Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti

Chng 4
NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN HIU (R
S
) V
TNG TR TI (R
L
) LN MCH KHUCH I
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta phn tch v tnh ton cc thng s ca mch
khuch i dng BJT v FET khi khng c ti v ngun tn hiu c xem nh l tng
(khng c ni tr). Thc t, ngun tn hiu lun c ni tr R
S
v mch c ti R
L
. Ni tr
R
S
v ti R
L
nh vy s lm thay i cc thng s ca mch nh tng tr vo, tng tr ra,
li in th v li dng in. Ni dung ca chng ny l kho st nh hng ca
R
S
v R
L
ln cc thng s.
4.1 H THNG 2 CNG (two-port systems)
Ngi ta thng xem BJT v FET nh mt h thng 2 cng (hay t cc) nh hnh 4.1

Trong v
i
, i
i
, Z
i
ln lt l in th (tn hiu), dng in v tng tr ca ng vo.
v
0
, i
0
, Z
0
l in th, dng in v in tr ca ng ra. A
VNL
, A
INL
l li in th v
li dng in ca h thng. Ton b cc thng s ny c nh ngha khi ng ra khng
mc ti v khng c in tr ngun R
S
.
p dng nh l Thevenin hai cc ca ng ra, ta c:
Z
th
=Z
0
=R
0
Ngun in th Thevenin E
th
l in th mch h gia 2 u ng ra, l v
0
. Vy:

Nn E
th
=A
VNL
.v
i
Ta c th dng R
i
=Z
i
=v
i
/i
i
biu din mch ng vo v dng ngun Thevenin
E
th
=A
VNL
.V
i
v Z
0
=R
0
biu din ng ra ca h thng 2 cng.
Trng Vn Tm IV-1 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
th li mch tng ng ny, ta th tm Z
0
v A
VNL
. tm Z
0
, ta ni tt ng
vo tc v
i
=0v, t A
VNL
.v
i
=0v v tng ng vi mch ni tt, do Z
0
=R
0
nh
nh ngha pha trn. S vng mt ca ti s a n i
0
=0 v in th gim qua R
0
l
V
R0
=0. Do ng ra h chnh bng ngun A
VNL
.v
i
.

Th d: Cho mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 4.3. Hy v mch tng ng 2
cng.
Gii:
Phn gii mch ny ta tm c: Z
i
=1.07k; Z
0
=3k; A
VNL
=-280.11 (xem li
chng 2)
Dng cc d kin ny ta v li mch tng ng 2 cng nh hnh 4.4.

Du tr trong ngun in th ph thuc c ngha l ngun in th tht s ngc vi
ngun iu khin ch nh trn hnh v. N cng cho thy lch pha 180
0
gia in th
ng vo v ng ra.
Trong th d trn, in tr R
C
=3k c a vo xc nh li in th khng
ti. S phn tch trong chng ny s xem cc in tr phn cc l thnh phn ca li
khng ti, ti R
L
s c ni vo cc cc ca ng ra.
4.2 HIU NG CA TNG TR TI R
L
Phn ny, ta xem nh hng ca tng tr ti R
L
i vi kiu mu 2 cng. (xem
hnh 4.5)
p dng cng thc cu chia in th mch ng ra ta c:
Trng Vn Tm IV-2 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti


Tuy R
i
thay i ty theo dng mch, nhng dng in ng vo lun lun c xc
nh bi:

li dng in nh vy c th tm c t li in th, tng tr vo v
in tr ti.
ng thng ly in ng: (xoay chiu)


c xem nh ni tt v ti ca mch in c xem l R
L
v in tr cc thu R
C
mc
song song vi nhau. Tc dng ca in tr ti R
L
lm cho ng thng ly in ng c
dc ng hn dng in ly in tnh. im ch quan trng l c 2 ng thng ny
u qua cng mt im Q.
Trng Vn Tm IV-3 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
Khi cha mc ti R
L
, nu ta p mt tn hiu nh hnh sin vo cc nn ca transistor ,
dng in cc nn ca transistor s bin ng t I
B1
n I
B3
nn in th ng ra V
CE
cng
bin ng nh hnh v. Nu ta mc ti R
L
vo, v s bin ng ca I
B
vn khng thay i
nhng dc ca ng thng ly in thay i (ng hn) nn tn hiu ra V
B
CE
nh
hn.


4.3 NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN R
S
By gi ta quay li ng vo ca h thng 2 cng v kho st nh hng ca ni tr
ca ngun tn hiu ln li ca mch khuch i.
Hnh 4.8 m t mt ngun tn hiu V
S
c ni tr R
S
c p vo ng vo ca h
thng 2 cng cn bn.

Trng Vn Tm IV-4 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
T nh ngha ca Z
i
v A
VNL
ta thy chng khng b nh hng bi ni tr R
S

nhng tng tr ra c th b nh hng bi R
S
.
T hnh 4.8, ta thy tn hiu v
i
a vo h thng 2 cng by gi l:

Nh vy nu ni tr ngun R
S
cng ln th li ca mch cng nh (do tn hiu
vo v
i
nh).
Vi h thng 2 cng bn trn ta c:

4.4 NH HNG CHUNG CA R
S
V R
L
:
Hnh 4.9 l mt ngun tn hiu vi ni tr R
S
v mt ti R
L
c mc vo h thng 2
cng vi cc thng s ring Z
i
=R
i
, A
VNL
, Z
0
=R
0
nh nh ngha.

ng vo ta c:

li ton mch:
Trng Vn Tm IV-5 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti

Ngoi ra:

V i
S
=i
i
nn A
is
=A
i
tc phng trnh (4.6) v (4.7) cho cng mt kt qu.
Phng trnh (4.5) cho thy c hai R
S
v R
L
u c tc dng lm gim khuch
i.
4.5 MCH CC PHT CHUNG DNG BJT:
Trong phn ny ta xt cc dng khc nhau ca mch khch i cc pht chung dng
BJT vi nh hng ca R
S
v R
L
. S phn gii chi tit s khng c cp n do qu
quen thuc. y ta ch a ra cc kt qu chnh.
4.5.1 Mch phn cc c nh:
Kiu mch phn cc c nh c xc nh cc chi tit trong cc phn trc.
Mch tng ng vi ni tr ngun R
S
v ti R
L
nh hnh 4.10.

Ta c:
Trng Vn Tm IV-6 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti

Vi mch tng ng kiu mu r
e
nh hnh 4.11 cho mch phn cc c nh, ta phn gii
v s tm c cng kt qu.

tnh A
VS
, t mch tng 2 cng ta c:

4.5.2 Mch dng cu chia in th:
Vi mch dng cu chia in th (hnh 4.12), ti R
L
c ni cc thu.

4.5.3 Mch cc pht chung khng c t phn dng:
Mch in nh hnh 4.13
Trng Vn Tm IV-7 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti

Tng tr vo:

Tng tr ra:
Z
0
=R
C


4.5.4 Mch hi tip cc thu:
Dng mch nh hnh 4.14

4.6 MCH CC THU CHUNG:
Mch cc thu chung hay mch emitter-follower vi ti R
L
v ni tr ngun R
S
nh
hnh 4.15. im quan trng cn ch l mch ny Z
0
s b nh hng bi R
S
v Z
i
b
Trng Vn Tm IV-8 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
nh hng bi R
L
. Do khi dng mch tng ng 2 cng phn gii ta phi tnh li
Z
i
v Z
0
v a cc tr s mi ny vo mch tng ng 2 cng (xem th d).


Trong : R
E
=R
E
//R
L
; i
e
=(+1)i
b
T mch ng vo ta c:
v
S
=(R
S
+r
e
)i
b
+ (+1)R
E
i
b

T phng trnh ny ta c th v mch tng ng:

T ta c:
Trng Vn Tm IV-9 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti


Th d: Cho mch in hnh 4.18. Cc thng s ca mch khi khng c ti l: Z
i
=157.54
k
Z
0
=21.6 ( (khng c R
S
)
A
VNL
=0.993 vi r
e
=21.74, =65
Xc nh: a/ Gi tr mi ca Zi v Z
0
khi c R
L
v R
S
.


Gii
Trng Vn Tm IV-10 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
a/ Ta c tng tr vo v tng tr ra khi c R
S
v R
L
l:
Z
i
=R
B
//[r
e
+ R
E
//R
L
] = 75.46k
Z
0
=R
E
//(R
S
/ + r
e
)=30.08
b/ Ta c mch tng ng 2 cng:


4.7 MCH CC NN CHUNG:
Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.20
Tng tr vo v tng tr ra (Z
i
v Z
0
) cng ging nh trng hp khng ti. li
in th v dng in c xc nh bi:

Trng Vn Tm IV-11 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
4.8 MCH DNG FET:
FET, do cc cng cch in hn khi cc ngun v cc thot, nn trong mch
khuch i dng FET ti R
L
khng nh hng n tng tr vo Z
i
v ni tr ngun R
sig

khng nh hng ln tng tr ra Z
0
.
4.8.1 in tr cc ngun c t phn dng:
Xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 4.21. Ti R
L
c xem nh mc song
song vi in tr R
D
trong mch tng ng vi tn hiu nh. Ta c cc kt qu sau:

4.8.2 in tr cc ngun khng c t phn dng:
Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.21 nhng khng c t C
S
. Ta c kt qu:

4.8.3 Mch cc thot chung:
Mch nh hnh 4.22

Tng tr vo Z
i
c lp vi R
L
v c xc nh bi Z
i
=R
G
Trng Vn Tm IV-12 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
li in th khi c ti cng ging nh khi khng c ti vi R
S
c thay bng
R
S
//R
L

4.8.4 Mch cc cng chung:
Dng mch nh hnh 4.23



BI TP CUI CHNG IV
Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh 4.24
a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh cu a.
c/ Tnh li in th A
V
=v
0
/v
i
bng cch dng kiu mu 2 cng.
d/ Xc nh li dng in A
i
=i
0
/i
i
e/ Xc nh A
V
, Z
i
, Z
0
bng cch dng kiu mu r
e
v so snh kt qu vi phn trn.
Trng Vn Tm IV-13 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti


Bi 2: Cho mch in hnh 4.25

a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
b/ V mch tng 2 cng vi cc thng s c tnh cu a.
c/ Xc nh A
v
=v
0
/v
i
v A
VS
= v
0
/v
S
.
d/ Thay R
S
=1k, xc nh A
V
v A
VS
. Khi R
S
tng A
V
v A
VS
thay i nh th no?
e/ Thay R
S
=1k, xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
. Cc thng s ny thay i ra sao khi R
S
tng.
f/ Thay R
L
=5.6k.Xc nh A
V
v A
VS
. Khi R
L
tng A
V
v A
VS
thay i nh th no?
(R
S
vn l 0.6k).






Bi 3: Cho mch in hnh 4.26
a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
.
b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh c cu a.
c/ Xc dnh A
V
v A
VS
.
d/ Thay R
L
=4.7k. Tm li A
V
, A
VS
. Nhn xt?
e/ Thay R
Sig
=1k (vi R
L
=4.7k). tm li A
V
v A
VS
. Nhn xt?
f/ Thay R
L
=4.7k, R
Sig
=1k. Tm li Z
i
, Z
0
. Nhn xt?
Trng Vn Tm IV-14 Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti




Trng Vn Tm IV-15 Mch in T