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organisms live
Three layers
Outer mesosphere
Figure 49.4
Page 890
Rotation and Wind Direction
Earth rotates
faster under the
air at the equator
than it does at the
poles
Deflection east
and west
Figure 49.4
Page 890
Global Wind Patterns
Figure 49.6
Page 892
Rain Shadow
Figure 49.7
Page 893
Monsoons
A monsoon is defined as a seasonal shift in
wind direction, being derived from the Arabic
word "mausim", meaning season.
Affect continents north and south of warm-
water oceans
Can cause seasonal variation in rains
Air Moves from Cool to Warm
Regions
Coastal Breezes
Breeze blows in direction of warmer region
Direction varies with time of day
Afternoon Night
Figure 49.8
Page 893
Biogeographic Realms
http://www.usaid.gov/locations/asia_near_east/sectors/env/biodiversity_eastasia.html
Ecoregions
Large areas of globally important
biomes or water provinces
Figure 49.12
Page 896
Deserts
Less than 10 centimeters annual
rainfall, high level of evaporation
Tend to occur at 30 degrees north and
south and in rain shadows
One-third of land surface is arid or
semiarid
Sonoran Desert
Temperate Grasslands
Precipitation less than 60 centimeters per
year and greater than 10 cm per year
Occurs at high
latitudes
Permafrost lies
beneath Do not post
on Internet
surface
Arctic tundra in Russia in summer
THERMOCLINE
Figure 49.22
Page 904
Seasonal Overturn
In spring and fall, temperatures in the
lake become more uniform
Oxygen-rich surface waters mix with
deeper oxygen-poor layers
Nutrients that accumulated at bottom
are brought to the surface
Eutrophication
Enrichment of a body of water with
nutrients
Begin as springs
or seeps
Carry nutrients Do not post
on Internet
downstream
Solute concentrations influenced by
streambed composition and human
activities Figure 49.23
Page 905
Ocean Provinces
neritic oceanic
zone zone
intertidal
zone
continental a te r
shelf lit w ater
n
su ht" w
0 ilig
200 "t w
bathyal PELAGIC
PROVINCE t er
shelf wa
BENTHIC s
PROVINCE 1,000 n les
su
2,000
abyssal
zone
4,000
hadal zone
deep-sea
Figure 49.24 trenches 11,0000
Page 906 depth (meters)
Phytoplankton
tropical
Figure 49.25
Page 906
Deep Ocean Food Webs
Regions too dark for photosynthesis
Marine snow supports a detrital food
web
Organic matter drifts down from
shallower water
Diverse species migrate up and down in
water column daily
Hydrothermal Vents
Openings in ocean floor
that spew mineral-rich, Do not post
superheated water on Internet
Figure 49.26
Page 907
Mangrove Wetlands
Tropical saltwater ecosystem
Form in nutrient-rich tidal flats
Dominant plants are salt-tolerant
mangroves
Florida, Southeast Asia
Estuary
Partially enclosed area where
saltwater and freshwater mix
Dominated by salt-tolerant plants
Examples are Chesapeake Bay, San
Francisco Bay, salt marshes of New
England
Estuarine Food Webs
http://www.infocom.cqu.edu.au/Units/aut98/00101/DONE/Assign02/Nfi/beaches.jpg
Beach Processes
“Sandy beaches form by the accretion
of sand particles, the product of
erosion, which have been carried in
and deposited by waves.
Once it forms, a beach changes
continuously. Winds are constantly
blowing the sand - often in the opposite
direction of the waves.”
http://www.amyingalls.net/jekyll/pages/beach/sandy_b.html
Accretion
Accretion: the process of growth or enlargement by
gradual buildup. Barrier islands grow through the
process of accretion. Currents wash the sand from
the northern end of the island and deposit it on the
southern tip.
The growth of the islands in this manner causes the islands to migrate
up and down the coast.
Jekyll Island is migrating south toward Florida.
Erosion
Erosion:
Erosion: the process
or state of being
slowly worn away.
Soil is eroded by
wind and water .
Biotic Factors
Crabs and other
animals are moving
sand from the
bottom up as they
emerge from their
burrows. Crabs can
move several tons of
sand in one day
http://www.amyingalls.net/jekyll/pages/beach/sandy_b.html
THE GHOST CRAB, Ocypode quadrata
Beach Dynamics
Through the seasons, the waves
constantly rework the sand and reshape
the beach.
During spring and summer, gentle
waves deposit sand onto the beach
platform forming a broad sandy slope
called a berm.
Summer Sand Accretion
During the summer, the gentle waves
build up sand on the beach platform.
Berm
http://www.thebrunswicknews.com/local/278347593804907.php
Upwelling
Upward
movement of
water along a
coast; replaces
surface waters
that move away
from shore
Figure 49.31
Page 910
ENSO
El Nino Southern Oscillation
Cholera outbreaks
correlate with rises in
sea temperature
Copepod population
Do not post
increases when on Internet
phytoplankton Copepod host of Vibrio cholerae
increase in warming harbors dormant stage