Chng by

Ch phm vi sinh vt dng trong x l

v ci to mi trng
Hin nay rc thi sinh hot, ph thi v nc thi trong ch bin, sn xut nng cng nghip
l mt cn tr rt ln trong s pht trin mnh m ca ton x hi. Ph thi khng ch lm
nhim mi trng sinh thi, nhim ngun nc, nhim t, gy c hi n sc khe con
ngi, vt nui v cy trng m cn lm mt i cnh quan vn ho th v nng nghip nng
thn.
Vn nhim mi sinh ngy cng tr ln trm trng trn phm vi ton cu. Vic s dng
qu mc thuc bo v thc vt, phn ho hc chng nhng gy hu qu nng n i vi t ai v
sc kho cng ng, m cn l qu lng ph v cy trng ch c kh nng s dng c 40-50%
lng phn ho hc bn vo t, do li cng gy nhim mi trng nng n hn.
A. NGUN GC PH THI VA BIN PHP X L
I. Ngun gc ph thi
* Ph thi l g? Ph thi l sn phm loi b c thi ra trong qu trnh hot ng, sn
xut, ch bin ca con ngi.
Ph thi c nhiu ngun khc nhau: Rc thi sinh hot; rc thi th; tn d thc vt; ph
thi do qu trnh sn xut, ch bin nng cng nghip; ph thi t cc nh my cng nghip nh:
nh my giy, khai thc ch bin than, nh my ng, nh my thuc l, nh my bia, nc gii
kht, cc l m, cc nh my x nghip ch bin rau qu hp...
Vit Nam l nc nng nghip c ngun ph thi sau thu hoch rt ln, rt a dng. Chng
trnh 1 triu tn ng li hng chc vn tn b ma, mn ma v tn d ph thi t sn
xut, ch bin ma ra ng. Ngnh cng nghip ch bin xut khu c ph thi ra mi trng
hn 20 vn tn v/nm. Trn ng rung, nng ry hng nm li hng triu tn ph thi l
rm r, li ng, cy sn, thn l thc vt... Ngoi ra cn c ti hng triu tn rc thi sinh hot.
Tt c ngun ph thi ny mt phn b t, cn li tr thnh rc thi, ph thi gy nhim
nghim trng mi trng v ngun nc, trong khi t ai li thiu trm trng ngun dinh dng
cho cy v hng nm chng ta phi b ra hng triu la mua phn ho hc nc ngoi.
Ph thi c xp thnh 3 nhm sau:
+ Ph thi hu c.
+ Ph thi rn.
+ Ph thi lng.
II. Bin php x l ph thi
Nhn chung c 4 bin php x l ph thi sau:
1. Bin php chn lp
Chn lp l phng php x l lu i, c in v n gin nht. Phng php ny i hi
nhiu din tch t, v thi gian x l lu, c mi hi thi, sinh ra cc kh c nh CH
4
, H
2
S,
NH
3
r r, lm nhim t, nhim ngun nc. nhiu nc chng r r ngi ta xy b
ln, nhng rt tn km v thi gian s dng b khng c lu. Bin php ny ngy cng bc l
nhiu khim khuyt.
2. Bin php t
y l bin php tm thi khi lng ph thi qu nhiu. Bin php ny gy nhim mi
trng khng kh rt nhim trng, gy hiu ng nh knh v cc loi bnh ng h hp, mt
khc bin php ny rt tn nguyn liu t.
3. Bin php thi ra h sng ngi v ra bin
y l bin php rt nguy him, gy nhim khng kh, ngun nc, tiu dit sinh vt sng
di nc, gy nhim ton cu.
4. Bin php sinh hc
Hin nay, bin php sinh hc x l ph thi l bin php ti u nht, ang c tt c cc
nc s dng.
Bin php sinh hc l dng cng ngh vi sinh vt phn hu ph thi. Mun thc hin c
bin php ny, iu quan trng nht l phi phn loi c ph thi, v trong ph thi cn nhiu
ph liu kh phn gii nh: ti polyetylen, v chai l bng thu tinh v nha, cc loi ph liu rn
bn phn gii lu.
B. CH PHM VI SINH VT X L PH THI HU CO T RC THI
SINH HOAT, PH THI NNG NGHIP SAU THU HOACH
I. X l rc thi sinh hot, Rc thi th bng cng ngh VI SINH
VT
1. Thnh phn ca rc thi sinh hot
Khc vi rc thi ph thi cng nghip, rc thi sinh hot l mt tp hp khng ng nht.
Tnh khng ng nht biu hin ngay s khng kim sot c ca cc nguyn liu ban u
dng cho sinh hot v thng mi. S khng ng nht ny to ra mt s c tnh rt khc bit
trong cc thnh phn ca rc thi sinh hot.
Mt trong nhng c im r nht ph thi th Vit Nam l thnh phn cc cht hu c
chim t l rt cao 55- 65%. Trong ph thi th cc cu t phi hu c (kim loi, thu tinh, rc
xy dng...) chim khong 12-15%. Phn cn li l cc cu t khc. C cu thnh phn c hc
trn ca ph thi th khng phi l nhng t l bt bin, m c bin ng theo cc thng trong
nm v thay i theo mc sng ca cng ng.
cc nc pht trin, do mc sng ca ngi dn cao cho nn t l thnh phn hu c trong
rc thi sinh hot thng ch chim 35-40%. So vi th gii th rc thi th Vit Nam c t l
hu c cao hn rt nhiu nn vic x l rc thi sinh hot Vit Nam bng cng ngh vi sinh vt
sn xut phn hu c vi sinh l rt thun li.
Trong cc cu t hu c ca rc sinh hot, thnh phn ha hc ca chng ch yu l: C, H,
O, N, S v cc cht tro (bng 15).
Bng 15: Thnh phn ca cc cu t hu c rc th
(*)
Cu t hu c Thnh phn (%)
C H O N S Tro
Thc phm 48,0 6,4 37,6 2,6 0,4 5,0
Giy 43,5 6,0 44,0 0,3 0,2 6,0
Carton 44,0 5,9 44,6 0,3 0,2 5,0
Cht do 60,0 7,2 22,8 - - 10,0
Vi 55,0 6,6 31,2 1,6 0,15 -
Cao su 78,0 10,0 - 2,0 - 10,0
Da 60,0 8,0 11,6 10,0 0,4 10,0
G 49,5 6,0 42,7 0,2 0,1 1,5
(*) Ngun : ti cp Nh nc KHCN 02 - 04.
T bng trn cho thy: Rc thi th nu phn hu mt cch v t chc th mi trng,
c bit l ngun nc s b nhim mt cch trm trng. Ngc li, nu c x l tt s to ra
ngun hu c l ngun dinh dng khng l tr li cho t, cung cp dinh dng cho cy, to ra
c s cn bng v sinh thi.
1.1. Xenluloza trong rc thi sinh hot, ph thi nng nghip
Xenlulo l thnh phn ch yu trong t bo thc vt, chim ti 50% tng s hydratcacbon
trn tri t. Trong vch t bo thc vt, xenlulo tn ti trong mi lin kt cht vi cc
polisaccarit khc: Hemixenluloza, pectin v lignin to thnh lin kt bn vng. Hm lng
xenluloza trong cc cht khc nhau rt khc nhau, trong giy l 61%, tru l 31%.
Trong cc ph liu, xenluloza thng c mt cc dng sau:
- Ph liu nng nghip: rm r, l cy, v lc, v tru, li thn ng...
- Ph liu cng nghip thc phm: v v x qu, b ma, b c ph, b sn...
- Ph liu trong cng nghip ch bin g: r cy, mn ca, g vn...
- Cc cht thi gia nh: rc, giy loi...
C ch phn hu xenluloza:
Nm 1950, Reese v Ctv. ln u tin a ra c ch phn gii xenluloza
Xenluloza
t nhin
Cl

Xenluloza
hot ng
Cx

ng ho
tan
Xenlobioza

Glucoza
Trong : Cx tng ng vi exoglucanza.
C1 tng ng vi endogluanaza.
Theo Reese th C1 l tin nhn t thu phn hay l enzyme khng c hiu, n lm trng
xenluloza t nhin thnh cc chui xenluloza hot ng c mch ngn hn v b enzyme Cx tip
tc phn ct to thnh cc ng tan v cui cng thnh glucoza. Nhng VSV pht trin trn hp
cht cha xenluloza tit ra cc loi enzyme ny phn hu chuyn ho xenluloza.
1.2. Hemixenluloza trong rc thi, ph thi nng nghip
Hemixenluloza c khi lng khng nh, ch ng sau xenluloza trong t bo thc vt,
chng c phn b vch t bo. Hemixenluloza c bn cht l polysacarit bao gm khong
150 gc ng lin kt vi nhau bng cu ni -1,4 glucozit; -1,6 glucozit v thng to thnh
mch nhnh ngn c phn nhnh.
C ch phn gii hemixenluloza:
Phn ln hemixenluloza c tnh cht tng ng vi xenluloza, tuy nhin hemixenluloza c
phn t lng nh hn v cu trc n gin hn. Nh vy Hemixenluloza km bn vng hn do
d phn gii hn xenluloza. Vi sinh vt phn gii hemixenluloza nhanh hn l xenluloza.
1.3. Lignin trong rc thi sinh hot, ph thi nng nghip
Lignin l nhng hp cht c thnh phn cu trc rt phc tp, l cht cao phn t c to
thnh do phn ng ngng t t 3 loi ru ch yu l trans-P-cumarynic; trans-connyferynic;
trans-cynapylic. Lignin khc vi xenluloza v hemixenluloza ch hm lng carbon tng
i nhiu, cu trc ca lignin cn c nhm methoxyl ( OCH
3
) lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt
(C C) hay (C O) trong ph bin l lin kt aryl-glyxerin; aryl-aryl v diaryl ete. Lignin
b phn gii tng phn di tc dng ca Na
2
S
2
O
3;
, H
2
SO
3
, CaS
2
O
3
...
C ch phn gii lignin:
Nhiu cng trnh kt lun c ti 15 enzyme tham gia vo qu trnh phn gii lignin.
Ligninaza khng thu phn ligin thnh cc tiu phn ho tan nh qu trnh phn gii xenluloza.
Nhng trong c 3 enzyme ch cht l:
+ Lignin pezoxidaza.
+ Mangan pezoxidaza.
+ Laccaza.
2. Vi sinh vt phn gii rc thi sinh hot, ph thi nng nghip
2.1. Vi sinh vt phn gii hp cht hu c cha xenluloza
Trong t nhin vi sinh vt phn gii xenluloza v cng phong ph bao gm: Vi khun; nm;
x khun; nguyn sinh ng vt...
+ Vi khun: L nhm vi sinh vt ln nht v cng c nghin cu nhiu nht. T th k 19
cc nh khoa hc pht hin thy mt s loi vi khun k kh c kh nng phn gii xenluloza.
Nhng nm u th k 20 ngi ta li phn lp c cc vi khun hiu kh cng c kh nng ny.
Trong cc vi khun hiu kh phn gii xenluloza, th nim vi khun c vai tr ln nht ch yu l
cc ging Cytophaga, Sporocytophaga v Sorangium. Nim vi khun nhn c nng lng khi
oxy ho cc sn phm ca s phn gii xenluloza thnh CO
2
v H
2
O. Ngoi ra cn thy ging
Cellvibrio cng c kh nng phn gii xenluloza. Trong iu kin k kh, cc vi sinh vt a m,
a nhit thuc ging Clostridium v Bacillus tin hnh phn gii xenluloza thnh glucoza v
xenlobioza, chng s dng nng lng t cc loi ng n v ngun carbon cng thng km
theo vic to nn cc acid hu c, CO
2
v H
2
.
Trong d dy ca ng vt n c tn ti h vi sinh vt phn gii xenluloza l:
Ruminococcus; Flavefaciens; Butyrivibrio; Bacteroides. Ngoi ra cn c: Cellulomonas;
Bacillus; Acetobacter cng phn gii mnh xenluloza.
Nhiu tc gi cn phn lp tuyn chn trong ng ph thi c Clostririum.
Pseudomonas cha phc h enzyme xenluloza. Acteromobacter, Cytophaga, Sporocytophaga v
Sorangium, Sporocytophaga.
+ Nm si: Nm si phn gii xenluloza mnh hn vi khun v chng tit vo mi trng
lng enzyme ngoi bo nhiu hn vi khun. Vi khun thng thng tit vo mi trng phc
h xenluloza khng hon chnh ch thu phn c c cht ci tin nh giy lc v CMC, cn
nm tit vo mi trng h thng xenluloza hon chnh nn c th thu phn xenluloza hon
ton. Cc loi nm phn hu mnh xenluloza l: Trichoderma, Penicillium, Phanerochate,
Sporotrichum, Sclerotium.
Nm a nhit, chng c th tng hp cc enzyme bn nhit hn, chng sinh trng v phn
gii nhanh xenluloza. Nm c th pht trin pH = 3,5 - 6,6.
Ngun carbon gip cho nm phn gii mnh xenluloza. Trong ph thi cha nhiu nitrat
cng khch thch nm phn gii xenluloza, ngun nit hu c cng gip cho nm phn gii
xenluloza mnh hn.

a)

b) c)

d) e)
f) g)

Hnh 16. Chng VSV x l ph thi hu c
a. Khun lc ca vi khun b. Cu khun c. Trc khun Gram dng
d. Trc khun Gram m e. Nm menq f. Nm mc bc thp
g. Nm mc bc cao
Ngi ta tm thy trong ng ph thi c nhiu loi nm nh:
Aspergillus, Alternaria, Chaetomium, Coprinus, Fomes, Fusarium, Myrothecium,
Penicillium, Polypones, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Tricoderma...
+ X khun: X khun c tc dng phn gii ph thi kh mnh. Ngi ta chia x khun
thnh 2 nhm: X khun a m, chng pht trin mnh nhit 28 - 30
o
C, v x khun a
nhit, chng c th pht trin mnh nhit 60 - 70
o
C.
Trong ng ph thi ngi ta tm thy nhiu loi x khun l: Actinomyces,
Streptomyces, Frankia, Nocardia, Actinopolyspora, Actinosynoema, Dermatophilus,
Pseudonocardia, Cellulomonas.
2.2. Vi sinh vt phn gii hemixenluloza
Vi sinh vt phn gii hemixenluloza thng c trong d dy ca ng vt nhai li nh tru
b. Ch yu l cc ging sau: Ruminococcus, Bacillus , Bacteroides, Butyvibrio, Clostridium.
Nhiu loi nm si nh: Aspegillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma.
2.3. Vi sinh vt phn gii Lignin
Vi sinh vt phn gii lignin l nhng ging c kh nng tit ra enzyme ligninaza, gm c:
Nm Basidiomycetes, Acomycetes, nm bt hon. Vi khun gm: Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas,
Acinebacter. X khun: Streptomyces.
3. Quy trnh x l rc thi hu c
3.1. Cc phng php x l ph thi bng cng ngh vi sinh vt
+ Phng php sn xut kh sinh hc (Bioga) - ym kh:
C s ca phng php ny l nh s hot ng ca vi sinh vt m cc cht kh tan
(xenluloza, lignin, hemixeluloza v cc cht cao phn t khc) c chuyn thnh cht d tan.
Sau li c chuyn ho tip thnh cc cht kh trong ch yu l mtan.
u im ca phng php ny l c th thu c mt lot cc cht kh, c th chy c v
cho nhit lng cao s dng lm cht t, khng nhim mi trng. Ph thi sau khi ln men
c chuyn ho thnh phn hu c c hm lng dinh dng cao bn cho cy trng. Tuy
nhin phng php ny c nhng nhc im sau: Kh ly cc cht thi sau khi ln men; l qu
trnh k kh bt buc v vy vic thit k b rt phc tp, vn u t ln; nng sut thp do s
sinh trng ca vi khun sinh mtan c mt trong rc chm; gp nhiu kh khn trong khu
tuyn chn nguyn liu.
+ Phng php ph thi thnh ng, ln men t nhin c o trn:
Rc c cht thnh ng c chiu cao t 1,5 - 2,0m o trn mi tun mt ln. Nhit
ng l 55 - 60
o
C, m 50 -70%. Sau 3 - 4 tun tip khng o trn. Phng php ny n
gin, nhng mt v sinh, gy nhim ngun nc v khng kh.
+ Phng php ph thi thnh ng khng o trn v c thi kh:
Ph thi c cht thnh ng cao t 1,5 - 2,0m. Pha di c lp t mt h thng phn
phi kh. Nh c qu trnh thi kh cng bc, m cc qu trnh chuyn ho c nhanh hn,
nhit n nh, t nhim mi trng.
+ Phng php ln men trong cc thit b cha:
Ph thi c cho vo cc thit b cha c dung tch khc nhau ln men. Lng kh v
nc thi sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men c kim sot cht ch. Cc vi sinh vt c tuyn
chn b sung cho h vi sinh vt t nhin trong ng , nh m qu trnh xy ra nhanh v d
kim sot, t nhim hn.
+ Phng php ln men trong l quay:
Ph thi c thu gom, phn loi v p nh bng ba a vo l quay nghing vi m t
50- 60%. Trong khi quay ph thi c o trn do vy khng phi thi kh. Rc sau khi ln men
li c chn thnh ng trong vng 20-30 ngy.
+ Phng php x l rc thi hu c cng nghip:
c im chung ca kiu rc cng nghip ny l mc t ng ho cao do rc c phn
hu rt tt, nhng li i trnh khoa hc cng ngh cao, chi ph tn km nn cha ph hp vi
trnh v kh nng u t ca cc nc ang pht trin.
+ Phng php rc thi hu c lm phn :
Rc thi hay than bn c ti ch thnh sn phm cung cp cho nng nghip. C s ch
bin phn t trung tm do gim c chi ph vn chuyn. D dng thu gom cc nguyn
liu ti ch v c th x l c nc thi mi cng. Cc nguyn tc trong sn xut phn t
rc thi th v rc thi sinh hot, ph thi nng cng nghip u c th x l c theo phng
php ny.
Phng php ny cn c mt s hn ch sau: Vn chi ph vn hnh tng i ln, din tch
s dng kh ln, phn loi v tuyn chn rc mt nhiu cng.
II. X l cht thi rn bng cng ngh sinh hc
Cht thi rn c th x l bng phng php sinh hc l cc cht thi c thnh phn hu c
cao nh: Rc thi th, ph thi nng cng nghip, cht thi rn ca cc ngnh ch bin nng
sn v thc phm.
1. Cht thi ca ngnh cng nghip ma ng v cc gii php x l
Bn cnh sn phm chnh l ng, ngnh cng nghip ma ng thi ra mt lng
ln cc cht thi tn ng cc dng khc nhau v thnh phn v tnh cht ho l.
1.1. L v ngn ma
L ph thi chnh ca nhng vng trng ma. L v ngn ma chim mt khi lng rt ln
t 25 - 30% tng sn lng ca cy ma.
Trong l ma hm lng C 40 - 47%; H 7 - 7,3%; O 40- 41%; N 1 - 2%. Thnh phn ho hc
ca ngn ma: N 0,9%; hemixenluloza 20%; xenluloza 38%; lignin 7,0%; silic 1,8%. 3 thnh
phn chnh l xenluloza, hemixenluloza, lignin trong l v ngn ma to thnh mt cu trc bn
l ligno - xenluloza, cu trc ny quyt nh c bn tnh cht ha l ca l v ngn ma.
1.2. B ma
L cht thi ca cng on p ma, b ma chim 25 - 30% so vi khi lng em p, c
thnh phn ha hc nh sau: Xenluloza 46%; hemixenluloza 24,5%;lignin 20%; cht bo
3,4%, tro 2,4% v silic 2,0%.
1.3. Bn lc
L cht thi rn ca cng on lm trong nc ma th sau khi p ma, c thnh phn ho hc
nh sau: Cht bo 5 - 14%; x 15 - 30%; ng 5 - 15%; SiO
2
4 -10%; CaO 1- 4%; P
2
O
5
1 - 3% v
MgO 0,5 - 1,5%.
1.4. Mt s nghin cu bc u v x l ph thi ngnh ma ng
+ X l l ma, ngn ma:
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic ti s dng l v ngn ma thay th phn chung bn cho
cy ma c nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm.
V Hu Ym, Trn Cng Hnh (1995 - 1997) nghin cu hiu qu kinh t ca vic vi l,
ngn ma kt hp NPK. Kt qu cho thy: Ma ny mm nhnh sm hn, t l ny mm cho
cao hn so vi cng thc bn NPK. Tit kim c 876.000/ha, iu quan trng l thay th
c lng phn chung thiu ht hin nay cho cy ma. Mc d c u im nh trn, nhng qu
trnh phn hu cc cht x si trong l, ngn ma rt chm. khc phc vn ny, Nguyn
Xun Thnh v Nguyn nh Mnh (2001) x l l, ngn ma c thu gom ti ng rung
bng ch phm vi sinh vt, sau khi x l c nh thnh ng trn ng rung vi thi
gian 45 - 60 ngy, sau em bn lt cho ma. y l phng php x l rt tin li, cho hiu
qu kinh t cao, c ngi trng ma tn ng.
+ X l b ma - ph thi th ca nh my ng
B ma c thi ra trong khu p th l cht thi cha nhiu cht x rt kh phn gii, khi
lng thi ln nht ca cng on lm ng. Ngi ta thng dng b ma ny lm cht t
phc v cho khu trng ct ng, nhng do khi lng qu ln s dng lm cht t khng ht
phi thi ra mi trng. Vi nm gn y ngi ta s dng ngun ph thi ny lm gi th
nui nm n bng cch trn 1/2 - 1/3 b ma vi cc hp cht giu hu c. Mt s c s sn xut
trn b ma vi t c b sung cc cht dinh dng lm bu m cy ging.
Trng i hc Nng nghip (1999 - 2001) gip mt s nh my ng x l b ma
bng cng ngh vi sinh vt theo phng php bn ho kh. Sau 2 thng em ti ch thnh phn
hu c bn cho cy ma.
+ Bn ma: y l ph thi cui cng ca khu lc nc ma, khi lng ph thi ny khng
nh. Mt s nm gn y ngi ta dng men vi sinh vt phn hu nhng cht cn li trong
bn ma v dng nhng chng vi sinh vt hu ch c b sung lng NPK lm phn hu c vi sinh
vt bn cho cy trng. Phng php ny c ngi nng dn chp nhn v gi thnh r v cho
hiu qu kh cao trn ng rung.
1.5. Mt s kt qu bc u x l ph thi hu c v b ma
[ ti cp Nh nc KHCN 04-04; cp B B99, 2000-32-46; B2001- 32- 09 (1999 - 2001)].
+ Cht lng ca ch phm vi sinh vt (VSV) x l ph thi mn ma v rc thi hu
c
S liu bng 16 cho thy: Ch phm VSV c m 35,6%; pH
KCl
6,6; xp 68,0%; mt
VSV trong ch phm t t 4,8.10
7
n 6,7.10
9
t bo/1g, tu tng chng loi. Trong ch phm
c cha 6 nhm VSV chnh, mt sng st ca 6 nhm VSV ny u t cao hn so vi TCVN
- 1996.
Bng 16: Cht lng ca ch phm VSV
Ch tiu Kt qu kim tra
m (%) 35,6
pH
KCl
6,6
xp (%) 68,0
Vi khun c nh nit phn t (t bo/1g) 6,7.10
9
Vi khun phn gii ln (t bo/1g) 4,8.10
7
Vi khun phn gii xenluloza (t bo/1g) 1,2.10
8
Nm men (bo t/1g) 7,6.10
8
Nm mc (bo t/1g) 3,1.10
8
X khun (bo t/1g) 4,9.10
7
Trong thi gian nghin cu th nghim ph thi theo 2 phng php sau:
- X l VSV vo ng c o trn (ho kh v bn ho kh). Theo phng php ny th ch
phm VSV c ho vo nc v phun u cho ng , lng nc cn phun c tnh ton sao
cho ng c m t 60-70%. ng nh thnh lung chy di dc theo sn c mi che,
kch thc 2,0 1,5m (rng cao). C 15 ngy o trn mt ln c x l ch phm vi sinh vt.
- X l VSV vo b khng o trn (kiu ym kh). Ph thi c a vo b tng lp, mi
lp dy khong 30cm phun dch VSV, n khi y b th ly bn ao trt kn trn b mt ca b .
Quy trnh x l c trnh by s 17:






















Ch phm VSV R ng + nc sch
B nhn sinh khi (48 gi)
ng ph thi ( m 60 - 70%)
trong 8 tun
Kim tra cht lng
Ti ch sau (loi b tp cht, nghin,
iu chnh pH, b sung nguyn t a vi lng)
Phn hu c vi sinh
Kim tra cht lng
(theo TCVN-1996)
ng bao gi v s dng
VSV hu ch
Hnh 17. Quy trnh x l ch phm VSV vo ng ph thi
+ nh hng ca ch phm VSV n qu trnh phn gii ph thi trong ng
S liu bng 14 cho thy:
- V pH: C 2 loi rc thi sinh hot v mn ma u c pH kim yu (7,6 - 8,6). Trong qu
trnh pH tng cht t (pH = 8,0 - 8,1) do hot ng sng ca VSV lm kim ha mi trng.
- V m: ng c m sau 15 ngy t 65%, sau 2 thng gim xung ch cn 30-
35%. cng thc x l ch phm VSV m lun lun cao hn cng thc i chng, nguyn
nhn l do nhu cu v nc cho hot ng sng ca VSV trong qu trnh .
- V nhit : Nhit t cc i sau 15 ngy , t 40 - 45
o
C cng thc i chng v 68 -
72
o
C cng thc c x l VSV. Nhit gim mnh sau 2 thng , ch cn 28 - 30
o
C.
- V xp: xp tng dn theo thi gian , cng thc c x l VSV xp lun lun
cao hn so vi cng thc i chng. Nguyn nhn do qu trnh phn gii chuyn ho mnh ca
VSV lm cho ti xp tng, sau 2 thng xp t 71 -73%.
Bng 17: Kt qu phn tch ph thi trong qu trnh
Rc thi hu c Mn ma
15 ngy 30 ngy 60 ngy 15 ngy 30 ngy 60 ngy
Loi ph thi

Ch tiu
C T/N /C T/N /C T/N /C T/N /C T/N /C T/N
pH
KCl
7,8 7,9 7,7 8,1 7,5 8,2 7,6 7,7 7,6 7,8 7,7 8,0
m (%) 65 60 51 40 35 30 65 62 45 35 30 25
Nhit (
0
C) 45 72 31 42 28 28 40 68 35 40 30 29
xp (%) 49 58 55 65 58 71 52 59 56 65 58 73
OM (%) 21 23 22 25 23 27 17 19 20 25 21 26
P
2
O
5
(%) 0,4 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9
K
2
O (%) 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,4 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,5
P
2
O
5
dt (mg/100g) 120 215 140 316 180 400 150 180 160 200 180 250
K
2
otr (mg/100g)
47 62 58 88 68 110 65 79 68 75 90 130
VKTS (.10
7
t bo) 25 46 29 72 31 98 15 41 21 51 32 87
Nm (.10
6
bo t) 21 34 43 67 24 33 31 48 52 75 36 52
XK (.10
4
t bo) 4 6 8 14 10 22 2 3 6 9 4 15
V.k xenlulo (.10
5
) 7 11 15 30 16 38 5 8 9 15 10 21
VKPGL (.10
5
TB) 9 16 9 23 16 36 4 12 6 18 11 22
- V cc ch tiu dinh dng trong ng : Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong ng tng
dn theo thi gian , nht l cc cht dinh dng d tiu. cng thc c x l VSV hm lng
cc cht dinh dng lun lun cao hn cng thc i chng, ng rc thi sinh hot c hm
lng dinh dng cao hn ng mn ma.
Sau 2 thng cho thy: OM% 26-27; P
2
O
5
% 0,7-0,9; K
2
O% 0,5; P
2
O
5
d tiu 250-400
mg/100g; K
2
O trao i 110-130mg/100g.
- V mt VSV trong ng : cng thc x l VSV cho s lng ca 5 nhm VSV c
phn tch lun lun cao hn cng thc i chng v t cao nht sau 2 thng . Ring nm,
tng s t cc t ch sau 1 thng . C th l: VKTS t 87-98.10
7
t bo/1g; nm tng s t
67-75.10
6
bo t/1g; x khun t 15-22.10
4
t bo/1g; vi khun phn gii xenlulo t 21-38.10
5

t bo/1g; vi khun phn gii ln t 22-36.10
5
t bo/1g ph thi.
+ Cht lng ca phn hu c VSV ti ch t ph thi sau
Bng 18: Cht lng ca phn hu c VSV sn xut t ph thi
Ngun gc ph thi
Ch tiu
Rc thi sinh hot Mn ma
pH
KCl
7,2 7,5
m (%) 25 24
xp (%) 68 72
OM (%) 21,5 18,1
N (%) 1,2 1,0
P
2
O
5
(%) 3,3 3,0
K
2
O (%) 2,6 2,4
P
2
O
5
dt (mg/100g) 500 400
K
2
O tr (mg/100g) 310 320
VKTS (.10
8
t bo/1g) 53 42
VKCN (.10
6
t bo/1g) 120 96
VKPGL(.10
6
t bo/1g) 9,2 7,1
Sn phm sau x l ph thi bng ch phm VSV ti ch sn xut phn hu c vi sinh
theo quy trnh ca HNNI (Kt qu ca ti B 99-32-46). S liu bng 18 cho thy: pH
KCl

ca phn t trung tnh (7,2-7,5); m 24-25%; xp 68-72%; OM tng s 18,1-21,5%; N
tng s 1,0-1,2%; P
2
O
5
3,0-3,4%; K
2
O 2,4-2,6%; P
2
O
5
d tiu 400-500 mg/100g; K
2
O trao i
300-320mg/100g; VKTS 42-53.10
8
t bo/1g; VKCN

0,9-1,2.10
8
t bo/1g; VKPGL 7,1-9,2.10
6

t bo/1g. Cht lng ca phn hu c vi sinh t TCVN.
2. Ph thi cng nghip ch bin c ph v cc gii php x l
2.1. Ph thi rn t v c ph
T nhng nm 80 tr li y, trn th gii m nht l nhng nc sn xut c ph xut
khu, vic nghin cu cc bin php sinh hc x l ph thi c ph c nhiu ngi quan
tm. Theo s liu ca C. Hajipakkos cho thy nc thi t cc nh my ch bin c ph c hm
lng BOD v COD rt cao (tng ng 3.000kg/ngy v 4.000 mg/lt, i khi c th cao hn
9.000 mg/lt). Cht rn l lng l 1.500 mg/lt, gp 3 ln hm lng cho php, ngoi ra cn c
cc cht du, m vi nng cao gp 2 ln bnh thng (Ngun KHCN04- 04. 2000).
Cc nh khoa hc dng mt s chng ging vi sinh vt ym kh c kh nng phn gii v
c ph (cc cht xenluloza, lignin...) nh nm: Chladomyces, Penicilium, Trichderma, Fusarium
oxysporium; vi khun: Sporocytophaga methanogenes; Rudbeckia hirta L. x l ng v c
ph. Kt qu rt kh quan, sau 2 - 3 thng t l xenluloza trong v c ph gim 60 - 80% so vi
ng i chng.
Vit Nam c trn 350.000ha c ph v sn lng c ph trung bnh l 3.000 tn nhn
kh/nm vi lng v c ph kh khong 200.000 tn/nm, m thnh phn ca n ch yu l
ligno- celluloza, mt hp cht rt kh phn gii trong iu kin t nhin. Nhng nm qua tuy
dng v c ph lm gi th nui trng nm n, nhng phn rt ln vn thi ra mi trng gy
nhim nng. Hin nay cc nh khoa hc ang th nghim x l ph thi ny bng cng ngh vi
sinh vt v ti ch thnh phn hu c bn cho cy trng.
2.2. Mt s kt qu bc u v x l ph thi v c ph bng vi sinh vt
[Kt qu ca ti Nh nc KHCN 04- 04 (1998 - 2000)].
Ph thi c ph c x l theo 3 kiu:
a) thnh ng ln khng c vch ngn ngoi tri, phun ch phm VSV.
b) X l trong cc h c vch ngn trong nh, phun ch phm VSV.
c) i chng ( t nhin ngoi tri khng phun ch phm VSV).
+ Kt qu th nghim cho thy:
trng hp (a) ngoi tri sau 4 thng qu trnh mn ha c 80%.
trng hp (b) trong nh sau 3 thng qu trnh mn ho c 80%.
trng hp (c) t nhin ngoi tri sau 1 nm qu trnh mn ho mi t c 80%.
* Ti ch ph thi sau x l lm phn bn cho cy trng:
Sau khi 3 - 4 thng, v c ph c phi trn vi NPK, vi lng v vi sinh vt hu hiu
thnh phn hu c vi sinh bn cho cy trng.
Bn loi phn ny cho c ph; cao su; ma; ng cho thy:
+ Ma: lm tng s nhnh hu hiu, tng nng sut thc thu 4 - 16% so vi cng thc i
chng.
+ Ng: tng s ht/hng, tng s cy 2 bp, tng nng sut thc thu 12 - 25% so vi cng
thc i chng.
+ C ph: gim t l qu rng ng k, tng nng sut 11 - 19% so vi cng thc i chng.
+ Cao su: tng t l m sau mt ln co m.
* Li sut tng khi s dng phn hu c vi sinh vt l: 5,35% i vi cy ma; 5,63% i
vi cy ng; 4,3% i vi cy bng; 5,97% i vi cy c ph v 1,59% i vi cy cao su.
C. CH PHM VI SINH VT X L NC THI CHNG NHIM
MI TRONG
I. Ngun nc thi
Nc thi t nhiu ngun khc nhau: Nc thi sinh hot; nc thi t cc nh my cng
nghip (Nh my giy, nh my dt, nh my ho cht, cc nh my khai thc qung, than, nh
my ng, nh my bia...); nh my ch bin thc phm (cc l git m, ng lnh, hp xut
khu, hoa qu...).
Theo thng k ca Trung tm Mi trng v sinh thu sn: c 100 nghn tn nguyn liu ch
bin thu hi sn xut khu th c 50 nghn tn ph thi rn, 10 nghn tn tht vn km vi 3 triu
mt khi

nc thi, ngoi ra cn nhiu ho cht c hi c thi ra mi trng trong qu trnh
ch bin sn xut (D n TTM.TS 1998).
Ch tnh ring vng ng bng sng Hng, tng sn lng tht hi t 450 - 480 nghn tn,
sn lng thu sn t 161 nghn tn, sn lng rau qu t hng trm nghn tn (ngun TS. V
Nng Dng - NXBNN, 2001).
Theo ti liu ca nh my giy Bi Bng - Ph Th, th c sn xut c 1000 tn giy phi
thi ra 25 - 30 triu m
3
nc t cc ca thi khc nhau: Nc thi ra g, nc thi ra do qu
trnh thu phn v chng ct, nc thi ra trong qu trnh ty bt kim, nc thi ra trong qu
trnh trung ho, nc thi ra l than... Trong cc loi nc thi ny cha rt nhiu c t nh:
cc hp cht hu c, hp cht clo, sulfat, CaO, cc axit d tha, cc ion kim loi nng c hi
(Hg, Cd, Pb, Clo d, NaOCl), sn , ct g vn ...
Nc thi c phn lm 2 loi chnh sau:
1. Nc thi sinh hot
L ngun nc thi ca cc khu dn c tp trung t sinh hot ca con ngi (n ung, tm
git, phn thi, nc tiu ca ngi) v gia sc gia cm hng ngy c thi ra vo cc h thng
cng rnh ca khu dn c. Trong nc thi loi ny cha nhiu phn rc, cc hp cht hu c v
cc mui ha tan, c bit l cha nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh, cc loi trng giun, sn.....y
l loi nc thi ph bin v s lng rt ln. Mc nhim ca n ph thuc vo trnh vn
minh, trnh dn tr ca tng khu dn c, tng quc gia.
2. Nc thi cng nghip
L nc thi ca mt nh my hay khu cng nghip tp trung vi cc loi hnh sn xut rt
khc nhau, v vy trong nc thi cng nghip rt a dng, rt nhiu chng loi hp cht khc
nhau v c hi gy nhim mi trng cng rt khc nhau.
+ Cc nh my ch bin thc phm nh ng, ru bia, hp, l git m gia sc gia
cm...
+ Cc nh my sn xut nguyn vt liu nh giy, x phng, cng nghip dt, cng nghip
ha du, sn xut cc loi ha cht...
nc thi cng nghip, ngoi cha hm lng cao cc hp cht hu c nh protein, cc
dng carbohydrate, du m (t cc cng ngh ch bin thc phm), hemicellulose, lignin (cng
nghip sn xut giy), cn c cc hp cht ha hc kh phn hu nh cc hp cht vng thm c
N, cc alkyl benzensulfonate (cng nghip sn xut bt git), cc loi dung mi, cc kim loi
nng nh Pb, Hg, As...
Nhn chung nc thi cng nghip so vi nc thi sinh hot c cc ch s BOD (nhu cu
oxygen sinh ha) v COD (nhu cu oxygen ha hc) cao hn rt nhiu. Nc thi cng nghip c
nhim cao hn so vi nc thi sinh hot.
Theo Lut Bo v mi trng, mi nh my, x nghip phi c cng trnh x l nc thi
trc khi x ra h thng thot nc chung. Thc t hin nay cho thy, quy nh ni trn cha
c thc hin nghim tc nn dn ti nhim h thng nc mt, nc ngm, nhim mi
trng sinh thi kh trm trng nhiu ni trn t nc ta.
II. Khu h vi sinh vt v cc tc nhn gy bnh trong nc thi
1. Khu h vi sinh vt trong nc thi
Mi loi nc thi c h vi sinh vt c trng. Nc thi sinh hot do cha nhiu cht hu
c giu dinh dng d phn gii nn cha nhiu vi khun, thng thng t vi triu n vi chc
triu t bo trong 1ml.
- Vi khun gy thi: Pseudomonas fluorecens, P. aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bac. cereus,
Bac. subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae...
- i din cho nhm vi khun phn gii ng, Cellulose, urea: Bac. cellosae, Bac.
mesentericus, Clostridium, Micrococcus urea, Cytophaga sp...
- Cc vi khun gy bnh ng rut: Nhm Coliform, l vi sinh vt ch th cho mc
nhim phn trong nc mc cao, c th dao ng t vi chc nghn n vi trm nghn t
bo/ml nc thi.
Trong nc thi hu c vi sinh vt hnh ng gi vai tr quan trng, phi k n vi khun
Sphaerptilus natans, thng hay b nhm vi nm nc thi, n ph ln b mt t bo mt lp
nc cc bn, thng to thnh cc si hoc cc bi, khi b v ra s tri ni y trn mt nc.
Nhm ny thng pht trin mnh nc nhiu oxygen. Ngoi ra vi khun Sphaerptilus natans
thng thy cc nh my thi ra nhiu xenlulo v nh my ch bin thc phm. Bn cnh vi
khun, ngi ta cn gp nhiu loi nm, nht l nm men Saccharomyces, Candida,
Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Leptomitus lacteus, Fusarium aquaeducteum...
Ngoi ra cn c vi khun oxy ha lu hunh nh: Thiobacllus, Thiothrix, Beggiatoa; vi
khun phn nitrat ha: Thiobacillus denitrificans, Micrococcus denitrificans.
Trong nc thi cha du ngi ta tm thy vi khun phn gii hydrocarbon: Pseudomonas,
Nocardia...
Trong nc thi cn c tp on to kh phong ph, chng thuc to silic: Bacillariophyta,
to lc: Chlorophyta, to gip: Pyrrophyta.
2. Cc tc nhn gy bnh trong nc thi
Ngoi nhng nhm sinh l khc nhau ca vi sinh vt c trong nc thi nh ni trn,
ngi ta cn c bit quan tm n s c mt ca cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, c bit nhng vng
c h thng v sinh cha hp l.
Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh thng khng sng lu trong nc thi v y khng phi l mi
trng thch hp, nhng chng tn ti trong mt thi gian nht nh tu tng loi gy bnh
truyn nhim cho ngi v ng, thc vt. Trong s nhng vi sinh vt gy bnh nguy him phi
k n mt s sau:
+ Vi khun gy bnh thng hn (Salmonella dyenteria), vi khun ny sng c trong nc
tu thuc vo cht dinh dng v nhit ca ngun nc. Thng thng sng c trong vng
20 - 25 ngy vo ma h v 60 - 70 ngy vo ma ng.
+ Vi khun gy bnh kit l (Shigella), sng ti a 10 - 15 ngy nhit 20 - 22
o
C trong
nc thi, nhit cng thp chng cng sng lu hn.
+ Xon khun (Leptospira), gy nn nhng chng bnh sng gan, sng thn v t lit h thn
kinh trung ng. Chng c th sng 30 - 33 ngy trong nc thi nhit 25
o
C.
+ Vi khun ng rut (E. colli), c th sng trong nc bn 9 - 14 ngy nhit 20 -
22
o
C.
+ Vi khun lao (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), sng ti a c 3 tun trong nc thi
nhit 20 - 25
o
C.
+ Phy khun t (Vibrio cholera), sng ti a 13 - 15 ngy trong nc thi.
+ Cc virus (Adenovirus, Echo, Coxsackie), sng ti a 15 ngy.
Cc vi khun gy bnh trn phn tn chm trong t kh, trong nc phn tn theo chiu
ngang cng t (khong 1m), trong khi nh hng theo chiu su kh nhiu (khong 3m).
III. vai tr lm sch nc thi ca vi sinh vt
Trc khi i vo cc bin php x l nc thi, mt hin tng rt c quan tm trong t
nhin l qu trnh t lm sch ngun nc thi do cc yu t sinh hc, m trong vi sinh vt
ng vai tr ch cht.
Cc ao h, sng, ngi, bin lun trong tnh trng bn vi mc khc nhau do rc thi v
nc thi ca con ngi. Nh qu trnh t lm sch m cc cht bn thng xuyn c loi ra
khi mi trng nc.
Qu trnh t lm sch nc thi nh cc qu trnh vt l ha hc l s sa lng v oxy ha gi
mt vai tr quan trng, song ng vai tr quyt nh vn l qu trnh sinh hc. Tham gia vo qu
trnh t lm sch c rt nhiu chng, ging sinh vt, t cc loi c, chim, n cc nguyn sinh
ng vt v vi sinh vt.
Ti ch nc thi ra thng t tp nhiu loi chim, c, chng s dng cc ph thi t
n v rc lm thc n; tip sau l cc ng vt bc thp nh u trng ca cn trng, giun v
nguyn sinh ng vt, chng s dng cc ht thc n cc nh lm ngun dinh dng. Song vai
tr ca vi khun v nm men c tnh quyt nh qu trnh t lm sch ny, chng phn hu
chuyn ha cc cht hu c thnh cc cht n gin hn v cui cng l cc mui v c, CO
2
.
Ni cch khc l trong iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt, chng c kh nng khong ha mt
cch hon ton nhiu cht bn hu c lm sch nc.
Bn cch vi khun, nm men cn c nm mc v to ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
chuyn ha cc cht bn gy nhim mi trng khc. Trong nc thi, thng qua hot ng
sng ca mnh to cung cp oxygen cho mi trng, ngoi ra cn tit vo mi trng cht khng
sinh l v kh li hi tiu dit mm bnh c trong nc thi, nht l khu h vi sinh vt gy
bnh ng rut. To cn gy cn tr s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh khc, cnh
tranh ngun dinh dng ca chng; to cn tit ra mt s cht kch thch cho s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt hu ch trong mi trng nc thi. Trong nc thi, vai tr rt to ln ca to cn l
kh nng hp th cc kim loi nng nh: Pb, Cd, As, Cu... v cc tia phng x.
Thng thng protein, ng, tinh bt, c phn gii nhanh nht, cn xenluloza, lignin, m,
sp b phn gii chm hn nhiu v s phn gii xy ra khng hon ton, v vy h vi sinh vt
cng thay i theo qu trnh phn gii v thnh phn cc hp cht cha trong nc thi lm
sch mi trng nc.
Cng t lm sch nc thi cn ph thuc vo mt s yu t sau:
+ Cng lm sch thng cao nhng ni c dng chy mnh do c s trao i kh gia
nc v mi trng khng kh xy ra mnh. Khi mt nc c oxygen mnh. Ngc li
nhng thu vc thiu s chuyn ng ca nc nh ao t th nc thi b ng, thiu oxygen,
s phn gii cc cht bn km. Qu trnh t lm sch b cn tr.
+ Cng t lm sch nc thi cng thay i theo ma: ma h cng xy ra mnh
hn vo ma ng, nh sng chiu nhiu th cng t lm sch xy ra mnh hn l t c nh
sng.
+ Cng t lm sch nc thi vng nhit i xy ra mnh hn vng n i, vng hn
i.
IV. Cc phng php x l nc thi
Hin nay x l nc thi c cc phng php ch yu sau:
1. Xy dng trm x l nc thi
Mun xy dng c trm x l nc thi phi da vo nhng ch tiu sau :
1.1. Lu lng nc thi
+ Tnh ton lu lng nc thi sinh hot
- Lu lng trung bnh ngy v m c tnh theo cng thc sau:
sh
tbngd
n .N
Q
1
1000
=

(m
3
/ng)
Trong : n
1
- tiu chun cp nc trung bnh ngi/ngy
N- dn s thc t khu vc
- Lu lng trung bnh gi trong ngy:
sh
tb.h
n .N
Q
.
1
24 100
= (m
3
/h)
- Lu lng trung bnh giy:

sh
tb.sec
n .N
q
1
86400
= (l/s)
- Lu lng ln nht gi:
(m
sh sh
max.h tb.h ch
Q Q .K =
3
/h)
K
ch
- h s khng iu ho ca nc thi sinh hot, y K = 1,4.
- Lu lng ln nht giy:
sh sh
max.sec tb.sec ch
q q . = K (l/s)
+ Lu lng nc thi cng nghip.
- Lu lng trung bnh ngy m:
= 24.000 (m
cn
tb.ngd
Q
3
/ng). Trung bnh 1000 m
3
/h
- Lu lng trung bnh gi trong ngy:
cn
tb.ngd cn
tb.h
Q
Q
24
= = 1000 (m
3
/h)
- Lu lng ln nht gi:
cn cn
max.h tb.h cn
Q Q .K = = 1000. 2,5 = 2500 (m
3
/ h)
K
cn
- h s khng iu ha chung ca nc thi cng nghip (K= 2,5).
- Lu lng trung bnh giy:
cn
cn tb.h
tb.sec
Q
q
, ,
1000
3 6 3 6
= = = 277,8 (l/s)
- Lu lng ln nht giy:
cn
cn max.h
max.sec
Q
q
, ,
2500
3 6 3 6
= = = 700 (l/s)
+ Lu lng nc thi tng s:
sh.cn sh cn cn
tb.ngd tb.ngd tb.ngd tb.ngd
n .N
Q Q Q Q
1
1000
= + = +
1.2. Nng bn ca nc thi
+ Nng bn ca nc thi sinh hot:
- Hm lng cc cht l lng trong nc thi
a .
C
n
1
1
65 1000
325
200
= = = (mg/l)
a
1
- Hm lng cht l lng ca ngi thi ra trong mt ngy m. Theo 20TCN51-84, th a
1
=
65 g/ngi/ngy m.
n
1
- Tiu chun cp nc TCVN. n
1
= 200 lt/ngi/ngy m.
- Hm lng cht hu c theo BOD trong nc thi sinh hot
a .
L
n
2
1
40 1000
200
200
= = = mg/lt
+ Nng bn ca nc thi sinh hot:
c tnh bng cc ch tiu: BOD, Cn (SS), pH
- Hm lng l lng ca hn hp nc thi c tnh:
sh sh cn cn
hh
sh cn
C .Q .C .Q
C
Q Q
=
+

- Hm lng cht hu c theo BOD ca hn hp nc thi:
sh sh cn cn
hh
BOD sh cn
L .Q .L .Q
C
Q Q
=
+

1.3. Tnh dn s tng ng vi cht l lng v BOD
cn cn
cn cn
tb.ngd
C .Q
L .Q
N N N
a a
1 2
1 2
= + = +
a
2
- hm lng cht hu c theo BOD ca ngi thi ra trong mt ngy m. Theo 20TCN51-
84 a
2
= 40 mg/ lt.
1.4. Mt s s biu din x l nc thi di tc ng ca mi trng v vi sinh vt
T
h

n
h

p
h

n

s

n
g

v
i

s
i
n
h

v

t
Thi gian
Ciliata bi t do
Sucioria
Zooflagellata
Ciliata c sn
Pnytoflogeliata
Sarcodina
Vi khun
Rotifers

Hnh 18. S sinh trng ca cc vi sinh vt khi x l nc thi cha cht hu c
S hot ng oxy ho
Gi nh sng mt tri
D2
To
O2
CO , NH , PO , H O 2 3 4 2
Vi khun
Vi khun CH + CO + N 4 2 3 h
Ym kh
Ty tin
Hiu kh
Nc thi
Cn lng

Hnh 19. S x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nng nghip bng b lng





Ngn tip nhn
Song chn rc
B lng ct
B lm thong
B lng ngang t I
B Aeroten
B M tan
My nghin rc
Sn phi
Trm bm nc thi ti












Hnh 20. S x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nng nghip
2. X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc
2.1. Khi nim v x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc
Trong cc bin php x l nc thi, bin php sinh hc c quan tm nhiu nht v cng
cho hiu qu cao nht. So vi bin php vt l v ha hc th bin php sinh hc chim vai tr
quan trng v quy m cng nh gi thnh u t, do chi ph cho mt n v khi lng cht kh
l t nht. c bit x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc s khng gy ti nhim mi
trng - mt nhc im ca bin php ha hc hay mc phi.
Bin php sinh hc l s dng c im rt qu ca vi sinh vt, c im ny thu ht v
thuyt phc c cc nh khoa hc v cc nh u t, l kh nng ng ha c nhiu ngun
c cht khc nhau ca vi sinh vt: tinh bt, xenlulo, cc ngun du m v dn xut ca n n
cc hp cht cao phn t nh priotein, lipid, cc kim loi nng nh: ch, thu ngn, asen...
Thc cht ca phng php sinh hc l nh hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt (s dng cc hp
cht hu c v mt s cht khong c trong nc thi lm ngun dinh dng v nng lng)
bin i cc hp cht hu c cao phn t trong nc thi thnh cc hp cht n gin hn. Trong
qu trnh dinh dng ny vi sinh vt s nhn c cc cht lm nguyn liu xy dng c th
do vy sinh khi vi sinh vt tng ln.
Bin php sinh hc c th lm sch hon ton cc loi nc thi cng nghip cha cc cht
bn ha tan hoc phn tn nh. Do vy bin php ny thng dng sau khi loi b cc tp cht
phn tn th ra khi nc thi. i vi nc thi cha cc tp cht v c th bin php ny dng
kh cc mui sulfate, mui ammoium, mui nitrat l nhng cht cha b oxy ha hon ton.
2.2. iu kin x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc
X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc c nhiu u im v c s dng rng ri. Tuy
nhin vic p dng bin php ny cn nhng iu kin nht nh sau: thnh phn cc hp cht
hu c trong nc thi phi l nhng cht d b oxy ha, nng cc cht c hi v cc kim loi
nng phi nm trong gii hn cho php. Chnh v vy khi x l nc thi cn iu chnh nng
cc cht ny sao cho ph hp.
Ngoi ra, cc iu kin mi trng nh lng O
2
, pH, nhit ca nc thi...cng phi nm
trong gii hn nht nh bo m s sinh trng, pht trin bnh thng ca cc vi sinh vt
tham gia trong qu trnh x l nc thi (bng 19).
Bng 19: Nng gii hn cho php ca cc cht trong nc thi
x l theo bin php sinh hc
Tn cht C cp
*
Tn cht C cp
*
Acid acrylic 100 M bi trn 100
Ru amylic 3 Acid butyric 500
Aniline 100 ng (ion) 0,4
Acetaldehyde 750 Metacrylamide 300
Acid benzoic 150 Ru metylic 200
Benzene 100 Acid monochloacetic 100
Vanadium (ion) 5 Arsen (ion) 0,2
Vinyl acetate 250 Nickel (ion) 1
Vinilinden chlorua 1000 Sn phm ca du 100
Hydroquinol 15 Pyridine 400
Acid dichloacetic 100 Triethylamine 85
Dichlocyclohexane 12 Trinitrotoluene 12
Diethylamine 100 Triphenylphosphate 10
Diethyleneglycol 300 Phenol 1000
Caprolactan 100 Formaldehyde 160
Rezorcin 100 Chlobenzene 10
Amon rodanua 500 Toluene 200
Ch (ion) 1 Sulphanole 10
Acid stearic 300 Antimon (ion) 0,2
Sulfur (theo H
2
S) 20 Crezol 100
Kerosene (du la) 500 Tributylphosphate 100
Lactonitryl 160
* Ghi ch : C cp
*
l nng

gii

hn cho php ca cc cht (g/m
3
nc thi).
2.3. Thnh phn v cu trc cc loi vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi
Yu t quan trng nht ca bin php sinh hc x l nc thi l s dng bn hot tnh
(activated sludge) hoc mng vi sinh vt.
Bn hot tnh hoc mng vi sinh vt l tp hp cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau. Bn hot tnh
l bng mu vng nu d lng, c kch thc 3- 150 m. Nhng bng ny bao gm cc vi sinh
vt sng v c cht rn (40%). Nhng vi sinh vt sng bao gm vi khun, nm men, nm mc,
mt s nguyn sinh ng vt, di, giun...
Mng sinh vt pht trin b mt cc ht vt liu lc c dng nhy dy t 1- 3 mm hoc ln
hn. Mu ca n thay i theo thnh phn ca nc thi, t vng sng n nu ti. Mng sinh vt
cng bao gm vi khun, nm men, nm mc v nguyn sinh ng vt khc. Trong qu trnh x
l, nc thi sau khi qua b lc sinh vt c mang theo cc ht ca mng sinh vt vi cc hnh
dng khc nhau, kch thc t 15 - 30 m c mu vng xm v nu.
Mun a bn hot tnh vo cc thit b x l, cn thc hin mt qu trnh gi l "khi ng"
l qu trnh lm cho loi bn gc ban u (thng km v kh nng lng v hot tnh) c nui
dng tr thnh loi bn c hot tnh cao v c tnh kt dnh tt. C th gi l qu trnh
hot ha bn hot tnh. Cui thi k khi ng bn s c dng ht. Cc ht ny c bn c
hc khc nhau, c mc v ra khc nhau khi chu tc ng khuy trn. S to ht ca bn
dng ny hay dng khc ph thuc vo tnh cht v nng ca bn gc, cht lng mi trng
cho thm vo hot ha bn, phng thc hot ha v cui cng l thnh phn cc cht c
trong nc thi.
Loi bn gc tt nht ly cc thit b x l nc thi ang hot ng. Nu khng c loi
ny th c th ly loi bn cha thch nghi nh t cc b x l theo kiu t hoi, bn cng rnh,
knh rch nhim nhiu, bn phn ln, phn b phn hu...Cc vi sinh vt cha trong bn ny
ngho v s lng, nhng a dng v chng loi.
2.4. X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin
C s khoa hc ca bin php ny l da vo kh nng t lm sch ca t v nc di tc
ng ca cc tc nhn sinh hc c trong t nhin, ngha l thng qua hot ng tng hp ca cc
tc nhn t ng vt, thc vt n vi sinh vt lm bin i ngun nc thi b nhim bn bi
cc hp cht hu c v v c. T tin ti gim c cc ch s COD v BOD ca nc thi
xung ti mc cho php khin cc ngun nc ny c th s dng ti cho cy trng hay
dng nui cc loi thu sn.
Bin php x l ny thng p dng i vi cc loi nc thi cng nghip c nhim bn
khng cao hoc nc thi sinh hot.
Vic x l nc thi ny c thc hin bng cc cnh ng ti, bi lc hoc h sinh hc.
Din bin ca qu trnh x l nh sau:
Cho nc thi chy qua khu rung ang canh tc hoc nhng cnh ng khng canh tc c
ngn b to thnh nhng tha, hay cho chy vo cc ao h c sn. Nc thi trong cc thu
vc ny s thm qua cc lp t b mt, cn s c gi li y rung hay y h, ao. Trong
qu trnh tn lu nc y, di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt cng cc loi to, thc vt s xy
ra qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc, chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c phc tp thnh cc cht n gin
hn, thm ch c th c khong ha hon ton. Nh vy, s c mt ca oxy khng kh trong
cc mao qun ca t hoc oxy c thi ra do hot ng quang hp ca to v thc vt s l yu
t quan trng cn cho qu trnh oxy ha ngun nc thi. Cng xung lp t di su lng
oxy cng t, v vy nh hng xu n qu trnh oxy ha lm cho qu trnh ny gim dn. n
su nht nh, th ch cn nhm vi sinh vt ym kh kh nitrat trong nc thi.
qu trnh x l ny, ngun nc thi qua x l c s dng ti cho cy trng hoc
nui trng thu sn. Tu theo phng php x l khc nhau m ngun nc thi sau x l c
s dng khc nhau:
V d: Nu x nc thi ra ng rung hay khu t ngoi ng, th sau khi x l thng
c s dng ngun nc ny vo ti cho cy trng, cn nu x vo ao, h th sau khi x l
nc s dng nui trng thu sn (tm, c...).
2.5. X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to
+ X l hiu kh:
Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh: Khi nc thi tip xc vi bn hot
tnh, cc cht thi c trong mi trng nh cc cht hu c ha tan, cc cht keo v phn tn nh
s c chuyn ha bng cch hp th v keo t sinh hc trn b mt cc t bo vi sinh vt. Tip
l giai on khuch tn v hp th cc cht bn t mt ngoi ca t bo vo trong t bo qua
mng bn thm (mng nguyn sinh), cc cht vo trong t bo di tc dng ca h enzyme ni
bo s c phn hu. Qu trnh phn hu cc cht bn hu c xy ra trong t bo cht ca t bo
sng l cc phn ng oxy ha kh, c th biu din dng sau:
Cc cht
bn hu c
+ O
2
Vi sinh vt
Cc cht dinh dng

Sn phm qu trnh
oxy ha (ng,
ru,... CO
2
+ H
2
O)
+
Sn phm c tng hp
(t bo vi sinh vt + sn phm
khc)
S oxy ha cc hp cht hu c v mt s cht khong trong t bo vi sinh vt nh vo qu
trnh h hp, nh nng lng do vi sinh vt khai thc c trong qu trnh h hp m chng c
th tng hp cc cht phc v cho qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin. Kt qu l s lng t bo
vi sinh vt khng ngng tng ln. Qu trnh ny lin tc xy ra v nng cc cht xung quanh
t bo gim dn. Cc thnh phn thc n mi t mi trng bn ngoi (nc thi) li khuch tn
v b sung thay th vo. Thng thng qu trnh khuch tn cc cht trong mi trng xy ra
chm hn qu trnh hp th qua mng t bo, do vy nng cc cht dinh dng xung quanh t
bo bao gi cng thp hn ni xa t bo. i vi cc sn phm ca t bo tit ra th ngc li,
nhiu hn so vi ni xa t bo.
* Yu t mi trng nh hng n qu trnh x l nc thi
to iu kin cho qu trnh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc trong iu kin hiu
kh cn iu chnh cc yu t mi trng sau:
+ Oxy (O
2
): Trong cc cng trnh x l hiu kh O
2
l thnh phn cc k quan trng ca mi
trng, v vy cn m bo O
2
lin tc trong sut qu trnh x l nc thi v hm lng O
2
ha tan trong nc ra khi b lng t hai khng nh hn 2 mg/lt.
+ Nng cc cht bn hu c phi thp hn ngng cho php. Nu nng cc cht bn
hu c vt qu ngng cho php s nh hng xu n hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, v vy
khi a nc thi vo cc cng trnh x l cn kim tra cc ch s BOD, COD ca nc thi. Hai
ch s ny phi c nng nh hn 500mg/lt. Nu dng b aeroten, th BOD
tp
khng c qu
1000mg/lt, nu ch s BOD
tp
vt qu gii hn cho php th cn ly nc t nhim hoc khng
b nhim pha long.
+ Nng cc cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt: vi sinh vt tham gia phn gii nc thi
mt cch c hiu qu, th cn phi cung cp cho chng y cc cht dinh dng. Lng cht
dinh dng cho vi sinh vt khng c thp hn gi tr trong bng 20.
Bng 20: Nng cc cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt x l nc thi
(theo M.X. Moxitrep, 1982)
BOD
tP
ca nc thi
(mg/ lt)
Nng nitrogen trong
mui ammonium(mg/l)
Nng phospho trong P
2
O
5
(mg/l)
< 500 15 3
500 - 1000 25 8
Ngoi ngun nit v phospho c nhu cu nh nu bng trn, cc nguyn t dinh
dng khong khc nh K, Ca, S...thng c trong nc thi do khng cn phi b
sung.
Nu thiu nit th ngoi vic lm chm qu trnh oxy ha, cn lm cho bn hot tnh kh
lng v d tri theo nc ra khi b lng.
xc nh s b lng cc cht dinh dng cn thit i vi nhiu loi nc thi cng
nghip, c th chn t l sau:
BOD
tP
: N : P = 100 : 5 : 1
Ngoi ra cc yu t khc ca mi trng x l nh pH, nhit cng nh hng ng k n
qu trnh hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt trong cc thit b x l. Thc t cho thy pH ti u trong
b x l hiu kh l 6,5 - 8,6; nhit 6 - 37
o
C.
* x l nc thi theo bin php hiu kh, thng c s dng hai loi cng trnh l: b
lc sinh hc (biofilter) v b sc kh (aeroten)
- B lc sinh hc (biofilter): L thit b x l nc thi da trn nguyn tc lc vi s tham
gia ca vi sinh vt. Thit b ny lm bng b tng c dng hnh trn hay hnh ch nht c hai y
(hnh 21). y trn gi l y dn lu, c cu to bng b tng ct thp c l thng vi tng
din tch l thng nh hn 5 - 6% din tch ca y. y di c xy kn, c dc nht nh
nc d dng chy v mt pha v thng vi b lng th cp, l ni cha nc thi sau khi
x l xong. b ny nc c lu li mt thi gian ngn lng cn trc khi ha vo h
thng thot ca c s. Chiu cao ca b lc hay ca ct nguyn liu s ph thuc vo thnh phn
ca nc thi cng nh kh nng oxy ha ca mng sinh vt. Lu lng dng chy ca nc thi
ph thuc vo kh nng oxy ha ca mng sinh vt.
Vt liu lc
Vt liu lc
B lng th cp
Nc thi i vo
y dn lu trn
y di c dc
Khng kh vo b
Nc thi sau x l i ra

Hnh 21. B lc nc thi sinh hc
to iu kin hiu kh cho qu trnh x l, t pha di ca y dn lu ngi ta cho
khng kh i ln qua vt liu lc hoc tm mang bng thng kh t nhin hay thi kh bng
qut.
Vt liu dng trong b lc l cc loi cui, dm v x than (theo phng php c
in). tng din tch tip xc gia vi sinh vt v nc thi, ng thi trnh tnh trng tc ngn
dng chy trong thit b lc sinh hc, ngi ta thay cc vt liu lc bng nhng tm mang lm
bng vt liu nh, xp c cu to dng ng hoc dng ming, chng c thit k sao cho c
nhiu np gp tng din tch b mt.
Nc thi c cha vi sinh vt tham gia x l c ti t trn xung lp vt liu lc hay tm
mang theo nguyn tc chnh lch th nng. Khi dng nc thi chy qua vt liu lc hay tm
mang, vi sinh vt s pht trin to thnh mng sinh vt bm vo khp b mt ca nguyn liu lc
cng tm mang v khu tr y. Nh vy nc thi theo dng chy t trn xung s tip xc vi
mng sinh vt. Khi s xy ra qu trnh oxy ha cc cht bn c trong nc thi, cui cng
khi n b lng th cp, nc thi s c ch s BOD
5
gim i rt nhiu so vi nc thi cha x
l.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh ca b lc sinh vt, s sinh trng v cht ca mng sinh vt xy
ra khng ngng. Khi mng sinh vt b cht s b tch khi ni bm v b cun theo dng nc
chy ra khi b lc, cui cng s c lng ng b lng th cp cng vi cn bn.
Hiu qu ca h thng b lc sinh hc rt cao, nu hot ng tt c th lm gim 90% ch s
BOD
5
ca nc thi.
- B sc kh (Aeroten)
B sc kh l h thng b xy ha (hnh 22) c dng hnh ch nht c ngn ra lm nhiu
bung (3 - 4 bung) ni vi b lng. Ging nh b lc sinh hc, qu trnh x l nc thi b
sc kh c tin hnh nh hot ng ca h vi sinh vt bn hot tnh. Nhng qu trnh sc kh
ny c thc hin trong iu kin c thng kh mnh nh h thng sc kh t di y b ln.
Cng thng kh 5m
3
/m
2
/gi, bo m oxy ti a cho qu trnh oxy ha. b oxy ha, bn
hot tnh ly t bn gc sau khi qua giai on khi ng hay ly t b lng cn chuyn vo.
y bn hot tnh gp oxy ca khng kh c bm vo b s tin hnh qu trnh oxy ha v
khong ha cc cht bn trong nc thi mt cch kh trit . Sau khi chy sut qua cc bung
ca b oxy ha, nc thi s chy vo b lng. y cng xy ra qu trnh lng cn xung y
b, phn nc trn l nc c x l s c dn ra ngoi. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, b
oxy ha, theo thi gian lng bn hot tnh s tng ln, ng thi cng tch lu nhiu t bo vi
sinh vt gi ci khin hot tnh ca bn gim - bn b gi. V vy khi cho bn hot tnh thu
b lng tr li b xy ha, khng nht thit cho ton b s bn c trong b lng, m ch cho mt
phn bo m nng bn hot tnh l 2- 4 g/lt.
Khng kh c
bm vo b
Nc thi v bn
hot tnh i
vo b x l
Nc thi v bn
hot tnh i
vo b x l
Bn hot tnh
c bm tr li
Bn hot tnh
c bm tr li
Nc thi sau
x l i ra

Hnh 22. B sc kh
X l nc thi bng b aeroten phc tp hn v i hi nhiu cng sc hn so vi b lc
sinh hc. Ngi ta phi theo di lin tc kp thi iu chnh cc ch s sau:
- Nng bn hot tnh.
- Ch thng kh.
- Nng cc cht bn trong nc thi.
- Nng cc cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt.
+ X l k kh
Quy trnh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc trong iu kin k kh l quy trnh phn
hu sinh hc ym kh cc hp cht hu c cha trong nc thi to thnh kh CH
4
v cc sn
phm v c k c CO
2
, NH
3
.
Quy trnh ny c nhng u im sau:
- Nhu cu v nng lng khng nhiu.
- Ngoi vai tr x l nc thi, bo v mi trng, quy trnh cn to c ngun nng lng
mi l kh sinh hc, trong CH
4
chim t l 70 - 75%.
- Cng nh x l sinh hc hiu kh, quy trnh ny, bn hot tnh c s dng lm tc nhn
gy bin i thnh phn ca nc thi. Bn hot tnh c s dng y c lng d thp, c
tnh n nh kh cao, duy tr hot ng ca bn khng i hi cung cp nhiu cht dinh
dng, bn c th tn tr trong thi gian di.
- V mt thit b: Cng trnh c cu to kh n gin, c th lm bng vt liu ti ch vi gi
thnh khng cao.
Bn cnh nhng u im trn, bin php x l sinh hc ym kh cn bc l nhng tn ti sau:
+ Quy trnh nhy cm vi cc cht c hi, vi s thay i bt thng v ti trng ca cng
trnh, v vy khi s dng cn c s theo di st sao cc yu t ca mi trng.
+ X l nc thi cha trit , nn bc cui cng l phi x l hiu kh. Cho ti nay nhng
cng trnh nghin cu x l k kh cn t, thiu nhng hiu bit v vi sinh vt tham gia vo quy
trnh k kh ny. Hin nay bin php ny hy cn quy m Pilot c khi tch 6m
3,
30m
3
,
200m
3
...cho n quy m ln. n nay trn th gii c trn vi chc nh my x l nc thi
theo kiu ny, nht l H Lan, Hoa K, Thy S, Cng ha lin bang c.
* Cc qu trnh chuyn ha ch yu trong k kh
+ Qu trnh thu phn (hydrolysis): Mun hp th c cc cht hu c trong nc thi, vi
sinh vt phi thc hin cc cng on chuyn ha cc cht ny. Vic u tin l phi thu
phn cc cht c phn t lng cao thnh cc polymer c phn t lng thp v monomer
c kh nng hp th qua mng t bo vi sinh vt. thc hin qu trnh thu phn cc vi sinh
vt phi tit ra h enzyme nh proteinase, lipase, cellulase... Sau thu phn, cc sn phm s
c to thnh nh cc amino acid, ng, ru, cc acid bo mch di...
Qu trnh thu phn xy ra kh chm, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh nhit , pH, cu trc
ca cc cht hu c cn phn gii.
+ Qu trnh acid ha (Acidogesis): Cc sn phm ca qu trnh thu phn s c tip tc
phn gii di tc ng ca vi sinh vt ln men acid to thnh acid bo d bay hi nh acid
acetic, acid formic, acid propionic. Ngoi ra cn c mt s dng khc nh ru, methanol,
ethanol, aceton, NH
3
, CO
2
.
+ Qu trnh acetate ha (Acetogenesis): Cc acid l sn phm ca qu trnh trn li c tip
tc thu phn to lng acid acetic cao hn. Sn phm ca qu trnh ph thuc vo p sut
ring phn ca H
2
trong mi trng. p sut ring phn ca H
2
c gi <10
3
atm vi sinh vt
c th bin i H
2
thnh CH
4
theo phn ng sau:
4H
2
+ CO
2
CH
4
+ 2H
2
O
Thc t cho thy khi p sut ring phn ca H
2
ln th sn phm ca qu trnh ny cha nhiu
acid bo trung gian nh acid propionic, acid butyric... Do vy lm chm qu trnh to methane.
+ Qu trnh methane ha (Methangenesis): l giai on cui cng ca qu trnh phn hu
cc sn phm hu c n gin ca cc giai on trc to CH
4
, CO
2
nh cc vi khun ln men
methane. Gm c 2 nhm sau:
- Nhm bin i acetate: Nhm ny c tc pht trin chm, i hi cng trnh phi lu
cc cht thi trong thi gian di.
- Nhm bin i hydrogen: Nhm ny c tc pht trin nhanh hn nhiu, do c kh
nng gi p sut ring phn ca H
2
thp, to iu kin tt cho qu trnh bin i acetate t cc
acid bo.
* Yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn hu k kh:
- Oxygen: Trong x l nc thi k kh oxygen c coi l c t i vi vi sinh vt. Do
l tng nht l to iu kin k kh tuyt i trong b x l.
- Cht dinh dng: Cht dinh dng nh hng n qu trnh pht trin, sinh trng ca vi
sinh vt, lin quan trc tip n qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi. Cng
nh cc vi sinh vt khc, vi sinh vt k kh i hi cc cht dinh dng chnh bao gm cc hp
cht carbon, nitrogen, photphate... hnh thnh cc enzyme thc hin qu trnh phn hu
cc hp cht trong nc thi. Vic cung cp y cc cht dinh dng cn thit s to
cho bn c tnh lng tt v hot tnh cao, hot ng tt trong qu trnh x l.
- Nhit : Nhm vi sinh vt k kh c 3 vng nhit thch hp cho s phn hu cc hp
cht h c v mi nhit thch hp cho mt nhm vi sinh vt k kh khc nhau.
+ Vng nhit cao: 45 - 65
o
C
+ Vng nhit trung bnh: 20 - 45
o
C
+ Vng nhit thp: < 20
o
C
Hai vng nhit u thch hp cho nhm vi sinh vt ln men methane, vng nhit ny
lng methane c to thnh cao. i vi vng nhit cao, duy tr nhit ny cn thit
phi cung cp thm nng lng, iu ny s gy tn km cho qu trnh sn xut, tnh hiu qu
kinh t ca cng trnh s b hn ch.
nc ta, nhit trung bnh t 20- 32
o
C thch hp cho nhm vi sinh vt vng nhit
trung bnh pht trin.
- pH: Trong quy trnh x l k kh, pH ca mi trng nh hng n tc phn hu cc
cht hu c, c th l nh hng n 4 qu trnh chuyn ha c bn ca s phn hu k kh.
qu trnh x l ngi ta nhn thy cc qu trnh chuyn ha c bn chu nh hng trc tip ln
nhau, khi mt trong cc qu trnh ny b cn tr hoc thc y s nh hng n qu trnh xy ra
tip theo, do s lm tc phn hu cc cht xy ra chm li hoc nhanh hn. V d: Khi
nhit thay i hoc khi thnh phn nc thi thay i (do c s np mi vo cng trnh), th
nhm vi sinh vt acid ha thch nghi hn so vi nhm vi sinh vt sinh methane. Khi pH gim mnh
(pH < 6) s lm gim qu trnh sinh kh CH
4
. Hn na khi pH gim, cc acid trung gian tch lu
nhiu, lm cc phn ng phn hu kh thc hin v dn n dng qu trnh acetate ha... pH ti u
trong qu trnh phn hu k kh l 6,5 - 8,5.
- Cc c t: Qua tm hiu c tnh sinh l cc vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi bng
phng php k kh, ngi ta thy:
+ Mt s hp cht nh: CCl
4,
CHCl
3
, CH
2
Cl
2
... v cc ion t do ca cc kim loi nng c nng
1mg/lt s th hin tnh c i vi cc vi sinh vt k kh.
+ Cc hp cht nh formaldehyde, SO
2
, H
2
S vi nng 50- 400mg/ lt s gy c hi vi vi
sinh vt k kh trong cng trnh x l.
+ S
2-
c coi l tc nhn gy c ch qu trnh to methane. Do S
2-
lm kt ta cc nguyn t
vi lng nh Fe, Ni, Co, Mo... cho nn hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, ng thi cc
electron c gii phng ra t qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c s dng cho qu trnh sulfate
ha v lm gim qu trnh sinh methane.
+ Cc hp cht nh NH nng 1,5- 2mg/lt gy c ch qu trnh ln men k kh.
4
+
* Cc dng cng trnh x l k kh:
- B t hoi (hnh 23): l loi cng trnh x l nc thi loi nh dng cho tng h gia nh.
Loi cng trnh ny thc hin hai chc nng: lng v chuyn ha cn lng ca nc thi (ch yu
l nc thi t cc nh v sinh) bng qu trnh phn gii k kh.
Nc thi vo b Nc ra sau x l

Hnh 23. B t hoi
- B lng hai v: c nguyn tc hot ng v thc hin hai chc nng tng t nh b t hoi,
nhng quy m ln hn, cng sut x l nc thi ln hn.
Cn ln men
Ngn ln men cn
Mng Mng lng

Hnh 24. B lng hai v
- B methane c in: B ny c ng dng x l cn lng (t b lng) v bn hot tnh
d ca trm x l nc thi. Hu ht cc trm x l nc thi thnh ph u p dng kiu b ny.
Kh thi
Nc thi
vo b
Nc ra
sau x l
Bn thi
B lng
Kh thi
Nc thi
vo b
Nc ra
sau x l

Hnh s 25. B lc methane c in
- B lc k kh AF (Anerobic Filter)
Nguyn tc loi hnh ny trn l qu trnh x l nc thi qua vt liu lc vi sinh vt k
kh dnh bm vo v thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha sinh ha cc hp cht hu c cha trong
nc thi, ng thi trnh c s ra tri ca mng vi sinh vt (hnh 26).

Kh thi
Nc ra
sau x l
Vt liu lc
Nc thi i vo b
Kh thi
Nc ra
sau x l
Nc thi i vo b
Tng bn
hot tnh

a) b)
Hnh 26. B lc k kh AF
- B lc k kh sinh hc vi dng chy ngc qua bng bn hot tnh UASB (Upflovv
Anaeribic Sludge Blanket) (hnh 27).
Loi cng trnh ny khng c vt liu (vt liu lc) nh b lc k kh AF. y cc vi
sinh vt k kh lin kt v tp hp li thnh m ln dng ht v c vai tr ch yu chuyn ho
cc hp cht hu c. Chng nng trnh hin tng ra tri ra khi cng trnh. B UASB c
cu to gm hai ngn: ngn lng v ngn phn hu. Bng bin php thit k kh c bit ca ngn
lng cng vi tnh lng cao ca bn hot tnh gii quyt c vn lu li nng sinh khi
bn cao trong b v gim c thi gian lu nc.
Kh thi
Nc ra
sau x l
Nc thi i vo b
Tng bn
hot tnh
Kh thi
Vt liu lc

Hnh 27. B x l sinh hc k kh vi dng chy ngc
+ Ngoi cc cng trnh x l nc thi c nu trn, ngi ta cn phi kt hp gia cng
trnh UASB vi cng trnh AF (hnh 28) v nhiu cng trnh khc. Nh xy dng cng trnh x l
nc thi qua cc hnh chp bng phng php hiu kh; xy dng cng trnh x l nc thi qua
cc hnh chp bng phng php xy b chm di t...
Nc ra
sau x l
Nc thi i vo b
Tng bn
hot tnh
Kh thi

Hnh 28. Cng trnh phi kt hp gia UASB v AF

Ngn tip nhn
Vi sinh vt hiu kh
Song chn rc
My nghin rc
B lng ct ngang Sn phi rc
B lm thong Ch phm vi sinh vt
B lng t I B M tan
B Aeroten
B lng t II B nn bn ly tm
Mng trn Sn phi bn
B tip xc ngang Vi sinh vt hu hiu Bn kh
















Ra sng Lm phn bn

Hnh 29. S x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nng nghip bng cng ngh vi sinh vt

Vi sinh vt k kh x l nc thi Ngn tip nhn

My nghin rc Song chn rc


Sn phi rc B lng ct ngang













B lm thong Vi sinh vt x l nc thi
B lng t I B M tan
B Aeroten
B lng t II B nn bn ly tm
Mng trn Sn phi bn
B tip xc ngang Vi sinh vt hu hiu Bn kh



Ra sng Lm phn bn
Hnh 30. S x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nng nghip bng cng ngh vi sinh vt