DIODE v Mch ng dng

DIODE v Mch ng dng

Bi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

Diode chnh lu v diode chuyn mch

ng c tuyn ca diode
Cu to ca it v k hiu trong s mch in.
it bn dn l cu kin gm c mt lp tip xc P-N v hai chn cc l ant (k hiu
l A) v catt (k hiu l K). Ant c ni ti bn dn P, catt c ni vi bn dn N
c bc trong v bo v bng kim loi hoc nha tng hp.

Cu to v k hiu ca it bn dn trn s mch

S nguyn l ca diode

Hnh 4.2: S nguyn l ca diode

Khi a in p ngoi c cc dng vo ant, m vo catt (UAK > 0) th it s dn
in v trong mch c dng in chy qua v lc ny tip xc P-N c phn cc thun.

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DIODE v Mch ng dng

c tnh gi tr ca diode
c tuyn vn-ampe ca it bn dn.
c tuyn vn- ampe ca it biu th mi quan h gia dng in qua it vi in p
t gia hai chn cc ant v catt (UAK). y chnh l c tuyn vn-ampe ca lp
tip xc P-N, do vy dng in chy qua it c tnh theo cng thc sau:

c tuyn V-A ca it bn dn

Phn thun ca c tuyn (khi UAK > 0):

Khi it c phn cc thun th dng in thun tng rt nhanh. Ta phi ch n gi
tr dng in thun cc i Ithun max, it khng c lm vic vi dng in cao hn
tr s ny.
Khi UAK >0 nhng tr s nh th dng in thun qu nh nn i t cha c coi l
phn cc thun. Ch khi in p thun UAK UD th i t mi c tnh l phn cc
thun v it mi dn in. in p UD c gi l in p thun ngng ca it. Khi
UAK = UD th dng in thun c tr s bng khong 0,1Ith.max. v khi UAK > UD th
dng in thun tng nhanh v tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi in p. UD c gi tr bng
(0,1 0,3)V i vi it gecmani v bng (0,4 0,8)V i vi it silic.

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DIODE v Mch ng dng

in tr mt chiu hay cn gi l in tr tnh: R0

L in tr ca it khi lm vic ch ngun mt chiu hoc ti ch tnh:
R0 = U/I []
in tr mt chiu R0 chnh l nghch o gc nghing ca c tuyn Vn-Ampe ti
im lm vic tnh M (gc 1).
Thng thng, do tnh dn in mt chiu ca it nn R0thun << R0ngc.
in tr ng Ri :
L mt tham s quan trng v Ri t l vi cotang gc nghing ca ng tip tuyn vi
c tuyn Vn-Ampe ti im lm vic tnh M ca it (cotg 2).
Do tnh dn in mt chiu nn I >> I0 v I
Ri =d U/dI []
Do tnh dn in mt chiu nn I >> I0 v U/VT
>>=1 do :
R0 = VT/I
Ta thy rng ti mt im lm vic th R0 > Ri (v c gc 2 > 1).
Ta thy rng ti mt im lm vic th R > R (v c gc > ).

Mch chnh lu
C nhiu cch phn loi it: c th da vo vt liu ch to, vo ng dng, vo cng
ngh ch to, v.v.. c cc loi it tip mt, it tip im, it chnh lu, it n p,
it tch sng, it m tn, it cao tn, v.v.. Sau y ta ni n mt s loi it thng
s dng.

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DIODE v Mch ng dng

Mch chnh lu na sng

a. Mch chnh lu na chu k v dng in p trn ti b. Mch chnh lu ton sng (c chu k)
v dng in trn ti

Hin nay it chnh lu ph bin nht l it Silic v c nhit lm vic cao. it

chnh lu Gemani dng cho cc chnh lu cng sut nh. Dng in chnh lu v in p
ngc cho php ph thuc nhiu vo nhit mi trng nn cc it cng sut thng
c gn trn cc b ta nhit.
it chnh lu Gecmani: L it ch to t cht bn dn Ge.
it chnh lu gecmani c dng in ngc bo ha kh nh khong vi trm
micrampe. in p ngc ti a cho php khng vt qu 400 V. c tuyn phn
ngc c on bo ha v hin tng nh thng xy ra thng l nh thng v nhit
nn c tuyn c on in tr m.
Nhit lm vic gii hn ca it chnh lu Ge l 75C. Cc it chnh lu Ge cng
sut ln thng phi dng cc phng php ta nhit tt.
in dung ca it kh ln (hng chc pF) nn it Ge thng dng tn s thp.
it chnh lu Silic: L cc it c ch to t cht bn dn Si Phn ngc ca c
tuyn V-A ca it Si khng c on bo ha r rt. in p ngc ti a cho php cao
hn nhiu so vi it Ge v khi cha b nh thng th lm vic kh n nh. Nhit
lm vic gii hn ca it Silic l 125C.
it Silic c in p nh thng c th ln ti 2500 V v hin tng nh thng v in
l ch yu.

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DIODE v Mch ng dng

it chnh lu a tinh th
L loi it c dng kh rng ri. Thng thng cc it ny c lp ghp sn theo
mt s nht nh to thnh cc ct chnh lu.
it chnh lu a tinh th thng gp l it Slen, it xit ng.

Cu to v hnh nh mt s loi diode trn thc t

Mch chnh lu c sng

S lp rp nh c ch ra hnh 4.4b. Mch chnh lu c sng chnh lu c c 2
na chu k, cho cng sut ln hn.
Mch lc in p ra
Sau khi chnh lu, in p ra c a qua mch lc loi b cc tn hiu qu phm vi
khai thc.
Mch nhn i in p v nhn n

Diode chuyn mch

Nguyn l c bn

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DIODE v Mch ng dng

Mch lgic

Mt s loi diode khc

Diode Zener
C s nguyn l v cc ch hot ng
Nh kho st phn trc, khi in th phn cc nghch ca diode ln, nhng ht t
in sinh ra di tc dng nhit b in trng mnh trong vng him tng vn tc v
ph v cc ni ho tr trong cht bn dn. C ch ny c chng cht v sau cng ta c
dng in ngc rt ln. Ta ni diode ang trong vng b ph hu theo hin tng tu
h hng ni P-N.
Ta cng c mt loi ph hu khc do s ph hu trc tip cc ni ho tr di tc dng
ca in trng. S ph hu ny c tnh hon nghch, ngha l khi in trng ht tc
dng th cc ha tr c lp li, ta gi hin tng ny l hiu ng Zener.
Hiu ng ny c ng dng cc diode Zener. Bng cch thay i nng cht pha,
ngi ta c th ch to c cc diode Zener c in th Zener khong vi volt n vi
hng trm volt. l khi phn cc thun, c tuyn ca diode Zener ging ht c
tuyn c dng ca diode Zener l khi phn cc nghch vng Zener, in th ngang
qua diode gn nh khng thay i trong khi dng in qua n bin thin mt khong
rng.
c tnh gi tr
C nhiu mc in p n p khc nhau, cng sut. Hai thng s cn ch quan tm
l:
in p n p
Cng sut ca diode
Cc ng dng c bn
ng dng chnh l dng trong mch n nh in p (mch n p)
Diode bin dung
C s nguyn l v cc ch hot ng
Phn trn ta thy, s phn b in tch dng v m trong vng him thay i khi
in th phn cc nghch thay i, to ra gia hai u diode mt in dung:

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DIODE v Mch ng dng

CT = |Q/V| = A/Wd
in dung chuyn tip CT t l nghch vi rng ca vng him, tc t l nghch vi
in th phn cc.
c tnh trn c ng dng ch to diode bin dung m tr s in dung s thay
i theo in th phn cc nghch nn cn c gi l VVC diode (voltage-variable
capacitance diode). in dung ny c th thay i t 5pF n 100pF khi in th phn
cc nghch thay i t 3 n 25V.

c tuyn ca diode bin dung

Cc ng dng c bn
Mt ng dng ca diode l dng n nh mt t in thay i. Th d nh mun thay i
tn s cng hng ca mt mch, ngi ta thay i in th phn cc nghch ca mt
diode bin dung.

ng dng ca diode bin dung

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