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GSM RF Fundamentals for
ALUMS
STUDENT GUIDE
Volume 1
Basic RF Engineering
RF Fundamentals for Cellular Networks
3
Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Explain different propagation effects for Radio waves.
Explain Radio propagation losses.
Identify the Components of an Antenna system and explain the Antenna
radiation pattern
Electrical and mechanical specifications of different types of antennae
Describe types of cables and its parameters
Describe the process of Radio Network Planning.
Identify the steps for network design.
4
Course Outline
1. Basic RF Engineering
- Radio Propagation
- Path Loss prediction
- Antennae & Cable
- Radio Network Planning
2. GSM/GPRS Overview
3. GSM Advanced Concepts
4. Network Dimensioning
5. Network Characteristics
6. RF Optimization and Case Studies
5
Radio Propagation
6
Radio Propagation
Propagation effects
Reflection, Refraction, Scattering
in the atmosphere
at a boundary to another material
Diffraction
at small obstacles
over round earth
Attenuation
Rain attenuation
Gas absorption
Fading
7
P
0
h
Propagation effects
Reflection
Reflection is the returning, or "bouncing" of a wave off a surface which
resists that kind of wave
P
r
= R
h/v
P
0
R
h/v
= f(, , , h)
horizontal reflection factor
vertical reflection factor
angle of incidence
permittivity
conductivity
surface roughness
R
h
R
v
h
P
r
8
Propagation effects
Refraction
k = 4/3
k = 1
k = 2/3
k =
true earth
Ray paths with different k over true
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave when it passes into a new

substance.
Radio path plotted as a straight line by
changing the earth's radius
k = 4/ 3
k = 1
k = 2/ 3
k =
radio path
earth
Considered through an effective
earth radius factor k
9
Propagation effects
Diffraction
Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength
Radio waves are bent or curved around objects
Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to
Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss
diffracted
radio
shadow
zone
obstacle
radio
10
Propagation effects
Fading
Caused by delay spread of original signal
Multi path propagation
Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment
Movement of receiver
Short-term fading, fast fading
This fading is characterised by phase summation and cancellation of signal
components, which travel on multiple paths. The variation is in the order
of the considered wavelength.
Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution (for
non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals), respectively.
In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which take the
error correction capability into account.
11
Propagation effects
Fading types
Mid-term fading, lognormal fading
Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of 10...100m
(cars, trees, buildings). These variations are lognormal distributed.
Long-term fading, slow fading
Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings, forests,
hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid-term field strength variations,
these variations are lognormal distributed.
12
Propagation effects
Signal Variation due to Fading
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0
.
1
2
.
8
5
.
4
8
.
0
1
0
.
6
1
3
.
2
1
5
.
9
1
8
.
5
2
1
.
1
2
3
.
7
2
6
.
3
2
9
.
0
3
1
.
6
3
4
.
2
3
6
.
8
3
9
.
4
4
2
.
1
4
4
.
7
4
7
.
3
4
9
.
9
Distance [m]
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
m
]
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
Fading hole
13
Propagation effects
Lognormal Fading
Lognormal fading (typical 20 dB
loss by entering a village)
Fading hole
Lognormal fading (entering
a tunnel)
14
Path Loss Prediction
15
Free Space Loss
The simplest form of wave propagation is the free-space propagation
The according path loss can be calculated with the following formula
Path Loss in Free Space Propagation
L free space loss
d distance between transmitter and receiver antenna
f operating frequency
L
d
km
f
MHz
freespace
= + + 324 20 20 . log log
16
Fresnel Ellipsoid
The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-of-sight (LOS)
between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed
This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from any
obstacles
The region is called Fresnel ellipsoid
Transmitter
Receiver
LOS
17
Fresnel Ellipsoid
2 1
2 1
d d
d d
r
+

=

The Fresnel ellipsoid is the set of
all points around the LOS where the
total length of the connecting lines
to the transmitter and the receiver
is longer than the LOS length by
exactly half a wavelength
It can be shown that this region is
carrying the main power flow from
transmitter to receiver
Transmitter Receiver
LOS
LOS + /2
Fresnel zone
18
Knife Edge Diffraction
1st Fresnel
zone
r
BTS
MS
d
1
d
2
h
0
line of
sight
path of
diffracted wave
d
1
d
2
h
0
replaced obstacle (knife
edge)
h
0
= height of obstacle over line
of sight
d
1
, d
2
= distance of obstacle from
BTS and MS
Knife-edge effect or edge diffraction is a redirection by diffraction of a
portion of the incident radiation that strikes a well-defined obstacle such as
a mountain range or the edge of a building.
19
Knife Edge Diffraction Function
Knife-edge diffraction function
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
F
(
v
)

[
d
B
]
Additional diffraction loss F(v)
v: clearance parameter, v=-h
0
/r
Note: h
0
= 0 v =0 L = 6 dB
20
"Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations?
Exact field solution requires too much computer resources!
Too much details required for input
Exact calculation too time-consuming
Field strength prediction rather than calculation
Requirements for field strength prediction models
Reasonable amount of input data
Fast (it is very important to see the impact of changes in the network layout
immediately)
Accurate (results influence the hardware cost directly)
Tradeoff required (accurate results within a suitable time)
Parameter tuning according to real measurements should be possible
21
CCIR Recommendation
The CCIR Recommendations provide various
propagation curves
Based on Okumura (1968)
Example (CCIR Report 567-3):
Median field strength in urban area
Frequency = 900 MHz
h
MS
= 1.5 m
Dashed line: free space
How to use this experience in field strength
prediction models?
Model which fits the curves in certain
ranges Hata's model
was modified later by the European
Cooperation in Science and
Technology (COST): COST 231
Hata/Okumura
22
Mobile Radio Propagation
Free-space propagation (Fresnel zone not obstructed) L ~ d
2
Fresnel zone heavily obstructed near the mobile station L ~ d
3.7
d
23
Terrain Modeling
Topography
Effective antenna height
Knife edge diffraction
single obstacles
multiple obstacles
Surface shape/Morpho-structure
Correction factors for Hata-
Okumura formula
24
Effect of Morphostructure on Propagation Loss
Open area Open area Urban area
Distance
F
i
e
l
d

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
urban area
open area
25
Antennae and Cables
26
Antennae and Cables
The Antenna System
Antennae
Power divider
Cables (jumper)
Feeder cables
Connectors
Clamps
Lightning protection
Wall glands
Planning
Rx
div
Tx
Rx
Feeder
cable
Earthing
kit
Wall
gland
Jumper cables
Feeder
installation
clamps
Plugs
7/ 16
Sockets
7/ 16
Mounting
clamp
Grounding
Lightning
rod
Antennas
Earthing kit
Jumper
cable
Jumper
cable
Mechanical
antenna
support
structure
27
Antennae and Cables
Antenna Theory
50 is the impedance of the cable
377 is the impedance of the air
Antennae adapt the different impedances
They convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzian waves)
and/or vice versa
Z =377
Z =50
28
Antennae and Cables
Antenna Data
The antenna parameters which are of interest for the radio network engineering
are the following:
Antenna directivity, efficiency, gain
Polarization, near field and far field
Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic, cross-
polarization)
Half power beam width (HPBW)
Related to polarization of electrical field
Vertical and Horizontal HPBW
Antenna pattern, side lobes, null directions
Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the antenna
Front-to-back ratio
Important for interference considerations
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
Bandwidth
29
Antennae and Cables
Antenna Pattern and HPBW
0 dB
-3 dB
-10 dB
0 dB
-3 dB
-10 dB
vertical
horizontal
sidelobe
null direction
main beam
H
P
B
W
What is HPBW?
Half Power Beam Width. The angle across the main lobe of an antenna
pattern between the two directions at which the antenna's sensitivity is half its
maximum value at the center of the lobe.
30
Antennae and Cables
EIRP
Pt = 45 dBm
Gain = 11dBi
Isotropic radiated Power Pt
Effective isotropic
radiated power:
EIRP = Pt+Gain
= 56 dBm
V1
V2 = V1
radiated
power
31
For the link between base station and mobile station, mostly linear
antennae are used:
Monopole antennae
MS antennae, car roof antennae
Dipole antennae
Used for array antennae at base stations for increasing the directivity of RX and TX
antennae
Antennae and Cables
Linear Antennae
32
Antennae and Cables
Panel Antenna with Dipole Array
Many dipoles are arranged in a grid layout
Nearly arbitrary antenna patterns may be designed
Feeding of the dipoles with weighted and phase-shifted signals
Coupling of all dipole elements
33
Antennae and Cables
Dipole Arrangement
Dipole arrangement
Typical flat panel
antenna
Dipole
element
Weighted
and
phase
shifted
signals
34
Antennae and Cables
Omni Antenna
Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sites
Large area coverage
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site
Simple antenna mounting
Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible
Clearance of antenna required
35
Antennae Parameters
36
Antennae Parameters
X 65T6 900MHz 2.5m
Rural road coverage with
mechanical up-tilt
Antenna
RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna
872-960 MHz
APX906516-T6 Series
Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.1
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 6.5
Electrical down-tilt: 6
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x
306 x 120
Weight in kg: 16.6
Horizontal
Pattern
37
Antennae Parameters
X 65T6 900MHz 1.9m
Dense urban area
Antenna
872-960 MHz
APX906515-T6 Series
Gain in dBi: 16.5
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 9
306 x 120
Weight in kg: 16.6
Vertical Pattern
38
Antennae Parameters
X 90 T2 900MHz 2.5m
Rural area with mechanical up-tilt
Antenna
872-960 MHz
APX909014-T6 Series
Gain in dBi: 15.9
Polarization: +/-45
HPBW: 90
VBW: 7
306 x 120
Weight in kg: 15.5
Vertical Pattern
39
Antennae Parameters
V 65 T0 900MHz 2.0m
Highway
Antenna
RFS CELLite Panel Vertical
Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz
AP906516-T0 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.5
Polarization: Vertical
HBW: 65
VBW: 8.5
265 x 130
Weight in kg: 10.9
Vertical Pattern
40
Antennae Parameters
V 90 T0 900MHz 2.0m
Rural Area
Antenna
AP909014-T0 Series
Gain in dBi: 16.0
HBW: 65
VBW: 8.5
265 x 130
Weight in kg: 9.5
Vertical Pattern
41
Antennae Parameters
X 65 T6 1800MHz 1.3m
Dense urban area
Antenna
1710-1880 MHz
APX186515-T6 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.5
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 7
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
42
Antennae Parameters
X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
Dense urban area
Antenna
1710-1880 MHz
APX186515-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.5
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 7
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
43
Antennae Parameters
X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
Highway
Antenna
1710-1880 MHz
APX186516-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 18.3
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 4.5
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 8.6
Vertical Pattern
44
Antennae Parameters
V 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
Highway
Antenna
AP186516-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.0
HBW: 65
VBW: 7.5
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 4.7
Horizontal
Pattern
45
Antennae Parameters
V 90 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
Highway
Antenna
AP189016-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.0
HBW: 90
VBW: 5.5
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 6.0
Vertical Pattern
46
Cable Parameters
47
Cable Parameters
7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Coaxial Cable
Feeder Cable
7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Foam-
Dielectric Coaxial Cable
LCF78-50J Standard
LCF78-50JFN Flame Retardant
Installation temperature >-25C
Electrical specification 900MHz
Attenuation: 3.87dB/100m
Average power in kW: 2.45
Cable weight kg\m: 0.53
Minimum bending radius
Single bend in mm: 120
Repeated bends in mm: 250
Bending moment in Nm: 13.0
Recommended clamp spacing:
0.8m
48
Cable Parameters
1-1/4" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cable
Feeder Cable
1-1/4" CELLFLEX Low-Loss
Foam-Dielectric Coaxial Cable
LCF114-50J Standard
1.0m
49
Cable Parameters
1-5/8" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cable
Feeder Cable
1-5/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss
LCF158-50J Standard
1.2m
50
Cable Parameters
1/2" CELLFLEX Jumper Cable
CELLFLEX LCF12-50J Jumpers
Feeder Cable
LCF12-50J CELLFLEX Low-Loss
Connectors
7/16 DIN male/female
N male/female
Right angle
Molded version available in 1m,
2m, 3m
Attenuation: 0.068db/m
Total losses with connectors are
0.108dB, 0.176dB and 0.244dB
Attenuation: 0.099dB/m
Total losses with connectors are
0.139dB, 0.238dB and 0.337dB
51
Radio Network Planning
52
RNP Process Overview
Definition of RN Requirements
The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes the
requirements mainly
Coverage
Definition of coverage probability
Percentage of measurements above level threshold
Definition of covered area
Traffic
Definition of Erlang per square kilometer
Definition of number of TRX in a cell
Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic
QoS
Call success rate
RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping time
53
Preliminary Network Design
The preliminary design lays the
foundation to create the Bill of
Quantity (BoQ)
List of needed network
elements
Geo data procurement
Digital Elevation Model
DEM/Topographic map
Clutter map
Definition of standard
equipment configurations
dependent on
clutter type
traffic density
Coverage Plots
Expected receiving level
Definition of roll out phases
Areas to be covered
Number of sites to be installed
Date, when the roll out takes
place.
Network architecture design
Planning of BSC and MSC
locations and their links
Frequency spectrum from
license conditions
54
Project Setup and Management
This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on site part of
the RNP process takes place.
This ramp up phase includes:
Geo data procurement if required
Setting up general rules of the project
Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used
Coordination of information exchange between the different teams
which are involved in the project
Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project
Definition of required manpower and budget
Selection of project database
55
Initial Radio Network Design
Area surveys
As well check of correctness of geo data
Frequency spectrum partitioning design
RNP tool calibration
For the different morpho classes:
Performing of drive measurements
Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by comparison of
measurements to predicted received power values of the tool
Definition of search areas (SAM Search Area Map)
A team searches for site locations in the defined areas
The search team should be able to speak the national language
Selection of number of sectors/TRX per site together with project
management and customer
Get real design acceptance from customer based on coverage
prediction and predefined design level thresholds
56
Site Acquisition Procedure
Delivery of site candidates
Several site candidates shall be the result out of the site location
search
Find alternative sites
If no site candidate or no satisfactory candidate can be found in
the search area
Definition of new SAM (Search Area Map)
Possibly adaptation of radio network design
Check and correct SAR (Site Acquisition Report)
Location information
Land usage
Object (roof top, pylon, grassland) information
Site plan
57
Site Acquisition Procedure [cont.]
Site candidate acceptance and ranking
If the reported site is accepted as candidate, then it is ranked
according to its quality in terms of
Radio transmission
High visibility on covered area
No obstacles in the near field of the antennas
No interference from other systems/antennas
Installation costs
Installation possibilities
Power supply
Wind and heat
Maintenance costs
Accessibility
Rental rates for object
Durability of object
58
Technical Site Survey
Agree on an equipment installation
solution satisfying the needs of
RNE Radio Network Engineer
Transmission planner
Site engineer
Site owner
The Technical Site Survey Report
(TSSR) defines
Antenna type, position,
bearing/orientation and tilt
Mast/pole or wall mounting
position of antennas
EMC rules are taken into account
Radio network engineer (RNE)
and transmission planner
check electro magnetic
compatibility (EMC) with
other installed devices
BTS/Node B location
Power and feeder cable mount
Transmission equipment
installation
Final Line Of Site (LOS)
confirmation for microwave
link planning
E.g. red balloon of around
half a meter diameter
marks target location
If the site is not acceptable or the
owner disagrees with all suggested
solutions
The site will be rejected
Site acquisition team has to
organize a new date with the
next site from the ranking list
59
Basic Parameter Definition
After installation of equipment
the basic parameter settings are
used for
Commissioning
Functional test of BTS and
VSWR check
Call tests
RNEs define cell design data
Operations field service
generates the basic software
using the cell design CAE data
Cell design CAE data to be
defined for all cells are for
example:
CI/LAC/BSCI
Frequencies
Neighborhood/cell handover
relationship
Transmit power
Cell type (macro, micro,
umbrella, )
60
Turn On Cycle
The network is launched step by step during the TOC
A single step takes typically two or three weeks
Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years
For each step the RNE has to define TOC Parameter
Cells to go on air
Determination of frequency plan
Cell design CAE parameter
Each step is finished with the Turn On Cycle Activation
Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R
Unlock sites
61
Site Verification and Drive Test
RNE performs drive measurement to compare the real coverage with
the predicted coverage of the cells.
If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected
Adjust the antenna tilt and orientation
Verification of cell design CAE data
To fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential
to perform such a drive measurement.
Basic site and area optimization reduces the probability to have
unforeseen mysterious network behavior afterwards.
62
HW / SW Problem Detection
Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring
Defective equipment
will trigger replacement by operation field service
Software bugs
Incorrect parameter settings
are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC
Faulty antenna installation
Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-
alignments
If the problem is serious
Lock BTS
Detailed error detection
Get rid of the fault
Eventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientation
63
Basic Network Optimization
Network wide drive measurements
It is highly recommended to perform network wide drive tests
before doing the commercial opening of the network
Key performance indicators (KPI) are determined
The results out of the drive tests are used for basic optimization of
the network
Basic optimization
All optimization tasks are still site related
Alignment of antenna system
Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes
Parameter optimization
No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized
Basic optimization during commercial service
If only a small number of new sites are going on air the basic
optimization will be included in the site verification procedure
64
Network Acceptance
Acceptance drive test
Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract
Presentation of KPI to the customer
Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance targets
in the contract
The customer accepts
the whole network
only parts of it step by step
Now the network is ready for commercial launch
65
Further Optimization
Network is in commercial operation
Network optimization can be performed
Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by using
optimization tools such as NPO
End of optimization depends on contract and mutual agreement
between Network provider and customer
66
Module Summary
You should now be able to:
Explain different propagation effects for Radio waves
Explain Radio propagation losses
Identify the Components of an Antenna system and explain the Antenna
radiation pattern
Electrical and mechanical specifications of different types of antennae
Describe types of cables and its parameters
Describe the process of Radio Network Planning
Identify the steps for network design
67
This slide is intentionally left blank.
68
End of Module
Basic RF Engineering
GSM/GPRS Overview
2
Module Objectives
Describe the history of GSM and other Communication Systems
List the GSM and other Cellular Network features
Describe the GSM architecture
Identify the GSM interfaces and protocols
List the radio interfaces in a GSM network
Describe the Physical Channels
Describe the Logical Channels
Explain the steps for speech processing
Describe GPRS architecture
3
Course Outline
- History of GSM and other
communication systems
- GSM and other cellular network
features
- GSM Architecture
- GSM Interfaces and Protocols
- GSM Identities
- GSM Radio Interface
- Speech Processing
- GPRS Overview
4
History of GSM and other Communication Systems
5
History of Cellular Networks
Mobile network "Prehistory":
1946: St Louis (Missouri)
1970 - 80: NATEL (Switzerland)
1
st
Generation: Analog cellular networks
1979: Chicago: AMPS
1981: Sweden: NMT
1985: UK: TACS
2
nd
Generation: Digital networks
1992: Europe: GSM
1995: US: IS95 (CDMA)
3
rd
Generation: Universal Standards
2001: JapanIMT-2000: UMTS
6
GSM key dates
1979 World Administrative Radiocommunications Conference
(WARC): 900 MHz band reserved
1982 Stockholm - Creation of the "Groupe Spcial Mobile" within
CEPT (Post & Telecom European Conference)
1986 Creation of a GSM "Standing Committee
CNET Paris: Comparative trials of 8 prototypes
1987 "Broad Avenue": Choice of main techniques:
Medium Band - Digital Transmission < 16 kbit/s - 8 x Time-
division multiplexing, subsequent development to 16 x - Slow
frequency hopping
1988-89 GSM taken over by ETSI
First publication of the (Draft) "recommendations"
1990 Beginning of studies for adaptation to 1800 MHz (at UK's request)
1990-91 "Phase 1" recommendations fixed (GSM, then DCS)
First GSM prototypes in service (Tlcom'91 Geneva)
1992 First commercial GSM networks placed in service
1995 "Phase 2" recommendations issued (upward compatibility)
7
GSM - MoU: Memorandum of Understanding
signed in 1987 between European
operators
1991: acceptation of non-European
signatories (UAE, Hong Kong,
New Zealand, Australia)
Scope:
-System deployment schedule
-Routing and numbering plan
compatibility
-Joint introduction of new services
-Harmonization of tariff setting principles
-Definition of billing procedures
International agreements
European GSM-MoU signatories (operators) in 1999
3
2
3
4
3
4
2
3
3
2
4
3
3
4
5
2
3
3
4
2
3
8
Contribution of GSM standard
Pan-European standard + MoU
GLOBAL system (standardized infrastructure)
New concept: SIM card ("SIM-roaming")
Digital transmission, speech encoding
Introduction of state of the art techniques
Integrated security procedures
Considerable potential market
9
GSM and other Cellular Network features
10
Standard CT2 GSM DCS DECT IS95
System type cordless cellular cellular cordless satellite
Frequency
band (MHz) 864 868 890 - 915 () 1710 -1785 () 1880 1900 1610 -1626.5 ()
935 - 960 () 1805 -1880 () 2483.5 -2500 ()
Commercial Pointel Orange Bouygues Digital Globalstar
names Bi-bop SFR Telecom domestic
cordless
telephones
Company
mobiles
GSM and other Cellular Network Features
Overview of current standards
11
GSM Success Factors
Large handset base
Short message Services (SMS)
Global roaming
Open standard environment
12
Limits of GSM systems
public
residential
office PABX
PABX
Small Cells Medium Cells Large Cells
GSM
PSTN
PSTN
PSTN
13
GSM 900 MHz and 1800MHz
Channel spacing 200kHz
14
GSM 900 MHz and 1800MHz [cont.]
GSM 900 and GSM 1800 are twins
GSM 900 GSM 1800
Frequency band 890 - 960 MHz 1710 - 1880 MHz
Number of channels 124 (125) 372 (375)
Channel spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz
Multiplex technologies TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA
Mobile power 0.8 / 2 W 0.25 / 1 W
15
GSM Architecture
16
GSM Architecture
Overview
Operators
Users
External
Networks
MS
BSS NSS
OSS
GSM
17
Users:
The Mobile Station (MS) is used by the subscriber for calling another
subscriber either in the fixed network or in the mobile network.
The Base Station System (BSS) is the part of the GSM network used for
access.
External Networks:
The Network Sub-System (NSS) is used for all the call and mobility
functions. The actual name used in the standards is Switching and
Management Sub-System (SMSS). It is interfaced with other network
such as Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or Public Data
Network (PDN).
Operators:
The Operation Sub System (OSS) is composed of all the resources used
by the operator to manage the network (BSS+NSS).
GSM Architecture
Overview [cont.]
18
GSM Architecture
Types of Mobile Stations
SIM card
(including
TAF)
TA
R
S
MT1
MT0
MT2
TE2
TE2
TE1
Um
"plug-in" SIM
ISDN
ISDN concepts GSM concepts
MT = Mobile Termination
TE = Terminal Equipment
TE1 = ISDN
TE2 = V or X type
TA(F) = Terminal Adaptor (Function)
19
GSM Architecture
Base Station System
PSTN/
ISDN
BTS
NSS
BSC with
TRAU
BTS
CBC
Other
BSCs
20
The main entities of the Base Station System (with the corresponding
functions) are:
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
Physical Channel Management
BSC: Base Station Controller
Logical Channel Management
Management of interfaces with NSS and OSS
BTS monitoring
CBC: Cell Broadcast Center (optional)
Generation, storage of Cell Broadcast Short Messages
GSM Architecture
Base Station System
21
NSS
?
AuC
HLR
VLR
GSM Architecture
Network and Switching System
PSTN/
ISDN
MSC
BSS
22
VLR
GSM Architecture
Network and Switching System [cont.]
PSTN/
ISDN
MSC
BSS
AuC
HLR
SMS-C
EIR
GCR
23
Concept of Intelligent Network:
The introduction of new services and access to the GSM service are based on
the concept of Intelligent Network (IN). This is because of the independence
between:
Conventional call processing handled by the exchange,
Mobile radio functions handled by a dedicated server.
Dialog between these two is managed by an IN interface.
Advantages of this architecture:
Separation between applications:
switching functions handled by the SSP,
radio control functions handled by GSM servers (Radio Control Processor - RCP).
Functions can be developed independently.
The MSC handles all mobile radio network access functions.
The RCP handles all mobile radio functions:
Mobility management and radio frequencies (Radio Control Function - RCF).
It incorporates the VLR function (Visitor Location Register).
GSM Architecture
Network and Switching System [cont.]
24
GSM Architecture
MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
Exchange where calls are established, maintained and released
Database for all subscribers and their associated features.
Communicates with the BSCs on the A interface and with PSTN on fixed
line.
MSC is weighted on the number of subscribers it can support. For
example, an MSC of 1 lakh subscribers means one MSC is enough till
subscriber base increases up to 1 lakh, beyond which another MSC is
required.
25
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
GMSC
PSTN
GSM Architecture
Multiple MSCs
When there is more capacity, there are more than one MSCs.
All MSCs have to communicate with one another and to the outside
world.
Very complicated to connect each MSC to each other and each MSC to
PSTN
So there is a concept of GMSC (Gateway MSC)
26
GSM Architecture
HLR Home Location Register
MSC has all subscriber database stored in HLR
HLR has all permanent subscriber database
HLR has a database which describes the subscribers profile i.e. basic
features and supplementary services
MSC communicates with the HLR to get data for subscribers on call
HLR contains the addresses of the VLR in which subscriber is presently
located
27
MSC
VLR
HLR
GSM Architecture
VLR Visiting Location Register
A subscription when activated is registered in VLR
VLR has all the subscriber numbers which are active.
VLR has a temporary database of all active subscribers (on/off, location
information)
28
MSC MSC
VLR
HLR
VLR
GSM Architecture
VLR [cont.]
MSC communicates with HLR for subscribers coming from different
MSCs. If the subscriber is found valid, then it registers the subscriber in
the VLR
29
MS
MSC
HLR
AUC
GSM Architecture
AUC Authentication Centre
Authentication is a process by which a SIM is verified
Secret data and the verification process algorithm are stored in AUC
AUC is the element which carries out the verification of the SIM
AUC is associated with the HLR
30
GSM Architecture
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
EIR is the Mobile Equipment Database which has a series of IMEIs
MSC asks the Mobile to send its IMEI
MSC then checks the validity of IMEI with the EIR
All IMEIs are stored in EIR with relevant classifications
EIR
MSC
MS
31
BC Generates the billing statement for each subscriber
BC may be directly connected to the MSC or through a mediation
device
MSC sends CDRs (Call Detail Records) to the BC
According to the template of pulse rates and units set, BC creates a
bill according to the destination called and the call duration
GSM Architecture
Billing Centre (BC)
32
GSM Architecture
GPRS Network Architecture
Packet Switching
MSC/VLR
GSM+GPRS
BSS with
PCU
PSTN/
ISDN
GPRS
Backbone
SGSN
Internet
GGSN
GPRS GPRS
Mobile Mobile
Circuit Switching
BSS
HLR
33
Mediation
Device
(MD)
Configuration
Fault
Performance
Security
Accounting
GSM Architecture
Operation and Maintenance
MD
Operation
System
(OS)
Data Communications Network
(DCN)
MSC/VLR
SGSN
GGSN
BSS
HLR
Network
Elements
(NE):
TMN
Data Communications Network
(DCN)
34
GSM Interfaces and Protocols
35
GSM Interfaces and protocols
GSM Interfaces
NMS
NSS BSS
BSC
HLR/
AC/
EIR
MSC/VLR
BTS
Abis
Interface
Ater
Interface
A
Interface
Air
Interface
TC
Ater
Interface
O&M
Interface
36
GSM Interfaces [cont.]
Abis interface PROPRIETARY
13 kb/s traffic channels
one TRXSIG signaling channel / TRX
16, 32 or 64 kb/s signaling rates
A interface OPEN
64 kb/s channels for X.25 NMS connection
Air interface OPEN
8 channels / TRX
some channels reserved for signaling blocking
Ater interface PROPRIETARY
64 kb/s CCS#7 signaling
64 kb/s channels for X.25 NMS connection
37
HLR GCR
GSM Interfaces and Protocols
AuC
E
B C
D
F
G
H
I
Abis
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
PSTN
ISDN
BTS - BSC
MSC-VLR
(SM-G)MSC-HLR
HLR-VLR
(SM-G)MSC-MSC
(SS7 basic) +
MAP
MSC-EIR
VLR-VLR
HLR-AuC
MSC-GCR
MSC-PSTN
(SS7 basic) + TUP or ISUP
MSC-ISDN
LAPD
(ISDN type)
GSM Circuit-switching:
(BSSAP = BSSMAP + DTAP)
A BSC - MSC (SS7 basic) + BSSAP
BTS
LAPDm
(GSM specific)
Um (Radio) MS - BTS
BSC BSC
MSC MSC
BTS
PSTN /
ISDN
MS
VLR VLR EIR
38
(Um) Air Interface
This is the interface between the mobile station and the Base station.
The Air interface uses the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
technique to transmit and receive traffic and signaling information
between the BTS and MS.
The TDMA technique is used to divide each carrier into eight time slots.
These time slots are then assigned to specific users, allowing up to
eight conversations to be handled simultaneously by the same carrier.
39
Abis Interface
The A-bis interface is responsible for transmitting traffic and signaling
information between the BSC and the BTS.
The transmission protocol used for sending signaling information on the
A-bis interface is Link Access Protocol on the D Channel (LAPD)
40
A Interface
A interface between the BSC and the MSC
The A interface provides two distinct types of information, signaling
and traffic, between the MSC and the BSC.
The speech is transcoded in the TRC and the SS7 (Signaling system)
signaling is transparently connected through the TRC or on a separate
link to the BSC.
41
Gc GGSN-HLR IP/SS7
LAPDm
(GSM specific)
GPRS Interfaces and Protocols
Gs
Gb
Um (Radio)
Gi GGSN-Data Network IP
MS
BSS - SGSN
Gr SS7 SGSN-HLR
Gf SS7 SGSN-EIR
SGSN-MSC/VLR
Gn
SGSN-GGSN IP
IP SGSN-SGSN
MS - BTS
Gs
Gf Gr
Gn
Gn
Gc
SS7
GSM Packet-switching (GPRS):
BSSGP
BSS
with
PCU
BSS
with
PCU
HLR EIR
Data
Network
SGSN
GGSN
SGSN
MSC
42
Position of Transcoding Unit (TRAU) [cont.]
Abis interface A interface
2 Mb link, each channel = 16 Kbps
2 Mb link, each channel = 64 Kbps
MSC Site
MSC/VL
R
BSC
MSC/VL
R
MSC/VL
R
TRAU BTS
TRAU
BTS
BTS TRAU
BSC
BSC
BSC Site BTS Site
BTS Site
BTS Site
BSC Site
BSC Site
MSC Site
MSC Site
43
GSM Identities
44
Identifications Concepts within a GSM Network
Subscriber Identifications
IMSI MS - ISDN
( International Mobile Subscriber Identity )
International IdentityE.212 compliant
Nature
( Mobile Station - Integrated Service Digital Network
n )
Directory Number ISDN type, E.164/E.213 compliant
MCC MNC
MSIN
H1 H2 x x x ........ x x x
Mobile
Country
Code
Mobile
National
Code
Mobile Subscriber Identity Number
including H1 H2 identifying the HLR
Format
Meaning
N of digits
Examples
Characteristics
3 2 max 10
234
208 01
10
Stored in SIM module and AuC
CC NDC
SN
M1 M2 x x x x x x x x
Country
Code
National
Code*
Destination
Subscriber Number
( national identity )
including M1 M2 identifying the HLR
1 to 3 2 to 4
44 802 Cellnet GSM
44 385 Vodafone GSM
44 956 Mercury DCS
44 973 Hutchinson DCS
33
33
607/8
609
61 MC DU to 69 MC DU LYON
01 MC DU to 09 MC DU MASSENA
11 xxxx to 3x xxxx LA FOURCHE
Allocated to an IMSI (by MMC) in the HLR
69 xx xx xx xx LYON
94 xx xx xx xx MASSENA
?
France
U.K.
Orange
Cegetel
total up to 15
* instead of identifying a geographical area, the NDC identifies an OPERATOR
( national identity ) NMSI
45
Subscriber Identification
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
IMSI is the primary identity of the subscriber within the mobile network
IMSI is permanently assigned to that subscriber.
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
TMSI is assigned to the subscriber by the GSM network.
TMSI is assigned after the initiation of IMSI.
TMSI can be used for sending backward and forward across the network to
identify the subscriber.
TMSI is automatically changed at regular intervals to protect the subscribers
identity.
TMSI is a local number and is always transmitted with the Location Area
Identification (LAI) to avoid ambiguities.
46
Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
GSM PLMN routes calls and perform billing based on the identity of the
subscriber rather than the mobile equipment being used.
The identity of a subscriber is a removable SIM.
A smart card is one possible implementation of a SIM module.
Summary
IMSI is transmitted at initialization of the mobile equipment.
TMSI is updated periodically by the PLMN.
MSISDN is made up of a country code, a national code and a subscriber
number.
LAI identifies the current location of the subscriber.
Subscriber Authentication Key is used to authenticate the SIM
47
Mobile Equipment Identification
IMEI / IMEISV
( International Mobile Equipment Identity )
TAC FAC SNR SP
Type Approval Code
Final Assembly Code
Serial NumbeR
(SPare)
Stored in the Equipment (Terminal)
Used to replace the IMSI or TMSI if they cannot be used
(example: emergency calls with no SIM card) or at the network's request
(maintenance)
Can be used to update the EIR database (if there is one)
( International Mobile Equipment Identity and Software Version number) (Phase 2+)
TAC FAC SNR SVN
Software Version Number
IMEI
:
IMEISV:
...
...
48
Equipment Identity Number
International Mobile station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
IMEI is used to identify the mobile equipment.
IMEI number is permanently stored in the mobile equipment.
IMEI is sent by the MS to the MSC upon request by the MSC.
IMEI can be used to identify mobile stations that are reported stolen or
operating incorrectly.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
A listing of the allowed IMEI is maintained by the PLMNs in the EIR to validate
the mobile equipment.
49
Geographic Identification
LAI: Location Area Identification
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
LAC = Location Area Code
Use of LAI:
Paging
Location Area Updating
Security
CGI Cell Global Identifier
CI = Cell Identity
MCC MNC LAC CI
LAI
CGI
For GSM:
50
Geographic Identification [cont.]
RAI: Routing Area Identity
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
LAC = Location Area Code
RAC = Routing Area Code
Use of RAI:
Paging
Routing Area Updating
MCC MNC LAC RAC
RAI
For GPRS:
51
GSM Radio Interface
52
Introduction
Importance of the Radio Interface
RADIO INTERFACE: essential part of GSM specifications because of:
Inter-PLMN COMPATIBILITY==> Complete Specification
(to the nearest bit)
Very elaborate SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY optimization
techniques:
Reduction of INTERFERENCE to manage a large number of
Mobiles per km
53
GMSK = Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying:
convolution of an MSK ramp (/2 - width: 1 bit),
by a Gaussian function:
0-1 or 1-0 bit transition => smooth transition of /2:
PROPERTIES:
Gradual transitions avoid the need
to filter signal harmonics which are very weak
Spectrum efficiency ~ 1 bit/Hertz
(270.8 kbits/200 kHz)
Modulation spectrum:
==> To prevent catastrophic interference,
it is essential to avoid using
adjacent frequencies in adjacent cells.
Introduction
GMSK Modulation
/2
t
0 -T
b
(t)
T
b
MSK
T
b
/2 -T
b
/2
GMSK
dB
0
-10
-20
-30
-70
0 100 200 300 400 -100 -200
kHz
200
kHz
54
Introduction
8-PSK Modulation
A new modulation Scheme : 8-PSK
200 kHz Channel spacing:
unchanged
Symbol rate unchanged
- 270.8k symbol/s
BUT
- 3 bits/symbol
55
Introduction
Traffic and Signalling
Traffic:
Information interchanged from user-to-user, after setting up the call,
requiring dedicated radio resource allocation.
In GSM, Traffic can be an interchange of SPEECH or DATA.
Signaling:
Information interchanged (in some cases, without the user's
knowledge) between the Mobile Equipment and Network
Machines.
Out of Call: required for managing mobiles, eg.: location update
During a Call: required for various reasons, eg.: handover,
access to a supplementary service, call release
56
S
w
i
t
c
h
-
o
f
f
S
w
i
t
c
h
-
o
n
"Connected"
"Power Off"
"Idle"
Introduction
MS status (Circuit and Packet Switching Mode)
E
n
d

o
f
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
N
e
t
w
o
r
k

A
c
c
e
s
s
Circuit Switching Mode (GSM)
MS not
reachable
MS
reachable
57
"Idle"
A
t
t
a
c
h
m
e
n
t

t
o

n
e
t
w
o
r
k
D
e
t
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
Out of Time
Packet Tx or Rx
D
e
t
a
c
h
m
e
n
t

o
r

O
u
t

o
f

T
i
m
e
"Ready" "Stand-by"
Introduction
MS status (Circuit and Packet Switching Mode) [cont.]
Packet Switching Mode (GPRS)
MS not
reachable
MS
reachable
58
Introduction
Radio Resources
Typical Mobile - Network Transaction (GSM) :
Mobile
pre-synchronization
"Idle" state "Connected" state
Network Access
Out of call
signaling phase
TRAFFIC phase
Access
procedure
(Optional)
Dedicated
Signaling
Channels
Common
Access
Channels
Common
Broadcast
Channels
Channels
to be
used
Dedicated
Traffic
Channels
Main
Tasks
&
Types of
Inter-
change
Frequency
search
Timing
Synchro
System
Parameter
Analysis
(Paging)
Access
Request
Dedicated
Channel
Assignment
Same dedicated
channel used for:
- Authentication
- Signaling:
.Location Updating
. Short Messages
. (Traffic Channel
Assignment)
Traffic
Signaling
Freque
ncy
Monitor
ing
59
Physical Channels: Time Multiple Access
60
Frequency
axis
Frequencies
UPLINK
Band
MS -> BTS
DOWNLINK
Band
(BTS ->MS)
900 bands
possible extension of GSM bands
(2 x 25 MHz: 124 carriers)
1800 bands
MHz
MHz
200 kHz
890
935
960
915
880 1710
1785
1805
1880
915
960
925
ARFCN
61
GSM 900 and GSM 1800 are twins
GSM 900 GSM 1800
Frequency band 890 - 960 MHz 1710 - 1880 MHz
Number of channels 124 (125) 372 (375)
Channel spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz
Multiplex
technologies TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA
Mobile power 0.8 / 2 W 0.25 / 1 W
There are no major differences between
GSM 900 and GSM 1800
GSM Bandwidth & Main Parameters Summary
62
UPLINK
Band
MS -> BTS
DOWNLINK
Band
(BTS ->MS)
TDMA Frame
1 BTS (eg. 3 carriers)
Frequency spacing
45 MHz in 900
95 MHz in 1800
22
17
7
Cell
"beacon
frequency
22
17
7
ARFCN
Frequency
axis
63
TDMA Frame [cont.]
1 BTS (eg. 3 carriers)
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
1 "CHANNEL" (in 1 direction)
Same "CHANNEL" (if bidirectional)
time axis
Time slot (or burst window)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
22
17
7
22
17
7
Time shift between
transmit and receive: 3 TS
Frequency
axis
UPLINK
Band
MS -> BTS
DOWNLINK
Band
(BTS ->MS)
64
Normal Burst
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
CHANNEL
time axis
guard time
Training sequence
577 s
Time Slot (TS) or Burst Period (BP)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
22
17
7
Burst
Data (114 symb)
65
Normal Burst [cont.]
Training Sequences:
8 different bit patterns, chosen so that:
They are easily recognizable (very accurate auto-correlation function)
They are easily distinguishable from one another (little correlation
between each pattern)
Stealing Flags:
26 symb
"Stealing Flags GMSK ONLY
S = 0
S = 1
57 symb 57 symb
+
+
Traffic (or Signaling out of call)
Signaling during call
Training sequence
57 symb 57 symb
GMSK: 1 bit / symbol
8-PSK: 3 bits / symbol
66
Logical Channels
67
Logical Channels
Analogy of Physical & Logical channels
68
Logical Channels
Mapping with the Physical Channels
1 2 3 5 6 7 TS
Frequency Correction
Timing synchronization
System information
Subscriber paging
Response to access request
Out of call signaling -> MSi
Power Control -> MSi
Traffic samples -> MSj
In call signaling -> MSj
BTS
MS
Example: "Beacon" frequency, downlink:
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
TCH
FACCH
0 4
FCCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
TCH
FACCH
SCH 1
2
3
4
Traffic sample decoding
In call signaling receipt
Power Control
Out of call signaling receipt
Mobile presynchronization
Subscriber paging
Response to access request
69
Logical Channels
Mapping with the Physical Channels [cont.]
SACCH FACCH
PCH
RACH SDCCH + SACCH AGCH
TCH / FACCH + SACCH
1 2 3 4 5
Use of Logical Channels
during transactions between Network and MS
1 If Terminating Call (TC), the MS must be paged P= Paging
2 The MS accesses the PLMN network RA = Random Access
3 The Network allocates (or grants)
a dedicated channel to the MS for signaling AG = Access Grant
4 Signaling interchange (SDCCH and SACCH).
If necessary, the Network allocates a Traffic channel to the MS
5 Traffic interchange (speech or data) on the TCH, with associated signaling in a
SACCH (background tasks) and an FACCH if required
70
Logical Channels
Time Division Multiplexing on a Physical Channel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 232425
Multiframe: 51 frames (= 235 ms approx.)
"TRAFFIC" type Multiframe:
"SIGNALING" type Multiframe:
1 TDMA frame = 120/26 ms (4.615 ms)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 232425 0
Multiframe: 26 frames = 120 ms
GSM (Circuit Switching)
0
71
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 5051 0
Multiframe : 52 frames (= 240 ms)
52 Frame - Multiframe on PDCH:
Logical Channels
Time Division Multiplexing on a Physical Channel [cont.]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS
1 TDMA frame = 120/26 ms (4.615 ms)
GPRS (Packet Switching) (1)
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4
Block 5
Block 6 Block 7 Block 8 Block 9 Block 10 Block 11
0
72
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 5051 0
Multiframe : 52 frames (= 240 ms)
Logical Channels
Time Division Multiplexing on a Physical Channel [cont.]
GPRS (Packet Switching) (2)
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2
Block 3 Block 4 Block 5
Block 6 Block 7 Block 8 Block 9 Block 10 Block 11
TFI: Temporary Flow Identifier:
created when data has to be transmitted and until all data have been transmitted
BSN: Block Sequence Number
Data Flow to User B Data Flow to User A Data Flow to User C
TFI 28 TFI 2 TFI 19
TFI =28
Data
BSN =21
TFI =28
Data
TFI =28
Data
BSN =22 BSN =23
TFI =28
Data
BSN =24
TFI =28
Data
TFI = 2
Data
BSN =25 BSN =12
TFI = 2
Data
BSN =13
TFI = 2
Data
TFI = 2
Data
BSN =14 BSN =15
TFI =
19
Data
BSN =75
TFI =
19
Data
TFI =
19
Data
BSN =76 BSN =77
0
73
Logical Channels
Channel Mapping
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"Beacon" frequency
Other
frequencies
FCCH + SCH + BCCH + PCH + AGCH
uplink direction
downlink direction
RACH
TS 0: :
TS 1: 8 SDCCH/8 + 8 SACCH/8 in each direction
other TSs: TCH (+ SACCH / FACCH)
in each direction
BTS
Examples:
Number of Frequencies Number of TCH Channels ERLANGS (formula B, blocking 2%)
3 22 15
4 30 22
5 38 29
74
Logical Channels
Channel Mapping [cont.]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Beacon
frequency
Other
frequency
(FCCH + SCH + BCCH) + (PCH + AGCH + RACH) + (4 SDCCH/4 + 4 SACCH/4)
TS 0 of beacon
frequency:
other TSs:
TCH + SACCH (+ FACCH))
BTS
Structure of the Multiframe in "Time Slot" 0 (Config. n 1: combined BCCH):
DOWNLINK (Multiframes of 51 frames)
F = FCCH S = SCH B = BCCH C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH) R = RACH Dn/An = SDCCH / SACCH/4
UPLINK
F S B C F S F S
F S -
F S C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
F S B C F S F S
F S -
F S C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
D3 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
D3 A0 A1 D0 D1 D2
75
Logical Channels
Timing Advance
BTS
MS
Pre-synchronized
BTS
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
MS1
TS i
TS i
Timing Advance measured by BTS
Access Burst
forward propagation time
BTS
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
MS1
TS i
TS i
(after TA)
- TA
forward propagation time
return propagation time
76
Logical Channels
Subscriber Paging
The Network knows the LOCATION AREA (LA) in which the mobile is
travelling.
An LA can cover more than one cell.
The PCH channel is used to signal a Call to a mobile.
The same "Paging" message is transmitted to all cells in the area (shaded
areas above).
Only a mobile in "IDLE" state (pre-synchronized) can respond to paging.
BSC
77
Logical Channels
Access to the Network
An access request is always initiated by the MS
(when an MS is called, the "paging" procedure is used).
The RACH channel is used to transmit the "CHANNEL REQUEST" message.
The channel is called "random" since the mobile chooses the call TSs
randomly.
This means that there is a risk of collision.
Collisions are resolved by retransmission after pseudo-random delays.
MS1
MS5
MS2 MS3 MS4 MS4
MS5
78
BCCH(Broadcast Control Channels)
Downlink Only.
Broadcast information of the serving cell (System Information).
Transmitted on timeslot zero of BCCH carrier.
Read only by idle mobile at least once every 30 secs.
SCH (Synchronization Channels)
Downlink Only
Carries information for frame synchronization.
Contains frame number and BSIC (Base Station Identity Code).
FCCH (Frequency Correction Channels)
Downlink Only.
Enable MS to synchronize to the frequency.
Logical Channels
BCH (Broadcast Channels)
79
RACH(Random Access Channel)
Uplink only.
Used by the MS when making its first access to the Network.
The reason for access could be initiation of a call or a page response.
AGCH (Access Grant Channel)
Downlink only.
Used for acknowledgement of the access attempt sent on RACH.
Used by the network to assign a signaling channel upon successful decoding of
access bursts.
PCH (Paging Channel)
Downlink only.
The network will page the MS ,if there is a incoming call or a short Message.
It contains the MS identity number, the IMSI or TMSI.
Logical Channels
CCCH (Common Control Channel)
80
SDCCH (Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel)
Uplink and Downlink.
Used for call setup, authentication, ciphering location update and SMS.
SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel)
Downlink and Uplink.
Used to transfer signal while MS have ongoing conversation on traffic or while SDCCH is
being used.
On the forward link, the SACCH is used to send slow but regularly changing control
information to each mobile on that ARFCN, such as power control instructions and
specific timing advance instructions
The reverse SACCH carries information about the received signal strength and quality
of the TCH, as well as BCH measurement results from neighboring cells.
FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel)
Downlink and uplink.
Associate with TCH only.
It is used to send fast message like hand over message.
Work by stealing traffic bursts.
Logical Channels
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
81
Logical Channels
Logical Channels Summary
Abbreviation Name Type Role/Info carried Burstformat
Frequency Correction CHannel MP -- > MS Frequency for synthesizer alignment Frequency
Synchronization CHannel MP -- > MS Timing sync - Frame N Sync
Broadcast Common CHannel MP -- > MS Broadcastsystem information Normal
Random Access CHannel PP <-- MS Network access (Channel request) Access
Paging CHannel PP -- > MS Subscriber paging (paging) Normal
Access Grant CHannel PP -- > MS SDCCH channel assignment (Imm.Ass) Normal
Cell Broadcast Control CHannel MP -- > MS Broadcast short messages (SMS/CB) Normal
Notification CHannel MP -- > MS Accessibilitynotification (VGCS/VBS) Normal
Dedicated
Signaling
(out of call)
Standalone Dedicated Ctrl CH. PP <---- > Out of call signaling Normal
Slow Associated Control CH. PP <---- > Measurements - P Contr. - Timing adv. Normal
Traffic/ Full Rate CHannel PP <---- > 13 kbit/s traffic Normal
Traffic/ Half Rate CHannel PP <---- > 5.6 kbit/s traffic(phase 2) Normal
Fast AssociatedControl CH. PP <---- > In call signaling (cycle stealing) Normal
Family
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
Broadcast
Common
Control
Dedicated
Traffic +
Signaling
(during call)
RACH
PCH
AGCH
CBCH
NCH
SDCCH
SACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
SACCH
FACCH
Abbreviation Name Type Role/Info carried Burstformat
Frequency Correction CHannel MP -- > MS Frequency for synthesizer alignment Frequency
Synchronization CHannel MP -- > MS Timing sync - Frame N Sync
Broadcast Common CHannel MP -- > MS Broadcastsystem information Normal
Random Access CHannel PP <-- MS Network access (Channel request) Access
Paging CHannel PP -- > MS Subscriber paging (paging) Normal
Access Grant CHannel PP -- > MS SDCCH channel assignment (Imm.Ass) Normal
Cell Broadcast Control CHannel MP -- > MS Broadcast short messages (SMS/CB) Normal
Notification CHannel MP -- > MS Accessibilitynotification (VGCS/VBS) Normal
Dedicated
Signaling
(out of call)
Standalone Dedicated Ctrl CH. PP <---- > Out of call signaling Normal
Traffic/ Full Rate CHannel PP <---- > 13 kbit/s traffic Normal
Traffic/ Half Rate CHannel PP <---- > 5.6 kbit/s traffic(phase 2) Normal
Fast AssociatedControl CH. PP <---- > In call signaling (cycle stealing) Normal
Family
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
Broadcast
Common
Control
Channels
Dedicated
Traffic +
Signaling
(during call)
RACH
PCH
AGCH
CBCH
NCH
SDCCH
SACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
SACCH
FACCH
GSM (circuit switching)
CCCH
82
Logical Channels
Multiple CCCH
Need and transported information
Why a such feature:
Due to the increasing signaling load of cells with high CS and PS traffic
throughput, the Common Control CHannel (CCCH) the channel has reached its
throughput limit: a second CCCH is needed
As seen in previous table, CCCH carries important logical channels for call
establishment and MS localization:
- Uplink : RACH,
- Downlink: AGCH and PCH,
CCCH
Cell with high CS and PS traffic
Base Station
CCCH
Air
83
Logical Channels
Multiple CCCH [cont.]
BCCH for
CELL INFORMATION
CCCH 2 CCCH 4 CCCH 6 CCCH 8
CCCH 7 CCCH 5 CCCH 3 CCCH 1 CCCH 9 T
S
0

F
r
a
m
e

1
T
S
0

F
r
a
m
e

1
1
T
S
0

F
r
a
m
e

2
1
T
S
0

F
r
a
m
e

3
1
T
S
0

F
r
a
m
e

4
1
F
C
C
H
S
C
H
F
C
C
H
S
C
H
F
C
C
H
S
C
H
F
C
C
H
S
C
H
F
C
C
H
S
C
H
T
S
0

F
r
a
m
e

5
1
51-multi-frame
51 TS multi-frame structure
A 51-multiframe describes the TS0 organization. A cell configured with
the BCC mode conveys 9 CCCHs.
84
Logical Channels
TS0 content;
Example of implementation
TS0
CCCH 1 AGCH
CCCH 2 AGCH
CCCH 3 AGCH
CCCH 4 AGCH
CCCH 5 PCH
CCCH 6 PCH
CCCH 7 PCH
CCCH 8 PCH
CCCH 9 PCH
RACH
BCCH
SCH
FCCH
CCCH
CCCH
7
CCCH
6
CCCH
8
CCCH
9
CCCH
5
CCCH
4
CCCH
3
CCCH
2
CCCH
1
BCCH
51-multiframe
85
Logical Channels
Implementation on the air interface:
To increase the signaling bandwidth on the Air interface, 3GPP defines
up to 4 time slots to carry the CCCH information (TS0, TS2, TS4 and
TS6). The GSM solution supports multiple CCCH on TS0 and TS2 in G2
BSCs and MX BSCs.
Duplication
of the
System Information
SI messages
The cell paging capacity
reaches up to 60 paging
messages per second.
With multiple CCCH,
the System Information message
is broadcasted on both
TS0 and TS2.
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
SI
86
Speech Processing
87
Channel
Encoding
Speech Processing
Radio Channel Generation
Speech
Digitization
and
Encoding
Interleaving
Burst
Formatting
Encryption Modulation Transmission
Reception Demodulation Decryption
Burst
Deformatting
De-
interleaving
Channel
Decoding
Speech
Decoding
POWER CONTROL
260 bits / 20 ms:13 kbit/s
22.8 kbit/s
(per channel)
270.8 kbit/s
FR Speech frames:
...
...
(modulated)
88
Speech Processing
Radio Channel Generation [cont.]
Bit Rate on Um interface
GSM circuit-switched
Full Rate (FR) / Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech: 13 Kbps / 12.2 Kbps
Half rate (HR) speech: 5.6 Kbps
Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR): variable speech coding rate from 4.75 to 12.2
GSM packet-switched (GPRS): 4 Coding Schemes (CSs)
Rate Code
Rate
CS1 9.05 kb/s 0.5
CS2 13.4 kb/s 0.66
CS3 15.6 kb/s 0.75
CS4 21.4 kb/s 1.0
GMSK (1 bit per symb)
GPRS
GPRS
GMSK
89
EGPRS : 9 Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs)
8-PSK
8-PSK (3 bits per symb)
Rate Code
MCS5 22.4 kb/s 0.37
MCS6 29.6 kb/s 0.49
MCS7 44.8 kb/s 0.76
MCS8 54.4 kb/s 0.92
MCS9 59.2 kb/s 1.00
GMSK (1 bit per symb)
Rate Code
Rate
MCS1 8.8 kb/s 0.53
MCS2 11.2 kb/s 0.66
MCS3 14.8 kb/s 0.80
MCS4 17.6 kb/s 1.00
EGPRS
EGPRS
Speech Processing
Radio Channel generation [cont.]
GMSK
90
Speech Processing
Radio Channel generation [cont.]
Speech coding: Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR)
Voice quality benefits:
It provides the best voice quality according to radio conditions
It increases in the same time the offered capacity due to the provision of
half-rate channels
2 extensive sets of codec modes:
6 possible rates in HR channels: 4.75, 5.15, 5.9, 6.7, 7.4, 7.95 Kbps
8 possible rates in FR channels: 4.75, 5.15, 5.9, 6.7, 7.4, 7.95, 10.2,12.2 Kbps
Channel coding = speech protection Speech coding = speech information
Medium radio
conditions
Bad radio
conditions
Good radio
conditions
91
Speech Processing
Discontinuous Transmission
Principles (Mandatory in the mobile and on the BTS uplink path):
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX): reduced rate transmission (~ 500 bit/s)
during silences
Voice Activity Detection (VAD): Measurement of signal strength for detecting
moments of silence (neither speech nor tone) - adaptive-threshold FILTER
Comfort Noise Generation:
In receive mode, reconstitution of background noise based on the
characteristics received in Silence Descriptor (SID) frames, to avoid giving the
receiving user the impression that the line has been cut off
S
S S S S S S S S S
480 ms
BTS
TRAU --> BTS
MS <--> BTS
Speech
Silence
SID Frame
TRAU
MS
...
...
92
GPRS Overview
93
General Packet Radio Service
End User (compared to 9.6 data & HSCSD):
Service differentiation opportunities
Always connected
Pay per bit transferred
Higher speeds
Faster session set up
Operator:
Service differentiation opportunities
Catch Corporate business (including speech)
Additional revenue for content
Get more use out of network investment
Path to 3rd Generation
New Applications
& Uses Feasible
GPRS
Basics
94
Packet Switching
MSC/VLR
GSM+GPRS
BSS with
PCU
PSTN/
ISDN
GPRS
Backbone
SGSN
Internet
GGSN
GPRS GPRS
Mobile Mobile
Circuit Switching
BSS
HLR
GPRS
Network Architecture
95
Strengths
IP Connectivity
Packet Data
Always ON Ability
Compatibility
Other Advantages
GPRS
Strengths and Weakness
Weakness
Limited Resources
Low practical speed
Sub optimal Modulation
Transit Delays
No Store & Forward
96
SW Upgrade in
MSC/VLR and HLR
GPRS capable
MS
MSC
ISDN/PSTN
Network
EIR
HLR/AuC
SMSC
BSC
BTS
Um
HW and SW Upgrade in
BSC
SW Upgrade in
BTS
Internet
or
Corporat
e LAN
GPRS
Core
Network
GPRS Core
Network Elements
New Services
(APNs. WAP)
GPRS
GPRS H/W and S/W upgrade from GSM
97
TRX 1
TRX 2
CCCH TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
Dedicated
GPRS
Capacity
Circuit
Switched
Territory
Packet
Switched
Territory
Territory border moves
dynamically based on
Circuit Switched traffic
load
C
i
r
c
u
i
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

n
o
t

a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y

i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

G
P
R
S
Circuit Switched traffic has priority
In each cell Circuit Switched & Packet Switched
territories are defined
Territories consist of consecutive timeslots
GPRS
Territory Method
98
CS1 & CS2: implemented in BTS without HW change
CS3 & CS4: future release (with added HW in the BTSs)
More Data
Less Error
Correction
GPRS
Coding Schemes and Multiple TS
Channel Coding Scheme
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4
Single TS Data Rate 9.05 kbit/s 13.4 kbit/s 15.6 kbit/s 21.4 kbit/s
8 TS Data Rate 72.0 kbit/s 107.2 kbit/s 124.8 kbit/s 171.2kbit/s
GPRS release 1
99
GPRS
GPRS Specific Parameters
100
Module Summary
Describe the history of GSM and other Communication Systems
List the GSM and other Cellular Network features
Describe the GSM architecture
Identify the GSM interfaces and protocols
List the radio interfaces in a GSM network
Describe the Physical Channels
Describe the Logical Channels
Explain the steps for speech processing
Describe GPRS architecture
101
102
End of Module
GSM/GPRS Overview
GSM Advanced Concepts
2
Module Objectives
Explain GSM Call flow scenario
Explain Mobile Origination and Mobile Terminating calls
Explain the types of Handovers in GSM network
Describe Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) coding and its benefits
Describe the benefits of Power control in GSM
Explain the techniques involved in Frequency Planning
3
Course Outline
- GSM Call flow
- GSM Handover
- AMR
- Power Control
- Frequency Planning
4
GSM Call flow
5
GSM Call flow
Call Processing
MOBILE
CHANNEL REQUEST
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
CM SERVICE REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
CIPHERING MODE CMD
CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE
SET UP
CALL PROCEEDING
ASSIGNMENT CMD
ASSIGNMENT COM
ALERTING
CONNECT
CONNECT ACK
SET-UP of an
RR CONNECTION (MO)
SERVICE INDICATION
AUTHENTICATION
TRANSITION to CIPHERING MODE
START of CALL
TRAFFIC CHANNEL
CALL CONFIRMATION
CALL ACCEPTED
ASSIGNMENT
...
...
GSM
Network
PSTN or ISDN
Typical Sequence in Call Origination
6
Level 3 GSM Procedures
7
Setting up the Radio Connection
SDCCH N
MM CM_SERVICE REQUEST
SDCCH N
RACH
MS
CHANNEL REQUEST
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN.
BTS
BSC MSC
Um
A bis A
CHANNEL REQUIRED
ASSIGNMENT of an
SDCCH Channel
CHANNEL ACTIV.
ACTIVATION of
Channel indicated
CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
AGCH
CONNECTION to the
SDCCH Channel
SDCCH
SABM
ESTABLISH INDIC.
SCCP CONNECT REQUEST
SCCP CONNECT CONFIRM
T3101
T9105
IMM. ASSIGN. CMD
RR
RR
RR
BTSM
BTSM
BTSM
SDCCH
UA
...
...
8
Security Functions
Authentication
Checks that the Mobile Station is the required station and not an intruder
Ciphering
All Information (Signaling, Speech and Data) is sent in ciphered mode, to
avoid monitoring and intruders (who could analyze signaling data)
Temporary Identification (TMSI)
Used instead of IMSI for safety reason: tracing an MS is not so easy on the
air interface
Allocated at least when the MS is registered in a new VLR
(but can be allocated at each transaction)
9
Security Functions [cont.]
SIM card
A3
AuC
Radio Channel
A8
Ki Ki
Random number selection
A3
A8
A3 A3
A8 A8
A5 A5
= ?
Identification key (128 bits)
RAND (128 bits)
RAND
Signed ref. (32 bits)
SRES SRES
Cipher command
OK
Kc: Cipher key
for the call (64 bits)
Kc
Speech - Data - Signaling Speech - Data - Signaling
Ciphered data
Ciphering/Deciphering
Ciphering/Deciphering
BTS
A5 A5
...
...
10
Security Functions [cont.]
MS
BTS
HLR
MSC / VLR
AuC
SIM card
IMSI
Ki
A3
A8
RAND
SRES
Kc
Ciphering
Function
A5
Ciphering
Function
RAND
SRES
Kc
RAND
SRES
Kc
Kc
= ?
Triplets
Triplet
Generation
RAND
Ki
Ki
IMSI
A4
Ki
IMSI
(ciphered)
A4
A2
Speech
Data
Sign
Speech
Data
Sign
(ciphered)
RAND
SRES
A8
A3
Ki
IMSI
IMSI
A8
A3
Ki
IMSI
IMSI
TMSI
A5
Kc
TMSI
A5
Kc
11
Mobile Originating Call (MO)
MOBILE
CHANNEL REQUEST
CM SERVICE REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION
CIPHERING
SET UP
ASSIGNMENT CMD
ASSIGNMENT COM
ALERTING
CONNECT
CONNECT ACK
VEA: Very Early Assignment:
CALL CONFIRMATION
CALL ACCEPTED
or SET UP if VEA
ASSIGNMENT CMD
ASSIGNMENT COM
1/2 OACSU:
ASSIGNMENT CMD
ASSIGNMENT COM
OACSU complete
Immediate assignment of a TCH:
No authentication or ciphering
(Signaling carried on FACCH)
EA: Early Assignment:
TCH allocated BEFORE call confirmation
omitted if VEA
TCH allocated after called party ringing
TCH allocated after called party answer
...
...
GSM
Network
PSTN or ISDN
12
Mobile Originating Call (MO) [cont.]
TCH allocation
CHANNEL ACTIV.
DATA REQUEST
MS BTS
BSC MSC/VLR
A bis A
CALL PROCEEDING
DATA INDICATION
SCCP DATA
SCCP DATA
SET - UP
ASSIGNMENT CMD
PHYS. CTX REQ.
SCCP DATA
CIC selection
AUTHENTICATION
CIPHERING
CHANNEL REQUEST
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN.
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH N
SDCCH
Ciphered
SABM
UA
ESTABLISH INDIC.
SDCCH
PHYS. CTX CONF.
TCH
CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
DATA REQUEST
Assignment Cmd
TCH
T3107
RELEASE REQ *
Local End
Um
RR
RR
CM Serv. Req. MM
CM Serv. Req. MM
CM Serv. Req. MM
CC
CC
Set - Up CC
Call Proceeding. CC Call Proceeding. CC
Set - Up CC
Assignment Request BSSMAP
BTSM
BTSM
BTSM
BTSM
RR
RR
*: if no answer from the MS
IAM ISUP
...
...
PSTN or ISDN
13
Mobile Originating Call (MO) [cont.]
Off-hooking
Called P. ringing
Connect
Connect
Alerting
Assign. compl.
Assign. compl.
DATA REQUEST
MS
BTS BSC MSC/VLR
Um
A bis A
ALERTING
DATA INDICATION
SCCP DATA
SCCP DATA
ASSIGNMENT COMPL.
RF CHANNEL REL.
SCCP DATA
FACCH
SABM
UA
ESTABLISH INDIC.
RF CHANNEL REL. ACK
DATA REQUEST
CONNECT
SCCP DATA
ACM
ANM
DATA IND.
CONNECT ACK Connect
Ack
CONVERSATION PHASE
Alerting
Connect
Ack
...
...
PSTN or ISDN
14
Mobile Terminating Call (MT)
GMSC
VMSC
VLR
HLR
1
4
5
6
7
8
2
...
...
PSTN
PLMN
9
Signalling
Traffic
1 Called party
number: MSISDN
2 Detection of a
mobile number, call
directed to the PLMN
concerned
3 HLR interrogation:
transmission of the
mobile MSISDN
4 VLR interrogation:
IMSI used
5 Temporary routing
number allocation by
VLR: MSRN (roaming
number)
6 MSRN forwarded
to the GMSC
7 Call rerouted to
the visited MSC
8 The VMSC asks for
paging information and
the VLR replies
9 Subscriber paging
with TMSI
3
15
Mobile Terminating Call (MT) [cont.]
MOBILE
CHANNEL REQUEST
PAGING RESULT
CIPHERING MODE CMD
SET UP
CALL CONFIRMED
ASSIGNMENT CMD
ASSIGNMENT COM
ALERTING
CONNECT
CONNECT ACK
SET-UP of an
RR CONNECTION (MT)
SERVICE INDICATION
AUTHENTICATION
TRANSITION to CIPHERING mode
START OF CALL
TRAFFIC CHANNEL
CALL CONFIRMATION
CALL ACCEPTED
ASSIGNMENT
PSTN or ISDN
PAGING REQUEST
...
...
GSM
Network
16
Example of an International Call
GMSC
PSTN
VMSC
VLR
HLR
Visited PLMN
i
n
t
e
r
r
o
g
a
t
i
o
n
Home PLMN
COUNTRY 1
COUNTRY 2
COUNTRY 3
Incoming
Incoming
Outgoing
Outgoing
International SCCP
Gateways ...
...
17
Location Updating
General
This procedure is always initiated by the Mobile Station and involves providing the VLR (and HLR if
required) with its current position.
The visited VLR stores the Location Area (LA).
The LA n (LAI) received is updated dynamically in the SIM non-volatile memory.
Normal Location Update
When the mobile is switched on without having stored the LAI (e.g.: initial use of SIM).
When the mobile is switched on in an LA different from the LA stored in the SIM.
When the pre-synchronized mobile moves from one LA to another (same or different VLR).
Periodic Location Update
When the SIM internal counter overflows (based on BCCH broadcasted value)
(This counter is automatically incremented by the mobile when it is switched on)
18
Location Updating [cont.]
MOBILE
CHANNEL REQUEST
LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST old TMSI or IMSI
CIPHERING MODE CMD
LOCATION UPDATING ACCEPT new
TMSI REALLOCATION COMPLETE
CHANNEL RELEASE
Set-up of an
RR Connection (MO)
Service Indication
Authentication (*)
Transition to
Ciphering Mode (*)
Allocation of a new
Temporary Identification
RR Connection release
TMSI
...
...
GSM
Network
(*) option
19
Location Updating [cont.]
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
CHANNEL REQUEST
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN.
CHANNEL REQUIRED
CHANNEL ACTIV.
CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
SABM
UA
ESTABLISH INDIC.
IMM. ASSIGN. CMD
MS BTS
BSC MSC
Um A bis A
VLR
SCCP DATA
DATA REQUEST
LOCATION UPDATING
ACCEPT
TMSI
TMSI REALLOC COMPLETE
DATA INDICATION
SCCP DATA
HLR
UPDATE LOCATION
AREA UPDATE LOCATION
UPDATE LOCATION ACC
INSERT SUBSCR. DATA
LOC. AREA UPD. ACC.
INSERT SUB. DATA ACK
TMSI Alloc.
RR
RR
MM
Loc. Upd. Req. MM
RR
BTSM
BTSM
BTSM
MA
P MAP
MAP
MAP
MAP
MAP
MM
TMSI Realloc. compl. MM
TMSI Realloc. compl. MM
Loc. Upd. Req. MM Loc. Upd. Req. MM
Loc. Upd. Req. MM
Loc. Upd. Acc. MM
Loc. Upd. Acc. MM
...
...
20
GSM Handover
21
Cell 1
Cell 2
Handover is a GSM feature by which the control/communication of a Mobile is
transferred from one cell to another if certain criterias are met. It is a network
initiated process.
GSM Handover
Handover
22
Receive Quality (RXQUAL) on uplink and downlink
Receive Signal Strength (RXLEV) on uplink and downlink
Distance (Timing Advance)
Interference Level
Power Budget
GSM Handover
Criteria for Handover
23
BSC process the measurements reported by Mobile and the BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Mobile has measurements of six neighbors
GSM Handover
Handover Decision
24
BSS performs averaging function on these measurements every
SACCH frame (480ms)
Handover Decision algorithm is activated after a set number of
SACCH frame periods by comparison against thresholds
GSM Handover
Handover Decision [cont.]
25
INTRA-CELL Handovers
INTER-CELL Handovers
INTRA-BSC Handovers
INTER-BSC Handovers
INTER-MSC Handovers
GSM Handover
Types of Handovers
26
C
0
C
1
GSM Handover
Intra-Cell Handover
Handover between timeslots of same frequency
Handover between different frequencies of the same cell (to reduce
interference)
MSC is not aware about this
27
Handover between cells of the same BTS
BTS
Cell 1
Cell 2
GSM Handover
Inter-Cell Handover
MSC is told about Handover (HO)
BTS -> BSC -> MSC
28
MSC BSC
BTS
BTS
This HO takes place if the cell to which handover is to be done belongs to the
same BSC
GSM Handover
Intra-BSC Handover
29
MSC
BSC BTS
BTS BSC
The MSC is completely involved in this Handover
GSM Handover
Inter-BSC Handover
30
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
BTS
BTS
GMSC/
PSTN/
Backbone
In this case the handover takes place through the interconnecting element
which can be GMSC or PSTN or private Backbone between the MSCs
GSM Handover
Inter-MSC Handover
31
Better cell HO Emergency HO
Level Quality
PBGT
Traffic causes
Interference
Distance
GSM Handover
Different causes of Handover
32
GSM Handover
Change of Cell during the Call (Handover)
3 Phases:
Identification of requirement, Selection of a new cell, Execution
Mobile Station:
Continuous Quality and Received Power Control
Continuous adjacent cell Power monitoring
Transmission of measurement reports to the BTS (every 0.5s)
Network:
The BTS measures the Quality and the received Power from the mobile
The BSC runs the Power Control and Handover central algorithm
The BSC controls the handover operation
Handover Types:
Intra-BSC / Inter-BSC, Intra-MSC / Inter-MSC / Inter-PLMN / Inter-Network (2G
<-> 3G)
Internal (within the same BTS) if there is uplink or downlink interference
Synchronized / non-synchronized
33
GSM Handover
Change of Cell during the Call (Handover) [cont.]
BSC
BSC
BSC
BSC
BTS 1
BTS 2
MSC / VLR
MSC / VLR
MSC / VLR
PSTN
(Intra-BSC)
34
GSM Handover
PSTN or ISDN
FACCH
Release of old channel
Changeover to new channel
Internal Handover decision
MEASUREMENT REPORT
HANDOVER COMMAND
CHANNEL ACTIV.
CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
SABM
UA
ESTABLISH INDIC.
MS BTS 1 BSC MSC
Um
A bis
A
SCCP DATA
DATA REQUEST
DATA INDICATION
Handover Cmd
H.O. Performed
Handover. compl.
BTS 2
(RELEASE REQUEST)
Local End
HANDOVER ACCESS
(access burst)
HANDOVER DETECTION
PHYSICAL INFO
HANDOVER COMPLETE
T8
RF CHANNEL RELEASE
RF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK
RR
MEASUREMENT REPORT
MEASUREMENT REPORT
MEASUREMENT REPORT RR
BTSM
BTSM
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
BTSM
BTSM
BSSMAP
RR
FACCH
SACCH
SACCH
FACCH
(old
)
(new)
...
...
35
GSM Handover
BTS 2
BTS 1
MSC / VLR
MSC / VLR
MSC / VLR
PSTN BSC 1
BSC 2
BSC
BSC
(Inter-BSC)
36
GSM Handover
BTS 2
BTS 1
MSC / VLR1
MSC / VLR2
MSC /
VLR
PSTN BSC
BSC 1
BSC 2
BSC
(Inter-MSC)
37
GSM Handover
BTS 1
BTS 2
MSC / VLR1
MSC / VLR2
MSC / VLR3
PSTN BSC
BSC
BSC 1
BSC 2
(Inter-MSC
subsequent)
38
AMR
39
Hard blocking
The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established
due to lack of free radio timeslots.
Hard blocking
The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established
due to lack of free radio timeslots.
Soft blocking
The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference
rather than the number of TRXs available
Soft blocking
The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference
rather than the number of TRXs available
Dominates with large reuse factors = Wideband deployment
Is dominating with tight reuse patterns = Narrowband deployments
AMR Introduction
Hard/Soft Blocking
40
Standard Measure: Erl/km/MHz
Nokia Measure: Effective Frequency Load ( Erl/MHz)
Spectral Efficiency is equivalent to performance
Assuming no lack of radio resources or HW blocking
Dropped calls due
to coverage gaps
Targeted quality level
Traffic
Load
Key Performance
Indicator CDR, BQS
Capacity Increase is measured
in terms of additional load
at the same quality level
Two alternative solutions
Operating
Point
Quality Enhancement
is measured in terms of
increased quality
for the same load
Increased performance
(spectral efficiency) delivers
improved quality and/or
higher capacity for the same
quality criteria
Increased performance
(spectral efficiency) delivers
improved quality and/or
higher capacity for the same
quality criteria
Performance is a
trade-off
between
capacity AND
quality
AMR Introduction
Spectral Efficiency & Performance
41
EFL is a measure of the average frequency utilization in the area Represents
how loaded each frequency can be across the system
EFL is proportional to spectral efficiency
EFL is directly proportional to the carried traffic x % higher EFL = x % more
carried traffic
) ( #
1
#
TRX
TCH
Ave
freq Tot
Erl
EFL
BH
=
Busy hour area
level average
Erlangs/cell
Total number of
frequencies used
to carry the
traffic
Average number
of timeslots/TRX
AMR Introduction
Effective Frequency Load Defined
42
EFL is a measure of the average frequency utilization in the area Represents
how loaded each frequency can be across the system
Assume 1.2 Mhz (6 x 200 kHz carriers) of hopping frequencies in addition to the
BCCH carrier
Assume in each cell 5 simultaneous voice users on the average
In this case the Effective frequency load is ~ 5 Erlangs / 48 timeslots = 10.4%
Thus, in each hopping frequencies we can have 8 (timeslots per carrier) x 10.4%
= 0.83 Erlangs or 6 X 0.83 = 4.98 Erlangs in hopping layer
T
i
m
e
Frequency
200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
5

t
i
m
e
s
l
o
t
s

p
e
r

c
a
r
r
i
e
r
6 frequencies @ 200 kHz each
AMR Introduction
Effective Frequency Load Explained
43
Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) codec consists of a family of codecs (source and
channel codecs with different trade-off bit-rates) operating in the GSM FR
and HR channels modes
The AMR system exploits the channel performance and robustness added by
the coding rates by adapting the speech and channel coding rates according
to the quality of the radio channel
AMR adapts its error protection level (select its optimum channel mode and codec
mode) to the local radio channel and traffic load conditions to deliver the best
possible combination of speech quality and system capacity
Codec mode adaptation for AMR is based on received channel quality
estimation in both MS and BTS, followed by a decision on the most
appropriate speech and channel codec mode to apply at a given time
The basic AMR codec mode sets for MS and BTS are provided by BSC via layer 3
signaling
MS shall support all speech codec modes, although only a set of up to 4
speech codec modes is used during a call
AMR Introduction
Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
44
0
5
10
15
20
25
FR
12.2
FR
10.2
FR
7.95
FR 7.4 FR 6.7 FR 5.9 FR
5.15
FR
4.75
HR
7.95
HR 7.4 HR 6.7 HR 5.9 HR
5.15
HR
4.75
AMR codec mode
C
h
a
n
n
e
l

b
i
t
-
r
a
t
e

(
k
b
i
t
/
s
)
Channel coding
Speech coding
Speech Speech Qual Qual
Robustness Robustness
GSM FR/EFR channel gross bit-rate is 22.8 kbit/s in GSM FR/EFR: 13 kbit/s
speech coding and 9.8 kbit/channel coding (HR channel gross bit rate 11.4
kbit/s)
For AMR case, different codecs use different bit rate to encode speech (source
coding). The rest of the gross bit-rate is used for channel protection
AMR Introduction
Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec [cont.]
45
AMR Benefits
46
Link level results show very high improvement in the terms of TCH
FER when robust AMR modes are used
As high as 6 dB improvement at 1% FER in C/I can be achieved
Therefore, high capacity gain can be expected when robust AMR
modes are utilized
In addition, increased robustness to channel errors can be utilized in
the cell coverage, i.e. lower C/I can be allowed at the cell edge
However, in the mixed traffic case the cell coverage has to be
planned according to EFR mobiles
With respect to signaling channels, the retransmissions schemes
used by SACCH and FACCH channels maintain the probability of
signalling success even for very degraded conditions
AMR Benefits
Capacity and Coverage Gain
47
Due to robust AMR codec modes, very low TCH FER compared to EFR
In 850 MHz case all mobiles are AMR capable, but this comparison illustrates
the capacity gain AMR provides when it is introduced in a typical network
ONE-LAYER (RF-hopping 2/2, no BCCH included)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5 7.5 10 12.5 15
Effective Frequency load (%)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

T
C
H

F
E
R

>

5
.
4

%

(
%
)
AMR MS penetration: 0%
Capacity gain
based on the 2%
outage of the
bad TCH FER
samples
~150%
gain
relative to
EFR
AMR Benefits
Capacity Increase with AMR
48
Since the average C/I found in a cell area can be measurably less than
that used in a non-AMR network and still provide comparable quality to
EFR, the existing clean BCCH layer can be tightened, potentially
releasing frequencies to be used on the non-BCCH layer
This offers improved speech quality and extra capacity for TCH, especially in
the narrow band deployment (frequency band less than 5 MHz)
However, if EFR roaming mobiles are to be taken care of, the BCCH will
have to be planned accordingly
How to plan networks to ensure the quality for the old EFR mobiles?
One method is to use more aggressive power adjustment for AMR mobiles in
order to decrease the average interference level in the network
Due to better error correction capability against the channel errors lower C/I
target can be set for AMR mobiles hence lower PC thresholds can be used
Therefore, the overall interference decreases in the network (smaller
average transmission power) and thus the quality of the existing EFR
connections increase
AMR Benefits
Improved BCCH Plan
49
Half-rate is an efficient way to increase capacity in the case of limited
number of TRXs per cell
AMR HR codec obtains remarkable better speech quality than previous
GSM EFR HR codec
AMR FR obtains better quality than AMR HR only when higher FR modes
than 7.4 are used (due to higher number of speech coding bits)
AMR FR 7.4 kbit/s mode and AMR HR 7.4 kbit/s mode have the same speech
quality when the C/I is high (error free case)
AMR HR channels can be then used in high C/I conditions without noticeably
speech quality loss
In theory for ideal frequency hopping about 11-12 dB C/I is required for
AMR HR to obtain the evaluated good speech quality limit (in real
networks, depending on the BTS configuration and on FH mode used, it
might be necessary 1-4 dB higher)
Based on this, all connections having at least 12 dB C/I could be handed over
to HR channel remaining the good speech quality
AMR Benefits
Half-Rate Utilization in AMR Codec
50
MOS vs. CIR
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C/I (dB)
M
O
S
FR 12.2 MOS
FR 7.4 MOS
FR 5.9 MOS
FR 4.75 MOS
HR 7.4 MOS
HR 5.9 MOS
HR 4.75 MOS
S
p
e
e
c
h

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

G
a
i
n
s
A user in good radio conditions perceives the same quality as EFR.
However, a user in bad radio conditions still receives acceptable speech
quality while with EFR it would not received satisfactory speech
quality.
AMR Benefits
Benefits For End User
51
Approx. 5.5 dB link level gain in hopping layer
This turns into approx. 140% capacity gain for AMR-FR
Coverage enhancement (>4dB)
Tighter BCCH reuse schemes.
Saving of resources by deploying AMR-HR
0%
1%
10%
100%
0 2 4 6 8 10
C/I [dB]
T
C
H

F
E
R
fs475iFH
fs515iFH
fs590iFH
fs670iFH
fs740iFH
fs795iFH
fs102iFH
fs122iFH
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

/

C
o
v
e
r
a
g
e

G
a
i
n
s
AMR Benefits
Benefits For Operator
52
Speech quality enhancement: AMR maintains good speech quality in the
situation where the connection faces low C/I or low signal level
Capacity and coverage gain: Link level simulation results illustrated
improvement in terms of TCH FER (up to 5.5dB at 1% FER in C/I)
Signaling channel performance: due to retransmissions schemes used by
these channels the probability of signaling success maintain very high
even for very degraded conditions
Improved BCCH plan: tighter frequency reuse or better quality with
same frequency reuse, potentially releasing frequencies to be used on
the non-BCCH layer.
Half Rate utilization increases the hardware capacity of the cell since
two half-rate connections can be allocated to fill only one timeslot.
When compare AMR HR to previous GSM HR codec, it is noticed that AMR HR
obtains remarkable better speech quality
AMR Benefits
Benefits For AMR- Summary
53
Power Control
54
REASONS
Optimize Uplink and Downlink QOS
Decrease power consumption of the Mobile
STRATEGY
Handled by the BSC
HO has always higher priority than POC
Controlled by interval
Increase and decrease act independently (can be fixed or variable step
size)
BTS and MS apply Power Control independently
BCCH TRX doesn't use Power Control
DL/UL Power Control can be disabled
Initial POC level used by MS in new cell after HO, is determined by BSC
(default is max permitted level, MsTXPwrMaxCell)
Optionally POC/HOC processes can optimize the initial RF power in case of
intra BSC HO
Power Control
Reasons and Strategy
55
powerControlInterval 0 30 sec
powerIncrStepSize 2, 4, 6 dB
powerRedStepSize 2, 4 dB
powerControlEnabled Y / N
Parameter Value
Uplink Level
Uplink Quality
AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC
AV_RXLEV_UL_PC
Downlink Level
Downlink Quality
AV_RXQUAL_DL_PC
AV_RXLEV_DL_PC
POWER CONTROL
UPLINK
POWER CONTROL
UPLINK
THRESHOLD
COMPARISON
Separate Averaging Parameters
For Handover and for Power Control
POWER CONTROL
DOWNLINK
POWER CONTROL
DOWNLINK
POC
INTERVAL
Power Control
Overview
56
LowerLEV
UpperLEV
UpperQUAL
LowerQUAL
Applicable in both Downlink and Uplink Directions
Power Control
Safety Region
57
Frequency Planning
58
Cell Structures
Cell Structures and Quality
Frequency re-use in cellular radio networks
allow efficient usage of the frequency spectrum
but causes interference
Interdependence of
Cell size
Cluster size
Re-use distance
Interference level
Network Quality
interferer
region
59
Cell Structures
Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites)
1
2 3
4 7
6 5 1
2 3
4 7
6 5
R
D
60
Cell Structures
Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites) [cont.]
5 6 4
1 2 3
7
8 9
10 11 12
D
61
Cell Structures
Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site)
62
Cell Structures
4x3 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site) [cont.]
63
Cell Structures
Irregular (Real) Cell Shapes
1
2 3
4
5
6
5
7
Network Border
Coverage
Hole
Island
64
Frequency Reuse
65
Frequency Reuse
GSM Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
DL: 935-960 MHz UL: 890-915 MHz
200 kHz channel spacing -> 124 channels
ARFCN 1 - 124
E-GSM
DL: 925-935 MHz UL: 880-890 MHz
200 kHz channel spacing -> Additional 50 channels
ARFCN 0, 975 - 1023
200 kHz channel spacing ->124 channels
GSM 850
DL: 869-894 MHz UL: 824-849 MHz
ARFCN: 128 - 251
GSM 1800
DL: 1805-1880 MHz UL: 1710-1785 MHz
200 kHz channel spacing -> 374 channels
ARFCN 512 - 885
66
Frequency Reuse
Impact of limited Frequency Spectrum
Bandwidth is an expensive resource
Best usage necessary
Efficient planning necessary to contain good QoS when the traffic in
the network is increasing
smaller reuse
Multiple reuse pattern (MRP) usage
implementation of concentric cells / microcells/dual band
implementation of Frequency Hopping
Baseband
Synthesized
67
Frequency Reuse
What is frequency reuse?
As the GSM spectrum is limited, frequencies have to be reused to
provide enough capacity
The more often a frequency is reused within a certain amount of cells,
the smaller the frequency reuse
Aim:
Minimizing the frequency reuse for providing more capacity
Reuse Cluster:
Area including cells which do not reuse the same frequency (or
frequency group)
68
Frequency Reuse
RCS and ARCS
Reuse Cluster Size - RCS
If all cells within the reuse cluster have the same amount of TRXs, the reuse
per TRX layer can be calculated:
cell TRX
B
RCS
/ #
=
cell TRX
B
ARCS
/ #
=
Average Reuse Cluster Size - ARCS
If the cells are different equipped, the average number of TRXs has
to be used for calculating the average reuse cluster size:
69
Frequency Reuse
RCS and ARCS [cont.]
The ARCS is giving the average reuse of the network when using the
whole bandwidth and all TRXs per cell
For Example: If we want to have the reuse of all non hopping TCH TRXs,
we have to use the dedicated bandwidth and the average number of
non hopping TCH TRXs per cell to get the ARCS of this layer type.
Each cell has only one BCCH. Therefore the BCCH reuse is an RCS and
not an ARCS!
70
Frequency Reuse
Reuse Cluster Size
Sectorized sites
4 sites per reuse cluster
3 cells per site
Reuse Cluster Size:
4X3 =12
1 2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
10 11
12
1 2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
10 11
12
71
Frequency Reuse
Reuse Cluster Size [cont.]
Sectorized sites
3 sites per reuse cluster
3 cells per site
Reuse Cluster Size
3X3 = 9
1 2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
1 2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
72
Frequency Reuse
Reuse Distance
RCS R f D = 3
=
cells sectorized - three
3
2
cells ional omnidirect 1
f
r
e
-
u
s
e

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
cell A
cell B
interferer
region
73
Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse Distance
site A site B
distance D
R
D = distance between cell sites with the same frequencies
R = service radius of a cell
B = number of frequencies in total bandwidth
RCS = reuse cluster size, i.e. one cell uses B/RCS frequencies
In hexagonal cell geometry: D/R = f 3 RCS
omni cells: f=1; sector cells: f= 2/3
Examples (omni):
RCS = 7:D/R = 4.6
RCS = 9:D/R = 5.2
RCS =12: D/R = 6.0
Received Power
F
rec
C/I
F
rec, A
F
rec, B
0
74
Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse: Example
No sectorization
7 cells per cluster
BCCH RCS = 7
TCH Reuse: Depending on BW
and Number of installed TRXs
per cell
Example:
B= 26
4TRXs per cell
interferer
region
6
3
1 7 26
=

=
Guard BCCH
RCS TCH
RCS TCH
RCS BCCH
75
Cell Planning
76
Cell Planning
Cell Planning - Frequency Planning
Bad cell planning
Island coverage Disturbs the reuse pattern
Big overlap areas Bigger reuse necessary
Good cell planning
Sharp cell borders Good containment of frequency
Small overlap areas Tighter reuse possible
77
Cell Planning
Influencing Factors on Frequency Reuse Distance
Topography
Hilly terrain, increases usage of natural obstacles to define sharp cell
borders, increases tighter frequency reuse possible
Flat terrain, achievable reuse much more dependent on the accurate cell
design
Morphology
Water low attenuation, high reuse distance
City high attenuation, low reuse distance
78
Cell Planning
Conclusion
In cellular mobile networks, the frequency reuse pattern has a direct
influence on the interference and hence the network quality
Regular hexagonal patterns allow the deduction of engineering
formulas
In real networks, cell sizes and shapes are irregular due to
Variation in traffic density
Topography
Land usage
Engineering formulas allow the assessment of the network quality and
worst-case considerations, but the real situation must be proved!
79
Cell Planning
Examples for different frequency reuses
Big city in the south of Africa:
BCCH reuse 26
Irregular cell design
Mixed morphology
Lots of water
Flat terrain plus some high sites
Big city in eastern Europe
BCCH reuse 12
Regular cell design
Flat area
Only urban environment
80
Interference Probability
81
Interference Theory
C/I restrictions
9dB for co-channel interference
-9 dB for adjacent channel interference
distance D
R
Received Power
P
rec
C/ I
P
rec, A
P
rec, B
0
82
Interference Theory [cont.]
Probability density function [%]
0,0%
1,0%
2,0%
3,0%
4,0%
5,0%
C/I [dB]
C/I
med
C/I
thr
Margin
Interferer probability [%]
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
C/I - C/I
thr
[dB]
Interference probability
C/I
med
is the calculated carrier to interference
ratio at a certain location (pixel)
ARCS Pint[%]
6.5..9.0 10
7.0..9.5 7.5
8.5..11.0 5.0
12.0..16.0 2.5
3.6 Interference Probability
83
CPDF - Cumulative Probability Density Function
P
int
= P ( C/I < C/I
thr
)
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
P
int
Distance from serving
cell
D
R
CPDF - Cumulative Probability Density Function
84
Interference Probability dependent on Average Reuse
ARCS =
# of frequencies in used bandwidth
average # of carriers per cell
P
int
[%]
ARCS
0
3
6
9
12
5 10 15 20 25
Examples:
P
int
[%] ARCS
10 6.5...9
7.5 7...9.5
5 8.5...11
2.5 12...16
85
Manual frequency planning
86
Manual Frequency Planning
Frequency planning
No fixed method
Free frequency assignment possible, but very time consuming for larger
networks
For easy and fast frequency planning: use group assignment
Example:
18 channels, 2TRX per cell ARCS 9
87
Frequency planning [cont.]
GSM restrictions are automatically fulfilled, if on one site only groups
A* or only B* are used
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
A4
B4
A5
88
Subdivide frequency band?
Any subdivision of the frequency band is reducing the spectrum
efficiency
Separations should be avoided if possible
As the BCCH has to be very clean, it is nevertheless recommended to
use a separated band and select a bigger reuse
89
Hint for creating a future proofed frequency plan
If a frequency plan is implemented, using all available frequencies in
the most efficient way, it is very difficult to implement new sites in
the future!
New sites would make a complete re-planning of the surrounding
area or the whole frequency plan necessary
To avoid re-planning every time when introducing new sites, it is
recommended to keep some frequencies free
These Joker frequencies can be used for new sites (especially BCCH
TRXs) unless it is impossible to implement new sites without
changing a big part of the frequency plan
90
Module Summary
Explain GSM Call flow scenario
Explain Mobile Origination and Mobile Terminating calls
Explain the types of Handovers in GSM network
Describe Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) coding and its benefits
Describe the benefits of Power control in GSM
Explain the techniques involved in Frequency Planning
91
92
End of Module
GSM Advanced Concepts

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