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Distribution of Water on Earth

( " )

()%

1320

97.2

3000

30

2.15

103


0-750'

0.31

102


750-4000'

0.31

104

0.12

0.009

10

0.1

0.008

102

0.07

0.005

102

0.001

0.0001

10

0.013

0.001

10

wetlands


()Evapotranspiration
, , ()condensation

()Precipitation

()Interception
()Transpiration
()Runoff

()Infiltration

( )


()Subsurface flow

Interception


Evaporation
Transpiration
- Evapotranspiration


.

.1 infiltration -

.2 percolation
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-Permeability


-Porosity

.
.


50-60
45-55
30-40
30-40
10-20
1-10
1-2

(' )
10-1-10-2
10-5-10-2
10-9-10-5
10-13-10-9
10-10-10-4
10-5-10-3
10-13-10-9
10-13-10-9

( )


( , : ) :
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( ) : ,

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640"

170"

40"

140"
250"
100"

360"

55"


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"
:
1,755"
, :


2010 ,
120 :"

30 :"
110 :"

"
260"

( 2008 ,")

"

491

89

755

100

1435

"

399

189

43

"

1122

32

400

224
43

121

759

100

2102

. 153" - . 24"
, . .
. ( 45") .
. ,2011 150 -"

:
, 2010

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.


2005 1997 2006 -
1000

838

801
667

728

704

720
56

80

650

760
800

112
90

80

189
196
203

225

247

768

647

218

70

900

600
350

200

284

231
277
294

527
366

401

2006 -

2005

287

486

414
153
2002

2001

500
400
300

376
160

700

386

230

200
100

94
0

2004

2003

"

2000

1999

1998

1997

(*) - 2005 24 -" .


(**) 2006 100"

(
)

()

marl, clay or chalk

( )


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1000
800
600
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0

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( )

85

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65 - 85

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20

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" " 200

Dead Sea

Machtesh
Hatira

Machtesh
Hazera
Machtesh
Ramon

10 km

Machtesh
Hatira

10

Machtesh
kmRamon

Machtesh
Hazera


1951 " ".
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1951 . .
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, ,1992-1967 15
.
1977 .
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1991 " " " " "
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( 100")
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