India & The World

Ghanshyam Thori India & The World
Ghanshyam Thori India & The World 1

India & the World - International Organizations & International Affairs
Analysis:
Indias Foreign Policy
o Role of Intelligence in the making of foreign policy (15 M)
o Relevance of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehrus Ideas in the International Relations of today (15 Marks)
o How can India accommodate her foreign policy principle of non intervention with the emerging right
to intervention? (15 Marks).
o NAM (2M)
o Panchsheel (2M - 2007)
o Panchsheel Pact (2004)
o Nature of Track II diplomacy between India & Pakistan (2M)
o Gujral Doctrine
o NAM is relevant in Unipolar world as well. Comment.
International Affairs/Places in News
o Operation Silence (2M)
o Hyde Act of 2006 (2M)
o Trade through Nathu La Pass (2M)
o Outer Space Treaty (2M)
o Withdrawal of Japanese Troops from Iraq (2M)
o Maastricht Treaty (2M)
o Cuba & Castro
o Beijing Taiwan Spat
o Al Gharib Prisoners (2M)
o ICJ Verdict on Israels erection of barrier on West Bank
o Chechnya
o Singificance of Robin Island
o Guantanamo Bay
o Significance of Enola Gay
o Why was Bandar Seri Begawan in News recently
o Why was Macau in news recently
o What do you know about Siachen Dispute?
India & its relationship with other countries (esp Neighbouring countries & major world powers)
/Developments in Neighbouring coutries
o Indias response to political crisis in Bangladesh (15 M)
o Crippling the king in Nepal (15 Marks)
o Terrorism Sources in Pakistan & Afghanistan (15 Marks)
o Developments in Afghanistan in Post Taliban Period (15 M)
o Military Rule in Myanmar (2 Marks)
o Indias strategic relationship with Russia (15 M)
o UN & its role in hindering/promoting relationship between India & Pakistan (15 M)
o Indo-Israel Cooperation (2M).
o Indo-Israel cooperation in the field of Agriculture (2 Marks).
o Recent trends in Indias relation with China (15 M).
o Indo-US relations in Recent times (15 Marks)
o Indo-Srilankan relations in recent years (15 Marks)
o Recent Developments in India-Myanmar Relations (2 Marks)
Indias & Global Nuclear Policies/Pacts & Defense cooperation & Energy Agreements
o US Policy on Irans Nuclear Program (15 Marks)
o Indo-US Military Cooperation (2 Marks)
o Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (2 Marks)
o Indias Nuclear Doctrine (15 Marks)
o Indo-Russian Defense Cooperation (15 Marks)
o Indo-Iran Gas Pipeline (15 Marks)
o Indias Opposition to CTBT (15 Marks)
o Necessity of indigenous cryogenic engine for India (2M)
o What is deterrence? (2M)
o Pinaka (2 Marks)
o What is Banana war
o What is a rogue state?
o Detail the salient features of Project Anthareeksha (15 Marks)
o Will the grand axis of India, China & Russia challenge the Unipolar supremacy of the US?
o What do you mean by Unipolar World? (2M)
o Highlight the main provisions of Nuclear Disarmament Treaty between US & Russia (15 M)
o Outline the features of Saudi Peace Plan for West Asia Crises & access its importance.
o Outine salient features of Indias Nuclear policy & explain reasons for Indias refusal to sign the
CTBT (15 Marks)
o What are the prospects of CTBT. (2M)
o Differentiate between collective security & cooperative security.
o What do the following stand for? MARV, MIRV & ICBM
o Differentiate between Explosion & Implosion.
o What is meant by SDI? (Strategic Defense Initiative).
o Differentiate between SALT & START? (Strategic Arm Limitations Talk) (Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty)
United Nations
o Which is the latest right confirmed by the 57
th
session of the UN? (2M)
o Explain the position of US vis a vis the League of Nations.
Globalization/Environment & Economics
o Define globalization & differentiate it with internationalism (15 marks)
o Impact of Globalization on State system & its institutions (15 Marks)
o Global Governance (2M)
o Concept of copyleft? (2M)
o Repo Market (2M).
o China-US Textile War
o North South Dialogue
o Discuss significance of Kyoto Protocol. Why is USA not signing it? (15 Marks).
o There is a widespread concern about degradation of environment & the problems that go with it. Asses
the International Response.
o What is Global Environment Facility (GEF)?
International Organizations/Summits/Reports
o G-8 Summit (2M)
o G-8 Summit in Russia (15 Marks)
o SAARC Human Rights Report 2006 (2M)
o Gender Empowerment Measure (2M)
o SAARC Summit 2007 (15 Marks)
o Evaluate the performance of Summit Meeting of the Arab League held in March 2001. (15 Marks)
o UN Conference of Environment & Development (The Earth Summit).
o Expanding role of Amnesty International (15 Marks)
o Role of Amnesty International in Securing Human Rights (15 Marks)
o Role of European Parliament (15 Marks)
International Trade Blocs
o SAFTA (2M) BIMSTEC What is GCC OIC
o EAS (2M) ARF What is EU
o SCO (2M) Main purpose of G-15 What is G-8
o G-15 (2M) Why is SAFTA being Mooted SAARC
o OPEC What is meant by AU? ASEAn
Persons in News
o Who is Hans Blix? (Headed Commission on WMD in Iraq)
o Why was David Kelly in the news recently? (Weapons Inspector in Iraq)
o Why was Robert Mugabe in News Recently?
o Who is Xanana Gusmao.
o Why was Slobadan Milosevic been in news in the recent past.
o Who is Gao Jhan?
o Who is Meghavati Sukarnoputri?
Abbreviations in News/Abbreviations of International Organizations)
o ICT4D (2M) OAPEC SPDC
o BEMs (2M) UPU WIPO
o IAEA (2M) ODA WCAR
o IFAD Red Cross UNIDO
o ECJ (2M) SAVE WTO
o ICJ (2M) IAEA (Repeat) MIGA
o WHO IBRD (Repeat) UNCIP
o WMO UNHCR KLA
o IBRD UNHCR (Repeat)
o INTELSAT INTERPOL
Important Trade Blocs
SAFTA
(UPSC 2007)
The Agreement on the South Asian Free Trade Area is an agreement reached at the
12th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit at
Islamabad, capital of Pakistan on 6 January 2004. It creates a framework for the
creation of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people in India, Pakistan, Nepal,
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and the Maldives. Aghanistan is the latest member.
ASEAN geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia,
which was formed in 1967 by Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and
Philippines (ST-IMP). Other five members are Brunei, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam &
Cambodia
ASEAN Plus 3 ASEAN plus China, Japan & South Korea.
East Asia Summit
(UPSC 2007)
The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16
countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The
members of EAS are 10 members of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India,
New Zealand & Australia.
Shanghai
Cooperation
Organization
(UPSC 2007)
SCO was formed in 2001. Its 6 members are China, Russia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Observers are India, Pakistan, Mongolia &
Iran. Headquartered at Beijing.
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries
established in 1989 to discuss the regional economy, cooperation, trade and
investment. Important members include USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, China &
Russia.
MERCOSUR Founded in 1991, Mercosur is a regional trade agreement among Brazil, Uruguay,
Paraguay & Argentina. Venezuela has recently applied to become full member but
the decision is yet to be ratified. Headquarter is in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Andean
Community
The Andean Community is a trade bloc comprising the South American countries of
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Headquarter is in Lima, Peru.
CARICOM Stands for Caribbean Community. It currently has 15 members. Important members
include Guyana, Suriname, Belize, Jamaica & Haiti. Headquarter is in Georgetown,
Guyana.
NAFTA North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement. Comprises of 3 members of Canada, USA &
Mexico. It was formed in 1994 & the headquarters are located in Mexico City,
Ottawa and Washington, D.C. It is the largest trade bloc in the world in terms of
combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members.
African Union Established in 2002, African Union is an intergovernmental organization consisting
of 53 African nations. Morocco is the only country which is not a member of AU.
Headquarter is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
GUAM GUAM is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine,
Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Given the existence of the Russian-led Commonwealth of
Independent States, in Russia GUAM is sometimes seen as a way of countering the
Russian influence in the area, and as part of a strategy backed by the United States.
However, GUAM leaders repeatedly and officially dismiss such claims and declare
their strong willingness to develop close friendly relations with Russia. Moreover,
Azerbaijan, the group's main energy power, has managed to avoid any controversies
with Russia in recent years.
EU The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community of twenty-seven
member states, located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 by the
Maastricht Treaty, adding new areas of policy to the existing European Community.
The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in December 2007 and intended to be ratified by the
end of 2008, is planned to amend the existing treaties to update the political and
legal structure of the union.
EFTA The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a European trade bloc which was
established in 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either unable to,
or chose not to, join the then-European Economic Community (now the European
Union). Today only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein remain
members of EFTA.
CEFTA The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement
between Non-EU countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe.
GCC GCC is a trade bloc involving the six Arab states of the Persian Gulf - viz Saudi
Arabia, Oman,UAE, Qatar, Bahrain & Kuwait. A GCC common market was
launched on January 1, 2008. Headquarter is in Riyadh.
OIC OIC is an international organization with a permanent delegation to the United
Nations. It groups 57 Islamic nations & is headquartered at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
League of Arab
States
Currently has 22 members. Headquarted in Cairo.
NSG The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with
reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials
that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards
and protection on existing materials. It was founded in 1975 in response to the
Indian nuclear test of the previous year & currently has 45 members.
IOR-ARC The Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), initially
known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative, is an international organization with 18
member states for regional cooperation. Headquartered in Mauritius.
IBSA Trilateral forum of India, Brazil & South Africa.
BIMSTEC Founded in 1997, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a
group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member nations of this
group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal.
OECD The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an
international organization of thirty countries that accept the principles of
representative democracy and free market economy. It was formed in 1948.
Currently there are 30 full members prominent among them being USA, Canada,
U.K, Germany, Japan & Australia.
Mekong Ganga
Cooperation
Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) was established in 2000 at Vientiane . It
comprises of six Member countries namely India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia,
Laos, & Vietnam. The emphasis are on four areas of cooperation, which are tourism,
culture, education, and transportation linkage in order to be solid foundation for
future trade and investment cooperation in the region.
Developing 8 The Developing 8 (D-8 or Developing Eight) are a group of developing countries
that have formed an economic development alliance. It consists of
Pakistan,Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran and Turkey.
G-8 The Group of Eight (G8), also known as Group of Seven and Russia,is an
international forum for the governments of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Together, these countries
represent about 65% of the Gross World Product
G8 Plus 5 The G8 plus the heads of government of the 5 leading emerging economies (Brazil,
China, India, Mexico and South Africa).
G-15 The Group of 15 (G-15) was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement
Summit Meeting in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The G15 focuses on cooperation among
developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. The
membership of the G15 has expanded to 18 countries, but the name has remained
unchanged. India is a member of G-15.
G-77 The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations,
designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an
enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding
members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130
member countries.
Indias Foreign Policy & Global Factors
Panchsheel
(UPSC 2007)
The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence or Panchsheel are a series of
agreements between the People's Republic of China and India. After the Central
Chinese Government took control of Tibet, China came into increasing conflict with
India. However, both nations were newly-established and interested in finding ways
to avoid further conflict. Therefore in 1954 the two nations drew up the Five
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence:
1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence
NAM & Its
Releveance
(UPSC 2007)
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization of states
considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
It was founded in April 1955; as of 2007, it has 118 members.
The Non-Aligned Movement has struggled to find relevance since the end of the
Cold War. However the movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view,
the worlds poorest nations remain exploited and marginalized, no longer by
opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony
and neo-colonialism that that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It
opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateral
measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing
member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the
implications of neo-liberal policies. The non-aligned movement has identified
economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to
peace and security
Gujral Doctrine The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign
relations with Indias immediate neighbours as spelt out by Gujral, first as Indias
foreign minister and later as the prime minister. Among other factors, these five
principles arise from the belief that Indias stature and strength cannot be divorced
from the quality of its relations with its neighbours. It, thus, recognises the supreme
importance of friendly, cordial relations with neighbours. These principles are:
1. With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka,
India does not ask for reciprocity, but gives and accommodates what it can in
good faith and trust.
2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the
interest of another country of the region.
3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.
4. All South Asian countries must respect each others territorial integrity and
sovereignty.
5. They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.
According to Gujral, these five principles, scrupulously adhered to, would achieve a
fundamental recasting of South Asias regional relationships, including the difficult
relationship between India and Pakistan. Further, the implementation of these
principles would generate a climate of close and mutually benign cooperation in the
region, where the weight and size of India is regarded positively and as an asset by
these countries.
NATO NATO is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty
in 1949. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the organization constitutes a system
of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response
to an attack by any external party. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
NATO has attempted to refocus itself to new challenges and has deployed troops to
Afghanistan and trainers to Iraq.
CFE The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated
and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive
limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the
Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. The treaty
proposed equal limits for the two "groups of states-parties", NATO and the Warsaw
Pact.
South South
Cooperation
The South-South Cooperation is a broad framework for collaboration among
countries of the South, in the political, economic, social, environmental and
technical domains. Involving three or more developing countries, South-South
cooperation takes place on bilateral, regional, sub-regional and inter-regional bases.
IBSA (India Brazil South Africa) forum is an example of this kind of cooperation.
Look East Policy Look-east policy was launched in 1992 just after the end of the cold war, following
the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalization, it was a very
strategic policy decision taken by the government in the foreign policy. To quote
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the
world and India's place in the evolving global economy".
The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao
visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming a
important dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this
century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit level
partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as
the BIMSTEC and the Ganga Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member of
the East Asia Summit (EAS) in December, 2005.
Advantages:
The Look-East policy has been given a significant thrust since the beginning of this
century and the results achieved are evident as mentioned in the report. Now India
has entered into the phase two of this policy. The second phase in India's Look East
policy has a new dimension the development of India's remote northeast. India's
search for a new economic relationship with South East Asia is no longer driven by
considerations of globalization, but to facilitate development of the Northeast by
increasing its connectivity to the outside world. Instead of trying to isolate the
Northeast from external influences, as it had done in the past, New Delhi is now
recognizing the importance of opening it up for commercial linkages with South
East Asia.
Shortcomings:
The Look East policy did not find Japan on its radar and failed to improve India's
economic ties with it. Trade with Japan actually declined dramatically dropping its
share to one-third of its level of 7 per cent in 1993.
India has entered into a number of pacts, agreements and FTAs but its record for
implementation of such accords has been poor as can be seen from the follow up of
the Indo-Thai FTA and CECA with Singapore.
The reason for poor implementation of the pacts, agreements and FTAs
* The Indian industry's doubts about its competitive efficiency.
* Indian industry does not want competition at home
* Indian industry scared of cheaper exports to India from these countries.
India should go ahead with proper implementation of the pacts, agreements and
FTAs without bothering about the aforementioned factors. The Indian industry will
ensure that India will always gain from these arrangements.
Shimla
Agreement
(UPSC2006 2M)
Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in1972. The agreement
followed from the war between the two nations in the previous year that had led to
the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. The agreement laid down the
principles that should govern their future relations. It also conceived steps to be
taken for further normalization of mutual relations. Most importantly, it bound the
two countries "to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral
negotiations".
Tashkent
Declaration
The Tashkent Declaration of 1966 was a peace agreement between India and
Pakistan after the Indo-Pak war of 1965. The agreement was signed between Indian
Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Muhammad Ayub
Khan.
Terms
Track I
Diplomacy
Involves direct government-to-government interaction on the official level. Typical
Track I activities include traditional diplomacy, official negotiations, and the use of
international organizations. The participants stand as representatives of their respective
states and reflect the official positions of their governments during discussions. It is
also called Fast Track diplomacy.
Track One &
Half Diplomacy
Refers to situations when official representatives give authority to non-state actors (or
official actors serving in an unofficial capacity) to participate, negotiate or facilitate on
behalf of the official state actors. It also refers to non-state individuals who serve as
intermediaries between official and non-official actors in difficult conflict situations. It
is generally used to prepare key stakeholders before and during the official negotiation
process by building consensus and support for agreements, both between parties in
conflict and within their prospective constituencies.
Track II
Diplomacy
Generally involves informal interaction with influential unofficial actors from civil
society, business or religious communities, and local leaders and politicians who are
considered to be experts in the area or issue being discussed. It generally seeks to
supplement Track I diplomacy by working with middle and lower levels of society and
often involves non-traditional methods, such as facilitating dialogue mechanisms and
meetings that include participants from both government and non-government
institutions.
Track III
Diplomacy
Is essentially "people to people" diplomacy undertaken by both individuals and private
groups from non-government international organizations that are dedicated to
promoting specific causes, universal ideals and norms, and enacting systematic social
change. This type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences,
generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for people and
communities who are largely marginalized from political power centers and are unable
to achieve positive change without outside assistance.
Track IV
Diplomacy
Involves socio-cultural, educational, environmental & scientific exchange between two
states. It helps in developing closer ties among states.
Track V
Diplomacy
Effort of media of concerned states towards conflict resolution & development of better
understanding of each others viewpoint.
Pugwash
Conferences
Series of international meetings of scientists to discuss problems of nuclear weapons
and world security. The first of the conferences met in July 1957 in the village of
Pugwash, Nova Scotia. In 1995 the Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded jointly to the
Pugwash organization and to Joseph RotblatPugwash founding member, secretary-
general (195773), and president (198897).
Indias Border
Dispute
India is involved in the following international disputes:
Bangladesh
6.5 km of the border between India and Bangladesh remains to be demarcated.
Dispute with Bangladesh over South Talpatti Island / New Moore in the Bay of Bengal.
Ongoing discussions with Bangladesh to exchange 162 minuscule enclaves between
the two.
Nepal
Kalapani village (Indo-Nepal Border) of India is claimed by Nepal and Nawalparasi
district of Nepal is claimed by India.
Maldives
Dispute over Minicoy Island with Maldives.
Pakistan
The unresolved Kashmir dispute, involving Siachen Glacier and other areas with
Pakistan.
Dispute over Sir Creek and the maritime boundary between the two.
People's Republic of China
India claims Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
China claims Arunachal Pradesh, a state in north-east India.
Abbreviations of International Organizations/Abbr in News (Question 9 2 Marker)
ICT4D
(UPSC 2007)
Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) is an
increasingly popular, general term referring to the application of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) within the field of socio-economic
development. It is being implemented in many countries.
IAEA
(UPSC 2007)
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization
that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for
military purposes. Though established independently of the United Nations under
its own international treaty (the IAEA Statute), the IAEA reports to both the
General Assembly and the Security Council. Headquarted in Vienna, Austria.
BIMSTEC
(UPSC 2007)
Founded in 1997, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a
group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member nations of this
group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal.
ECJ
(UPSC -2007)
European Court of Justice is the highest court in the European Union (EU). It has
the ultimate say on matters of EU law in order to ensure equal application across
the various European Union member states.
BEMs
(UPSC 2007)
Big Emerging Markets. These "Big Emerging Markets" (BEMs) are: Mexico,
Argentina, Brazil, the Chinese Economic Area(2), India, Indonesia, South Korea,
Poland, Turkey, and South Africa.
MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
EFTA European Free Trade Association
INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization
ISO International Organization for Standardization
WFC World Food Council
OAPEC (UPSC) Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries.
KLA (UPSC) Kosovo Liberation Army
UNCIP (UPSC) United Nations Commission for India & Pakistan
ODA (UPSC) Official Development Assistance. The term applies to aid from the members of
Development Assistance Committee of the OECD to developing countries.
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research. Located near Geneva.
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross. Headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland.
LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
OIC Organization of Islamic Conferences
SACU Southern African Customs Union
Important United Nations Organizations
1. United Nations Organization New York
2. Economic Commission of Europe Geneva
3. Economic & Social Commission of Asia Bangkok
4. Economic Commission of Latin America Santiago, Chile
5. Economic Commission for Africa Addis Ababa
6. Economic Commission for Western Asia Baghdad, Iraq
7. UNESCO Paris
8. Universal Postal Union (UPU) Berne, Switzerland
9. WHO Geneva
10. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva
11. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Geneva
12. World Trade Organization (WTO) Geneva
13. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Geneva
14. International Labour Organization (ILO) Geneva
15. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Vienna
16. Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) Rome
17. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Rome
18. International Maritime Organization (IMO) London
19. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna
20. IBRD or World Bank Washington
21. International Development Association Washington
22. International Finance Corporation (IFC) Washington
23. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington
24. International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) Washington
25. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Montreal, Canada
26. UNICEF New York
27. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Geneva
28. United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) Geneva
29. United Nations Institute for Training & Research (UNITAR) New York
30. United Nations Relief & Work for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Gaza City & Amman
31. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) New York
32. United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) New York
33. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) New York
34. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Nairobi
35. International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) New York
36. Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons The Hague
37. United Nations Drugs Control Program (UNDCP) Vienna
38. United Nations Interregional Crime & Justice Research Institute Turin, Italy
39. United Nations Fund for International Parterships New York
40. UN-HABITAT ( United Nations Human Settlement Programme) Nairobi
41. United Nations International School (UNIS) New York
42. World Food Programme (WFP) Rome
43. World Tourism Organization (WTO) Madrid, Spain
44. UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Rome
45. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Geneva
46. United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) Geneva
47. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Vienna, Austria
48. United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS - (UNAIDS) Geneva, Switzerland
49. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) - (UNCHS
Habitat
Nairobi, Kenya
50.
International Organizations
1. Amnesty International London
2. Asian Development Bank Manila
3. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Jakarta
4. BENELUX Economic Union Brussels
5. Central Treaty Organization (Earlier known as Baghdad Pact) Ankara
6. European Economic Community Brussels
7. European Union Brussels
8. European Free Trade Association Geneva
9. European Space Research Organization Paris
10. International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland
11. International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) Lyons (France)
12. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Brussels
13. North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement Ottawa, Mexico,
Washington DC
14. Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) Paris
15. African Union ( 53 member countries) Addis Ababa
16. OPEC Vienna
17. South East Asia Treaty Organization Bangkok
18. G-8 (US, UK, France, Germany, Japan, Canada, Italy & Russia) Not Applicable
19. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Minsk (Belarus)
20. Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical & Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Bangladesh-India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thai.
NA
21. SAARC Kathmandu
22. APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Forum) 21 members Singapore
23. Gulf Cooperation Council Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
24. Organization of Islamic Conferences Jedah, Saudi Arabia
25. League of Arab States Cairo
26. G-77 (Presiding Country Jamaica 2005 & South Africa 2006) New York
27. G-24 Washington DC
28. Andean Community Lima, Peru
29. Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela) Montevideo, Uruguay
30. CARICOM (Carribean Community & Common Market) Georgetown, Guyana
31. South African Development Community Gaborone, Botswana
32. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation Mauritius
33. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Beijing
34. Bank for International Settlements Basel, Switzerland
35. Transparency International Berlin
36. International Rice Research Institute Manila
37. International Cricket Club Dubai
38. Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet (CHOGM) London
39. International Union for Conservation of Nature Switzerland
40. Survival International (reporting un-contacted tribes) London
41. Medicine Sans Frontiers Paris, France
42. Reporters Sans Frontiers France
43.
44.
Various Protocols
Convention Year Objective
Stockholm
Convention
1972 Persistent Organic Pollutants
Vienna
Convention
1985 Ozone Layer. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is a
multilateral environmental agreement. It was agreed upon in Vienna in 1985 and
entered into force in 1987. It acts as a framework for the international efforts to
protect the ozone layer. However, it does not include legally binding reduction goals
for the use of CFCs, the main chemical agents causing ozone depletion. These are laid
out in the accompanying Montreal Protocol.
Montreal
Protocol
1987 Ozone Depleting Substances.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international
treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number
of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened
for signature in 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Due to its widespread
adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional
international co-operation with Kofi Annan quoted as saying it is "Perhaps the single
most successful international agreement to date...". At present, 191 nations have
become party to the Montreal Protocol. Those 5 that are not as of September 2007 are
Andorra, Iraq, San Marino, Timor-Leste and Vatican City.
Since the Montreal Protocol came into effect, the atmospheric concentrations of the
most important chlorofluorocarbons and related chlorinated hydrocarbons have either
leveled off or decreased. Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as the
halons presently stored in fire extinguishers are released, but their rate of increase has
slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. Also, the
concentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because for many uses
CFCs (e.g. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) were substituted with HCFCs.
Unfortunately, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or
HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming. On a
molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent
greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. The Montreal Protocol currently calls for a
complete phase-out of HCFCs by 2030, but does not place any restriction on HFCs.
Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful as greenhouse gases, the mere
substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of
anthropogenic global warming, but over time a steady increase in their use could
increase the danger that human activity will change the climate.
Basel
Convention
1989 Trans boundary movement of Hazardous Wastes.
It is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous
waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from
developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the
movement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the
amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound
management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in
environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.
Rio
Summit
Or Earth
Summit
1992 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as
the Rio Summit, Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Rio
de Janeiro in 1992.
The issues addressed included:
systematic scrutiny of patterns of production particularly the production of
toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including
radioactive chemicals
alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to
global climate change
new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle
emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and
smog
the growing scarcity of water
An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention
which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.
The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:
1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2. Agenda 21
3. Convention on Biological Diversity
4. Forest Principles
5. Framework Convention on Climate Change
1. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio
Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations "Conference
on Environment and Development" (UNCED), informally known as the Earth
Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted 27 principles intended to guide future
sustainable development around the world.
2. Agenda 21 is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable
development. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally
and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area
in which humans impact on the environment. The number 21 refers to the 21st
century.
3. The Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the Biodiversity
Convention, is an international treaty that was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.
The Convention has three main goals:
1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
2. sustainable use of its components; and
3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
4. Forest Principles: It is a non-legally binding document that makes several
recommendations for forestry. At the Earth Summit, the negotiation of the document
was complicated by demands by developing nations in the Group of 77 for increased
foreign aid in order to pay for the setting aside of forest reserves. Developed nations
resisted those demands, and the final document was a compromise.
5. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or
FCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the
Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The treaty is aimed at stabilizing
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
The treaty as originally framed set no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions
for individual nations and contained no enforcement provisions; it is therefore
considered legally non-binding. Rather, the treaty included provisions for updates
(called "protocols") that would set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is
the Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known than the UNFCCC itself.
Kyoto
Protocol
1997 The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on
Climate Change with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate
change. It was adopted in 1997 and it entered into force in 2005. As of June 2008, 182
parties have ratified the protocol. One hundred and thirty-seven (137) developing
countries have ratified the protocol, including Brazil, China and India, but have no
obligation beyond monitoring and reporting emissions. Australia's new government
formed by the Australian Labor Party after the November 2007 election fully supports
the protocol and Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signed the instrument of ratification
immediately after assuming office on 3 December 2007, just before the meeting of the
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. USA & Kazakhstan have not ratified
this protocol.
The objective is to achieve "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system." The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has
predicted an average global rise in temperature of 1.4 to 5.8C between 1990 and
2100.
Governments are separated into two general categories: developed countries, referred
to as Annex I countries (who have accepted greenhouse gas emission reduction
obligations and must submit an annual greenhouse gas inventory), and developing
countries, referred to as Non-Annex I countries (who have no greenhouse gas
emission reduction obligations but may participate in the Clean Development
Mechanism).
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto
Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction
commitment (called Annex 1 countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in
developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their
own countries. The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced at
a much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects in developing
countries where costs are lower than in industrialized countries. However, critics
argue that by allowing "business as usual" projects some emission reductions under
the CDM are false or exaggerated
Rotterdam
Convention
1998 Prior Informed Consent procedure for certain hazardous material
Cartagena
Protocol
2000 Bio Safety
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of the Convention, also known as the Biosafety
Protocol, was adopted in 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological
diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from
modern biotechnology.
The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be
based on the precautionary principle and allow developing nations to balance public
health against economic benefits. It will for example let countries ban imports of a
genetically modified organism if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence the
product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically altered
commodities such as corn or cotton.
Other Treaties
Nuclear
Non-
proliferation
Treaty
1968 A major step towards non-proliferation of nuclear weapons came with the signing of
the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. Only four nations are not
signatories: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India and Pakistan both possess
and have openly tested nuclear bombs. Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding
its own nuclear weapons program. North Korea ratified the treaty, violated it, and
later withdrew.
Under the NPT, non-nuclear weapon states were prohibited from, inter alia,
possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
devices. All signatories, including nuclear weapon states, were committed to the goal
of total nuclear disarmament.
Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in the NPT, the treaty is
nevertheless sometimes interpreted as having three pillars: non-proliferation,
disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.
The main reason India cites for not signing the NPT and for possessing nuclear
weapons is that China is one of the "nuclear haves. India is one of the few countries
to have a no first use policy, a pledge not to use nuclear weapons unless first
attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons.
CTBT 1996 The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in
all environments, for military or civilian purposes. The treaty was opened for
signature in 1996. India and Pakistan, though not nuclear weapons states as defined
by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), did not sign; neither did the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).
Obligations
1. Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon test
explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any
such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.
2. Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing,
encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear
weapon tests explosion or any other nuclear explosion.

India & The World

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