Norsharina Kamsani Ili Syazwani Che Mohd Rosley QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT A. Grow firms and sectors As we emerge slowly from the first global recession since World War II, many governments have taken a more proactive approach to boost growth and competitiveness, and many business leaders support these efforts. Given the fragility of the business and economic climateand strained public coffersthe responsibility to get policy right is acute. Experience shows that governments have, at best, a mixed record in this regard. An important reason why public intervention in markets has been hit or miss is that action has tended to be based on academic and policy research that has looked through an economy-wide lens to understand competitivenessin other words, whether one country is "more competitive" than another. This approach has all too often failed to capture the fact that the conditions that promote competitiveness differ significantly from sector to sectorand so, therefore, do the most effective potential regulations and policies. i) The competitiveness of sectors matters more than the mix Some governments worry about the "mix" of their economies, but our research shows that those countries that outperform their peers do not have a more favorable sector mix. Instead, their individual sectors are more competitive. ii) To generate jobs, service-sector competitiveness is the key Many governments are looking to manufacturing sectors as a new source for growth and jobs. But service sectors will continue to be necessary for strong job creation. In high-income economies, service sectors accounted for all net job growth between 1995 and 2005. Even in middle-income countries, where industry contributes almost half of overall GDP growth, 85 percent of net new jobs came from service sectors. iii) Policy impacts nontradable sector competitiveness directly; in tradable sectors, getting policy right is more complicated In nontradable "domestic" sectors, the incentives for companies set by regulation are decisive in raising productivity and employmentand policy changes can impact sector performance in two to three years. In traded sectors, where success requires local companies to be competitive in the regional or global marketplace, policy requires broader understanding of the global industry landscape. To improve their odds of success in these sectors, policymakers should target activities with realistic potential for competitive advantage, base action on solid business logic, and implement policy in close collaboration with the private sector. Competitiveness in new innovative sectors is not enough to boost economy-wide employment and growth Many policymakers are pinning their hopes today on innovative new sectors such as cleantech as the answer to the challenges of competitiveness, growth, and jobs. Yet such sectors are too small to make a difference to economy-wide growth. Even mature semiconductor sectors account for 0.5 percent or less of developed economies employment. It is true that innovative sectors can improve business processes and productivity in many other sectorsbut these user benefits dont require local suppliers. To streamline the complex analysis governments need to undertake, MGI offers a new framework of six sector groups that share characteristics and respond to similar approaches to enhancing competitiveness. They are (1) infrastructure services (2) local services (3) business services (4) research and development(R&D)-intensive manufacturing (5) manufacturing (6) resource-intensive industries. In each of these groups, competitiveness levers vary and how policy has influenced competitiveness in each. These six categories provide a useful framework for understanding what determines competitiveness in different kinds of industries and what tangible actions governments and businesses can take to improve competitiveness. For businesses, how government policy evolves is of critical importance. A December 2009 McKinsey survey found that a majority of those polled expect government involvement in their industry to increase over the next three to five years, and one-third of them believe that government policy can impact more than 10 percent of their operating income. However, a majority of executives polled did not regard their companies engagement with government to be effective. Companies shouldn't be content to take a passive stance toward government activism in the market and need to do more to include policy explicitly in their strategy, alert policymakers to the challenges they face, and become thought partners to governments on competitiveness policies.
B. Balanced Environmental-Economical Aspects Sustainability in the 21st century will require investments in smart development, Groff said, pointing to innovations such as fuel-efficient freight fleets, clean energy sources, less water intensive crops, improved biotechnology for lower use of chemical fertilizers, and greater levels of rain harvesting and recycling in urban centers. These measures not only make environmental sense, they can also reduce costs.
Precision agriculture, efficient water supply and re-use, and clean energy fuels are already part of the green growth agenda in the region, they simply need appropriate policy signals and regulatory incentives in order to be implemented.
C. Promote Energy Efficient City Cities are an important engine for economic growth and socioeconomic development. By 2030, almost 5 Billion (about 60 percent of the global population) will live in cities, leading to massive requirements for energy to power growth and expand basic infrastructure. Energy efficiency can offer practical solutions to budget-constrained cities to meet their energy needs without sacrificing their development priorities.
This is because energy efficient activities are generally cost-effective; that is, higher upfront investment for a more efficient system is offset by lower recurring energy costs. i) Wind Energy
ii) Streetlight technology
The technology aims to reduce energy and maintenance costs and lower greenhouse gas emissions, while improving light quality. Currently, the city's 6,300 streetlights cost around $700,000 annually in energy and maintenance costs. Streetlights networked with Echelon's intelligent controls make the lights themselves smarter. The lights are able to communicate with maintenance and management software. They can also be remotely dimmed, monitored and controlled. The combination of command and control for individual lights and an ability to communicate with expert systems can reduce a city's energy consumption, light pollution levels, and the operating and maintenance costs associated with streetlights. The demonstration compares the energy efficiency of new lighting technologies, including LED and induction, with the existing high pressure sodium lights. The city plans to replace all 6,300 streetlights by 2035, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 600 to 950 metric tons per year, or the equivalent of removing approximately 120 cars from the road for a year. iii) Smart Home System
D. Integrating Transport System 1. Close co-ordination of transport and land use development
This transportation planning will help in minimizing environmental impacts due to less traffic congestion and thus less burned fuel to move from a place to another. These facilities that are close to the transportation hub and network will ease disabled to move to their places. This is what we call as a compact city design where main roads are only to be used by private transports.
2. Users will have convenient access to the services & facilities they need
3. Smart transportation system
PARKING Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is often permitted, though sometimes with restrictions. Parking facilities are constructed in combination with some buildings, to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings' users.
Parking controls, raising parking prices or reducing the amount of parking areas, can be used to deter the use of privately owned vehicles in areas of highest demand by raising the price of commuting to high density areas. Again, the expected result of this strategy is to encourage (or force) commuters to seek cheaper alternatives either in mass transit or carpooling. In kajang By use multi center strategy we can reduce the traffic jam in city center and solve the parking problem and by construct Kajang Sentral in Kajang station location all the parking problem will be solved. Urban Design Principles Planning to effectively meet the conditions and realities of a Post Carbon, Climate Responsible world will require a shift in our current understanding of what constitutes good urban design and planning. Many of the practices that we now take for granted, such as planning cities around automobile transportation, and zoning for single uses, will no longer be economically, environmentally, or culturally viable. To address the changes in urban design and planning, we are putting forward the following principles for resilient urban planning and design in a post-carbon, climate-responsive building environment. 1. Density, Diversity and Mix Resilient Cities and neighbourhoods will need to embrace density, diversity and mix of uses, users, building types, and public spaces. Creating resiliency and reducing the carbon footprint of urban development requires us to maximize the active use of space and land. A single use low density residential neighbourhood or suburban business parks, are typically underutilized during long periods of time. A vibrant and sufficiently densely populated urban environment, by contrast, is well used round-the-clock, all days of the week, and during all seasons. This results from a closely knit mix of uses (e.g. offices, residences, coffee shops etc.), with sufficient density, and which are accessible to a diversity of users (e.g. children, youth, seniors, high-income, low-income,etc.). Dense mixed use neighbourhoods also allow for the effective functioning of all types of business, social and cultural activities with very low inputs of energy for transportation and logistics, thus increasing the resilience of these neighbourhoods 2.Transit Supportive Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will develop in a way that is transit supportive. After walking and cycling, transit is the most sustainable mode of transportation. Resilient cities will need to re-orient their way of thinking, by shifting from car oriented urban patterns (e.g. cul-de-sacs and expressways) to transit oriented urban patterns and developments (e.g. mobility hubs, intensified corridors, and TODs). Not only will pedestrian, and mass transportation friendly planning increase the quality of life of a cities, as fuel prices rise after Peak Oil, only cities that are viable without heavy dependence on the car will have the best chances of economic and social success.
3. Pedestrians Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will prioritize walking as the preferred mode of travel, and as a defining component of a healthy quality of life. Reducing car-dependency is a key objective and imperative. Luckily, the alternative modes of transportation namely walking, cycling, and transit result in more sustainable urban environments, and in an improved quality of life. It are the cities and neighbourhoods that have prioritized walking, that have created desirable locations to live, work, play, and invest in. (The term pedestrian, as used in these principles, includes persons with disabilities.)
4. Place-Making Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will focus energy and resources on conserving, enhancing, and creating strong, vibrant places, which are a significant component of the neighbourhoods structure and of the communitys identity. All successful cities and successful neighbourhoods include vibrant places, with a strong sense of identity, which are integral to community life and the public realm: parks, plazas, courtyards, civic buildings, public streets, etc. A resilient post-carbon community, which reorients city-life to the pedestrian scale (a 500 m radius), must focus its efforts to creating a number of local destinations, which attract a critical-mass of users and activities. Sprawl, for example, has very little place-making. A traditional village or an urban downtown, by contrast, have innumerable nocks and crannies, grand public spaces, gorgeous streetscapes, which make them desirable, successful, and sustainable. Heritage resources buildings, structures, and landscapes represents a significant opportunity for place-making (i.e. through their cultural significance and identity), as well as a significant environmental investment (i.e. through their embedded energy) that should be conserved and leveraged. 5. Complete Communities Resilient neighbourhoods will provide the needs of daily living, within walking distance (a 500 m radius). Resilient communities, will reduce their carbon footprint by ensuring people opt to walk or cycle, instead of using a car. To achieve this, destinations must be accessible within a pleasant walking distance people should be able and willing to walk from home to work, to school, to shop, to recreate, and to engage the activities of their everyday life. Longer distances should be achievable through transit. Connectivity is central to making an area pedestrian oriented. Streets and pedestrian walkways must be enjoyable to walk, must link key destinations, and must operate at a fine scale. Communities must also be compact and concentrate a critical-mass of people and activities to support walking, and to support animated and vibrant place-making. 6. Integrated Natural Systems Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will conserve and enhance the health of natural systems (including climate) and areas of environmental significance, and manage the impacts of climate change. Our individual and collective health is intricately tied to the health of air, water, land, and climate. How we choose to live, how we choose to move around, how we develop land, all have an impact on the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the weather we experience. Cities and neighbourhoods need to develop in a way that conserves and enhances the quality of the water flow and supply, likewise for the quality of air and land. Climate is, increasingly, a key driver to transforming our development patterns and living choices. Action on this front is imperative. The health and integrity of wildlife and vegetation are also a priority. Protecting existing biodiversity, indigenous or endangered species, wetlands, the tree canopy, connectivity, are all a necessary aspect of securing healthy natural systems.
7. Integrated Technical and Industrial Systems Resilient Cities and neighbourhoods will enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of their technical and industrial systems and processes, including their manufacturing, transportation, communications and construction infrastructure and systems to increase their energy efficiency, and reduce their environmental footprint. The economic health and vitality of cities is inextricably bound up with the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of its technical and industrial systems and processes. The importance of reducing negative environmental impacts of economic activities and processes, as well as reducing their dependence on fossil fuels will require us to develop more integrated and more highly efficient industrial processes and technical systems that ensure a maximum of efficiency in the use of both materials and energy resources, as well as the elimination of all wasteful and potentially harmful bi- products. Technical and industrial uses need to be integrated into the city in ways that allow them to make the most efficient and synergistic connections and associations with similar and complementary uses that will design for waste products from one industry or technical process (such as heat energy) to be effectively used as a beneficial input in another industry or technical process, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the city as a system, while reducing the creation of harmful and/or wasteful bi-products. The health and integrity of the neighbourhoods that these technical and industrial systems are part of is also a priority for the Resilient City. The strategic integration of industrial and technical systems into mixed use neighborhoods' should be planned so as to produce not only better economic performance, but also to create easily accessible and safe working environments, healthy surrounding neighborhoods, and no negative impacts on the natural environment 8. Local Sources Resilient regions, cities, and neighborhoods' will grow and produce the resources they need, in close proximity (200 kilometer radius). The environmental cost of the movement of goods and energy increases every day, and the potential for price increases in transportation fuels as a result of Peak Oil increase the future costs of non-local sources. Thus, populations must seek to satisfy their consumption needs from local and regional sources. The 100-mile diet and local-food movement has increased awareness of the importance of consuming local products, to decreasing our carbon footprint. The same principle that applies to food, also applies to the manufacture of goods, the production of energy (e.g. district energy, district heating), recreation needs (i.e. 100-mile tourism), waste disposal, water management, and any other resources which we consume. 9. Redundant and Durable Life Safety and Critical Infrastructure Systems Resilient Cities and neighbourhoods will plan and design for redundancy and durability of their life safety and critical infrastructure systems. Planning and design of these systems will aim for levels of redundancy and durability that are commensurate with the increasing environmental, social, and economic stresses associated with the impacts of climate change and peak oil. The physical, social and economic health of the Resilient City and its citizens is directly connected to the citys ability to maintain the effective functioning of its key life safety and critical infrastructure systems especially during episodes of intense environmental stress (such as during severe storms, floods, or other weather related events). Key infrastructure systems such as drinking water supply, electrical power, and residential heating in winter, and key life safety systems, such as police, fire, and emergency response services and their support systems, must be planned and designed for a level of redundancy and durability that will allow them to be durable enough to resist present and future environmental stresses, as well as to have enough redundancy built into their design to allow the system as a whole to remain sufficiently functional and intact that if one or more constituant parts of the system is compromised, the system as a whole will nevertheless remain operational and able to provide the necessary outputs or services. 10. Resilient Operations Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will develop building types and urban forms with reduced servicing costs, and reduced environmental footprints. Urban sprawl is extremely expensive to service and maintain the amount of land, roads, pipes, and infrastructure required per capita is disproportionately large. A compact, mixed-use urban environment, by contrast, is far more efficient in its demand for municipal services and infrastructure requirements. Resilient cities will not subsidize inefficient forms of development. CONTEXT FOR OVERALL PLAN Considers the wider context of the local setting, the characteristics of the site for development, and strategies for the overall design character of a proposal, to be attractive and function well, the plan should take into account the following: 1- Respecting the local site The design should pay particular attention to the characteristics of the local setting. The context of the site should be analyzed to ensure that the development will: respect the qualities of the best of the surrounding landscapes and townscapes, provide spatial characteristics and building forms that are sympathetic to the surroundings, respond to existing land uses and provide an appropriate mix of dwellings and uses, Integrate with existing patterns of movement.
2- Responding to the site The design will need to respond sympathetically to the characteristics of the site to achieve the quality desired. This section illustrates relevant aspects for undertaking the necessary site evaluation, and includes guidance on assessments of the history of the site, landform, flora and fauna, climate and noise and nuisance. Main objectives The characteristics of the site should be analyzed to ensure that the development will: respect the history of the site, and appropriately protect and integrate features of the archaeological and built heritage, respond to the form of the land, its contours and views to and from the site, make the best use of existing vegetation, and protect or create, appropriate conditions for flora and fauna to thrive, Promote designs that respond to the microclimate of the site, and that might contribute to the energy efficiency of the buildings designed.
3-Creating attractive surroundings and spaces to live Main objectives The Department will wish to see designs that have: - a distinctive overall sense of place that takes into account the characteristics of the site and its setting, - quality and sustainability in the overall layout, in the form and of the buildings, and the spaces around, - a visually attractive human scale in each of the places created within the development, - an appropriate use of trees and other plants, - a feeling of security and a sense of vitality in all parts of the
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SECURITY AND SAFETY Security and safety environmental sustainability are not only compatible goals, but security is also a critical component and integral part of sustainability. Sustainability has been considered the broader, more encompassing category, and the role and importance of security as an element of sustainability is often not explicitly recognized. There are essentially three key principles to building in safety, namely:
Ensuring natural surveillance and human presence This is achieved by: making buildings front onto the public realm . putting eyes on streets and minimizing exposed blank facades. mixing uses, particularly at ground level, adding vitality at different times of the day and night and over time. designing an integrated network of streets. locating parking in front of buildings on-street or in secure private courtyards. being careful not to make planting too high or dense to screen
Potential assailants in certain locations. - minimizing conflict by providing safe routes for walking and cycling . - designing-in territoriality and community involvement.
When people view public space as their own, they begin to take responsibility for it. Places can be designed to foster a sense of ownership, mutual protection and belonging (a factor emphasized in the design of Greenwich Millennium Village).
LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY
From the figure above, we can see that Kajang is a compacted city with residential area developing towards the green area. What can we proposed to have more greener Kajang is to implemented green city development. With green buildings and more reserved areas, Kajang environment will be more favorable to live. This can raise the land value.
provide habitat for cover, foraging, and other life history characteristics including key species interactions; facilitate species movement, migration, dispersal, succession, and establishment within and through a landscape; provide natural patterns and processes that species are adapted to including seasonal flooding, habitat structure, habitat adjacencies, shading and light reduce threats to wildlife survival including habitat sinks, invasive species, inappropriate land uses adjacent to habitat, and light pollution. What can we do to improve biodervisity in cities?
Residential areas stimulate the citizens experience nature in their own living environment be diverse on how urban reen should be designed and managed: variety in type and size of green provide habitat for more biodervisity understand that residential areas are intrinsic part of the territory of many plant and animal species: nature does not stop at planned borders use every opportunity to restore nature processes Economic Areas illustrate to urban developers and entrepenuers that conservation of biodervisity is a way to improve social status understand that the monofunctional use of economic area provide many opportunities for nature conservation think dynamic if it comes to nature conservation because both nature and economic area are dynamic.
Urban Parks protect indigenous vegetation and communicate about this as being valuable choose not only for solitary tress and lawns but also natural river banks, restoration of succession of natural vegetation take care if connections with other urban green and peri-urban areas
This picture above is from Stockholm,Sweden. This city is the best model for the green city. There are many parks in the city. So the city people can relax within the city.
Renewable Energy We proposed to have a renewable enrgy program. The program provides Kajang residents and businesses the opportunity to support clean energy resources, such as solar and wind. Renewable energy developments accommodated throughout Kajang in locations where the technology is viable and environmental, economic, and social impacts can be addressed satisfactorily Regional spatial strategies and local development documents should contain policies designed to promote and encourage, rather than restrict, the development of renewable energy resources Local planning authorities-only allocate specific sites for renewable energy in plans where a developer has interest in the site, has confirmed that the site is viable
Air Quality Reduce emissions from major regional sources Develop and implement local air quality management programs Enhance air quality information and public awareness improving the overall transportation system to encourage alternative, low-polluting forms of transportation, such as public transit, cycling and walking developing smog-management plans setting bylaws to control vehicle exhaust and smoke Facilitate the adoption of electric vehicles Update our air quality code
Water Quality and Drainage Rainwater Harvesting A system that collects rain water from where it falls rather than allowing it to drain away. It includes water that is collected within the boundaries of a property, from roofs and surrounding surfaces
Porous Surfaces Porous Surfaces a surface that infiltrates water to the sub-base across the entire surface of the material forming the surface, e.g. grass, gravel, porous concrete and porous asphalt.
Pervious Surfaces Pervious Surfaces surfaces that allow inflow of rainwater into the underlying construction or soil
Contained flooding - it may be acceptable to allow shallow flooding of a car park once or twice a year rather than building a larger drainage system to cater for such events.
Infiltration Trenches Infiltration Trenches a trench, usually filled with permeable granular material, designed to promote infiltration of surface water to ground.
Infiltration Basins Infiltration Basins a dry basin designed to promote infiltration of surface water to the ground.
Filter or French Drains Filter or French Drains a linear drain consisting of a trench filled with permeable material, often with a perforated pipe in the base of the trench to assist drainage, to store and conduct water, but may also be designed to permit infiltration.
Swales a shallow vegetated channel designed to conduct and retain water, but may also permit infiltration; the vegetation filters particulate matter.
Filter Strips a vegetated area of gently sloping ground designed to drain water evenly off impermeable areas and to filter out silt and other particulates
Detention Basins a vegetated depression, normally dry except after storm events, constructed to store water temporarily to attenuate flows. May allow infiltration of water into the ground.
Bioretention Areas- vegetated areas designed to collect and treat water before discharge via a piped system or infiltration to the ground.
Retention Ponds these are features where run-off is detained for a sufficient time to allow settlement and possibly biological treatment of some pollutants.
Wetlands a pond that has a high proportion of emergent vegetation in relation to open water
Sustainable Drainage Systems
These are physical structures built to receive surface water run off from urban developments. e.g. ponds, wetland swamps, pervious surfaces and soakaways. These may provide treatment for water prior to discharge using natural processes of sedimentation, filtration, absorption and biological degradation. By reducing the quantity of run off, slowing down flow rates to rivers and streams and treating water in a natural way, it will:
reduce the risk of flooding improve the quality of water in rivers, streams and ground water protect natural habitats improve the appearance of urban areas as more water will be on the surface rather than underground
swales
Rain water harvesting
Sustainable drainage system. To increase infiltration.