AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

Lecture18

Module04:Targeting
Lecture18:AreaTargeting2ndPart(Equalstreamheattransfercoefficient)
Keywords:HeatTransferCoefficient,Areatarget,Balancedcompositecurve,BathAlgorithm

Thealgorithmforareatargetingforequalstreamheattransfercoefficientscanbederivedfrom
algorithmforunequalheattransfercoefficientasdiscussedbelow:TheFig.4.37isreproduced
belowforclarity:

Temperature

A13,Q13,U13, TLM13
Balancedhot
compositecurve

TH
TC

Intervali

A25,Q25,U25,TLM25

Balancedcold
compositecurve
(a)

Matchingof2hot
and3coldstreams
vertically

4
5
Intervali

Enthalpy

(b)

Fig.4.37(a)Balancedcompositecurvewithenthalpyinterval(b)Detailsofenthalpyintervali

Forunequalheattransfercoefficients,theareaofithenthalpyintervalisgivenbythefollowing
relationship(Fig.4.37(a)):
Ai=[1/(TLM)I][(Q13/h1)+(Q13/h3)+(Q14/h1)+(Q14/h4)+(Q15/h1)+(Q15/h5)+(Q23/h2)
+(Q23/h3)+(Q24/h2)+(Q24/h4)+(Q25/h2)+(Q25/h5)](4.66)
Now,forequalheattransfercoefficients,
h1=h2=h3=h4=h5=hj

.(4.67)

Whereh1&h2arethefilmsideheattransfercoefficientforhotstream1and2.Similarlyh3,h4
&h5areheattransfercoefficientofcoldfluid3,4and5respectively.

AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

Lecture18

Also,
Q13+Q14+Q15=Q1(4.68a)
Q23+Q24+Q25=Q2

.(4.68b)

Q13+Q23=Q3(4.68c)
Q14+Q24=Q4(4.68d)
Q15+Q25=Q5.(4.68e)
Where, Q1 & Q2 are enthalpy change in ith interval for hot streams 1 and 2 respectively.
Whereas, Q3,Q4 and Q5 are enthalpy change in ith interval for cold streams 3,4 and 5
respectively.
Thus,
Ai=[1/(TLM)I][{(Q13/hj)+(Q14/hj)+(Q15/hj)}+{(Q23/hj)+(Q24/hj)+(Q25/hj)}+{(Q13/hj)
+(Q23/hj)}+{(Q14/hj)+Q24/hj)}+{(Q15/hj)+(Q25/hj)}.(4.69)
Or,
Ai=[1/(TLM)I][{(Q13+Q14+Q15)/hj}+{(Q23+Q24+Q25)/hj}+{(Q13+Q23)/hj}+{(Q14+Q24)
/hj}+{(Q15+Q25)/hj}]
Or,
Ai=[1/(TLM)I][{(Q1)/hj}+{(Q2)/hj}+{(Q3)/hj}+{(Q4)/hj}+{(Q5)/hj}]I(4.70)
Hence,

(4.71)

Andthereforeforconstantvalueofh,

(4.72)

Therefore, The minimum total area could be taken as the sum of the areas of all such heat
exchangersfromallsuchenthalpyintervalsasshownbelow:

AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

Lecture18

.(4.73)

Where,istandsfornumberofenthalpyintervalsandjstandsfornumberofstreams(Hot,
cold, utility) in ith enthalpy interval. There are N no. of enthalpy intervals and m no. of
streamsinaenthalpyinterval.Thevalueofmwillchangewithi.
(TLM)iisthelogarithmicmeantemperaturedifferencefortheithinterval
Qjistheenthalpychangeofthejthstreaminithinterval
hjistheheattransfercoefficientofthejthstreaminithinterval
The summation over the streams existing in each enthalpy interval may be split into two
summations,oneoverthehotstreamsandotheroverthecoldstreams.

.(4.74)

Withinanenthalpyinterval,allhotstreamsundergothesametemperaturechange(TH)asdo
allthecoldstreams(Tc).AsQ=MCpT,aboveequationyields:

1/

1/

.(4.75)

Example1
Theexampleproblemtakenfromlecture17isreproducedheretodemonstrateareatargeting.
However for the present problem film heat transfer coefficients were made equal to 0.2
(kW/Km2).BathAlgorithm[6]isusedtocomputeareatarget.

Table4.34FivestreamproblemwithhotandcoldutilitiesforTmin=100C

Stream
Ti(0C)
Tf(0C)
CP
H(kW/Km2)
H1
159
77
22.85
0.2
H2
267
80
2.04
0.2
H3
343
90
5.38
0.2
C1
26
127
9.33
0.2
C2
118
265
19.61
0.2
ST
300
299

0.2
CW
20
60

0.2

Solution:UsingProblemTableAlgorithmtheminimumHotandColdutilitiesaredetermined
asgivenbelow:

AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

Lecture18

Minimumhotutilityrequirement=1064.52kW

Minimumcoldutilityrequirement=855.84kW

TheCPvaluesofhot&coldutilityarethereforecalculatedasfollows:

(CP)hu=Qhu,min/(TinTout)hu=1064.52/(300299)=1064.52kW/0C

(CP)cu=Qcu,min/(ToutTin)hu=855.84/(6020)=21.396kW/0C

Calculationofbalancedhotcompositecurves:

For balanced hot composite curve hot streams (H1, H2 & H3) and Hot utility (ST) stream
temperaturesandotherdatasuchasCPareconsidered.

Qhb
CumQhb

CP,hb
22.85
77

22.85
22.85*3=68.55
68.55
2.04
80

22.85+2.04=24.89
248.9
317.45
5.38
90

22.85+2.04+5.38=30.27

2088.63
2406.08
159

H1

2.04+5.38=7.42
801.36
3207.44
267

H2

5.38
172.16
3379.6
1064.52
299

1064.52+5.38=1069.9
1069.9
4449.5
300

ST

5.38
231.34
4680.84
343

H3

Fig.4.41(a)Computationforbalancedhotcompositecurve

Calculationofbalancedcoldcompositecurve:

For balanced cold composite curve cold streams (C1 & C2) and cold utility (CW) stream
temperaturesandotherdatasuchasCPareconsidered.

AreaTargeting2ndPart

20

26

60

118

127

265

C1

21.396

9.33

Module04

Lecture18

CP,Cb

21.396

30.726

9.33

28.94

19.61

CW

C2

19.61

QCb

128.376

1044.684

541.14

260.46

2706.18

CumQCb

128.376

1173.06

1714.2

1974.66

4680.84

Fig.4.41(b)Computationforbalancedcoldcompositecurve

Therefore,thebalancedcoldcompositecurvesfortheabovestreamscanbedrawnasfollows:

Table4.35Requireddataforplottingbalancedhotcompositecurve

Thb
CumQhb

77
0

80
68.55

90
317.45

159
2406.08

267
3207.44

299
3379.6

300
4449.5

343
4680.84

Table4.36Requireddataforplottingbalancedcoldcompositecurve

Tcb

CumQcb

20
26
60
118
127
265

0
128.376
1173.06
1714.2
1974.66
4680.84

Now, for calculating area target, the balanced composite curve is divided into a number of
enthalpyintervals.CumQhbandCumQcbaremergedbyomittingcumulativeenthalpiescommon

AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

Lecture18

to both values and the entries are then sorted in ascending order. This identifies all points
where composite curve has a vertex (change in slope). Then, hot and cold temperatures
correspondingtoeachintervaliscalculated.
BasedonthedataofTables4.35&4.36balancedhotandcoldcompositecurvesareplottedin
Fig.4.42

400
Balancedhotcompositecurve

Temp.

350

Balancedcoldcompositecurve

300

11

10

250

200

150

100

50

H,kW

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Fig.4.42Balancedhotandcoldcompositecurveswithenthalpyintervals
FigBalancedhotandcoldcompositecurveswithenthalpyintervals

Table4.37Cumulativeenthalpiesatdifferenttemperatureintervalsalongwithknowninterval
temperaturesofbalancedhotandcoldcompositecurves
Enthalpyinterval
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Cumulative
enthalpy,kW
CumQ
0
68.55
128.376
317.45
1173.06
1714.2
1974.66
2406.08
3207.44
3379.6

Thi

77
80
unknown
90
unknown
unknown
unknown
159
267
299

BalanceHot
Comp.
Temp
Th1
Th2
Th3
Th4
Th5
Th6
Th7
Th8
Th9
Th10

TCi

20
unknown
26
unknown
60
118
127
unknown
unknown
unknown

Balancecold
Comp.
Temp
Tc1
Tc2
Tc3
Tc4
Tc5
Tc6
Tc7
Tc8
Tc9
Tc10

AreaTargeting2ndPart

10
11

Module04

4449.5
4680.84

300
343

Lecture18

Th11
Th12

unknown
265

Tc11
Tc12

Now,thenextstepistocalculatetheunknowntemperaturesineachenthalpyinterval

Thq=Thb,rowr(CumQhb,rowrCumQcb,rowq)/CP,hbrows

Where,
Thb,rowr:Temperaturefromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
CumQhb,row r:CumQfromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
CP,hbrowq:Summationofheatcapacityofthehotstreamsintheintervalinwhichunknown
temperaturesistobedetermined.Fore.g.forrow3,itistheCPofhotstreamsintemperature
interval8090ofthehotbalancedcurve.
CumQcb,rowq:CumQfromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
Therefore,
Th3=90(317.45128.376)/24.89=82.40C
Th5=159(2406.081173.06)/30.27=118.27C
Th6=159(2406.081714.2)/30.27=136.14C
Th7=159(2406.081974.66)/30.27=144.75C
Similarly,forcalculationofcoldintervaltemperatures,thefollowingequationcanbeused:
Tcq=Tcb,rowr(CumQcb,rowrCumQhb,rowq)/CP,cbrows
Where,

AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

Lecture18

Tcb,rowr:Temperaturefromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
CumQcb,rowr:CumQfromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
CP,cbrowq: Summationofheatcapacityofthecoldstreamsintheintervalinwhichunknown
temperaturesistobedetermined.Fore.g.forrow2,itistheCPofhotstreamsintemperature
interval2026ofthehotbalancedcurve.
CumQhb,rowq:CumQfromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
Now,forcoldTemperatureintervals:
Tc2=26(128.37668.55)/21.396=23.20C
Tc4=60(1173.06317.45)/30.726=32.15C
Tc8=265(4680.842406.08)/19.61=149C
Tc9=265(4680.843207.44)/19.61=189.86C
Tc10=265(4680.843379.6)/19.61=198.64C
Tc11=265(4680.844449.5)/19.61=253.20C
Therefore,
Therefore, the completed cumulative enthalpy intervals with all hot and cold
intervaltemperaturesisshowninTable4.38.
Table4.38Hotandcoldintervaltemperatureswithintervalenthalpies
Enthalpy
intervalNo

1
2
3
4

Cum.Interval
Enthalpy,kW
0
68.55
128.376
317.45
1173.06

Thi

TCi

77
80
82.40
90
118.26

20
23.2
26
32.15
60

AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

1714.2
1974.66
2406.08
3207.44
3379.6
4449.5
4680.84

Lecture18

136.14
144.74
159
267
299
300
343

118
127
149
189.86
198.64
253.20
265

Now,(CP/h)hand(CP/h)ciscomputedineachinterval.Forinterval2,3streamsarepresent
TwohotstreamsH1andH2andcoolingwaterstream.
Therefore,forthisinterval,
(CP/h)h=(CP/h)H1+(CP/h)H2
=(22.85/0.2)+(2.04/0.2)=114.25+10.2=124.45
Again,
(CP/h)c=(CP/h)CW=21.396/0.2=106.98
Table4.39Computationof(CP/h)hand(CP/h)cforeachenthalpyinterval
Interval CumQi

Thi
TCi
(CP/h)h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0
68.55
128.376
317.45
1173.06
1714.2
1974.66
2406.08
3207.44
3379.6
4449.5
4680.84

CW

C1

5.38

C2
21.396

9.33

H1

H2 1064.52

ST

22.85
2.04

H3

77
80
82.40
90
118.27
136.14
144.75
159
267
299
300
343

20
23.204
26
32.15
60
118
127
149
189.87
198.64
253.20
265

(CP/h)c

0
114.25
124.45
124.45
151.35
151.35
151.35
151.35
37.1
26.9
5322.6
26.9

19.61

After this, we need to calculate Q / h for each interval using Eq.4.75 and also log mean
temperature difference((LMTD)i )for each interval. The computation is shown for the first
intervalbelowandforsubsequentintervalsitisrecordedinTable4.40.
(Q/h)1=114.25(8077)+106.98(23.20420)=685.514

0
106.98
106.98
153.63
153.63
46.65
144.7
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05

AreaTargeting2ndPart

Module04

Lecture18

(LMTD)1=((Th,1Tc,1)(Th,0Tc,0))/ln((Th,1Tc,1)/(Th,0Tc,0))
=((8023.204)(7720))/ln((8023.204)/(7720))
=(0.204)/ln(56.796/57)=56.898

Table4.40ComputationofThi,Tci,(CP/h)h,(CP/h)c,(Q/h)Iand(LMTD)i
Interval

Thi

TCi

(CP/h)h

(CP/h)c

(Q/h)i

(LMTD)i

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

77
80
82.40
90
118.27
136.14
144.75
159
267
299
300
343

20
23.20
26
32.15
60
118
127
149
189.87
198.64
253.20
265

0
114.25
124.45
124.45
151.35
151.35
151.35
151.35
37.1
26.9
5322.6
26.9

0
106.98
106.98
153.63
153.63
46.65
144.7
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05

685.5139
598.2441
1890.734
8556.117
5411.384
2604.515
4314.292
8013.613
1721.581
10672.11
2313.396

56.897939
56.5995733
57.1220127
58.0559974
34.3891604
17.9442718
13.5051883
32.8614385
88.2368373
70.2040443
61.0758022

Calculationofcountercurrentexchangerareaineachinterval:Thisiscalculatedbydividing
the(Q/h)bythecorrespondingLMTDifortheinterval.
Forfirstinterval=A1=685.5139/56.897939=12.048m2
Similarly, for all other intervals area can be computed. The computed area in each enthalpy
intervalisshowninTable4.41.Thesummationofallintervalareaisthetotalrequiredareaof
theheatexchangernetwork.
Table4.41Computationofheattransferareaoftheheatexchangernetwork
Interval

Thi

TCi

(CP/h)h

(CP/h)c

(Q/h)i

(LMTD)i

Ai

0
1
2
3
4
5

77
80
82.40
90
118.27
136.14

20
23.20
26
32.15
60
118

0
114.25
124.45
124.45
151.35
151.35

0
106.98
106.98
153.63
153.63
46.65

685.5139
598.2441
1890.734
8556.117
5411.384

56.897939
56.5995733
57.1220127
58.0559974
34.3891604

12.04813
10.56976
33.09992
147.377
157.3573

AreaTargeting2ndPart

6
7
8
9
10
11

144.75
159
267
299
300
343

Module04

127
149
189.87
198.64
253.20
265

151.35
151.35
37.1
26.9
5322.6
26.9

144.7
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05

Lecture18

2604.515
4314.292
8013.613
1721.581
10672.11
2313.396

17.9442718
13.5051883
32.8614385
88.2368373
70.2040443
61.0758022

145.1447
319.4544
243.8607
19.51091
152.0156
37.87745

Therefore,
Thetotalcountercurrentheatexchangerarea=A=Ai=1278.316m2

References:
1. Ian C. Kemp, Pinch analysis and process integration, Elsevier Limited, Second edition
2008.
2. Linnhoff B, D.W. Townsend, D. Boland, G.F. Hewitt, B.E.A. Thomas, A.R.Guy, and
R.H.Marsland, User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy,
IChemE,Rugby,U.K.(1982).
3. MahmoudM.ElHalwagi,ProcessIntegration,ProcessSystemsEngineering,Volume7,
ElsevierInc.,2006.
4. Shenoy, U.V. (1995). "Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis: Process Optimization by
EnergyandResourceAnalysis".Includestwocomputerdisks.GulfPublishingCompany,
Houston,TX,USA.ISBN0884153916.
5. ChemicalProcessDesignandIntegration,RobinSmith,JohnWiley&SonsLtd.
6. Townsend,D.W.,Linnho6,B.,1984.Surfaceareatargetsforheatexchangersnetworks.
I.Chem.E.11thAnnualRes.Meeting,Bath,UK.