islands)
Martin-de-Vivis (Saint Paul and
Amsterdam Islands)
Overseas territory of France
Euro French
Heard Island and McDonald
Islands
External territory of Australia

South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands
King Edward Point
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Pound
sterling
English
See also
List of countries and capitals in native languages
List of national capitals
List of currencies
Notes
a. ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the krna, but is not a separate
currency.
b. ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km
2
only, considerably less than
the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km.
c. ^ English does not have de jure status.
d. ^ The word was originally pronounced without /k/, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The
"c" was originally added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced.
[33][34]
References
1. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm/)
United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)
2. ^ Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
3. ^ See List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa.
4. ^ Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005
(http://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.html)
5. ^ Visual Geography. "Africa. General info" (http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html) .
http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
6. ^ IMF WEO Oct. 2010 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/pdf/c2.pdf) . Retrieved 2010 October
15.
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15.
7. ^ National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society
(U.S.). 2006. p. 264.
8. ^ "Continents of the World" (http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm) . The List. Worldatlas.com. Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20110722181955/http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm) from the original on
22 July 2011. http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
9. ^ "Like herrings in a barrel" (http://www.economist.com/diversions/millennium/displayStory.cfm?
Story_ID=346605) . The Economist (The Economist online, The Economist Group) (Millennium issue: Population).
23 December 1999. http://www.economist.com/diversions/millennium/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=346605..
10. ^ "Asia" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110518/Asia) . eb.com, Encyclopdia Britannica. Chicago:
Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.. 2006. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110518/Asia.
11. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-
7922-7528-2. "Europe" (pp. 689); "Asia" (pp. 901): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is
formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets,
the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
12. ^ "Asia" (http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?
id=054800&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d054800) . AccessScience.
McGraw-Hill. http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?
id=054800&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d054800. Retrieved 26 July
2011.
13. ^ OED Online gives the pronunciation of "Europe" as: Brit. jrp, jrp, U.S. jrp, jrp.
14. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 0-7922-
7528-4. "Europe" (pp. 689); "Asia" (pp. 901): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is
formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets,
the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
15. ^ "Global: UN Migrants, Population (http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3585_0_5_0) ". Migration
News. January 2010 Volume 17 Number 1.
16. ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997, p. 226
17. ^ World Population Growth, 19502050
(http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth.aspx?p=1) . Population
Reference Bureau.
18. ^ National Geographic, 534.
19. ^ "North America" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America) . Encyclopdia
Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America.
20. ^ South America (http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthAmer.html) . The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 20016.
New York, Columbia University Press": "fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of the
Western Hemisphere."
21. ^ "LANIC country page" (http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/) . Lanic.utexas.edu.
http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
22. ^ Pronunciation: The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X p.1282 "Oceania /s
n, --/".
23. ^ "Oceania" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oceania) . Dictionary.com. Random House, Inc.. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oceania.
24. ^ For a history of the term, see Douglas & Ballard (2008) Foreign bodies: Oceania and the science of race 1750
1940
25. ^ "Oceania" (http://www.bartleby.com/65/oc/Oceania.html) . 2005. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia
University Press.
26. ^ Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and
other groupings (http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm) , United Nations Statistics
Division. Revised August 28, 2007. Accessed on line October 11, 2007.
27. ^ The Atlas of Canada
(http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/world/referencemap_image_view) . Revised Date
Modified: August 17, 2004. Accessed on line January 31, 2011.
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Modified: August 17, 2004. Accessed on line January 31, 2011.
28. ^ "Encarta Mexico "Oceana"" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257053672622272) . Mx.encarta.msn.com.
Archived from the original (http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557382/Ocean%C3%ADa.html) on 2009-
11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257053672622272. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
29. ^ Lewis, Martin W.; Kren E. Wigen (1997). The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography. Berkeley:
University of California Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-520-20742-4, ISBN 0-520-20743-2. "Interestingly enough, the
answer [from a scholar who sought to calculate the number of continents] conformed almost precisely to the
conventional list: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania (Australia plus New Zealand), Africa, and
Antarctica."
30. ^ Udvardy. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world
31. ^ Steadman. 2006. Extinction & biogeography of tropical Pacific birds
32. ^ United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Antarctica" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/geos/ay.html) . The World Factbook. Government of the United States.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ay.html. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
33. ^ Crystal, David (2006). The Fight for English. Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-19-920764-0.
34. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Antarctic" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0) .
Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0.
Retrieved 16 November 2011.
35. ^ National Satellite, Data, and Information Service. "National Geophysical Data Center"
(http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minrelief.html) . Government of the United States. Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20060613001502/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minrelief.html) from the
original on 13 June 2006. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minrelief.html. Retrieved 9 June 2006.
36. ^ Joyce, C. Alan (18 January 2007). "The World at a Glance: Surprising Facts"
(http://www.worldalmanac.com/blog/2007/01/the_world_at_a_glance_surprisi.html) . The World Almanac.
Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090304001123/http://www.worldalmanac.com/blog/2007/01/the_world_at_a_glanc
e_surprisi.html) from the original on 4 March 2009.
http://www.worldalmanac.com/blog/2007/01/the_world_at_a_glance_surprisi.html. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
External links
European Commission: List of countries, territories and currencies (http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-
5000500.htm)
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