Lm sao dch chuyn ni Ph S?

Microsofts Cult of Puzzle

DongPhD
DongPhD Translate
Series
o.1
Available at http://dongphd.blogspot.com
Tm tt ni dung
Phn ln cc cu di y l cc cu hi tuyn dng ca Mi-
crosoft xut hin trong cun sch How Would You Move Mount
Fuji?
1
(Lm sao dch chuyn ni Ph S) ca William Poundstone. Hy
vng n s hu ch cho mi ngi.
CC CU V LI GII
"The man with a hammer sees every problem
as a nail." - An old saying
Cu hi 1. Trn mt tam gic u ba nh c ba con kin. Mi con
bt u di chuyn thng theo mt hng bt k theo cnh ca tam gic
n mt gc khc. Xc sut ca bin c khng c con kin no ng
nhau l bao nhiu?
1
Copyright c 2003 by William Poundstone
1
DongPhD 2
Tr li. Ch c hai cch di chuyn cc con kin khng gp nhau l
tt c chng di chuyn ngc chiu hoc cng chiu kim ng h. Nu
khng vic chng chm vo nhau l khng th trnh khi.
Bn hy chn mt con kin bt k v t tn n l DongPhD
2
.
Khi DongPhD di chuyn theo hng no th nhng con kin khc phi
chuyn ng theo hng khng ng nhau. V cc con kin la
chn hng i ngu nhin v ch c hai kh nng xy ra nn xc sut
con kin th hai s di chuyn cng chiu vi DongPhD l
1
2
v xc
sut con kin th ba di chuyn cng chiu vi DongPhD l
1
2
. Nh
vy xc sut cn tm l
1
4
Cu hi 2. Bn c 26 hng s ln lt c k hiu t A n Z.
Cho A = 1. Hng s tip theo c tnh bng cng thc ly s th
t ca n trong bng ch ci m hng s ng trc n. Chng hn
B = 2
A
= 2
1
= 2, C = 3
B
= 3
2
= 9. . . . Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
(X A)(X B) . . . (X Y )(X Z).
Tr li. Trong ting Anh, bn c t tri sang phi nn bn ri
vo ci by m bi ton c sp t khi bn bt u hnh trnh i
tm li gi t cc s bn tri. Hng s X bng bao nhiu?
X l ch ci th 24 trong bng ch ci ting Anh nn n bng 24
W
.
V W l ch ci th 23 nn n bng 23
V
, V = 22
U
, U = 21
T
. . .
Tt c iu ny c ngha l
3
googol = 10
100
googolplex = 10
10
100
X = 24
23
22
.
.
.
2
1
tc l, X l s v cng ln.
Trang web tm kim Google c t tn theo t googol, con s vi
10
1
00. Cn s ln hn na gi l googolplex l s c 1 ch s 1 ng
u v pha sau n l googol ch s 0. C googol v googolplex u
khng c ng dng thc t no chng ch chng t rng c nhng
2
Bn ting Anh l Bill
3
Thanks to Mr. Trn Mu Qu
http://dongphd.blogspot.com
DongPhD 3
s ln kinh khng. Trong v tr khng c mt i tng no c th
to thnh googol cn googolplex th ln n mc khng th vit c
ton b s s 0 ca n.
Googolplex so vi X vn l mt con s nh hn. Tp on Intel
cha sn xut lng vi mch tnh c gi tr ca X. Thm
ch nu nh lut Moore
4
lun ng vi thi gian v bn lp u v
tr bng cc con chip in t Super-Hyper-Pentium th bn cha tnh
c X.
iu ny gi cho bn mt iu bt thng trong biu thc ny. Cu
tr li ng l 0. Trong 26 tha s c mt tha s bng (X X) = 0.
Do gi tr ca cc tha s khc khng cn l vn quan trng.
Cu hi ny gip ngi phng vn bit c ng vin c xem xt
vn ton cc trc khi u t thi gian cng sc lm mt vic
lm mt vic c th l v ngha khng. Nhng i vi nhiu ngi,
vn ton cc chnh l vic h trong mt cuc phng vn y
p lc trong mi s lng tng u c tnh im. Thm ch trong
trng hp h quen xem xt vn ton cc v k c h nghi ng
c iu g n du th rt nhiu ngi vn bt tay vo vic thc hin
cc php tnh i s mt cch v thc. Hu nh h s lm t bn tri
sang. H c th i theo con ng sai mt thi gian trc khi nhn
thy cch n gin.
Cu hi 3. Xy dng h m c s 2
Tr li. Yu cu ngc nghch ny c s dng t lu trong cc cuc
phng vn ca Microsoft. Thc s l khng tn ti h m c s -2.
N cng ging nh yu cu vit vi cu trong ngn ng Klingon.
5
Tuy nhin ta c th pht minh ra h m c s -2 mt cch c l.
y l iu bn c yu cu.
Thng thng chng ta s dng c s 10 vit cc s. Tc l ta
tch cc s thnh chui ly tha c s 10. Chng hn, s 176 bng
1 102 +7 101 +6 100. (Quy c, s no ly tha 0 u bng 1).
Mt tnh cht quan trng l h m c s 10 s dng 10 ch s (0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 v 9).
4
Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel
5
Ngn ng ca ngi ngoi hnh tinh trong phim Star Trek
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DongPhD 4
My tnh s dng h m c s 2, hay l h nh phn. N ch dng
hai ch s (0 v 1). Trong s c nhiu ch s (chng hn 10010), mi
v tr i din cho mt ly tha lin tip ca 2: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ... S
nh phn 10010 c ngha l 1 24 +0 23 +0 22 +1 21 +0 20.
Trong h thp phn n ng vi s 18.
Ni chung, bt k c s no c xy dng ging nh cc ta nh
hnh khi vi cc kch c khc nhau. Trong cac Trong c s 10, cc
khi c kch c l 1, 10, 100, 1000, vv. Trong c s 2, cc khi c kch
c ln lt l 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, v.v. Vic kt ni cc hnh khi theo cc
kch c tiu chun ny to nn bt k s no ta mun.
i vi c s 2 th sao?
Trc ht, cc s trong h m c s -2 s c biu din thnh
tng cc ly tha ca -2. Cc ly tha lin tip ca -2 l 1, -2, 4,
-8, 16, -32. . . ly tha bc l l s m
6
(2 2 = +4, nhng
2 2 2 = 8). Do bn phi biu din cc s theo tp cc
s m v dng c nh ny.
Bn c th nghi ng l c th biu din tt c cc s c khng?
C th. Bn c th biu din tt c cc s m v dng theo cch ny
(khng cn s dng n du m ln cc gi tr nh vic biu din cc
s m trong cc c s thng thng). C s -2 ni chung yu c nhiu
ch s hn h nh phn thng thng.
Trc khi bt u tnh, ta cn gii quyt vn sau. Cc ch s
dng trong c s -2 l g? l 0 v 1 hay 0 v -1? Hay l ton b chng?
Vi cc c s thng thng, s ch s bng ng gi tr c s. Trong
c s 10 c 10 ch s. Trong c s 2 l 2 ch s. Theo quy tc ny h
c s -2 cn -2 ch s v n t hn 0 ch s.
Quy tc ny phi c thay i. Tuy nhin c s thay i hp l
v s thay i khng hp l. Bn cn phi gi c tinh thn ca h
m trong khi chuyn n sang lnh vc mi ca cc s m. Quy tc s
ch s bng c s khng th chuyn sang cho c s m.
Cch tip cn hin nhin nht l s dng s 0 v s 1. Chng
c dng trong h nh phn thng thng. Mt cch khc c v hp
l hn l s dng 0 v -1, v hiu chng nh l cc k hiu dn thun.
Mc d, c v phc tp hn. Ta nn chn cch cng n gin cng tt.
Hy dng 0 v 1.
S 1 c vit mt cch n gin l 1 [tc l 1 (2
0
)].
6
tin tnh ton v sau
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DongPhD 5
S 2 th kh hn. V tr tip theo tnh t phi sang tri l -2. Tc
l 10 (trong c s -2) s l 1 (2)
1
+ 0 (2)
0
= 2 + 0 = 2.
Xt 111. l 1(2)
2
+1(2)
1
+1(2)
0
= 4+(2)+1 = 3.
OK, thay 1 bi 0 v tr tn cng bn phi : 110 l 4 + (-2) + 0 = 2.
Vy 110 l 2 trong h m c s -2.
Trn y ta ch ra s 3 trong h thp phn l 111 trong h -2.
S 4 cng d. V tr th ba l 4, nh h nh phn thng thng. Bn
l 100. Thm 1 vo v tr tn cng bn phi ta c s 5 trong h -2,
tc l 101. biu din 6, ta khng nn t s 1 vo v tr th hai
hoc th t t bn phi v s c hai s m tng ng l -2 v -8
7
. Ta
phi nhy cc ti v tr th nm, ng vi 16. Vy 10000 l 16. N qu
ln. Nhng 11000 bng 16+(-8)=8. Tr i 2, tc l thm s 1 vo v
tr th hai t phi sang 11010 chng ta c phin bn ca s 6 trong
h c s -2.
Cng thm 1 cho ta s 7(11011)
S 8 ta bit trn l 11000.
Thm 1 ta c 9 (11001).
i vi s 10, cng hi rc ri. Bt u vi 8 (11000). Cng 4 vo
n bng cch t s 1 vo v tr th 3(11100). Sau tr i bng cch
t 1 vo v tr s 2 (11110). l 10.
Mi ch s u tin trong h m c s -2 l: 1, 110, 111, 100,
101, 11010, 11011, 11000, 11001 v 11110.
Cu hi 4. Nm tn cp bin trn mt hn o c 100 ng tin
vng chia nhau. Chng chia ca ci cp c nh sau: Tn tng
cp a ra quy tc chia sau cc tn cn li b phiu. Nu t nht
mt na s tn cp ng th chng s chia vng theo cch . Nu
khng tn tng cp s b git v bt u li. Tn c a v cao nht
(trong s cn sng st) a ra quy tc ca mnh v bu li theo quy
tc c v hoc l chia ca ci hoc git tn cm u. Qu trnh ny
tip tc cho n khi quy tc c chp nhn. Gi s bn l tng cp
bn s ua ra cch chia th no? (Gi s cc tn cp u cc k logic,
tham lam v u mun sng)
7
iu ny lm cho s nh i
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DongPhD 6
Tr li. Nh ta bit, c nm tn cp bin u bnh ng trong vic
yu cu nhn cc ng tin vng. Cch n gin nht l chia thnh
nm phn. Mi phn 20 ng. C g sai khng? Cu tr li l khng
sai nhng c th l bn b git. Sau khi bn a ra cch chia ny, bn
tn cp cn li ngh 20 ng l cng bng nhng 25 ng vn ngon
hn. l s tin chng nhn c khi b phiu chng v git bn.
Khi chng s bt u chia li 100 ng v ch c 4 tn.
Bn c th tranh ci n tm mt cho rng cch chia ca bn l
cng bng nht. Ch c mt iu l cu khng cp n tnh cng
bng ca cc tn cp bin. Cng bng khng phi l bn cht ca
chng.
Khng nhng cch chia ca bn b bc b m nhng cch chia tip
theo s b phn i nu c theo cch ny. Chia cho 3 vn tt hn chia
cho 4? Hai vn li hn 3? Cu chuyn s kt thc u?
Cu ta nh tr chi Survivor trn truyn hnh.
8
Cu ny l
mt v d khc trong lp lun hi quy. Li gi ph thuc vo vic nhn
ra tnh hung vi n tn cp c th phn tch da theo tnh hung
n 1 tn cp v vn vn, cho n khi bn vn ti tnh hung c
s , l tnh hung hin nhin ng.
Tnh hung c s y l ch cn mt tn sng st. Hin nhin
mt mnh hn s m trn ng vng.
Nu c hai tn cp th sao? Tn cm u a ra cch chia ca
mnh. Theo gi thit cch chia s c chp nhn nu c t nht mt
na tn thnh. Tc l tn th lnh b phiu cho chnh mnh th l .
Do , tn cm u s chng c g phi s v khng cn tn kia
ngh g. Hn l mt con qu tham lam, hn a ra ngh mnh c
hng tt c s vng. Mt phiu chng v mt phiu thun v cch
chia c tin hnh.
Tn cm u c v lun ly mi th. Nhng khng. Gi s tn ny
cng ngh nh vy trong trng hp c 3 tn cp. Ta nh s
chng t thp ln cao (theo a v): #1, #2, v #3. #3 a ra cch
chia. Nu cch chia l mi th cho ti v khng c g cho cc anh
tn cp tip theo #2 s b phiu chng. Tn cp #2 bit rng hn
s c mi th sau khi #3 b chm. Tn cp #1 l ngi quyt nh
tt c. Hn khng c g trong trng hp cn li 2 tn. Hn khng c
l do g chn cch ny hay cch khc.
8
B qua mt on
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DongPhD 7
V vy nu thng minh #3 s mua s ng h ca #1. Tn cp #3
cng rt tham lam. Hn ch mun chi ra va m thi. ngh logic
ca tn cp#3l cho #1 mt ng, #2 khng c g v hn - ahem!
- c 99 ng tin vng. Theo logic #1 nhn ra th c cn hn khng
v ng h tn cp #3. #1 s b phiu cho #3 (tt nhin #3 b cho
mnh) v quy tc c thng qua mc cho #2 nguyn ra.
By gi xt trng hp c 4 tn cp. Bn l s chn. Tc l tn
cm u ch cn 1 phiu thun na l cch chia ca hn c thng
qua. Cu hi ca hn l mua phiu ca ai l r nht?.
Trong trng hp c 3 tn. Tn cp #2 l thit thi nht. V vy
k hoch ca #4 l cho #2 mt t th #2 s ng h hanwns theo logic.
Nu #2 ng h th tn cp #4 khng cn
#1 v #3 ngh g. K hoch ca tn cp #4 l khng c g cho
#1, mt ng cho #2, khng c g cho #3, v 99 ng cho hn.
By giwof th ta thy c m hnh ca bi ton. Trong mi
trng hp, tn th lnh s mua s phiu thun mnh cn vi gi r
nht c th. Sau gi mi th cn li cho mnh.
p dng cho trng hp 5 tn cp cho trong cu . Bn tn l
#5. Bn cn 3 phiu: phiu ca mnh v 2 phiu khc na. Do bn
phi cho hai tn cp khng c g khi #4 cm u mt t xng.
l #1 v #3. C hai s trng tay nu bn b git v #4 lm th lnh.
Tt nhin chng s ng h bn nu c c cht nh. Bn nn a
ra ngh l Pirate #4: 0 ng, #3: 1 ng, #2: 0 ng, v 1 ng
cho #1. 98 ng cn li l ca bn
9
Li gii ny tri vi cch ngh thng thng v thuyt phc ngi
ta khng cn cc cu logic. Nu nh cc tn cp to ra mt lin
minh (ging nh game show kiu Survivor) trn c s tnh bn th
cc lp lun trn khng cn ng na. Thm ch khng c cc lin
minh, li gi ny cng cn xem xt. Bn cp bin (hay bn bun ma
ty hay mafia hay nhng k bn ngh l ch k thc dng) s ngi yn
khi bn c 98 ng trong khi chng ch c mt thm ch khng c ng
no? Bn tn s bn bn ngay v sau mi suy lun.
9
Nu l ti s chia 1 ng cho c #1 v #3, ti cn 99 ng.
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DongPhD 8
Cu hi 5. Bn c hai si dy chy. Mi si s chy ht sau ng mt
gi, nhng thnh phn ca c hai khng ng nht nn khng chy vi
tc khng i. C on chy nhanh v c on chy chm. Lm th
no o 45 pht ch dng cc si dy v bt la?
Tr li. Mt phin bn n gin hn ca cu hi ny l lm th no
o c 30 pht nh vo si on dy trn. V ta s bt u vi
cu hi d.
Khng c nhiu chn la. t chy c hai ta s khng bit thi
gian tri qua bao lu cho n khi chng chy ht: 60 pht. Khng
tt.
rng bn c th tm c im gia ca si dy m khng
dng ti thc. Ch vic gp i li. Nhng nu bn t mt na cng
khng c g. Bi v dy chy khng u. Chng hn, na phi chy
cc nhanh v mt 1 pht. Trong khi na tri chy cc chm v mt
59 pht. iu ny khng gip bn xc nh khi no 30 hay 45 pht
tri qua.
Ta vt ht kh nng cha? Cha. Mt cch thng minh l xp
hai dy theo hnh ch X. t sao cho chng ct nhau ti im gia.
Khi nu bn t mt chn ca ch X la chy n giao im v
lp tc tip tc chy theo 3 hng.
Tt c iu ny dn ti vic t cc si dy ti im gia (vic ta
lm nhng v ch) ti mt thi im trong tng lai (mt bao lu
mi ti im giao). ht kh nng cha nh? Cha, ta cng c th
t c hai u.
Tc chy ca hai ngn la khng c ngha no c, v khng c
g bo m hai ngn la s gp nhau ti im giao. Hin nhin, chng
khng gp nhau. Khi iu xy ra, hai ngn la i ht thi gian
ng bng na thi gian 60 pht, tc l 30 pht.
Tht tuyt! Bi ton n gin hn c gii. N a ta ti bi
ton 45 pht. Bng cch t t hai u ta o c thi gian 30 pht.
Nu ta c th o c15 pht vi on dy th hai na l xong.
Nu ta c si dy 30 pht th ta ch cn t hai u n vo lc
ngn la chy t hai u si dy 60 pht l xong. iu ny s cho ta
15 pht na v tng cng l 45 pht.
Ta khng c si dy 30 pht. Nhng ta c th to ra n bng cch
t si dy th hai t mt u trong khi ta o thi gian 30 pht ca
si dy th nht.
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DongPhD 9
Sau y l ton b quy trnh ca chng ta: Ti thi im bt u,
t hai u ca si dy A v mt u ca si dy B. Cc si dy khng
c chm vo nhau. Mt 30 pht cho A 2 ngn la gp nhau. Khi
, ta o c 30 pht ca B. Lp tc t u kia ca B. Hai ngn
la ca B s gp nhau sau 15 pht, v ta c thi gian 45 pht cn tm.
Cu hi 6. Bn c hai x 3 quart
10
v 5 quart v mt ngun cung cp
nc v hn. Bn ly ra ng 4 quart bng cch no?
Tr li. Ta hy xem nhng lng nc no.
Th ci x 3 quartxung ci ging v hn v ko n ln: ta c 3
quart. Th ci x khc ta c 5quart. o mt lng bt k, ta
cn khai thc cc gi thit pht biu bi ton. Cc php ton no cho
php ta o mt cch chnh xc mt lng nc?
Nu bn c ci nhn siu phm th bn c th c lng bng mt,
rt chnh xc 1 quart t ci x 5 quart. Th l gii c bi ton. Hin
nhin, nh th cn g l .?
Tt nhin bn c php cng hai lng li. Nu bn c th c 2
quart trong x 3 quart v 2 quart trong x 5 quart, bn lng nc
trong x 3 quart vo x 5 quart, n s cho bn 4 quart.
Nhng khng th. Bn thm ch khng th c 3 + 3 = 6 quart, v
x 5 quart khng cha 6 quart. Bn c th ngh v vic nc
o c vo bn tm, mt b bi trng, mt ca h cn hay bt k u.
Ngi phng vn khng cho php iu ny. Bn phi tng tng bn
ang mt hnh tinh bao quanh l i dng, v hai x nc ny l
ti sn duy nht trong th gii .
V vic cng li khng em li kt qu nn bn thc hin php tr.
Ly y x 5 quart v mt cch cn thn sang x 3 quart cn trng
cho n khi n y. Ri dng li! Nu nh nc khng vng ra ngoi
th bn c 2 quart trong x 5 quart. B qua 2 quart ny v bn
s chng th tin xa hn. Cch duy nht tin ln l x 3 quart
trng v cho 2 quart vo trong x 3 quart. By giwof tt c nhng
10
U.S. quart is legally defined as 57.75 cubic inches and is equal to 0.946 litres. Imperial quart is
legally defined as 1.1365 litres.
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DongPhD 10
g bn cn l mc y x 5 quart ri cn thn sang x 3 quart
c 2 quart. Th l bn c 4 quart nc.
Mt cch khc (i hi nhiu bc hn) l mc y x 3 quart v
qua x 5 quart. Mc y x 3 quart mt ln na, ri sang x
5 quart. Khi trong x 3 quart cn li 1 quart. ht nc trong
x 5 quart i. 1 quart t x 3 quart sang x 5 quart. Mc y x
3 quart ln na v cho ht sang x 5 quart c sn 1 quart, ta c 4
quart.
W. W. Rouse Ball cp n cu ny trong cun Mathematical
Recreations and Essays (1892) ca mnh, mt tc phm ph bin thi
Victoria. Ball tin rng n c t thi trung c. D cho Lewis Terman
dng phin bn n gin hn trong bi trc nghim IQ u tin
nhng ng cho bit
2
3
ngi trng thnh khng gii c bi ny
trong 5 pht.
Mt phin bn kh hn ca Microsoft xut hin trong b phim Die
Hard with a Vengeance (1995).
Cu hi 7. Bn c hai ci l v 100 vin bi. 50 bi v 50 bi xanh.
Chn ngu nhin mt l; sau ly ra mt vin bi bt k trong .
Lm th no kh nng vin bi c chn l ln nht? (Bn phi
b c 100 vin bi vo cc l.) Kh nng ln nht l bao nhiu?
Tr li. Nhn qua, c v nh kh nng chn c hay xanh l nh
nhau. S lng bi v bi xanh bng nhau. Bn phi dng tt c
chng khng c b st vin bi no. Vin bi c chn hon ton
ngu nhin. C phi c hi l 50-50?
S ra sao khi bn cho 25 vin bi cng mu vo mi l. Thc t l
c hi l 50-50 khi trong mi l c 50 vin khng cc mu trn
ln nh th no? Ta cho tt c bi vo l A v tt c bi xanh vo
l B. Khi kh nng ly ra vin bi l 50%, v l xc sut l A
c chn ( chc chn rng ly vin bi no cng mu ).
Ta c gi sau. Tht ra bn khng cn cho tt c bi vo trong
l A. Ch cn 1 l . Trong trng hp ny, xc sut thng A c
chn vn l 50%, cha ch 1 vin mu . Khi vin bi s c
chn - khng cn la chn no khc.
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DongPhD 11
Suy ra xc xut chn c bng l A l 50%. Bn vn cn 49
vin t l B. Xt bin c l B c chn, bn c c hi ly vin
bi gn 50%. ( Thc ra l
49
99
.) Vy c hi chn vin bi trong tnh
hung ny l t hn 75% mt cht (50%+
1
2
ca
49
99
gn bng 74,74%).
Cu hi 8. Mt trong cc nhn vin ca bn i tr lng hng ny
bng vng. Bn c mt thi vng gi tr ca n bng 7 ngy lng cho
ngi ny. Thi vng c chia lm 7 phn bng nhau. Nu ch c
ct hai ln v phi tr lng cho nhn vin vo cui mi ngy, bn
tnh sao?
Tr li. Bn cn
1
7
thi vng (sau y ta gi l 1 n v) tr cho
nhn vin vo cui mi ngy. Nh l ta ch c hai ln ct. Hy th vi
phng n hin nhin nht (vn c quyn thay i). Bn ct ra mt
n v v a cho nhn vin.
V bn cn thi vng vi 6 n v.
Vo ngy th hai, bn c th ct thm mt dn v na. Nhng
iu ny s cho bn thi vng 5 n v v khng ln ct no na. Bn
khng c g tr vo ngy th ba.
Thay cho cch trn l bn ct ra hai n v. Cui ngy th hai,
bn a 2 n v cho nhn vin v ly li 1( Bn hy vng nhn vin
s khng tiu n.) Bn cn thi 4 n v v thi 1 n v v khng
c ln ct no na. Vo ngy th ba, bn li a cho nhn vin y
mt n v. n ngy th t, Bn a cho 4 n v v ly li hai phn
nh. Dng chng tr lng cho ngy th nm, su v by.
11
Cu hi 9. Bn c b ci hp v n ng 1 la. B tin vo cc hp
sao cho khng phi m bt k hp no, bn ch th a cho nguwoif
na s tin bt k t 1 n n la. Cc rng buc cho n v b l g?
11
Chia thi vng ln 7 n v thnh cc thi 2
0
, 2
1
, 2
2
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DongPhD 12
Tr li. tng c bn l ging nh cu v thi vng. Bn dng
h nh phn. Cho vo hp th nht 1, hp th hai 2, hp th 3 laf4,
v vv. Mt s tin bt k c th biu in thnh tng cc ly tha ca
2.
khc vi cu v thi vng, phin bn ny kim tra k nng loi
tr ca bn. S phc tp y l n khng chc l tng cc ly tha
lin tip ca 2. Bn s cn tha mt s tin sau khi biu din n thnh
tng cc ly tha ca 2. Mt vn khc l bn cha chc c s
hp.
Gi s bn c $100. cc hp ca bn s cha $1, $2, $4, $8, $16,
$32 . . . v khi khng $64 cho vo hp th 7. Su hp u cha 1
+ 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 +32 = 63 la. Tc l bn cn $37, thm ch khng
phi l ly tha ca 2.
lm th no bn c th cung cp s tin yu cu t $0 n $100?
Dng su hp u bn c th ly bt k lng tin no t $0 n $63.
(Vi $0 bn khng ly hp no c!) Nu bn mun $64? u tin ly
ra hp th 7 c $37. Sau ly $64 tr i $37 ta c $27. $27 c th
ly t 6 hp ban u. Trong trng hp ny, bn dng cc hp $37,
$16, $2, and $1. Theo cch tng t bn c th ly ra s tin bt k
cho ti $100.
Khi hi v cc rng buc cho b v n, ngi phng vn c l Vi
cc gi tr b v n c th no th cch chia lun ng? Chng hn, nu
bn c $1000000 v ch c 1 ci hp th khng th tin hnh c. Bn
khng c hp cho s tin ln . Nu bn c qu nhiu hp nhng
t tin th sao.
Bn cn tm biu thc lin h gia b v n. Ta hy lp mt bng v
th vi vi gi tr u tin ca b
b n
1 khng qu 1
2 khng qu 2+1=3
3 khng qu 4+2+1=7
4 khng qu8+4+2+1=15
Lic qua cu tr li, ta thy mi hp thm vo gn s tin tng gn
gp i. Hai hp th s tin ln nht l $3 trong khi vi 3 hp l $7.
Mt cch chnh xc, b hp ng vi s tin ln nht l 2
b
1 la.
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DongPhD 13
phng n thc hin c th
n 2
b
1.
Bi ton ny l mt dng khc ca bi ton Bachets weights
12
c t thi Phc Hng c cp n trong Problmes plaisan et
delectables
13
ca Claude Gaspar Bachet nm 1612. Bachet hi v s
qu cn cn bt k khi lng no t 1 n 40 pound. Mt phin
bn sm hn xut hin trong bi vit v o lng ca Nicol6 Tartaglia
(Venice, 1556). Tt nhin cu tr li l 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 v 32 pound.
Cu hi 10. Bn c mt thng u gm ba mu - , lc, xanh da
tri. hy nhm mt v ly ra hai ht u cng mu? Bn phi ly ra
bao nhiu chc chn chng cng mu.
Tr li. Bn. Nu ch ly 3 ht th c th mi ht c mt mu v do
khng hp l. Vi 4 ht th c t nht hai ht cng mu.
Anh em sinh i vi cu hi ny ca Microsoft l cu c hn hi
v phi ly bao nhiu chic tt t trong ngn ko ti c mt i
tt Chng hn Bankers Trust dng cu hi v chic tt phng
vn. Khi cc chic tt ch c hai mu th cu tr li l ba.
Cu hi 11. Nu bn c th b mt bang bt k trong 50 bang ca
nc M, bn s b bang no?
14
Tr li. Cu tr li ph bin: Alaska, Hawaii, North Dakota.
Cu tr li d: Washington.
T hn: B tt c.
y l v d ni ting nht v cc bi ton mp m ca Microsoft.
N khng ging vi cc cu hi v mu sc yu thch ca bn. H
12
Cc qu cn ca Bachet
13
ngha ting Anh l Pleasant and Delectable Problems
14
This is a silly question
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DongPhD 14
mun bn hnh dung li cu hi c th a ra cu tr li ng
bng logic.
Bn khng phi nu tn bang trc. bn c th i quanh ngi
phng vn bng cc lp lun ca mnh v quyt nh sau. Sau y l
cc cch tip cn c ngi phng vn chp nhn: Vn trung tm
l, chuyn g s xy ra vi ngi dn sng bang b bi b? Trng
hp (a) l khi bn loi b mt bang , bn tiu dit ton b k c dn
chng trn . Khi vn o c khin bn phi ti tiu ha s
nn nhn. Trng hp (b) l dn c ca bang ch vic bin mt.
H tht s khng b tn st m ch bin mt. C th l h tr v qu
kh v p ln mt con bm. . . sau tr li hin ti v thy rng
bang v mi ngi dn khng tn ti nh cha bao gi c
chuyn . Tt c cc l c ch c 49 ngi sao, v n khng c
cp trong bt k cun bch khoa ton th no c. Trng hp (c) l
ch c bt ng sn bin mt. Con ngi vn cn - cc ngi t nn
ngi cnh mt ci h trn mt t v t hi mnh ng u ti nay.
H cn c ti nh c nhng v chi ph ai s tr ( Microsoft? hay
chnh quyn lin bang?) Trng hp (d) dn chng c ti nh c
mt cch k l khng ai c thit hi v vt cht v tinh thn. Bm nt,
v cc c dn c ca ban c c nh v cng vic (gi s trc h
cng c iu ny) u 49 bang cn li v khng thay th ai
.
Trng hp (e) khng c g bin mt. S bi b ny thun ty
chnh tr. Bang ny tr thnh mt phn ca Canada hay Mexico. hoc
l tr thnh mt quc gia c lp.
Trng hp (a) l r rng. Nu mi ngi u b git th bn chn
bang c dn s t nht. Theo iu tra dn s nm 2000, l bang
Wyoming.
Trng hp (b) th kh. Mi ngi ch vic bin mt trong mt
tnh hung gi s hon ton khng c tin l o dc no trc .
H vn sng, th cho n khi bn bm vo nt xa b lch s. iu
ny ging nh git h. Mt ln na bang Wyoming c chn.
Trng hp (c) th tin thoi lng nan l nn chn bang c dn
s ln hn bang Wyoming hay quan tm dn cc c im t nhin.
Wyoming l bang ln vi thng cnh p v c Vn Quc gia Yel-
lowstone. cu tt c, bn sn sng chi tr chn bang ong dn
hn nhng t thng cnh hoc din tch nh.
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DongPhD 15
Theo iu tra nm 2000, nm bang c dn s t nht l Wyoming,
Vermont, Alaska, North Dakota, v South Dakota. Vermont v Alaska
cng c nhiu cnh p, v Alaska rt ln. South Dakota c ni Rush-
more. North Dakota - tt, North Dakota khng c Mount Rushmore.
Tht kh tng tng mt ai bang khc tnh nguyn n ngh
y. ( Biu tng cho North Dakota l ct in thoi - chuyn vui thi)
North Dakota c kh hu khc nghit vo ma ng - khc nghit hn
c nhng trung tm dn c ca Alaska.
By gi trng hp (c), khng ai b git nhng phi tn chi ph ti
nh c. L ng gi d chi ph c cao hn bo tn c Yellowstone,
hay cc khu resort Vermont, hay or tt c ca Alaska, hay Mount
Rushmore. North Dakota l hp l.
Trong trng hp (d), vic ti nh c l l lng v khng tn km.
La chn c l vn l North Dakota.
Cui cng l trng hp (e), ngi v ca u khng b mt. Chng
ta ch v li bn chnh tr. C th cp n Alaska hay Hawaii.
Chng bn ngoi nc lc a M. Mt vi ngi ni rng chng l
hng v ca ch ngha thc dn. Nu bn ch yu quan tm ti hnh
dng ca t nc trn bn th nn la chn Alaska v Hawaii. Ch
: Nu Quc hi phi xem xt phng n no th v tr trn bn
khng ng. Alaska c nhiu du v khong sn. Hawaii l ni ngh
mt ca ngi M lc a. C hai u c tm quan trng chin lc.
Khng th ni chuyn b chng.
Vic tho lun s tp trung vo, nh trong (c) v (d), cc bang
c dn s v ti nguyn thin nhin t nht. Thm mt ln na li l
North Dakota, n nm gn bin gii Canada. Tra cho Canada. Nu h
khng mun th hy n tr thnh mt quc gia.
Cu hi 12. Bn c 8 vin bi-a, mt trong chng b hng v nng hn
nhng vin cn li. Bn hy cho bit, ch hai ln cn th xc nh vin
b hng, dng cn thng bng?
Tr li. Ci cn dng y c hai a cn n gin, ging nh ci
m thn Cng L (Justice) cm. N cho bn bit bn no nng hn
nhng khng bit l bao nhiu. N cng cho bn bit kh hai bn c
khi lng bng nhau.
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DongPhD 16
Cch tip cn hin nhin nhng khng hp l. l t mi bn
4 vin. Bn no nng hn s xc nh c vin b hng. Chia nhm
thnh hai, mi bn hai vin. Mt ln na bn no nng hn th c
vin b hng. Bn ly ra hai vin nhng bn khng bit vin no
v bn khng c cn tip.
Li gii pha cn dng ti tnh cht l s thng bng cho bn bit
hai bn cn bng nhau. Khi chng cn bng bn c th kt lun rng
khng c vin bi hng c hai bn.
Trong ln cn th nht, bn ly bt k 6 vin bi chia 2, mi bn
ba vin em ra cn. C hai kh nng xy ra
Nu chng bng nhau th hai vin cn li s c mt ng nh
hn khi cn ln th 2.
Nu trong 6 vin chia 2 ra cn c mt bn nh hn th "li
c" n ra. Trong 3 vin nng hn khi cn s c mt nng hn.
Ly 2 vin bt k trong 3 vin nng hn ra cn ln th 2. Nu
mt bn nh mt bn nng th ta c ngay kt qu. Nu hai bn
bng nhau th vin bi hng l vin cn li
Cu ny c bit trn ton th gii. N xut hin, chng
hn, trong Mathematical Know-How (1956) ca Boris Kordemsky
Lin X.
Cu hi 13. Ti sao gng phn chiu tri phi thay v trn di?
Tr li. C hai cch tr li thng dng l
(a) ph nh gng phn chiu tri v phi
(b) Khng nh gng c phn chiu trn di (chng hn khi gng
trn trn hoc di sn nh)
Bt u vi (a). Khi bn cm trang bo trc gng s phn chiu
lm o ngc cc ch v tr nn rt kh c. Tng tng cc ch
c in trn mt tm plastic trong sut. Bn t n i din vi gng
v thy rng cc ch trng vi nh ca n trong gng. iu ny cng
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DongPhD 17
r hn kh bn nm mt mi trc theo gng. Cho mi tn nm
ngang v hng v bn tri. nh ca n cng vy.
Cu hi 14. Mt tri c phi bao gi cng mc hng ng?
Tr li. Cu tr li l khng ng. Mt s ng vin a ra cc v d
trong v tr. Sao Kim v sao Thin Vng quay quanh trc v c
chiu quay ngc vi chiu quay ca tri t. Nu chng ta t trong
khng gian mt hnh tinh tng tng v khng quay quanh qu o
th hon ton khng c hin tng mt tri mc v ln. Ngi phng
vn khng chp nhn nhng cu tr li tng t nh vy v hi li:
C phi trn Tri t bao gi mt tri cng mc hng ng? Cu
tr li cng khng c g thay i, vn l khng. Ti Bc cc hon ton
khng c hng ng: tt c cc hng u ch v pha nam. Trong
su thng
15
, mt tri lun mc v ln t hng nam. Cn Nam cc
th ngc li, ch c hng bc.
Cu hi 15. C bao nhiu trm xng nc M?
Tr li. Cu hi ny qu l kh nhng khng phi l khng th tr
li. p s ca bi ton ny gip tnh s lng trm xng M v
nhng ni khc. Trung bnh mi ngi dn M c mt t? Khng
ng. Hai ngi mt ci? Con s ny chc gn ng hn.
Vy nu dn s M l 300 triu, tc nc M c khong 150 triu
t, trung bnh mt t cn phi xng mt ln trong tun. V vy,
trong mt tun tt c cc trm xng phi phc v s t ng bng
tng s xe trong nc. S gi trong mt tun l 24 7, nhng khng
phi tt c cc trm xng u lm vic 24 gi trong tun.
Gi s trung bnh mt trm xng lm vic 100 gi/tun, nu
xng cho mt xe mt 6 pht tc mi my bm trm xng trong mt
gi c th phc v 10 t. Nhng trm xng ln nhng ch ng
15
the six-month polar day
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DongPhD 18
dn c th t nhiu my bm v ngc li c nhng trm xng rt t
khch, gi s trung bnh mi trm xng mt gi phc v 10 t. Vy
trung bnh mt tun, mt trm phc v 100 10 ln, hay 1.000 t.
C ngha s trm xng nc M bng 150 triu/1.000 = 150.000.
S xe hi v s trm xng c lng rt gn vi thc t. B Giao
thng Hoa K
16
cho bit nm 1997 ti M c 129.748.704 phng tin
vn ti ng k. S June 1998 ca Journal of Petroleum Marketing
khng nh c 187.097 a im bn l xng du cho motor M.
Cu hi 16. Mike v Todd c $21. Mike c nhiu hn Todd $20. Mi
ng c bao nhiu? Bn khng c dng phn s trong cu tr li.
Tr li. Cu hi d ny n cha mt thch thc no . Bn cht ca
n l n gin. Bn c th b thu ht khi ni Mike c $21 v Todd c
$1. Nhng khng, tng ca chng bng $22. Cu tr li ng l Mike
c $20.50 v Todd c $0.50. Nu bn khng thy n l hin nhin th
hy vit ra phng trnh v gii n. Bn cng c th chng minh rng
y l p s duy nht. Nhng ngi phng vn khng khng rng
khng c dng phn s trong cu tr li. Ngi phng vn sai (hoc
l l i s cent khng phi l phn s). Bn c ng trn lp trng
ca mnh v khng nh $20.5/$0.5. iu ny cn thit cho bn trong
mt t chc ln.
17
Cu hi 17. Bn c 6 que dim. Sp xp chng c 4 tam gic u.
Tr li. (a) Sp xp chng thnh t din u .
(b) Sp thnh hai tam gic chng ln nhau. Su nh ca ngi sao
to thnh sau tam gic u nh (cng thm 2 tam gic u ln
tng cng l 8). Ta c th lm lch mt que c ng 4 tam
gic u (nh).
16
U.S. Department of Transportation
17
l chnh kin ca bn.
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DongPhD 19
Cu hi 18. Ko M & M c sn xut nh th no?
Tr li. Vn chnh: Lm th no c th sn xut c lai ko
nhn, nhiu lp c hnh cu dt vi s lng ln v han ton bng
my mc t ng nh vy? n gin ch nhng chocolate vo ng
nng chy l mt quyt nh khng c g c sc, v bn cn c ch t
ko ch ng o ng cng li. Nu lm nh vy s ch c mt mt
ko l nhn, ging nh thanh chololate thng thng. C mt pht
minh (nhng l cu tr li sai) nh sau: Ngi ta to ra mt di
chocolate nng, ri lm lnh cc nhn lm t ht hnh nhn hay ht
lnu phun chng xuyn qua lp chocolate nng khin chocolate
lp tc ng cng li quanh nhn thnh ko trc khi ri xung n
bng chuyn.
Trong thc t, phng php m hng M&M s dng rt n gin
v thng minh. Nhng ng tic, rt kh c th ngh ra c nu
bn khng phi l mt chuyn gia v cng ngh sn xut ko. Nhn
chocolate ca ko M & M u tin c c ra nhng ci khun
nh. Sau nhng vin chocolate hnh elip c cha trong mt ci
trng xoay , ging nh ci my trn b tong. Khi ko lc trong ci
trng, ng nng chy c vo v ng li bm xung quanh
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DongPhD 20
vin chocolate mt lp mng cng mu trng. V nhng vin ko lun
chuyn ng nn ng khng b dnh li thnh nhng cc nh. Ngai
ra, v lun chuyn ng va p vo nhau nn b mt ko tr nn rt
nhn v u. Nguyn tc trng xoay ny cng thng c s dng
lm nhn qu.
Sau ng nng chy nhum mu li c vo trong trng,
ngoi lp v trng li thm mt lp v mu. Thm mt b quyt na
c th in hnh ch M trn mt ko, hin nhin khng th lm th
cng. Ch M bao gi cng nm chnh gia mt pha ca vin ko. C
ngha du hnh ch M c ng ln b mt tng vin ko. B quyt
nh sau, khi ko c chuyn n dy chuyn, trn c hng ngn
l c kch thc ging nh vin ko, vin ko s lt va kht trong l,
sau c ng du mt cch nh nhng bi cc con du cao su c
ch M vi mc in thc phm mu trng.
Cu hi ny c s dng c vi ln trong phng vn & by gi,
ngi ta c th s dng nhng cu hi tt hn. Ngi t cu hi cng
khng nht thit phi bit cu tr li ng. Bn thn ngi t ra
cu hi ny cng khng bit ko M& M c lm th no. Khng
nht thit phi bit iu ny mi nh gi c cu tr li ca ng
vin. Mc ch ca cu hi ny cng nh phn ln cc cu hi khc
kim tra liu ng vin c th ni iu g v vn ny mt cch
thuyt phc hay khng, ngc li, h ng nn a ra nhng cu tr
li ngu ngc.
Cu hi 19. Tm trng lng ca 1 my bay phn lc m khng cn
dung bn cn?
Tr li. Ta a my bay xung 1 tu sn bay (hoc h cnh xung),
hoc c th l 1 ci ph hoc tu thy ln c th cha c chic
my bay. Tip , trn thnh tu bn nh du mc nc. Sau bn
vn chuyn my bay ra khi con tu, con tu s ni ln 1 khong no
. By gi bn li chuyn xung tu 1 lng hng ha c khi lng
ln, n khi con tu chm xung ng vi mc nh du lc
trc th bn c th xc nh c trng lng ca my bay, v trng
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DongPhD 21
lng my bay s tng ng vi trng lng hng ha m bn va
chuyn xung.
Cch khc: Khng cn phi chuyn khi hng ha c trng lng
xc nh xung tu, m ch cn tnh th tch phn tu ni ln sau khi
chuyn chic my bay i v nhn vi trng lng ring ca nc th
cng ra trng lng my bay. i hi mt cht hiu bit v Vt l.
Cu hi 20. Ti mt lng qu c 50 cp v chng, cc ng chng u
phn bi v. Bt c ngi ph n no trong lng cng lp tc bit ngay
nu c ai trong s cc ng chng khc phn bi v mnh (bn bit
y, chuyn n i lan i rt nhanh cc th trn nh), nhng li
khng bit nu l chng mnh (k b phn bi thng l ngi cui
cng bit v ni au ca mnh). Lut ca thnh ph buc ngi ph
n, nu c bng chng v s phn bi ca chng, phi git anh ta ngay
ngy hm . Khng ai c th tri lnh ny. Mt ln, c n hang vn
ni ting l ngi khng bao gi phn on sai n thm lng ny. B
thng bo vi dn chng rng, c t nht 1 ngi n ng ca thnh
ph phn bi v. Chuyn g s xy ra?
Tr li. Chng ta hy bt u t tnh hnh thc ti trong lng trc
khi c tuyn b ca n hong. Tt c cc ng chng u phn bi v.
Nhng ngi ph n bit chc v s phn bi ca chng cng ra
mt o lut l phi git ngi chng phn bi . Vy ti sao h vn
cha lm iu ?
Vn nm ch, ch c ngi v b phn bi c trch nhim phi
git chng mnh. Bt k ngi ph n no cng bit chuyn ngoi
tnh ca cc ng chng ca 49 ngi ph n cn li, nhng khng bit
chuyn ngai tnh ca chng mnh. Php lch s x giao ngn cn
mi ngi thng bo cho ngi v v s khng chung thy ca chng
c ta.
Chuyn kh hiu nh vy khng bao gi xy ra trn thc t, nhng
li c chp nhn trong cc cu . Sau , c mt ln n hang n
y v ni rng trong lng c t nht mt ngi n ng phn bi v.
Liu nhng li ni ca b ta c lm thay i nhng g ang din ra
y?
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DongPhD 22
Khng c thay i no c. t nht c mt ngi? Cc b v chc
hn ang ngh rng khng bit ai trong s 49 ngi n ng kia ang
n vng m li loi tr chng mnh ra khi s s . Tuyn b ca
n hong khng phi l iu mi m i vi bt c ai trong lng.
y chnh l im lm rt nhiu ng vin lung tng v b tc khng
tm ra hng gii tip theo. Nu tuyn b ca n hong khng cha
ng thng tin g c gi tr vy th cn iu g ni na? Khng c
ngi ph n no v iu ny m li i git chng mnh c. Khng c
g xy ra.V ng l khng c g xy ra cho n cui ngy hm n
hong a ra tuyn b ca mnh. Khng c g xy ra trong ngy hm
sau. Ngy tip theo cng vy.
Chng ta hy xem chuyn g xy ra trong ngy th 49. Th chn
mt ngi ph n, Edna chng hn. Edna bit v s phn bi ca
49 ng chng cn li, trong c Max, chng ngi bn gi Monica
ca Edna. V trong lng, chuyn cc ng chng phn bi v lan i rt
nhanh, nn Edna suy ra rng Monica bit v s phn bi ca (t nht)
48 ngi n ng. l 49 ngi m Edna bit, tr i Max. Khng ai
c can m thng bo cho Monica bit rng Max phn bi
c.
Cha kha gii bi ton nm ch, sang ngy th 49, Edna s i
n kt lun rng Monica phi on ra rng chng c ta l k phn
bi (theo cch lp lun ca Edna), v khng c ai b git trong nhng
ngy trc .
Nu nh trong lng ch c mt ngi n ng phn bi v th c l
ngi v git chng mnh ngay trong ngy n hong ni ra nhng
li kia (hy coi y l ngy th nht), bi v khi , tt c cc ph n
u bit v s phn bi ny, tr v anh ta. Ngi v l ngi duy nht
trong lng khng bit g v s phn bi ca chng mnh. Chnh v vy,
tuyn b ca n hang s nh ting st i vi ngi ph n ny. V
c ta bit rng chng c ai trong 49 ngi chng cn li l k phn bi
(nu c ai phn bi th chc chn c ta phi bit), v vy tn ti t
nht mt ngi n ng chnh l chng c ta. Ngi ph n ny
s phi git chng mnh ngy hm theo ng lut nh. Tt nhin,
y l trong trng hp trong lng ch c duy nht mt ngi chng
phn bi v.
Nhng thay vo , sang ngy th 2 vn cha c ng chng no
b git. iu ny lm cho cc c dn trong lng bit rng s ngi
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DongPhD 23
n ng phn bi v nhiu hn mt ngi. Do , cng vi li ni ca
n hong, trong lng c t nht 2 ngi chng phn bi v v nu ch
ng l 2 th h s b cc b v git vo ngy th 2. Tng t, nu l
3 th h s b v git vo ngy th 3. . . . Nu nh con s ny l 48 th
48 ngi v s git h vo ngy th 48.
Vy m hm nay l ngy th 49 v Monica, ngi bit v s
phn bi ca 48 ng chng, chc s phi ngc nhin ti sao trong nhng
ngy trc khng xy ra hng lot v git ngi. Li gii thch duy
nht ch c th l (tt c nhng iu ny vn nm trong s suy lun
ca Edna) chng Monica s l ngi n ng ngoi tnh th 49.
Bng cch ny, Edna i n kt lun rng Monica vi suy ngh
logic tuyt i ca mnh s phi git Max lc na m ngy th 49.
Edna cng rt ra kt lun nh vy i vi tt c ph n khc trong
lng. ng th, Edna ngh, sang ngy th 49, s c v tn st m
mu.
Ngy th 50 n m vn cha c g xy ra. iu duy nht c
th gii thch c tnh trng ny l Monica (cng nh tt c cc ph
n khc) nhn ra ngi chng phn bi th 49 l ai. khng phi
l Max, vy th ch cn li 1 ngi n ng na, l chng ca chnh
Edna, l Edgar!
Vy sang ngy th 50, Edna c th kt lun rng chng mnh l
k phn bi. Tt c nhng ngi v cn li cng phi i n kt lun
tng t.
Cu tr li ca bi ton l khng c g xy ra trong 49 ngy u,
nhng sang ngy th 50 th tt c nhng ngi v u git chng
mnh.
y c coi l mt kit tc trong s nhng cu logic. Tuy
nhin, khng th khng nh chc chn rng n l cng c tt nht
dung phng vn ng vin. Ln u tin bi tan c nhc n
trong cun sch Puzzle Math (1958) ca nh vt l Geogre Gamow
v nh ton hc Marvon Stern. Phin bn ca h ni v nhng ngi
v phn bi chng. T n nay, bi ton ny xut hin khp ni
v c s dng rng ri. n nm 1980, nn nhn c thay bng
nhng ng chng ngoi tnh v bi ton tr thnh ti nghin cu
ca mt trong nhng phng th nghim khoa hc Cng ty IBM.
Trong cun sch Once Upon a Number (1998), John Allen Paulos a
ra mt phin bn bi ton gn ging vi dng c Microsoft s dng,
c th do cc tc gi cng su tm n t mt ngun chung.
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DongPhD 24
Phn ng chung ca cc c gi bnh thng sau khi c cu l
ngi ny s suy ngh mt lc (ti cng vy) m khng tm c hng
gii no c, ri sau lt xem phn li gii (Lm sao dch chuyn ni
Ph S). Ch, cu ny tht tuyt!. Sau khi xem xong, chc ngi
ny s em cu i vi ngi bn ca mnh, nhng ngi ny
cng khng gii c, nhng khi bit li gii u ngh rng bi ton
rt hay. S ni ting ca mt cu khng h ph thuc vo chuyn
ngi ta c gii c n hay khng.
Cu hi 21. Ti sao hu ht cc np cng trn ng c hnh trn
m khng phi l hnh vung?
Tr li. Cu tr li c cc phng vn vin nh gi cao nht : np
cng hnh vung c th ri ngc vo trong cng gy thng tch nhng
cng nhn lm vic pha di hoc chm mt. Vic ny c th xy ra
v ng cho ca hnh vung ln gp

2 tc bng 1.414. . . ln cc
cnh ca n. Khi nhc np hnh vung ln theo chiu thng ng ch
cn np hi xoay i mt cht v hng ng cho th n c th ri
xung su pha di. Cn i vi nhng ci np hnh trn, ng knh
theo tt c cc hng l bng nhau, cng vi vic pha trn mt np
bao gi cng ln hn mt cht so vi pha di nn np cng khng
bao gi c th ri xung long cng, cho d bn c gi n v tr no
i na.
Mt trong s nhng cu tr li hi ht hn (mc d nhng cu hi
ging nh th ny cng kh m c nhn nhn mt cch nghim tc)
- ng ri, v hnh dng ca ng thng xung cng l hnh tr.
Nhng c th, cu tr li ny khng b coi l hi ht na, nu bn ni
thm: Chc ng/ b cng thy, ng thng xung cng thng
hnh tr, v h thng that nc hnh tr bao gi cng d o hn
hnh vung.
Cn c th tr li nh sau: khng cn phi nng np cng hnh
tr ln khi di chuyn m c th ln. vn chuyn np hnh vung
phi cn n hai hoc nhiu ngi hi na. Thm mt l do na, mc
d khng quan trng lm, np hnh trn khng cn phi la chiu khi
y cng nh np hnh vung.
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DongPhD 25
y c l l mt trong s nhng cu hi ni ting nht ca Microsoft
v cng chnh v s ph bin ca n m Microsoft ny ngng s
dng. Cu hi trn c chn lm th d cho nhng bi bo chng
minh Microsoft c nhng cu hi v ngha n mc no khi phng
vn tuyn nhn s. ng vin bc vo phng ht ln: cho chng
khi ri xung lng cng trc khi phng vn vin hi cu , Adam
David Barr k li.
Khi cu hi v np cng hnh trn c Martin Gardner ng trong
tp ch Scientific American, c gi John Bush t Brooklyn vit
th n to san vi nhng nhn xt rng: Mt s np cng ca hng
Consolidated Edison c hnh vung. Khng lu trc , mt v n
xy ra nng bng mt trong nhng ci np cng ny ln cao v mi
ngi c th on ra sau n c tm thy u khng? Chnh
xc. Di y ca chnh ci cng n n b nhc bng ln. Vo nm
2000, tc gi ca cc chng trnh v bnh lun vin ni ting ca i
NPR Andrei Codrescu c bi pht biu tp on Microsoft. Khi
tr li cc cu hi ca c gi, ng nhn c cu hi ti sao np cng
li hnh trn. iu ny rt d hiu, Codrescu tr li. Trong cc trn
nh th ci mc (ta nh ci khin) chn hnh trn tin hn hnh
vung. Hn na, hnh trn cn tng trng cho v cc, chnh v vy
nh th thng c mi trn. Nguyn tc trn y cn nhc nh nhng
ngi qua ng rng h ang sng trong mt th gii c cc thn
thnh to nn.
Cu hi 22. Lm th no ch vi mt nht ct thng bn c th
ct mt chic bnh hnh ch nht lm hai phn bng nhau khi b ai
b khot mt mt ming bn trong cng hnh ch nht ( mt ch
bt k vi ln v hng bt k)?
Tr li.
Cch 1: Ct theo chiu ngang ca bnh.
Cch 2: Ct theo ng thng ni tm ca chic bnh v tm
ca hnh ch nht b khot.
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DongPhD 26
Cu hi 23. Bn c 5 l thuc. Trong mt l, tt c cc vin thuc
u b hng. Ch c bng cch s dng bn cn, bn mi c th xc
nh c u l vin thuc bnh thng, u l vin hng. Tt c
nhng vin bnh thng u nng 10 g mi vin, trong khi mi vin
hngch c trng lng 9 g. Lm th no sau ch mt ln cn bn c
th xc nh c u l l thuc hng?
Tr li. Ly l 1 ra 1 vin, l 2 ra 2 vin...l 5 ra 5 vin. Tng cng 15
vin, phi nng 150g. Sau em cn.V d tng trng lng l 146g,
ngha l thiu 4g, do l 4 h.
Cu hi 24. Bn c 3 gi hoa qu. Gi th nht ch ton to, gi th
hai ch ton cam, gi th ba ln ln cam v to. Bn khng nhn thy
trong mi gi c loi qu g. Mi gi u c mt nhn hiu nhng cc
nhn hiu u ghi sai. Bn c php nhm mt th tay vo mt gi
bt k ly ra mt qu v m mt nhn qu . Lm th no c th
xc nh c trong mi gi cha loi qu no?
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DongPhD 27
Tr li. Gi s gi 1 ghi to; gi 2 ghi cam v gi 3 ghi to cam. R
rng gi cam l gi 1 hoc 3. Ly 1 qu gi ghi to v cm. Nu
c cam th gi 3 cha cam, gi 1 cha to v cam, gi 2 cha to.
Nu l to th gi 3 cha to, gi 1 cha cam v gi 2 cha to v
cam.
Cu hi 25. Ti sao lon bia tht li pha trn np v di y?
Tr li. Nu phn on ca bn l: nh th s lm cho lon bia chc
chn hn, th ni chung l ng. Hai u tht li lin quan n kt
cu ca ton b vt th. Lon bia, cng nh nhng chic cu treo, l
mt cu trc tng th, ngha l rt kh gii thch ti sao b phn
c th no li c cu trc nh vy.
Trc y, ngi sn xut khng nh s dng cu trc ny lm
cho lon bia chc chn hn. Nhng ci lon trc y qu chc chn
cha bia bn trong m khng phi ngh n chuyn ci tin. Bn
c th hi iu g v nhng lon bia na? S tht li l mt yu t cho
php gim bt lng nguyn liu cn thit. y c v khng phi l
mt pht kin ln, nhng n s c ngha nu tnh n s lng lon
bia c sn xut v ti sn xut hng nm.
c thi bia v cc lai ung c gas c ng trong cc hp
thp rt nng, c thit din gn nh l hnh ch nht. Thp phi
dy c th chu c lc p ca kh gas. Nhng ci lon ny c
cu to gm 3 phn, tc l phn np v y c gn vo mt an
ng hnh tr gia nh my p.
Khi cc hng sn xut v hp buc phi quan tm nhiu hn n
vic gim gi thnh v bo v mi trng, h chuyn sang sn xut
nhng ci hp mng bng nhm. Nhm mng th c bn km hn
thp. Ging nh v trng, nhng chic lon c cn tht mng m
vn m bo cha c cht lng bn trong. iu ny buc phi s
dng n th thut kin trc, iu c th b qua khi sn xut hp
bia bng thp.
Phn mng nht v vng nht ca lon bia l phn np v c
gn hi tht xung. Np phi bn vng chu c lc tc ng
khi m lon. V kim loi phn ny mng nn nh sn xut quan tm
lm sao ng knh ca ci np nh n mc c th, do ng
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DongPhD 28
knh ca phn ny phi nh hn mt cht so vi phn thn v ni
chng li vi nhau th lon phi tht vo pha trn (khng th lm
nh ng knh ca ton b lon, v nh vy s cha c t bia hn).
Vy khi tht li phn trn th cng phi lm nh th vi y lon
chng c th xp chng ln nhau.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt nguyn nhn na gii thch ti sao lon bia
tht li pha y. Phn y v phn thn lon c p bng mt tm
nhm mng trnh cc thao tc tha khi gn thm phn y.
vic ny c d dng hn th tt nht l tht dn vo ch khng phi
b gp mt gc 90 . S tht ny lm cho y lon hi cong ln.
Ngi phng vn s hi: Vy ti sao y lon Coca-Cola li lm?.
Cu tr li l kim loi phn y rt mng, v vy nu lm phng ,
y lon rt d b bin dng. Kim loi cong s vng chc hn phng,
cng ging nh v trng li u s chc hn l mt qu trng hnh
lp phng. bn vng khng ph thuc vo s lm vo hay li ra,
nhng nu c y li th cc lon ny khng th xp chng ln nhau
c.
Cu hi 26. Cn bao nhiu thi gian dch chuyn ni Ph S?
Tr li. Cng ty t vn Booz, Allen v Hamilton c l l tc gi ca
cu hi c o ny. C hai cch tip cn vn ny. Nu bn ln
k hach s dch chuyn nguyn vn c ni Ph S theo cch cc quc
vng Chu u bt cc k s chuyn nguyn cc tng i Ai Cp v
th ca mnh - chc may mn. Nu khng dng n, bn c th p
dng cch c lng ca Fermi. u tin, bn phi tnh xem, liu vic
dch chuyn ngn ni sang ch mi phi mt bao nhiu cng o t
thng thng. Bn cn phi nh gi khi lng ca ni Ph S bng
n v xe ti.
Xut pht im tnh ton c l l hnh dng quen thuc ca
ni Ph S. a s ngi M cho rng ni Ph S c hnh nn vi chiu
rng y ln gp 5 ln chiu cao. Mi ngi vn ch c khi nim rt
m h v chiu cao ca ngn ni. Ph S khng c xp vo nhm
nhng ngn ni cao nht th gii (Everest cao 29000 feet
18
), nhng
18
khong 8848m
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DongPhD 29
chc chn cao ca n khong vi nghn feet. Vy chng ta hy dng
li con s 10.000 feet (y l d on tng i ng, theo s liu
chnh xc, cao ca ni Ph S l 12387 feet so vi mt nc bin.
Nh vy, chng ta c chiu cao hnh nn l 10.000 feet v ng knh
y l 50.000 feet.
Nu ni Ph S khng phi hnh nn m l hnh tr th th tch ca
n s bng din tch y nhn vi chiu cao. y l mt hnh trn c
ng knh 50.000 feet. Hnh vung c cnh l 50.000 feet s c din
tch l 50 000x 50 000. Tc l bng 2,5 t feet vung. Nhng din tch
hnh trn tim cn trong hnh vung s nh hn (chnh xc

4
hoc
79%), vo khong 2 t feet vung.
Nhn con s ny vi 10.000 feet chiu cao, chng ta c kt qu
20.000 t feet khi. y l th tch hnh tr c cng y v chiu cao
vi ni Ph S theo php tnh lm trn ca chng ta.
Tuy nhin, ni Ph S li ging hnh nn. Nu bn cn nh rng
th tch hnh nn bng 1/3 th tch hnh tr c cng y v chiu cao,
th bn s c li th ln. Nhng thm ch nu bn khng nh ra quy
tc , th bn cng nhn thy rng th tch hnh nn ng nhin
nh hn th tch hnh tr c chiu cao v y tng ng. V chng ta
rt thch cc con s trn trnh nn chng ta s rt gn 20 000 t feet
khi thnh 10 000 t feet khi, sau coi y l th tch ca ni Ph
S: ngn ni la c th tch 10 000 t feet khi.
Th th cn bao nhiu chuyn xe ti? Mi xe ti c th vn chuyn
c tng ni la c kch thc 10feet 10feet 10feet = 1000
feet khi. Vy vn chuyn ni Ph S cn 10 t chuyn xe ti.
Bi ton ny cn b qua rt nhiu thng s. Chng ta cha bit
chuyn ni Ph S i u. Bn hy th hi ngi phng vn v thng
tin ny. Chng ta cng chng bit ni Ph S c bao nhiu phn t
th nhng c th xc bng my xc, bao nhiu phn nham thch
cng cn phi dng thuc n ph.
Trong trng hp ti u, vic xc t v vn chuyn bng xe ti
cng cn mt ngy cng lm vic. Nu chng ta tnh rng mt chic
xe ti tng ng vi mt ngy lm vic th vn chuyn ni Ph
S cn 10 t ngy cng lao ng.
Thi gian thc hin d n ph thuc vo vic c bao nhiu ngi
lm vic mi ngy. Trong trng hp gi nh chc chn khng th xy
ra l khi lng ny ch do mt ngi lm (mi ngi thay phin nhau,
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DongPhD 30
nh kiu nhng ngi gc hi ng thay nhau trc trong sut nhiu
th k nay), kt thc cng vic cn 10 t ngy, tc vo khong 30
triu nm. (Ni Ph S c l khng nhiu tui n th, v kh c th
tn ti vi hnh dng by gi lu c n nh vy. Ngn ni s bin
mt trc khi c ai c th dch chuyn n).
Nu chng ta th nghim phng php khng km phn thiu thc
t, l huy ng 6 t ngi sng trn Tri t cng tham gia (v cung
cp cho h dng c v sp xp sao cho mi ngi khng cn tr
cng vic ca nhau), th bn c th dch chuyn ni Ph S trong 2
ngy!
C cho l chnh ph Nht quyt nh dch chuyn ni Ph S v
huy ng c mt ngun lc to ln thc hin nhim v ny. 10.000
nhn cng, tng ng vi s nhn vin trong mt tp on ln, c
th l s lng thch hp. H cn phi thc hin nhim v ny trong
mt triu ngy, hay khong 3000 nm.
Cu hi 27. C 3 cng tc in hnh lang. 1 ci trong dung bt
n cn phng cui hnh lang. Ca phng ng kn tt nhin bn
khng th nhn thy n trong phng ang bt hay tt. Bn cn phi
xc nh ci no trong 3 cng tc dng bt n phng ny. Lm
cch no bn c th tin chc vo s suy on ca mnh nu ch c
vo phng 1 ln?
Tr li. Gi cc cng tc l 1, 2, 3. Bt cng tc 1 v tt cc cng tc
2 v 3. Ch 10 pht. Sau tt cng tc 1 v bt cng tt 2. Lp tc
i vo phng. Nu bng no sng th n ng vi cng tc 2. Bng no
s vo thy m ng vi cng tc 1. Bng n khng v lnh ng
vi cng tc 3.
Cu hi 28. C bao nhiu im trn tri t m bn i mt dm v
hng nam, mt dm v hng ng v mt dm v hng bc, bn s
tr v im xut pht?
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DongPhD 31
Tr li. Ta bt u bng vic phc tho mt bn tng tng: mt
dm sang hng nam, mt dm sang hng ng v mt dm sang
hng bc to thnh ba cnh ca mt hnh vung. Bn s kt thc
ti im lch v pha ng 1 dm so vi im xut pht. Bn ngh l
khng c im no.
Th li. Lu tri t hnh cu. Ti cc bc, mi hng u l
hng nam. Nu bn bt u chnh xc ti cc bc, bn c th i v
bt k hng no. Khi mt dm v hng ng s trn ng trn
tm l cc bc. Ri i tip mt dm v hng bc th tr li cc bc.
Vy cc bc l mt phng n. Lu cc nam th khng. Ti ,
mi hng u l hng bc.
Bn kt lun l ch c mt im. Bn sai ri. Sai v ta c th tin
hnh ti mt im gn cc nam. Tng tng ta bt u t mt im
cch cc nam hn mt dm. Bn i mt dm v hng nam, ri v
hng ng v i mt vng trn c chu vi mt dm c tm l cc nam
- v mt dm v hng bc l tr li im ban u.
C v hn im nh vy. Bn xut pht t mt im bt k vi
khong cch ti cc nam thch hp. l ng trn c tm l cc
nam. Khong cch thch hp l bao nhiu? ng trn chu vi mt
dm c bn knh l
1
2
dm. im xut pht ca hnh trnh phi xa
hn im cc thm mt dm na, hay 1 +
1
2
dm, khong 1.159 dm.
Chng ta vn cha gii xong. Gi s bn bt u im gn cc
nam hn na. Bn i v hng nam mt dm, sau tip tc theo
hng ng trn mt vng trn nh hn c chu vi
1
2
dm. Bn i trn
hai vng. Ri i v hng bc. C v s im nh vy, chng cc nam
1 +
1
4
dm.
Bn cng c th iu chnh hnh trnh sao cho bn di chuyn trn
ng trn c tm l cc nam 3 ln, 4 ln hay n ln vi n l s t
nhin.Mi ng trn mi ca im khi u cch cc 1 +
1
2n
dm.
Cu hi 29. Trong mt ngy kim pht v kim gi chng ln nhau bao
nhiu ln?
Tr li. Vo na m, kim gi v kim pht trng nhau. Mt mt gi
kim pht i ht mt vng. Vi thi gian , kim gi i c
1
12
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DongPhD 32
vng ti s 1. Tn thm 5 pht kim pht n s 1, trong lc kim
gi tin ln mt on. Ta thy kim pht v kim gi gp nhau
ln na mt hn 65 pht. Ta xt khong thi gian t 12 gi m n
12 gi tra. Trong khong thi gian , chng khng th gp nhau 12
ln v nu iu ny xy ra khong cch gia hai ln gp ng bng
12
12
. Khng, ch 11 ln thi. Tc l khong cch gia hai ln gp nhau
khong
12
11
gn bng 65,64 pht. y l khong thi gian m ta cha
tnh ton c th c.
Gp i 11 cho ta 22 ln trong 24 gi. 22 l cu tr li - tr khi
bn mun tch cn k. Nu bn tnh s trng lp vo lc na m l
bt u mt ngy, v cng vo lc kt thc mt ngy th cu tr
li l 23.
Cu hi 30. Bn ang trn thuyn ti tm ca mt ci h trn mt
cch hon ho. C mt con yu qui trn b h. Yu qui ny nh lm
chuyn xu i vi bn. N khng th bi v khng c thuyn. Gi s
bn c th ln b v n khng bt bn - bn c th thot thn.
Bi ton t ra l: Con yu qui c th chy nhanh gp 4 ln tc
ti a ca chic thuyn. N c cp mt hon ho, khng bao gi
ng v cc k logic. N s lm mi vic trong kh nng bt bn.
Bn thot thn bng cch no?
Tr li. Sau y l gi . Bn hy t hi ng trn ln nht, ng
tm vi ci h, ti c th i, sao cho con yu qui bt kp l g? l
ng trn bn i
1
4
on ng m con yu qui i. l ng
trn bn knh
r
4
. Di chuyn theo chiu kim ng h trn ng trn
ny, v con yu qui s chy vi tc ti a theo chiu kim ng h,
ch duy tr khong cch vi bn. Di chuyn theo chiu ngc kim
ng h, th n cng phi chy theo chiu . Bn nn di chuyn trn
ng trn bn knh nh hn
r
4
, con yu qui s khng th ui kp
bn. N s b b li pha sau.
iu c ngha l bn c th xoay s sao cho bn cch con yu
qui
5r
4
. Mt cch lm iu ny l i theo ng xon c t tm, tip
cn dn n ng trn
r
4
. Nu bn trong ng trn php thut
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DongPhD 33
ny, yu qui s khng th ui kp bn. Bn gi cho n khi n ri
vo v tr 180 pha sau bn.
iu ny gip bn thot khi n. Lc bn dng li v i thng n
b bn kia. Qung ng bn phi i l ln hn
3r
4
mt cht. Yu qui
phi vt qua r. Tc l gp
4
3
ng i ca bn v v n chy nhanh
gp 4 ln bn nn n s i ht trong

3
thi gian ca bn.

3
ln hn 1
mt cht (1.047...). Lm mi vic theo k hoch, v bn s cp bn v
chy thot trc khi con yu qui n .
iu ny c thc s gii bi ton? Nu con yu qui thng minh
v nghe k hoch ny th sao? N khng theo bn quanh h khi n
nhn ra bn d nh lm g?
Vng, nhng thm ch khi n bit chnh xc bn nh lm g, n
khng th lm g tt hn. Bn ly mt ci loa v thng bo Ny, yu
qui kia! y chnh l iu ta s lm. Ta chy quanh ng trn nh
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DongPhD 34
vi bn knh nh hn
r
4
mt cht nay. Ngi tnh i! Ngay khi ta
v tr 180 so vi ngi, ta s i vo b v s thot thn . By
gi chng ta lm iu ny bng cch d, cch kh , hay l cch ngc
nghch. Cch d l cho ngi l nhn ra mnh thua cuc. ng yn v
ta ln b. Cch kh cho ngi l ui theo ta. iu ny vt v cho
c hai. Nhng kt qu vn vy. Cui cng l cch ngc nghch. Ngi
c gi chin lc phn cng - chng hn ui theo vi tc ti a,
ui theo nhng hng khc nhau vn vn - nhng iu ch lm
cho ta n v tr d nh d hn.
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