1

EAT203
Lecture 1: Stress-strain relationship
EAT203, Engineering Mechanics
Lecture Topic Tutorial
1 Stress-strain relationship
2 Shear force (SF) and bending moment (BM) for non-uniform loading 1
3 SF and BM for statically indeterminate problem
4 Shear stress in bending 2
5 Stress transformation
6 Experimental stress / strain 3
7 Yield criteria (theories of failure)
8 Stress concentration + Fatigue 4
9 Vibration (Forced with damping) 5
10 Kinematics - particle (velocity diagram)
11 Kinematics - ridig body (velocity diagram)
12 Kinematics - acceleration diagram 6
13 Gear system
14 Balancing of rotating system 7
[1] Benham, P.P., Crawford, R.J. & Armstrong, C.G., Mechnics of Engineering Materials,
2nd ed., Prentice Hall, UK (1996)
[2] Hibbeler, R. C., Mechanics of Materials, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, Singapore (2008)
[3] Hibbeler, R. C., Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, 8th ed., Prentice-Hall International
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Stress
The effect of external applied forces on a
solid body or the member of a framework can
be measured in terms of the internal reacting
forces.
The intensity of internal force at a point is
called stress.
Stress is defined as the internal force per
unit cross section area at right angle to the
direction of the force.
Average Normal Stress Distribution

When a bar is subjected to a constant deformation
A
P
A P
dA dF
A
=
=
=
} }
o
o
o


= average normal stress
P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of bar
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Shear Stress,
If an applied load consists of two equal and
opposite forces which are not in the same line,
then the material being loaded will tend to
shear as shown.



Shear stress is the force (acting tangent to the
area) per unit area
A
F
A
A
= t
t
Strain
Direct strain

Consider a uniform bar subjected to an axial
tensile load, F. If the resulting extension of
the bar is and its unloaded (original) length
is L, then the direct tensile strain is
L
o
c =
o
4
Shear strain
A shear stress produces a shear strain as is
shown below. The shear strain is defined as
For small deflection,





The shear strain is dimensionless and is
measured in radians
y
x
o
= tan
Example 1
The plate is deformed into the dashed shape. If, in this
deformed shape, horizontal lines on the plate remain
horizontal and do not change their length, determine (a)
the average normal strain along the side AB, and (b) the
average shear strain in the plate relative to the x and y
axes.
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Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line AB
after deformation, thus the length of this line is




The average normal strain for AB is







The negative sign indicates the strain causes a
contraction of AB.
Solution: Part (a)
( ) mm 018 . 248 3 2 250 '
2
2
= + = AB
( )
(Ans) 10 93 . 7
250
250 018 . 248 '
3
=

=
AB
AB AB
avg AB
c
As noted, the once 90angle BAC between the sides of
the plate, referenced from the x, y axes, changes to
due to the displacement of B to B.

Since then is the angle shown in the
figure.
Solution: Part (b)
'
2
u
t
=
xy
xy

(Ans) rad 0121 . 0

2 250
3
tan
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

xy

t
= G
Hookes Law defines the linear relationship
between the normal stress and strain within
the elastic region, i.e., Youngs modulus.
c o E =
=normal stress
E = Youngs modulus
= normal strain
While Youngs modulus describe the materials
response to direct strain, shear modulus, G
describe the materials response to shear strain
( ) v G E and + = 1 2
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states that in the elastic range, the lateral
strain is proportional to the direct strain (due
to stress), where


Negative sign, as direct strain
(negative) causes lateral
expansion (positive strain),
and vice versa.

Typical values for Poissons ratio are 1/3 or
1/4.
direct
lateral
v
c
c
=
Poissons Ratio, v
Example 2
A steel bar (E = 210GPa, v =0.32) has the dimensions
shown. If an axial force of is applied to the bar, determine
the change in its length and the change in the dimensions
of its cross section after applying the load. The material
behaves elastically.
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Solution:
The normal stress in the bar is
( )
( )
6
9
6
10 76
10 210
10 0 . 16

= = =
st
z
z
E
o
c
( )
( )( )
Pa 10 0 . 16
05 . 0 1 . 0
10 80
6
3
= = =
A
P
z
o
The axial elongation of the bar is therefore
( )( ) | | (Ans) m 114 5 . 1 10 76
6
z
c o = = =

z z
L
The contraction strains in x and y directions are
( ) | |
-6 6
10 3 . 24 10 76 32 . 0 = = = =

z st y x
v c c c
The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are
( )( ) | |
( )( ) | | (Ans) m 215 . 1 05 . 0 10 3 . 24
(Ans) m 43 . 2 1 . 0 10 3 . 24
6
6
c o
c o
= = =
= = =

y y y
x x x
L
L
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( )
z y
x
z
y
x
x
E
v
E
E
v
E
v
E
o o
o
o
o
o
c
+ =
=
( )
z x
y
y
E
v
E
o o
o
c + =
3D stress-strain
( )
x y
z
z
E
v
E
o o
o
c + =
( )( )
( )
( )
y z y x y
v
E
v v
vE
c c c c o
+
+ + +
+
=
1 2 1 1
( )( )
( )
( )
x z y x x
v
E
v v
vE
c c c c o
+
+ + +
+
=
1 2 1 1
( )( )
( )
( )
z z y x z
v
E
v v
vE
c c c c o
+
+ + +
+
=
1 2 1 1
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Plane stress
E
v
E
y
x
x
o
o
c =
E
v
E
x
y
y
o
o
c =
( )
y x z
E
v
o o c + =
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion
Most materials increase in volume as their
temperature increases
Change in length o of a structural member of
length L is proportional to temperature
increase AT:
o = o.AT.L
Constant of proportionality o (K
-1
) is
coefficient of linear thermal expansion
{C.T.E.}

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Increasing temperature causes expansion
and thus a positive strain and vice versa.
Then thermal strain, c = o/L = o.AT
L
o
A B
Unconstrained Bar
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Axial Stress in Constrained Bar
If there is any restriction on the material, then
a thermal stress will result. For an initially
unstressed prismatic bar AB, an axial stress
(F) developed as it undergoes an increase in
temperature.
L
L
o
F
A
A
B
B
In this case, principle of superposition is to
be applied
Within elastic limit, assess effects of
temperature change and load separately
Add results, noting sign, to determine total
effect, i.e. total strain = sum of strains due to
both external loads and thermal strains
Total strain, c = strain due to external load, F
+ thermal strain

0 = -(F/EA) + o.AT
F = o.AT.E.A
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Example 3