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Khi nim, ng dng a ch MAC
a ch MAC l g? Lm th no tm c a ch MAC ca card mng? ng dng ca a ch MAC? l nhng cu hi chng ti thng xuyn nhn c t bn
c. y l nhng khi nim m hu ht cc ti liu v mng cn bn u cp n. Chng ti ch tng hp li nhm gip ngi dng gia nh hiu r hn v
a ch MAC v 1 vi ng dng ca a ch MAC mc c bn.
KHI NIM
Trong m hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) hay m hnh tham chiu kt ni cc h thng m th a ch MAC (Media Access Control) nm lp 2 (lp
lin kt d liu hay Data Link Layer). Ni mt cch n gin, a ch MAC l a ch vt l hay cn gi l s nhn dng (Identification number) ca thit b. Mi
thit b (card mng, modem, router...) c nh sn xut (NSX) ch nh v gn sn 1 a ch nht nh; thng c vit theo 2 dng: MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS
(cch nhau bi du :) hay MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS (cch nhau bi du -). a ch MAC l mt s 48 bit c biu din bng 12 s hexa (h s thp lc phn),
trong 24bit u (MM:MM:MM) l m s ca NSX (Linksys, 3COM...) v 24 bit sau (SS:SS:SS) l s seri ca tng card mng c NSX gn. Nh vy s
khng xy ra trng hp hai thit b trng nhau a ch vt l v s nhn dng ID ny c lu trong chip ROM trn mi thit b trong qu trnh sn xut,
ngi dng khng th thay i c.
MI LIN H GIA A CH MAC V IP
Nh cp trn, a ch MAC lm vic lp 2 trong khi a ch IP lm vic lp 3 (lp mng hay Network Layer). a ch MAC l c nh (c thit lp
cng) trong khi a ch IP c th thay i c (thit lp mm). Trong mng lun duy tr mt nh x gia a ch IP v a ch MAC ca thit b. Do , cc thit
b thng dng c ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) v RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) tm c a ch MAC, IP ca cc thit b khc khi
cn thit lp kt ni. DHCP cng thng da vo a ch MAC qun l vic gn a ch IP cho mi thit b.
CCH TM A CH MAC
C nhiu cch xc nh a ch MAC, chng hn nh da vo loi thit b ang s dng, vo h iu hnh (HH) ang s dng.
Vi HH Windows: S dng lnh winipcfg (Windows 95, 98 v ME) hoc ipconfig /all (Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7). C hai lnh winipcfg v
ipconfig u c th hin th nhiu a ch MAC tng ng vi nhiu card mng khc nhau trn cng my tnh.
Vi HH Unix/Linux: Ty thuc vo phin bn HH m lnh tm a ch MAC s khc nhau, chng hn trong Linux v 1 vi phin bn ca Unix, lnh "ifconfig
-a" s tr v a ch MAC ca thit b hoc c th tm a ch MAC trong file log (/var/log/messages hay /var/adm/message). Bn cnh , HH cng hin th
a ch MAC trn mn hnh trong qu trnh h thng khi ng.
HH Macintosh: Trong Macintosh, bn c th tm a ch MAC trong TCP/IP Control Panel. Nu chy trn Open Transport, a ch MAC thng xut hin bn
di mn hnh "Info" hay "User Mode/Advanced". Nu chy trn MacTCP, a ch MAC s di biu tng "Ethernet".
NG DNG A CH MAC
Qun l kt ni khng dy trn Access Point, Router
Hu ht cc Access Point (AP) v router u c tnh nng qun l kt ni nhm tng cng kh nng bo mt cho mng Wi-Fi. Mc nh tnh nng ny l tt
nn bt k my khch no cng c th truy cp vo mng nu d c tn mng (hay cn gi l SSID) v mt khu m ha. kch hot chc nng lc a ch
MAC, trc tin bn cn thu thp a ch MAC ca tng my khch (xem li phn Tm a ch MAC) cho php kt ni ti mng Wi-Fi. Sau , bn ch cn in
chng vo mc lc a ch MAC trn AP hoc router, nhn Ok xc nhn vic cp nht danh sch. Sau khi thit lp, cc my khch khng c tn (a ch
MAC) trong danh sch s khng c php ng nhp mng.
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Ghi ch: Vic lc a ch MAC cn nhiu hn ch do 1 s phn mm c th to a ch MAC o" tuy nhin mng ca bn vn an ton hn khi c thm mt lp
bo mt.
KHI NG MY TNH T XA
khi ng my tnh t xa i hi router v my tnh cng h tr chc nng Wake on LAN (WoLAN). Vic thit lp WoLAN cng tng i n gin. Cch
thc hin nh sau: Trong giao din cu hnh ca router, chn mc Application v chn Wake On LAN v nhp a ch MAC ca card mng my tnh cn khi
ng. Nu mun "nh thc" 1 my tnh no da vo a ch IP, bn cn kt hp vi tnh nng "Bind IP to MAC" - gn c nh a ch IP theo MAC.
Cch i a ch MAC
Nh cp bn trn, a ch MAC thng c gn c nh v lu trong chip ROM trn mi thit b nhm trnh trng hp trng a ch MAC gia hai thit
b. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp cn thit, bn vn c th thay i a ch MAC vic ci t ng dng c thun tin hn, chng hn:
- Vi Windows: a ch MAC thng c lu trong registry. Do , s dng lnh regedit thay i a ch MAC. Windows XP c thm ty chn cho php
thay i a ch MAC ca mt s card mng trong tab Adavanced. Ngoi ra, bn c th dng tin ch thc hin vic ny, chng hn tin ch min ph Macshift
(http://devices.natetrue.com/macshift).
- Vi Mac OS: S dng tnh nng MAC Spoofing trn my tnh.
- Vi FreeBSD: S dng lnh theo c php "ifconfig <interface> link <address>" thay i a ch MAC.
- Vi Linux: S dng lnh theo c php "ifconfig <interface> hw <class> <address>" hoc s dng GNU MAC Changer.
- Vi Solaris: S dng lnh theo c php "ifconfig <interface> <ether> <address>".
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