M T Có Duong Tong

II
MUC LUC
Li cam n................................................................................................. i
Muc luc ...................................................................................................... ii
Danh muc cac bang................................................................................... iv
Danh muc cac hnh, s o va o th.......................................................... vi
Li m au................................................................................................. viii

CHNG 1: TONG QUAN VE NHAN .......................................... 1
1.1. Nguon goc phan bo ...............................................................................2
1.2. ac tnh thc vat ...................................................................................3
1.2.1. Cay nhan ........................................................................................3
1.2.2. La ....................................................................................................4
1.2.3. Hoa .................................................................................................4
1.2.4. Qua .................................................................................................4
1.3. Nhu cau sinh thai ..................................................................................6
1.3.1. Nhiet o ..........................................................................................6
1.3.2. Anh sang.........................................................................................6
1.3.3. Lng ma .....................................................................................6
1.3.4. at ..................................................................................................6
1.4. Giong .....................................................................................................6
1.5. Thu hoach, phan loai va bao quan.......................................................8
1.6. Gia tr s dung.......................................................................................8
1.6.1. Thc pham......................................................................................8
1.6.2. Cac dang s dung khac................................................................11
CHNG 2: NGUYEN LIEU VA
PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU................................................. 12
2.1. Nguyen lieu.........................................................................................13
2.1.1. Nhan .............................................................................................13
2.1.2. Nc .............................................................................................13
2.1.3. ng ...........................................................................................14
2.1.4. Acid citric .....................................................................................14
2.1.5. Pectin............................................................................................14
2.1.6. CMC .............................................................................................16
2.1.7. Kali sorbate ..................................................................................16
2.1.8. Canxi citrate .................................................................................17
2.1.9. Chat x hoa tan Litesse II .........................................................17
2.2. Phng phap nghien cu.....................................................................19
2.2.1. Qui trnh cong nghe e xuat ........................................................19
2.2.2. S o va noi dung nghien cu.....................................................23
2.2.3. Cac phng phap phan tch .........................................................29
III

CHNG 3: KET QUA NGHIEN CU VA BAN LUAN....................37
3.1. Khao sat nguyen lieu..........................................................................38
3.1.1.Tht qua .........................................................................................38
3.1.2. Dch qua sau loc...........................................................................38
3.2. Khao sat cac thong so ky thuat cua qui trnh
san xuat nc nhan uc .............................................................................39
3.2.1. Khao sat lng nc can pha loang............................................39
3.2.2. Khao sat lng ng can bo sung.............................................40
3.2.3. Khao sat qua trnh thanh trung va ham lng phu gia bao quan
Kali sorbate...............................................................................................42
3.2.4. Khao sat lng va loai phu gia on nh he huyen phu ..............43
3.3. Khao sat cac thong so ky thuat cua qui trnh
san xuat mt ong nhan.............................................................................45
3.3.1.Khao sat ty le puree:ng
va kha nang tao ong cua san pham.......................................................45
3.3.2. Khao sat bien phap bao quan san pham.....................................46
3.4. anh gia chat lng san pham...........................................................47
3.4.1. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua san pham.............................................47
3.4.2. Ch tieu vi sinh cua san pham.....................................................48
3.4.3. anh gia cam quan san pham.....................................................49
3.5. San pham mt ong nhan co s dung chat x...................................53
CHNG 4: KET LUAN VA E NGH ...................................... 58
4.1. Ket luan...............................................................................................59
4.2. e ngh ................................................................................................60
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO .......................................................... 62
PHU LUC................................................................................ 64

CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 1

CHUONG 1:
TONG QUAN
VE NHAN

CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 2
Hnh 1.1: Nong dan va cay nhan
1.1. Nguun guc phun bu |1]:
Nhan thuoc giong
Dimocarpus ho Sapindaceae, co
ten khoa hoc la Dimocarpus
longan Lour.
Nhan c xem nh la cay
ban x trong nhng vung at thap
cua Sri Lanka, Nam An o, Mien
ien va Trung Quoc. Hien nay,
nhan c trong nhng vung co
o cao trung bnh en 1000m,
cac day nui t Mien ien en pha
Nam Trung Quoc, chu yeu tai Thai
Lan, Trung Quoc, ai Loan, va
mot so tai Hong Kong, Lao, Viet
Nam va Florida (My). Mien Nam Trung Quoc c cho la trung tam chon loc
va mo ta cac dong nhan sm nhat the gii (khoang the ky 11 sau Cong
nguyen).
Viet Nam, nhan c trong chu yeu ong bang song Cu Long, mien
Bac va vung ong Nam Bo. Trong o, ong bang song Cu Long chiem 70-
80% tong dien tch trong. T 1998-2001, co s gia tang dien tch vung trong
nhan:

CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 8
Bang 1.1: Dien tch trong va san lng nhan Viet Nam [1]

Vung
Nam
ong bang song
Cu Long
Mien Bac ong Nam Bo

Dien
tch
(ha)
San
lng
(tan)
Dien
tch
(ha)
San
lng
(tan)
Dien
tch
(ha)
San
lng
(tan)
1998 28,600 27,000 4,000 40,000 1,314 10,000
1999 30,030 280,000 5,000 50,000 6,570 35,000
2001 49000 360,000 39,318 70,961 - -
1.2. Duc tnh thuc vut |1]:
1.2.1. Cuy nhun:
Cay cao khoang 5-10m, co the len en 20m, tan tron eu, ram la, xanh
quanh nam. Vo than thng san sui, t lang, go gion.

Hnh 1.2: Cay nhan
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 4
Hnh 1.4: Hoa nhan
1.2.2. Lu:
La thuoc loai la kep long chim,
co t 4-10 cap la n moc oi xng
hay so le. La co hnh mac, dai 10-
20m, va rong 3.5-5m. Mat la xanh
am, bong lang, con lng la mau xanh
nhat. Cuong la ngan, gan chnh va
gan phu noi ro. La non mau o, tm
hay nau tuy giong va thay oi theo
thi tiet.
1.2.8. Huu:
Hoa co hai loai: lng tnh va c. Cac loai hoa phat trien goi len nhau
tren mot phat hoa, hoa c n trc,
hoa lng tnh n sau, cuoi cung lai la
hoa c n. Thi gian n cua hoa mat
khoang 3-4 ngay. Phat hoa moc au
ngon canh, khong mang la, thang va co
nhng gie nho phan nhanh vi goc o
rong dai 30cm. Hoa nho, mau vang nau
lt, co 5-6 canh hoa. Nh c co long t,
nhng bao phan th khong. Bau noan
c c chia 2, oi khi chia 3 phan.
1.2.4. Quu:
Tuy giong va ieu kien kh hau, thng qua chn khoang 3-5 thang sau
khi hoa n. Qua thuoc loai qua hach, moc theo chum ru xuong, hnh tron hoac
bau, ng knh t 24-30mm, nang t 5-20g/trai, cau vai qua oi khi nho cao,
mau xanh m luc con non, khi chn co mau vang uc.
Vo qua mong, lang va dai.
Hnh 1.3: La nhan
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung b
Gia vo va hat co lp tht qua do cuong noan phat trien thanh, mau trang
trong hay trang sa, thm va ngot. Tht nhan gom khoang 70% nc va 16%
chat kho hoa tan.
Hat tron, en va lang. Cuong hat mau trang.
Hnh 1.5: Chum nhan va cac thanh phan cua trai nhan
Be mat trong cua vo

Be mat ngoai cua vo
Be mat trong cua vo

Be mat ngoai cua vo
Cuong hat
Vo

Tht qua

Hat
Lp phu ngoai cua hat
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 6
1.8. Nhu cuu sinh thui |1]:
1.8.1. Nhiet du:
Nhan thng c trong chu yeu v o t 15-28
0
Bac va Nam xch ao.
Cay phat trien tot nhat trong nhng vung co mua ong mat, ngan (nhiet o bnh
thng t 15-22
0
C trong 2-3 thang, sau o la nhiet o cao trong mua xuan va
mua he).
1.8.2. Anh sung:
Nhan can nhieu anh sang, neu anh sang chieu c vao ben trong tan la,
cay phat trien tot va thng sai trai. Anh sang con giup au qua tot, vo bong
lang, tht qua thm ngot.
1.8.8. Luung muu:
Nhan can lng ma thch hp hang nam khoang 1000-2000mm. Cay can
nhieu nc nhat trong giai oan au trai va phat trien.
1.8.4. Dut:
Cay nhan a at pha cat, cat giong, va at co o pH t 6-7, nhng khong
thch hp tren at set nang va qua am t.
1.4. Giung:
Mot so giong nhan vung ong bang song Cu Long [2]:
Nhan Long:
Hnh dang: cau
Trong lng: 12-16g/qua
Mau sac: vo mau vang hi sam,
tht mau trang nga
Mua vu: t thang 3- thang 8

Hnh 1.6: Nhan Long
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 7
Hnh 1.7: Nhan Long

Hnh 1.8: Nhan Tieu da bo
Nhan Long:
Hnh dang: cau
Mau sac: vo vang nhat, tht trang
Mua vu: quanh nam

Nhan Tieu da bo:
Hnh dang: cau
Mau sac: vo vang sam, tht trang
Mua vu: quanh nam

Nhan Xuong cm vang:
Hnh dang: cau vi cau vai nho
cao
Mau sac: vo vang sam, tht qua
mau vang
Mua vu: thang 3-thang 8

Hnh 1.9: Nhan Xuong cm vang
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 8
1.. Thu huuch, phun luui vu buu quun:
T khi ra hoa en khi thu hoach qua, mat khoang nam thang. Nhan c
thu hoach khi chn. Sau khi thu hoach, qua khong chn them na. Dau hieu chn
c xac nh da tren hnh dang, mau sac va mui v. Nhan chn th mem, co da
sam va lang, tht co v ngot. Khi nhan chn, nen tien hanh thu hoach ngay, neu
e lau se mat mui v. Nhan nen c thu hoach hai lan, moi lan cach nhau t 7-
10 ngay. Khi thu hoach, dung keo hoac dao cat ca chum qua, co the kem theo
mot t la. Cat bo qua nhieu la se lam giam viec ra hoa vao mua sau [21].
Qua b h hong, ton thng se c tach rieng, phan qua tot con lai c
phan loai va bao goi. Thai Lan, nhan c phan thanh cac loai sau:
Tieu chuan nhan tieu thu noi a Thai Lan:
Loai A: Trai ln, 55-75 trai/Kg (13.3-19g/trai)
Loai B: Trai trung bnh, 76-80 trai/Kg (12.5-13.2g/trai)
Loai C: Trai nho, 80-95 trai/Kg
Tieu chuan nhan xuat khau Thai Lan:
Hang super: Trai ep, ngon, t hn 70 trai/Kg
Hang 1: Trai ep, ngon, 71-80 trai/Kg
Hang 2: Trai ep, ngon, 81-90 trai/Kg
Nhan la loai trai cay de hong nhat trong cac loai trai cay nhiet i, neu
tr 18
0
C, no ch gi c 2 ngay, 11.5-13.5
0
C ch gi c 1 tuan. Ap dung
ky thuat ong lanh that nhanh ket hp xong hi lu huynh se gi c lau hn.
1.. Giu trJ su dung:
1..1. Thuc phum:
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung u
Nhan an ti:
Nhan ong hop: do ham lng ng trong thanh phan trai cao nen
ch can then rat t ng e tao ngot.

Hnh 1.11: Nhan ong hop (t www.importfood.com Thai)
a) Cat vo b) Tach vo
c) Cat tht qua d) Tach hat
Hnh 1.10: Cach an ti nhan
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 1u
Nhan say: nhan c chan trong 5 phut, sau o say nhiet o 55
0
C
cho en khi nhan va rao mat, sau o nang nhiet len 70
0
C, say cho en khi o
ngot at 60-65
0
Brix.
Hnh 1.12: Nhan say (t www.importfood.com Thai)
Nhan say ong lanh chan khong: lam lanh ong phan tht nhan
ti, sau o say chan khong.
Hnh 1.13: Nhan say ong lanh chan khong (t www.importfood.com Thai
Ru nhan:

Hnh 1.14: Ru nhan
(t www.importfood.com Thai)
CIuong 1: Tong quun
Tiung 11
Bang 1.2: Gia tr dinh dng cua 100g tht nhan dang ti [20]
Thanh phan dinh dng Ham lng
Nang lng 109 Kcal
Am 72.4%
Protein 1g
Beo 0.1-0.5g
Carbohydrate 16-25g
X 0.4g
Tro 0.7g
Ca 2-10 mg
P 6-42 mg
Fe 0.3-1.2 mg
Vit A 28 IU
Vit B1 0.04 mg
Vit B2 0.07 mg
Niacin 0.6 mg
1..2. Cuc dung su dung khuc |18]:
Hat va vo: Hat co ham lng saponin cao nen co the dung lam
dau goi au. Hat va vo co the lam nhien lieu e ot.
Go: cay t khi dung e lay go, tuy nhien go co the dung lam tru
chong, nong cu, o dung
S dung trong y hoc: tht nhan cha ay bung, ha sot, so giun, va
giai oc. Nc sac t tht nhan kho la thuoc bo cha chng mat ngu mien
Nam va mien Bac Viet Nam, hat nhan c dung e an vao vet ran can v tin
rang no co tac dung hap thu chat oc.

CIuong 2: Nguyen IIeu vu Iuong Iu ngIIen cuu
Tiung 12

CHUONG 2:
NGUYEN LlEU
VA PHUONG PHAP
NGHlEN CUU

Tiung 18
2.1. Nguyen lieu:
2.1.1. Nhun:
Nhan s dung e nghien cu la loai nhan Xuong Cm Vang, t Vung
Tau, c mua ch au moi nong san Thu c.
So vi cac loai nhan hien ang co khac (nhan Hue, nhan Long, nhan
Tieu) th nhan Xuong Cm Vang co hat va, day cm, tng oi rao nc, tht
qua co mau vang ac trng t b bien oi mau do phan ng oxy hoa.
2.1.2. Nuuc:
Nc la mot trong nhng thanh phan chnh cua nc giai khat, chiem t
80-90% san pham.
Nc c s dung trong nghien cu la nc may a qua he thong x ly.
Bang 2.1: Bang ch tieu chat lng cua nc sinh hoat va san xuat
(TCVN 5502:2003)
Ten ch tieu n v Mc, khong ln hn
Mau sac Mg/1PI 15
Mui, v - Khong co mui v la
o uc NTU 5
pH - 6-8,5
o cng , tnh theo CaCO
3
mg/L 300
Oxy hoa tan, tnh theo Oxy mg/L 6
Tong chat ran hoa tan mg/L 1000
Amoniac, tnh theo Nit mg/L 3
Asen mg/L 0,01
Ch mg/L 0,01
Clorua mg/L 250
Tiung 14
Florua mg/L 0,7-1,5
Nitrat, tnh theo Nit mg/L 10
Nitrit, tnh theo Nit mg/L 1
Sat tong so (Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
) mg/L 0,5
Thuy ngan mg/L 0,001
Coliforms tong so MPN/100mL 2,2
E.Coli va Coliforms chu nhiet MPN/100mL 0
2.1.8. Duung:
ng c s dung la ng RE cua cong ty ng Bourbon vi cac ch
tieu chat lng sau:
Bang 2.2: Bang ch tieu chat lng cua ng RE-Bourbon
Ten ch tieu Gii han
Pol 99,8%
Am 0,04%
ng kh 0,03%
Tro 0,02%
o mau 30 Icumsa
2.1.4. Acid citric:
Acid citric (C
6
H
7
O
8
.H
2
O) dung e tao v cho san pham, ong thi la chat
chnh pH. Acid citric s dung co xuat x t Trung Quoc.
2.1.. Pectin:
Che pham pectin co ten thng mai GRINDSTED

Pectin LA 200
range do cong ty Danisco cung cap. GRINDSTED

Pectin LA 200 range dung
lam phu gia tao cau truc cho san pham mt ong nhan.
Tiung 1b
Pham vi ng dung: jam, jelly ham lng ng thap vi nong o chat kho
hoa tan t 45-60%.
Gii han s dung GRINDSTED

Pectin LA 200 range: theo GMP, thng
t 0,5-1%.
Bang 2.3: Mot so ac tnh ky thuat cua pectin GRINDSTED

Pectin LA
200 range
Ten ac tnh ac tnh ky thuat
Trang thai Dang bot mn, mau trang nga
Kch thc tinh the Toi a 2% > 60 mesh
Mc o ester hoa (DE) 35%
pH hoa tan 1% 4 5
Che pham pectin co ten thng mai GRINDSTED

Pectin AMD
740, do cong ty Danisco cung cap. GRINDSTED

Pectin AMD 740 c s
dung nh mot phu gia on nh cau truc he huyen phu cua nc nhan uc.
Pham vi ng dung: sa chua uong, nc uong t trai cay, nc giai khat
dinh dng
Bang 2.4: Mot so ac tnh ky thuat cua GRINDSTED

Pectin AMD 740
Kch thc tinh the Toi a 2% > 60 mesh
Mc o ester hoa (DE) 68%
pH hoa tan 1% 3,0-3,5

Tiung 16
2.1.. CMC:
CMC c dung e khao sat s on nh he huyen phu cua san pham
nc nhan uc. S dung che pham CMC co ten thng mai la BLANOSE

CELLULOSE GUM 7HOF, do cong ty Hercules cung cap.
Gii han s dung: theo GMP.
Bang 2.5: Mot so ac tnh cua BLANOSE

CELLULOSE GUM 7HOF
Ham lng CMC tinh khiet 99,5%
NaCl + Na Glycolate 0,5%
Na Glycolate 0,4%
pH hoa tan 1% 6,5 8,5
o nht cua dung dch 1% 25
0
C 1000-2800 mPa.s
2.1.7. Kuli surbute:
Kali sorbate la chat bao quan giup keo dai thi gian s dung san pham.
Kali sorbate s dung co xuat x t Trung Quoc.
Bang 2.6: Bang ch tieu chat lng va gii han s dung cua Kali sorbate
Ten ch tieu Ch tieu
Kim loai nang < 50ppm
o tinh khiet >99%
o tro 0,5%
H
2
SO
4
t do 50ppm
Arsen 1,4ppm
ADI 0-25
Gii han toi a cho phep s dung 1000ppm
Tiung 17
2.1.8. Cunxi citrute:
Canxi citrate dung e cung cap Ca
2+
, ho tr cho viec tao gel vi pectin.
Calcium citrate s dung co xuat x t Trung Quoc.
Lieu lng s dung trong jam: khong qua 0,1% tnh theo Canxi.
2.1.0. Chut xu huu tun Litesse II:
Chat x Litesse
II, do cong ty Danishco cung cap, c s dung e thay

the ng, giup lam giam o ngot san pham mt ong nhan.
Litesse
II la mot polydextrose bao gom cac phan t glucose lien ket mot
cach ngau nhien tat ca cac cau noi (chu yeu la cau noi glycoside-1,6) va mot
lng nho phan t sorbitol va mot acid phu hp.
Bang 2.7: Mot so ac tnh cua Litesse

II
Cong thc (C
6
H
12
O
6
)x
Khoi lng phan t 182 5,000 dvC
Hnh dang Bot trang kem
Cau truc Dang vo nh hnh
Mui Khong
Tnh quang hoc Khong
o nong chay 110 130
o
C
Tnh tan trong nc 20
o
C
(g/100g nc)
80
Tnh tan trong ethanol (96%) Tan
o nht 25
o
C (70% w/w dung
dch)
1800cp
Nhiet toa ra khi hoa tan 8kcal/g
o ngot 0
Insulin oc lap vi qua trnh tong hp Insulin
S hap thu
Khoang lieu tieu hoa c s dung bi
c the sau khi chuyen hoa mot phan bi cac
vi sinh vat trong ruot thanh cac acid beo de
bay hi

Tiung 18
Nhng tnh chat quan trong lam cho Litesse
II co the thay the ng

trong san pham mt ong:
- Tan tot trong nc (80%w/w, 20
0
C)
- Khong ngot
- Dung dch co o nht cao hn dung dch sucrose cung nhiet
o, ieu nay cho thay Litesse
II co the mang lai tnh chat cam quan va cau truc

tot hn khi thay the ng.
Ngoai ra, Litesse
II ch c len men 1 phan bi cac vi sinh vat trong

ruot non, tao ra cac acid beo de bay hi e de hap thu va s dung. Litesse
II
tieu hoa nh la chat x an kieng.

Tiung 1u
2.2. Phuung phup nghien cuu:
2.2.1. Qui trnh cung nghe de xuut:
2.2.1.1. Qui trnh cung nghe:

Hnh 2.1: Qui trnh san xuat nc nhan uc va mt ong nhan

Tiung 2u
2.2.1.2. Thuyet minh qui trnh cung nghe:
u} Ruu:
Lam sach at, cat, giam lng vi sinh vat, loai bo nhng qua h hong.
Dung nc may e ra.
b} Tuch bu vu vu hut:
Thu lay phan tht qua chuan b cho cac qua trnh tiep theo.
c} Xuy nghien:
Cat nho tht qua, ho tr va lam tang hieu suat loc
Thiet b s dung: may xay sinh to
d} Luc:
Tach rieng phan dch qua va phan ba. Phan dch qua se la nguyen lieu
trong qua trnh che bien nc nhan uc, con phan ba se c s dung lam mt
ong nhan.
San xuat nc nhan uc:
e} Phu luung:
Giam mc o am ac cua san pham, tao san pham phu hp th hieu
ngi tieu dung, am bao kinh te cho qui trnh san xuat.
Dch qua se c phoi che vi nc theo nhng ty le khac nhau, sau o
tien hanh cam quan e chon ra ty le pha loang c yeu thch nhat
I} Phui che:
Hon hp sau pha loang se c phoi che vi ng va cac phu gia nham
tao ra san pham co hng v hai hoa, on nh ve cau truc va thi gian bao quan.

Tiung 21
g} Dung huu:
Sau khi thanh trung, dch qua se xuat hien ket tua, chu yeu la protein, va
cac hp chat keo. ong hoa ket hp s dung phu gia nham lam on nh he
huyen phu cua san pham, tranh s tach pha gia phan tua va phan nc.
Thiet b s dung: may ong hoa c hieu Hamilton Beach Scovill cua My
h} Dung chui:
Nc qua sau khi c ong hoa se c rot nong vao chai thuy tinh va
em ghep nap chuan b thanh trung. Muc ch cua viec rot nong:
uoi khong kh ra khoi bao b, han che s phat trien cua vi sinh
vat hieu kh, tranh cac phan ng oxy hoa lam bien oi chat lng san pham.
Tieu diet mot phan vi sinh vat, tao ieu kien thuan li cho qua
trnh thanh trung.
i} Thunh trung:
Tieu diet, c che vi sinh vat gay benh giup san pham bao quan c
trong mot thi han nhat nh.
Thiet b s dung: thiet b thanh trung Autoclave.
Sau khi thanh trung, san pham c lam nguoi nhanh nham tieu diet vi
sinh vat a am, am bao an toan cho san pham.
San xuat mt ong nhan:
e} Phui che:
Phan ba thu c sau loc se c phoi che vi ng, acid citric, pectin,
canxi citrate vi ty le thch hp nham muc ch tao ieu kien tot cho qua trnh
gel hoa san pham.
Hon hp puree va ng c co ac chan khong en o kho nhat nh,
roi em phoi che vi acid citric, canxi citrate va pectin.

Tiung 22
I} Cu duc:
Co ac nham nang cao o kho cua hon hp, am bao at o kho yeu
cau. Tien hanh co ac dch qua 60 2
0
C, ap suat chan khong 680mmHg.
San pham sau khi co ac chan khong co chat lng tot hn khi co ac
ap suat thng do van gi c ac tnh ve mau sac, mui va v (nh nhiet o
thap va khong tiep xuc vi oxy).
g} Rut buu b:
San pham jam co o kho cao, pH tng oi thap nen khong can thanh
trung bo sung. Tuy nhien, sau khi co ac, phoi che can nhanh chong rot vao bao
b va ghep nap e bao am an toan ve sinh cho san pham. Khong nen rot bao b
nhiet o cao qua v san pham jam ac lam qua trnh ha nhiet cham, ket qua la
san pham se b bien oi ve mau sac. Can lam nguoi nhanh san pham sau khi rot
bao b.
Mt ong sau khi rot bao b can e yen, khong nen lac ao, tranh lam
anh hng en qua trnh tao ong. Cau truc san pham se c hnh thanh va on
nh sau 24 gi bao quan.

Tiung 28
2.2.2. Su du vu nui dung nghien cuu:
2.2.2.1. Su du nghien cuu:

Hnh 2.2: S o nghien cu che bien nc nhan uc va mt ong nhan
Tiung 24
2.2.2.2. Nui dung nghien cuu:
A} Khuu sut nguyen lieu:
Muc dch:
- Xac nh hieu suat thu hoi nham tnh toan, c lng so lng nguyen
lieu can cho th nghiem.
- Xac nh thanh phan nguyen lieu e biet thanh phan dinh dng, c
tnh cong thc phoi che thch hp
Tien hunh:
- Tht qua: am, tro, hieu suat thu hoi tht qua
- Dch qua sau loc (nguyen lieu san xuat nc nhan uc): hieu suat qua
trnh loc, acid tong, pH, nong o chat kho hoa tan.
B} Khuu sut cuc thung su ky thuut cuu quu trnh che bien nuuc
nhun duc:
u} Khuu sut luung nuuc cun phu luung:
- Dch qua sau loc c pha loang vi nc theo 3 ty le khac nhau, ty le
1:0, 1:1 va 1:2 (ty le theo the tch). Mi ngi (10) th c mi e cam quan
mau va chon ra ty le pha loang a thch nhat (s dung phep th so hang).
b} Khuu sut luung duung cun bu sung:
- Nc nhan sau khi pha loang c bo sung them ng vi cac ty le
khac nhau e nang nong o chat kho len 12, 15, 18 va 21
0
Bx. Mi ngi c
mi e cam quan mau va chon ra mau a thch nhat (s dung phep th so hang).

Tiung 2b
c} Khuu sut quu trnh thunh trung vu hum luung chut buu
quun kuli surbute:
- Che o thanh trung phu thuoc vao cac yeu to [6]:
pH
Loai va lng vi sinh vat trong thc pham
Thanh phan va tnh chat cua san pham
Phng thc x ly nhiet
Cac ch tieu cua san pham sau thanh trung can at
- Thong so ky thuat nc nhan sau khi pha loang va phoi che vi ng:
pH= 7,04
Nong o chat kho hoa tan: 15
0
Bx
- Nc nhan sau khi phoi che e em thanh trung co pH >4,5 nen theo ly
thuyet no phai c x ly nhiet o ln hn 100
0
C. Tuy nhien, che o x ly
nhiet cao hn 100
0
C se khong thch hp v nc nhan la mot loai nc giai khat
t trai cay nen co nhieu cau t nhay cam vi nhiet o, khi x ly nhiet o cao
se gay bien oi xau en tnh chat cam quan cung nh thanh phan dinh dng
cua san pham: nhiet o cao, thi gian x ly nhiet dai lam xuat hien mui nau,
mau sac san pham toi sam, mat cac vitamin Qua khao sat s bo s tng quan
gia cac che o x ly nhiet va tnh chat cam quan san pham, chung toi nhan
thay nhiet o t 105
0
C tr len, san pham co mau vang sam en nau, ieu nay
ro rang anh hng khong tot en tnh chat cam quan cua san pham .
- Chung toi thanh trung nc nhan lan lt cac nhiet o: 90, 95, va100
0
C
trong 10, 15, va 20 phut, ket hp khao sat ham lng kali sorbate 300, 500 va
700ppm. V kali sorbate ch co tac dung tot khi san pham co pH<6,0-6,5 nen
chung toi cung tien hanh chnh pH ve 6,0 trong qua trnh khao sat nay. San
pham sau thanh trung se c cam quan ngay sau o va sau 7 va 14 ngay bao
on. San pham khong xuat hien mui, v la sau 14 ngay se c em i kiem tra
vi sinh.
Tiung 26
d} Khuu sut luung vu luui phu giu un dJnh he huyen phu:
- Do han che ve viec s dung thiet b nen chung toi s dung may ong hoa
c tai phong Cong nghe Thc pham 1 vi toc o canh khuay la 10000 vong
/phut trong thi gian 10 phut.
- Chung toi khao sat s on nh cua he huyen phu bang cach s dung cac
loai phu gia on nh cau truc: CMC, pectin, pectin:CMC (2:1) vi ty le 0,03%;
0,05% va 0,1% (g/100ml). Quan sat s on nh cua he huyen phu ngay sau thanh
trung va sau 4 ngay bao on.
C} Khuu sut cuc thung su ky thuut cuu quu trnh che bien mut
dung nhun:
u} Khuu sut ty le phui trun puree vu duung:
- Ty le phoi tron gia puree va ng rat quan trong v no anh hng en
mui, v, cau truc san pham. Ty le phoi tron thch hp gop phan tao san pham co
mui v hai hoa, cau truc mem deo ac trng. Lng ng qua nhieu lam cho
san pham b mat tnh ac trng, co v ngot cua ng nhieu; ngc lai, ne u
ng qua t se khong u ham lng chat kho can thiet cho viec hnh thanh gel.
- Tien hanh phoi che puree va ng theo ba ty le (ty le theo khoi lng):
ty le 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, cung vi viec khao sat kha nang tao ong san pham
chung toi chon ra ty le co ac tnh cam quan tot nhat.
b} Khuu sut khu nung tuu dung cuu sun phum:
- Cac tac nhan tao gel:
Pectin: nhan la loai trai cay co v ngot, khong co v chua nen san
pham mt ong t nhan cung nen co ac tnh tren. Do o, chung toi chon
pectin loai co ch so DE (Degree of Esterification) <50%, tc la pectin thuoc
nhom LMP (Low Methoxyl Pectin). Loai pectin nay cho phep khao sat kha
nang hnh thanh gel pH rong hn so vi loai HMP (High Methoxyl Pectin).
Pectin c s dung co ten thng hieu GRINDSTED

Pectin LA 200 range.
Tiung 27
Canxi citrate: lien ket gia nhng phan t pectin loai LMP se la
lien ket ion qua cac ion hoa tr hai, ac biet la Ca
2+
, v the chung toi chon
Canxi citrate la chat cung cap ion Ca
2+
e khao sat.
- Nong o chat kho hoa tan: mac du pectin loai LMP cho phep tao gel
nong o chat kho kha thap 45-55%, nhng theo tieu chuan TCXK 8-65: nong
o chat kho hoa tan khong thap hn 65% (xem tieu chuan phu luc 5). Da
theo tieu chuan, chung toi chon khao sat nong o chat kho hoa tan 65%.
Bang 2.8: Khao sat che o hnh thanh gel
pH=4,6 pH=4,7
Mau
Nong o
chat kho
hon hp
(
0
Bx)
Lng
pectin
s
dung
(%)
Lng
Canxi
citrate
(%)
Mau
Nong
o chat
kho hon
hp
(
0
Bx)
Lng
pectin
s
dung
(%)
Lng
Canxi
citrate
(%)
Ty le puree: ng= 60:40
1 0,1 7 0,1
2
0,6
0,2 8
0,6
0,2
3 0,1 9 0,1
4
0,8
0,2 10
0,8
0,2
5 0,1 11 0,1
6
65
1
0,2 12
65
1
0,2
13 0,1 19 0,1
14
0,6
0,2 20
0,6
0,2
15 0,1 21 0,1
16
0,8
0,2 22
0,8
0,2
17 0,1 23 0,1
18
67
1
0,2 24
67
1
0,2
25 0,1 31 0,1
26
0,6
0,2 32
0,6
0,2
27 0,1 33 0,1
28
0,8
0,2 34
0,8
0,2
29 0,1 35 0,1
30
65
1
0,2 36
65
1
0,2
37 67 0,6 0,1 43 67 0,6 0,1
Tiung 28
38 0,2 44 0,2
39 0,1 45 0,1
40
0,8
0,2 46
0,8
0,2
41 0,1 47 0,1
42
1
0,2 48
1
0,2
19 0,1 55 0,1
50
0,6
0,2 56
0,6
0,2
51 0,1 57 0,1
52
0,8
0,2 58
0,8
0,2
53 0,1 59 0,1
54
65
1
0,2 60
65
1
0,2
61 0,1 67 0,1
62
0,6
0,2 68
0,6
0,2
63 0,1 69 0,1
64
0,8
0,2 70
0,8
0,2
65 0,1 71 0,1
66
67
1
0,2 72
67
1
0,2
- Sau 24 gi phoi che, san pham se c anh gia cam quan ve cau truc,
mau, mui, va v theo 3 mc:
iem 0: khong tao gel
iem 1: gel tao thanh nhng cau truc long leo, ri rac
iem 2: be mat gel lang mn, gel tao thanh co cau truc chac deo,
mem va phai co the tret len banh m de dang
iem 3: ong cng, be mat gel lang mn, kho tret len banh my.
Nhng san pham co iem tao ong mc iem hai se c chon.
c} Khuu sut bien phup buu quun sun phum:
- Sau khi co c cong thc phoi che thch hp. Chung toi tien hanh khao
sat bien phap bao quan san pham. Chung toi bo sung vao san pham phu gia bao
quan Kali sorbate vi ham lng 300 va 500ppm. Mau c lu tr trong 14
ngay roi c tien hanh cam quan. Mau khong xuat hien h hong khi kiem tra
cam quan se c a i kiem tra vi sinh.

Tiung 2u
2.2.8. Cuc phuung phup phun tch:
A} Phuung phup huu ly:
u} Xuc dJnh du um:
- S dung may o o am hong ngoai Scaltec cua c.
b} Xuc dJnh pH:
- Dung may o pH 719S Titrino.
c} Xuc dJnh nung du chut khu huu tun:
- Dung khuc xa ke hieu ATAGO cua c.
B} Phuung phup huu huc:
u} DJnh luung duung tung|11]:
Nguyen tac: nh lng ng tong bang phan ng mau. S nh lng
nay can ban da tren phan ng mau ac trng cho ng vi s hien dien cua
H
2
SO
4
. e tao phan ng mau, dung thuoc th phenol.
Tien hanh:
- Trch ly nguyen lieu bang con 80
0
, 90
0

- Pha loang dch sau trch ly
-Hut 1ml dung dch ng sau pha loang, o them 1ml dung dch phenol
5%, va 5ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
am ac. Sau khi phan ng hien mau xay ra, lay
em o mat o quang.
- Xay dng o th ng chuan: s dung dung dch sucrose 0,1% pha
thanh cac mau co cha 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 g/ml. Tien hanh phan ng
hien mau vi phenol 5% va H
2
SO
4
am ac nh tren, roi o mat o quang.
Dng ng thang i qua bay iem.
- Xac nh mat o quang bang may quang pho so mau bc song
490nm.

Tiung 8u
b} DJnh luung ucid tung |12]:
- Nguyen tac: dung NaOH 0,1N e trung hoa san pham vi chat ch th mau
la phenolphtalein 0,1% cho en khi xuat hien mau hong nhat ben trong 30 giay.
Ham lng acid tong (hay o chua) nc giai khat la so gam acid citric co
trong 1 lt san pham. Mot ml NaOH 0,1N tng ng vi 6,4 mg acid citric. o
chua nc giai khat khong qua 1g/l.
c) nI Iuong lio long: theo qui nh cua FAO FNP 14/7 (p.228)-
1986.
- Tro la thanh phan con lai cua thc pham sau khi nung chay het cac chat
hu c. Dung nhiet o cao 600-700
0
C e chuyen mau thanh tro trang, xam hay
vang nhe. T khoi lng chen nung ban au va khoi lng cua chen nung co
cha tro, ta xac nh c o tro cua nguyen lieu.
C} Phuung phup vi sinh:
Ch tieu vi sinh cuu nuuc uung phu che sun khung cun
(theu TCVN 7041:2002}:
Bang 2.9: Ch tieu vi sinh cua san pham nc uong pha che san khong con
Vi sinh vat
Gii han cho phep trong
1g hay 1ml thc pham
Phng phap kiem
nghiem
Tong so vi khuan hieu kh
(TPC)
10
2

TCVN 4884:2005
E.Coli 0
TCVN 5287:1994
Coliforms 10
NF V08 - 16
Staphylococcus aureus 0
NF V08 057-1
Tong so bao t nam men,
nam moc
10 TCVN 5750 - 1993

Tiung 81
Ch tieu vi sinh cuu sun phum mut dung tu trui cuy theu
Quyet dJnh 87/1008/QD-BT}:
Bang 2.10: Ch tieu vi sinh cua san pham mt ong t trai cay
Vi sinh vat
Gii han cho phep trong
1g hay 1ml thc pham
Phng phap kiem
nghiem
Tong so vi khuan hieu kh
(TPC)
10
4

TCVN 4884:2005
E.Coli 0
TCVN 5287:1994
Coliforms 10
NF V08 - 016
Bacillus cereus 10
2

TCVN 4833 2:2001
Clostridium perfringens 10
NF V08 056:1990
Tong so bao t nam men,
nam moc
10
2
TCVN 5750:1993
D} Phuung phup dunh giu cum quun:
- Trong luan van nay, chung toi s dung hai loai phep th th hieu: phep
th so hang, va phep th cho iem th hieu. V la anh gia th hieu nen can mot
so lng ln ngi cam quan, khoang 100 ngi, va khong co yeu cau ac biet
nao oi vi cac thanh vien cam quan e am bao tnh khach quan va chnh xac
cho tng san pham. Do so lng mau co han va chung toi thiet ngh viec nam
bat van e mi la quan trong, so ngi th ch la mot cach cho chung toi hoc tap
mot phng thc lam viec trong tng lai, nen trong pham vi luan van nay,
chung toi xin phep c tien hanh cac phep th vi so lng nho hn 100 ngi,
trong tng phep th cu the chung toi se neu so lng ngi cam quan.

Tiung 82
u} Phep thu su hung:
Giui thieu phep thu:
- Phep th so hang la phep th tien hanh tren mot loat mau. Ngi th
c mi sap xep nhng mau nay theo cng o hay mc o cua mot tnh chat
cam quan nao o. Phep th nay cung co the s dung vi muc ch xac nh mc
o a thch cua ngi th oi vi mot nhom san pham cung loai.
- Chung toi ap dung phep th nay cho viec khao sat lng nc can pha
loang va lng ng can bo sung trong qui trnh che bien nc nhan uc.
Tien hunh:
- Ngi th nhan c ong thi cac mau a c ma hoa, nem theo th
t co san va ghi lai ket qua vao phieu tra li.

PHIEU CHUAN B TH NGHIEM
San pham: nc nhan Ngay th:
Tnh chat: o ngot

Ket qua so hang
Ngi
th
Trat t
trnh bay
mau
Ma so
1
st
2
nd
3
th
4
th

1 ABCD 422, 229, 293, 936
2 ABDC 422, 229, 936, 293

10

Hnh 2.3: V du ve phieu chuan b th nghiem cho phep th so hang [9]
Tiung 88

PHIEU TRA LI
Phep th so hang
Ho va ten: Ngay th:
Ban nhan c 4 coc nc nhan c phoi che vi ng theo cac nong o chat
kho khac nhau. Ban hay quan sat va nem th cac mau roi sap xep chung theo
th t giam dan mc o a thch.
Chu y: thanh v bang nc loc sau moi lan th
Tra li:
V tr 1 2 3 4
Mau co ma so
Hnh 2.4: V du ve phieu tra li cua phep th so hang [9]
Xu ly ket quu:
Test Friedman c s dung e kiem tra s khac nhau gia cac mau co y
ngha hay khong.
- Gia thuyet H
0
: mc o a thch cua ngi th oi vi ch tieu cam quan
khac nhau la nh nhau
- Tnh gia tr Friedman:
2 2 2
1 2
12
( ... ) 3 ( 1)
( 1)
p
F R R R J p
Jp p
= + + + +
+

Trong o:
J: so ngi anh gia
p: so mau
R
i
: tong iem cua J ngi th danh cho mau i
- Sau o so sanh F vi gia tr ti han
2
vi (p-1) bac t do, =0,05 (phu
luc 1, bang 1.1):
Tiung 84
Neu F
2
ket luan: co s khac biet co y ngha gia cac mau
Neu F<
2
ket luan: cha co s khac biet co y ngha gia cac
mau
- Khi a co s khac biet co y ngha gia cac mau ta so sanh cac gia tr
i j
R R gia cac mau vi gia tr F
th
(phu luc 1, bang 1.2 )

i j
R R F
th
co s khac biet y ngha gia 2 mau i va j

i j
R R < F
th
cha co s khac biet co y ngha gia 2 mau i va j
b} Phep thu chu diem thJ hieu:
GIoI lIIeu Ie lIu:
Ngi th se the hien mc o hai long cua mnh oi vi san pham tren
thang iem sau ay:
1- cc ky khong thch
2- rat khong thch
3- khong thch
4- tng oi khong thch
5- khong thch cung
khong ghet
6- tng oi thch
7- thch
8- rat thch
9- cc ky thch
TIen IunI:
- Moi ngi tham gia cam quan se lan lt nem th san pham va tra li
cac cau hoi trong phieu anh gia cam quan.

Tiung 8b

PHIEU ANH GIA CAM QUAN SAN PHAM NC NHAN
Ho va ten: Ngay th:
Ban nhan c mau san pham nc nhan. Hay cho biet mc o a thch cua ban
ve cac ch tieu cua san pham tren thang iem sau:
1- cc ky khong thch
2- rat khong thch
3- khong thch
4- tng oi khong thch
5- khong thch cung
khong ghet
6- tng oi thch
7- thch
8- rat thch
9- cc ky thch
Ban hay cho biet mc o a thch oi vi mau sac san pham:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ban hay cho biet mc o a thch oi vi o ong nhat cua san pham:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ban hay cho biet mc o a thch oi vi mui san pham:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ban hay cho biet mc o a thch oi vi v san pham:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ban hay cho biet mc o a thch chung oi vi san pham:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Hnh 2.5: V d v phieu anh gia cam quan (phep th cho iem th hieu) [9]

Tiung 86
Xu ly ket quu:
- Tnh he so tng quan R: e xac nh yeu to cam quan cua san pham
(mau, mui, v, hay cau truc) co moi tng quan vi mc o a thch chung cua
san pham khong, chung toi tnh he so tng quan R cua tng cap muon kiem tra
he so tng quan (mau-a thch chung, mui-a thch chung, v-a thch chung,
cau truc-a thch chung). Cac gia tr R c so sanh vi gia tr R
tra bang
(phu luc
1, bang 1.3) vi mc y ngha 5%, bac t do N-2 (N la so ngi th). Neu
R
tnh toan
> R
tra bang
th s tng quan la co y ngha. Ngc lai, s tng quan
khong co y ngha. Neu s tng quan co y ngha th gia tr R nao ln nhat phan
anh yeu to tng ng co anh hng nhieu nhat len o a thch chung cua san
pham. Chung toi s dung ham cor.test trong phan mem R e ho tr cho viec tnh
toan he so tng quan nay.
- Phan tch ANOVA (s dung cong cu Excel): phan tch ANOVA co the s
dung e kiem nh s bang nhau cac gia tr trung bnh cua cac tong the bang
cach s dung cac d lieu thu c t cac nghien cu hay nghien cu th
nghiem. Chung ta muon s dung cac ket qua cua mau e kiem nh cac gia
thuyet sau:
H
0
:
1
=
2
= ...=
k

H
1
: khong phai tat ca cac gia tr trung bnh cua tong the eu bang
nhau
Bac bo H
0
co ngha la co t nhat hai gia tr trung bnh cua hai tong the
nhan cac gia tr khac nhau
T bang tnh cua Excel, ta co hai gia tr: F va F
crit
(mc y ngha 5%)
Neu F< F
crit
: chap nhan H
0

Neu F> F
crit
: bac bo H
0

CIuong 8: Kel quu ngIIen cuu vu hun Iuun
Tiung 87

CHUONG 3:
KET QUA
NGHlEN CUU VA
BAN LUAN

Tiung 88
8.1. Khuu sut nguyen lieu:
8.1.1. ThJt quu:
Bang 3.1: Bang khao sat nguyen lieu tht nhan ti
STT Ch tieu phan tch n v tnh Ham lng
1 Am g/100g tht qua ti 78.8
2 Tro g/100g tht qua ti 0.8
3 Hieu suat thu hoi gram tht qua ti/100g qua 62
- Am cua qua cao, at en 78,8%, tuy nhien loai nhan Xuong Cm
Vang, qua tng oi rao nc, ngha la khi boc vo hau nh khong co nhieu nc
t do t qua chay ra nh cac loai nhan khac.
- Nhan Xuong Cm Vang la loai nhan tng oi day cm hn so vi cac
loai nhan hien co khac, tuy nhien hieu suat thu hoi tht qua cung khong cao, ch
at mc 62%.
8.1.2. DJch quu suu luc:
Bang 3.2: Bang khao sat dch qua sau loc
STT Ch tieu phan tch n v tnh Ham lng
1 Hieu suat ml dch loc/ 100g tht qu 40
2 Acid tong gram acid citric/ l dch loc 0,5
3 pH 6,7
4 Nong o chat kho hoa tan o Bx 20
- Ham lng acid tong rat thap chng to nhan khong phai la loai qua ac
trng cho v chua.
- Nhan co gia tr pH gan nh trung tnh va la moi trng giau dinh dng
(ham lng chat kho hoa tan dch qua t nhien kha cao) nen rat de b vi sinh vat
tan cong, do o khi che bien phai lu y cao van e am bao ve sinh an toan
thc pham.
Tiung 8u
8.2. Khuu sut cuc thung su ky thuut cuu qui trnh sun xuut nuuc
nhun duc:
8.2.1. Khuu sut luung nuuc cun phu luung:
Bang 3.3: Ty le pha loang va ac iem dch qua
Mau Ty le pha loang Nong o chat
kho hoa tan
(
0
Bx)
ac iem cam
quan
A 1:0 20
Mau vang am,
mui ac trng rat
ro, v ngot am
ac trng
B 1:1 10
Mau vang hi
am, mui ac trng
ro, v ac trng
C 1:2 7
Mau vang sang,
thoang mui ac
trng, v ac trng
hau nh khong con
- Chung toi ma hoa ba mau A, B, C tren roi chon 10 ngi e tien hanh
anh gia cam quan bang phep th so hang. Cac mau se c sap xep theo th t
mc o a thch giam dan .

Tiung 4u
Bang 3.4: Bang x ly ket qua
Mau A Mau B Mau C
Tong iem anh gia 17 13 30
2
th

5,99
F 15,8
F
th
11
Ket luan Mau A Mau B Mau C
Nhan xet:
- Mau A va B giong nhau ve mc o a thch, va chung khac mau C. V
tong iem so hang cua mau A va B nho hn C nen mau A va B c a thch
hn mau C. ieu nay co the c giai thch la do mau C b pha loang qua
nhieu, lam cho mui va v ac trng cua san pham hau nh khong con, trong khi
o mc o pha loang thch hp, mau A va B van con gi c tnh ac trng
cua san pham. Gia mau A va B, mau A la mau nguyen chat, mau B c pha
loang vi ty le (1:1) nen e tiet kiem chi ph san xuat, chung toi chon ty le pha
loang mau B.
- Nh vay, ty le pha loang c chon va c co nh cho nhng th
nghiem sau la dch qua:nc=1:1
8.2.2. Khuu sut luung duung cun bu sung:
Chung toi s dung ty le pha loang c a tch nhat, ty le 1:1, roi tien hanh
them ng e nang nong o chat kho hoa tan len 12, 15, 18, 21
0
Bx. Mi
ngi c mi e anh gia cam quan, chon phep th so hang, va sap xep cac
mau theo th t giam dan mc o a thch.

Tiung 41
Bang 3.5: Bang khao sat lng ng bo sung va ac iem dch qua sau
phoi che
Mau
Ham lng ng
phoi che (g/100ml)
Nong o chat kho
hoa tan (
0
Bx)
ac iem cam
quan
A 3,5 12 Kem ngot
B 8,8 15
V ngot va, ac
trng
C 14 18
Ngot ng
nhieu
D 19,4 21
Ngot ng rat
nhieu
Bang 3.6: Bang x ly ket qua
Mau A Mau B Mau C Mau D
Tong iem anh gia
31 13 28 28
2
th
7,81
F 9
F
th
15
Ket luan Mau B Mau A Mau C Mau D
Nhan xet:
- Cac mau A, C, D co mc o a thch nh nhau, va chung t c a thch
hn mau B. Mau A co lng ng hi thap nen kem ngot, mau C va D lai co
lng ng hi nhieu nen v ngot ac trng giam rat nhieu thay vao o la v
ngot cua ng chiem u the. Mau B vi lng ng va phai mang v ngot
thanh, ac trng tot.
- Nh vay, mau B, mau co lng ng phoi che sao cho nong o chat kho
hoa tan at 15
0
Bx, la ket qua la chon cho th nghiem nay.
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Tiung 48
Theo bang khao sat tren, chung toi nhan thay co hai che o khong phat
hien thay h hong sau 14 ngay bao quan, o la che o 100
0
C trong 15 va 20
phut. Chung toi chon mau x ly 100
0
C trong 15 phut em phan tch ch tieu vi
sinh tai Vien Nghien cu Nuoi trong Thuy san 2, a ch 116 Nguyen nh
Chieu-Q1-Tp.HCM. Ket qua kiem tra vi sinh (the hien phu luc 6) la at yeu
cau.
Nh vay, che o x ly nhiet c chon la 100
0
C-15 phut, ket hp bo sung
Kali sorbate 700ppm, va acid citric 300ppm e chnh pH ve 6,0.
8.2.4. Khuu sut luung vu luui phu giu un dJnh he huyen phu:
Bo tr th nghiem:
- Co nh ty le pha loang (ty le 1:1), lng ng phoi che (8,8%)
- Che o thanh trung:100
0
C-15 phut, kali sorbate 700ppm, acid citric
300ppm
- Lan lt khao sat cac loai phu gia CMC, pectin, pectin:CMC (2:1) vi
ham lng 0,05; 0,1; va 0,15%. Quan sat s on nh he huyen phu sau 4 ngay
bao on, ta thu c ket qua sau:

Tiung 44
Bang 3.8: Bang khao sat tac dung cua cac phu gia on nh he huyen phu
Loai phu gia Ham lng (%)
S on nh he huyen phu sau 4 ngay
bao on
0,03 Tach lp
0,05 Tach lp CMC
0,1 Tach lp
0,03 Tach lp
0,05 Tach lp Pectin
0,1 Khong tach lp, san pham ong nhat
0,03 Tach lp
0,05 Tach lp
Pectin:CMC
(2:1)
0,1 Khong tach lp, san pham ong nhat
Qua bang khao sat, chung toi nhan thay:
- Phu gia CMC ca ba ham lng eu khong co tac dung on nh he
huyen phu. Neu c tiep tuc khao sat vi ham lng ln hn 0,1%, se gay ra cam
giac nht cho san pham.
- Phu gia pectin tao on nh tot ham lng 0,1%. ieu nay co the la v
ngoai tac dung tang nht, pectin con tao ra c mang li khong gian hai chieu
gi cho pha ran l lng tot trong he huyen phu. Trong khi o, CMC ch co tac
dung tang nht, khong co tac dung tao mang li hai chieu nen kho lam cho san
pham ong nhat ham lng thap.
- Pectin la loai phu gia co gia thanh rat cao. V vay, e giam chi ph,
chung toi th thay the mot phan pectin bang CMC vi ty le pectin:CMC=2:1.
Ket qua cho thay, hon hp nay co tac dung tot ham lng 0,1%. Viec s dung
ket hp hai loai phu gia nay cung co tac dung hieu qua hn khi s dung rieng le
tng loai. CMC co tac dung tang nht tot, con pectin tao c mang li khong
Tiung 4b
gian hai chieu, hai chat ho tr cho nhau, khac phuc nhc iem cho nhau e tao
thanh hon hp co tac dung on nh cao.
Nh vay, chung toi quyet nh chon hon hp pectin:CMC, ty le 2:1, vi
ham lng 0,1% e on nh he huyen phu cho san pham.
Kel Iuun:
Cac thong so ky thuat thch hp cho qua trnh san xuat nc nhan uc nh
sau:
Ty le pha loang 1:1 (dch qua: nc)
Lng ng phoi che: 8,8%
Thanh trung 100
0
C trong 15 phut, ket hp kali sorbate 700ppm,
acid citric 300ppm.
ong hoa c: toc o 10000 vong/phut, thi gian 10 phut
Phu gia on nh he huyen phu: hon hp pectin:CMC vi ty le 2:1,
ham lng 0,1%.
8.8. Khuu sut cuc thung su ky thuut cuu qui trnh sun xuut mut dung
nhun:
8.8.1. Khuu sut ty le puree:duung vu khu nung tuu dung cuu sun
phum:
Trong qua trnh khao sat, chung toi nhan thay rang, ty le puree:ng
60:40 va 40:60 la khong thch hp. Gel tao thanh t ty le 60:40 mac du co v ac
trng tot nhng cng ac, khong mem deo; con gel tao thanh t ty le 40:60 mac
du co o mem deo tot nhng cho v ngot cua ng nhieu, hau nh khong con v
ac trng. Trong khi o, gel tao thanh t ty le 50:50 cho cau truc mem deo va v
ngot ac trng kha tot. ty le nay, chung toi nhan thay co 12 iem tao ong tot
(tng ng co iem 2 trong 4 thang iem a neu chng 2)

Tiung 46
Bang 3.9: Bang 12 iem tao ong tot ty le puree:ng=50:50
pH=4,6 pH=4,7
Mau
Nong o
chat kho
hon hp
(%)
Lng
pectin
s
dung
(%)
Lng
Canxi
citrate
(%)
Mau
Nong o
chat kho
hon hp
(%)
Lng
pectin
s
dung
(%)
Lng
Canxi
citrate
(%)
28
0,8 0,2
34
0,8 0,2
29
0,1
35
0,1
30
65
0,1
0,2
36
65
0,1
0,2
40
0,8 0,2
46
0,8 0,2
41
0,1
47
0,1
42
67
0,1
0,2
48
67
0,1
0,2
Nhom mau tao ong pH=4,6 co v hi chua khong thch hp cho san
pham mt jam t trai nhan, loai trai cay co v ngot ac trng, nen chung toi
khong chon cac mau thuoc nhom nay. nhom pH=4,7 da tren yeu to kinh te,
chung toi chon mau 34, mau tao gel 65
0
Bx, ham lng pectin 0,8%, ham
lng canxi citrate 0,2%.
8.8.2. Khuu sut bien phup buu quun sun phum:
Nh a trnh bay chng hai, chung toi tien hanh khao sat bien phap
bao quan san pham vi ham lng kali sorbate lan lt la 300, va 500ppm. Sau
14 ngay bao on, nhan thay ca hai mau eu khong xuat hien h hong. Chung toi
em mau co ham lng kali sorbate 300ppm i kiem tra ch tieu vi sinh tai Vien
Nghien cu Nuoi trong Thuy san 2, a ch 116 Nguyen nh Chieu-Q1-
Tp.HCM. Ket qua kiem tra vi sinh (the hien phu luc 6) la at yeu cau.
Nh vay, chung toi chon ham lng kali sorbate la 300ppm e bo sung
vao san pham.

Tiung 47
Kel Iuun:
Cac thong so ky thuat cua qui trnh san xuat mt ong nhan:
Ty le puree:ng= 50:50
Nong o chat kho hon hp: 65
0
Bx
Lng pectin s dung: 0,8%
Lng canxi citrate: 0,2%
pH= 4,7 (tng ng 600ppm acid citric)
Ham lng kali sorbate: 300ppm.
8.4. Dunh giu chut luung sun phum:
8.4.1. Thunh phun huu huc cuu sun phum:
Bang 3.10: Bang thanh phan hoa hoc cua san pham nc nhan uc
STT Ten ch tieu n v tnh Ket qua
1 pH 6,0
2 Nong o chat kho hoa tan
0
Bx 15
3 ng tong g/100ml 12,28

Bang 3.11: Bang thanh phan hoa hoc cua san pham mt ong nhan
STT Ten ch tieu n v tnh Ket qua
1 pH 4,7
2 Nong o chat kho hoa tan
0
Bx 65
3 ng tong g/100g 63.93

Tiung 48
8.4.2. Ch tieu vi sinh cuu sun phum:
Bang 3.12: Bang ket qua kiem tra vi sinh cua san pham nc nhan uc
STT Ten vi sinh vat n v tnh
Gii han cho
phep trong
1g hay 1ml
thc pham
Ket qua
Phng phap
kiem nghiem
1
Tong so vi khuan
hieu kh (TPC)
CFU/ml
10
2
< 10
TCVN 4884:2005
2
E.Coli MPN/ml
0
Khong
phat hien
TCVN 5287:1994
3
Coliforms CFU/ml
10 0
NF V08 - 16
4
Staphylococcus
aureus
CFU/ml
0 0
NF V08 057-1
5
Tong so bao t
nam men, nam
moc
CFU/ml
10 0 TCVN 5750 - 1993

Bang 3.13: Bang ket qua kiem tra vi sinh vat cua san pham mt ong t
nhan
STT Ten vi sinh vat n v tnh
Gii han cho
phep trong
1g hay 1ml
thc pham
Ket qua
Phng phap
kiem nghiem
1
Tong so vi khuan
hieu kh (TPC)
CFU/g
10
4
< 100
TCVN 4884:2005
2
E.Coli MPN/g
0
Khong
phat hien
TCVN 5287:1994
3
Coliforms CFU/g
10 0
NF V08 - 016
Tiung 4u
4
Bacillus cereus CFU/g
10
2
0
TCVN 4833
2:2001
5
Clostridium
perfringens
CFU/g
10 0
NF V08 056:1990
6
Tong so bao t
nam men, nam
moc
CFU/g
10
2
0 TCVN 5750:1993
8.4.8. Dunh giu cum quun sun phum:
8.4.8.1. Sun phum nuuc nhun duc:
San pham nc nhan uc c ng
trong chai thuy tinh 230ml, va c bao quan
nhiet o thng. Sau mi (60) ngi c
mi e cam quan xac nh mc o a thch
cua ho oi vi cac ch tieu mau, o ong nhat,
mui, v, cung nh mc o a thch chung oi
vi san pham.

Hnh 3.1: San pham nc nhan uc
Bang 3.14: iem anh gia th hieu trung bnh cua ngi th cho cac ac
tnh san pham nc nhan uc
a thch
ve mau
a thch ve
trang thai
a thch ve
mui
a thch ve
v
a thch
chung
iem anh
gia trung bnh
7 8.05 7.35 7.15 7.25

Tiung bu

7
8,05
7,35
7,15
7,25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Hnh 3.2: o th bieu dien iem anh gia th hieu trung bnh cua ngi th
cho cac ac tnh san pham nc nhan uc
Nhan xet:
- iem trung bnh cac ch tieu san pham dao ong trong khoang 6-8, nh
vay mc o a thch thuoc loai kha.
- Quan sat o th, ta nhan thay o ong nhat san pham c a thch
nhat, ieu nay la do che o ong hoa tot va viec s dung phu gia on nh hieu
qua. Trong khi o, mau sac san pham nhan c s a thch kem nhat, co the la
do che o, phng phap thanh trung cha that hp ly lam cho mau sac sam,
khong ti sang bat mat.

a thch
ve mau
a thch
ve o
ong
nhat
a thch
ve mui
a thch
ve v
a thch
chung
Tiung b1
Ket qua tnh toan he so tng quan R:
Bang 3.15: Bang he so R gia mc o a thch chung vi mc o a thch
cac ac tnh san pham nc nhan uc

Mc o a thch
chung
Mau 0,59
o ong nhat 0,57
Mui 0,69
V 0,78
Ket qua cho thay cac gia tr R
tinh toan
eu ln hn R
tra bang
(R
tra bang
= 0,44),
tc la tat cac ac tnh cua san pham eu co anh hng en mc o a thch
chung oi vi san pham.
He so tng quan gia mc o a thch chung vi mc o a thch cac ch
tieu mau, o ong nhat la nho nhat, v vay co the noi rang ch tieu mau va o
ong nhat co anh hng thap nhat trong so cac anh hng. Trong khi o, he so
tng quan gia mc o a thch ve v va mc o a thch chung la cao nhat, v
vay v co anh hng ln nhat en mc o a thch chung cua san pham.
8.4.8.2. Sun phum mut dung nhun:
San pham mt ong nhan c ng
trong lo thuy tinh khoi lng tnh 30g, va c
bao quan nhiet o thng. Sau mi (60)
ngi c mi e cam quan xac nh mc o
a thch cua ho oi vi cac ch tieu mau, cau
truc, mui, v, cung nh mc o a thch chung
oi vi san pham.

Hnh 3.3: San pham mt ong nhan
Tiung b2
tnh san pham mt ong nhan
a thch
ve mau
a thch
ve cau
truc
a thch
ve mui
a thch
ve v
a thch
chung
iem anh
gia trung
bnh
7,85 7,75 7,05 7,05 7,2

7,85
7,75
7,05 7,05
7,2
6,6
6,8
7
7,2
7,4
7,6
7,8
8

Hnh 3.4: o th bieu dien iem anh gia th hieu trung bnh cua ngi th
cho cac ac tnh san pham mt ong nhan
Nhan xet:
- iem trung bnh cac ch tieu san pham dao ong trong khoang 7 en
gan 8, nh vay mc o a thch thuoc loai kha.
- Quan sat o th, ta nhan thay ch tieu ve mui, v kem c a thch
nhat, ieu nay co the la do san pham ngot nhieu lam cho ngi tieu dung de b
ngan.
a thch
ve mau
a thch
ve cau
truc
a thch
ve mui
a thch
ve v
a thch
chung
Tiung b8
Ket qua tnh toan he so tng quan R:
cac ac tnh san pham mt ong nhan (khong s dung chat x)

Mc o a thch
chung
Mau 0,66
Cau truc 0,53
Mui 0,48
V 0,71
- Ket qua cho thay cac gia tr R
tinh toan
eu ln hn R
tra bang
(R
tra bang
= 0,44),
- He so tng quan gia mc o a thch ve v va mc o a thch chung
la cao nhat, v vay v co anh hng ln nhat en mc o a thch chung cua san
pham. T ay co the ly giai tai sao v co mc o a thch thap dan en mc o
a thch chung oi vi san pham cung khong cao.
8.. Sun Ium mul dong nIun co su uung cIul xo:
San pham mt ong nhan tren co o ngot cao (chu yeu la ngot do
ng). San pham co o ngot cao de lam cho ngi tieu dung de b ngan. e
giam o ngot cua san pham, chung toi thay the 50% ng trong san pham bang
chat x co ten thng hieu la Litesse
II, do cong ty Danishco cung cap. Chat x

nay mang nhieu tnh nang giong ng nhng chung khong ngot (xem chng 2,
phan 2.1.9). Cac thanh phan khac trong cong thc phoi tron c gi co nh.

Tiung b4
Cong thc phoi che cua san pham mt ong nhan co s dung chat x:
Ty le puree:ng: x= 50:25:25
0
Bx
Ham lng Kali sorbate: 300ppm
Chung toi tien hanh cam quan tren 60 ngi nham so sanh va anh gia
mc o a thch cua ho oi vi hai san pham mt ong: co va khong s dung
chat x cac ch tieu mau sac, cau truc, mui, v va mc o a thch chung (cac
san pham c ma hoa e am bao tnh khach quan)
tnh san pham mt ong nhan co va khong s dung chat x
a thch
ve mau
a thch
ve cau
truc
a thch
ve mui
a thch
ve v
a thch
chung
Khong s
dung chat x
785 7,75 8,05 7,05 7,2
Co s dung
chat x
7,95 7,85 7,7 8,9 8,45

Tiung bb
7,85
7,75
7,05 7,05
7,2
7,95
7,85
7,7
8,9
8,45
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Kho ng s du ng
cha t x
Co s du ng cha t
x

Hnh 3.5: : o th bieu dien iem anh gia th hieu trung bnh cua ngi th
cho cac ac tnh san pham mt ong nhan co va khong s dung chat x

Nhan xet:
- Mc o a thch ve mau va cau truc cua hai loai san pham tng ng
nhau.
- Mc o a thch ve mui, v va mc o a thch chung cho san pham co
s dung chat x tang cao so vi san pham khong s dung chat x.
Chung toi s dung phep phan tch phng sai ANOVA mot chieu e xem s
khac nhau ve mc o a thch cac ac tnh gia hai san pham co ngha hay
khong. Chung toi s dung phan mem Excel e tnh ANOVA, ket qua tnh toan
t excel c the hien phu luc 4.

a
thch ve
mau
a
thch ve
cau
truc
a
thch ve
mui
a
thch ve
v
a
thch
chung
Tiung b6
Bang 3.19: Bang gia tr F va F
crit
t ket qua tnh ANOVA
Cac ac tnh san pham Gia tr F Gia tr F
crit
Mau sac 0.28
Cau truc 0.23
Mui 8.38
V 52.54
a thch chung 29.47
4.098
- Mc o a thch ve mau sac, cau truc cua hai san pham mt ong khac
nhau (co va khong s dung chat x) la giong nhau do chung co gia tr F< F
crit
.
Nh vay, viec s dung chat x khong lam anh hng en mau va cau truc san
pham.
- Mc o a thch ve mui, v, va mc o a thch chung cua hai san pham
mt ong khac nhau (co va khong s dung chat x) la khac nhau do chung co
gia tr F> F
crit
. Nh vay, mc o a thch ve mui, v, va a thch chung oi vi
san pham co s dung chat x troi hn oi vi san pham khong s dung chat x
la co ngha. Chat x thc s co tac dung tot trong viec lam giam o ngot san
pham, ac biet giam o ngot ng, tang o ngot va mui t v va mui ac trng
cua trai nhan.

cac ac tnh san pham mt ong nhan co s dung chat x

Mc o a thch
chung
Mau 0,59
Cau truc 0,46
Mui 0,67
V 0,70

Tiung b7
- Ket qua cho thay cac gia tr R
tinh toan
eu ln hn R
tra bang
(R
tra bang
= 0,44),
- He so tng quan gia mc o a thch ve v va mc o a thch chung
la cao nhat anh dau tam quan trong trong viec ieu khien v e san pham co
mc o a thch chung cao.

Tiung b8

CHUONG 4:
KET LUAN
VA E NGH[

Tiung bu
4.1. Ket luun:
T cac ket qua nghien cu, quy trnh thc nghiem san xuat nc nhan uc va
mt ong nhan c trnh bay nh sau:

Hnh 4.1: Quy trnh thc nghiem san xuat nc nhan uc va mt ong nhan

Tiung 6u
Cac thong so ky thuat cua qui trnh:
Nc nhan uc:
Ty le pha loang 1:1 (dch qua:nc)
Lng ng phoi che: 8,8%
Thanh trung 100
0
C trong 15 phut, ket hp kali sorbate 700ppm,
acid citric 300ppm.
ong hoa c: toc o 10000 vong/phut, thi gian 10 phut
Phu gia on nh he huyen phu: hon hp pectin:CMC vi ty le 2:1,
ham lng 0,1%.
Mt ng nhan:
Ty le puree:ng= 50:50
0
Bx
Ham lng kali sorbate: 300ppm.
4.2. De nghJ:
Nc nhan uc:
Do han che ve thi gian va thiet b, nen mot so qua trnh cha c thc
hien tot, neu co ieu kien nen cai thien. Cu the la mo so qua trnh sau:
- Qua trnh ong hoa: ong hoa c lam keo dai thi gian ong hoa, anh
hng nhieu en che o thanh trung. Nen nghien cu e s dung thiet b ong
hoa ap lc cao se tot hn. Viec s dung phu gia on nh cau truc cung nen rong
hn bang cach nghien cu them cac loai phu gia on nh khac nh: xanhthan
gum, agar
Tiung 61
- Qua trnh thanh trung: phng phap va che o thanh trung a chon lam
giam tnh chat cam quan cua san pham (ac biet la ve mau sac), ong thi cung
phai s dung lng kha cao chat bao quan mi am bao tnh an toan vi sinh.
Nen nghien cu e thay oi phng phap x ly nhiet (v du: phng phap tiet
trung UHT).
Mt ong nhan:
Phan nghien cu the hien chng 3, phan 3.5 cho thay hieu qua cai tien
ro ret khi s dung chat x thay the mot phan ng. V vay, viec thc hien khao
sat nhieu loai chat x khac nhau cung nh cac ty le thay the thch hp cung nen
c tien hanh khi co ieu kien.

TuI IIeu lIum lIuo

Tiung 62
TAI LIIU THAM KHAO
[1] Nguyen Minh Chau, Fruit breeding and improvement at SOFRI,
Southern fruit research institute, 2001
[2] Nguyen Minh Chau, Pham Ngoc Lieu, Le Thi Thu Hong, Dang Kim
Son, Nguyen Van Tinh, Nguyen Man, Fruits in Vietnam, Agriculture publishing
house, 2002.
[3] Nguyen Hoang Dung, Giao trnh thc hanh anh gia cam quan, Trng
ai hoc Bach khoa Tp.HCM, 2005.
[4] Tran Bch Lam, Th nghiem phan tch thc pham, ai hoc Quoc gia
Tp,HCM, 2007.
[5] Tran Bch Lam, Ton N Minh Nguyet, inh Tran Nhat Thu, Th nghiem
hoa sinh thc pham, ai hoc Quoc gia Tp.HCM, 2004.
[6] Le Van Viet Man, Cong nghe san xuat cac san pham t sa va thc
uong- tap 1, ai hoc Quoc gia Tp.HCM, 2004.
[7] Le Van Viet Man, Cong nghe san xuat cac san pham t sa va thc
uong-tap 2, ai hoc Quoc gia Tp.HCM, 2006.
[8] Ha Duyen T va cong s, anh gia cam quan thc phm, Tong cuc tieu
chuan o lng chat lng, Ha Noi, 1991.
[9] Ha Duyen T, Ky thuat phan tch cam quan, Tong cuc tieu chuan o
lng chat lng, Ha Noi, 1991.
[10] Le Ngoc Tu (chu bien), Hoa hoc thc pham, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va
Ky thuat Ha Noi, 2001.
[11] Le Ngoc Tu (chu bien), Hoa sinh cong nghiep, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc
va Ky thuat Ha Noi, 2002.
[12] Nguyen Van Tuan, Phan tch so lieu va bieu o bang R: hng dan va
thc hanh, nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, 2006.
TuI IIeu lIum lIuo

Tiung 68
[13] Diane M. Barrett, Laszlo Somogyi, Hosahalli Ramaswamy, Processing
Fruits, second edition, CRC press, 2005.
[14] Fellows P., Food processing technology, second edition, Woodhead
publishing limited, Cambridge England.
[15] Jonathan H. Crane, Carlos F. Balerdi, Steven A. Sargent, and Ian
Maguire, Longan growing in the Florida Home Landscape, Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2005.
[16] Julia F. Morton, Fruits of warm climates, Miami, FL, 1987.
[17] Nuchanart Rangkadilok, Luksamee Worasuttayangkurn, Jaratluck
Akanimanee, Pattaya Khamkong, Jutamaad Satayavivad, Polyphenolic
compounds in longan fruit and their pharmacologycal activities, 31st Congress
on Science and Technology of Thailand at Suranaree University of Technology,
2005.
[18] O' Mahony M., Sensory Evaluation of Food: Statistical methods and
produres, New York, Marcel Dekker Inc., 1985.
[19] Sarawut Phupaichitkun, Busarakorn Mahayothee, Methinee
Heawsungcharern, Serm Janjai, Joachim Mller, Single-layer drying behavior of
longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.), Conference on International Agricultural
Research for Development, Germany, 2005.
[20] Wong Kai Choo, Longan production in Asia, Food and agriculture
organization of the united nations regional office for Asia and the Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand, 2000.
[21] Yan Diczbalis, Longan improving yield and quality, RIRDC, Australia,
2002.
[22] Mot so trang web:
- http://www.herc.com
- http://www.ceventura.ucdavis.edu
- http://www.thefreedictionary.com
PIu Iuc

Tiung 64

PHU LUC 1
CAC BANG GIA TRI
TOI HAN

PIu Iuc

Tiung 6b

Bang 1.1: Gia tr ti han cua kiem nh
2
(k la bac t do) [16]
k = 1% = 5% =0,1% k = 1% = 5% =0,1%
1 6,64 3,84 10,83 16 32,00 26,30 39,29
2 9,21 5,99 13,82 17 33,41 27,59 40,75
3 11,34 7,81 16,27 18 34,80 28,87 42,31
4 13,28 9,49 18,46 19 36,19 30,14 43,82
5 15,09 11,07 20,52 20 37,57 31,41 45,32
6 16,81 12,59 22,46 21 38,93 32,67 46,80
7 18,48 14,07 24,32 22 40,29 33,92 48,27
8 20,09 15,51 26,12 23 41,64 35,17 49,73
9 21,67 16,92 27,88 24 42,98 36,42 31,18
10 23,21 18,31 29,59 25 44,31 37,65 52,62
11 24,72 19,68 31,26 26 45,64 38,88 54,05
12 26,22 21,03 32,91 27 46,96 40,11 55,48
13 27,69 22,36 34,53 28 48,28 41,34 56,89
14 29,14 23,68 36,12 29 49,59 42,69 58,30
15 30,58 25,00 35,70 30 50,89 43,77 59,70

PIu Iuc

Tiung 66

Bang 1.2: Gia tr ti han cua phep th so hang khong co mau chuan [3]
N So lng mau So lng mau
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4 7 10 13 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 36
5 8 11 14 17 21 24 27 30 34 37 9 13 16 19 23 26 30 33 37 41
6 9 12 15 19 22 26 30 34 37 42 10 14 18 21 25 29 33 37 41 45
7 10 13 17 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 11 15 19 23 28 32 36 40 45 49
8 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 39 43 47 12 16 21 25 30 34 39 43 48 53
9 10 15 19 23 27 32 36 41 46 50 13 17 22 27 32 36 41 46 51 56
10 11 15 20 24 29 34 38 43 48 53 13 18 23 28 33 38 44 49 54 59
11 11 16 21 26 30 35 40 45 51 56 14 19 24 30 35 40 46 51 57 63
12 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 48 53 58 15 20 26 31 37 42 48 54 60 66
13 12 18 23 28 33 39 44 50 55 61 15 21 27 32 38 44 50 56 62 68
14 13 18 24 29 34 40 46 52 57 63 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 65 71
15 13 19 24 30 36 42 47 53 59 66 16 22 28 35 41 48 54 60 67 74
16 14 19 25 31 37 42 49 55 61 67 17 23 30 36 43 49 56 63 70 77
17 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 63 69 17 24 31 37 44 51 58 65 72 79
18 15 20 26 32 39 45 51 58 65 71 18 25 31 38 45 52 60 67 74 81
19 15 21 27 33 40 46 53 60 66 73 18 25 32 39 46 54 61 69 76 84
20 15 21 28 34 41 47 54 61 68 75 19 26 33 40 48 55 63 70 78 86
21 16 22 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 19 27 34 41 49 56 64 72 80 88
22 16 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 79 20 27 35 42 50 58 66 74 82 90
23 16 23 30 37 44 51 58 65 73 80 20 28 35 43 51 59 63 75 84 92
24 17 23 30 37 45 52 59 67 74 82 21 28 36 44 52 60 69 77 85 94
25 17 24 31 38 46 53 61 68 76 84 21 29 37 45 53 62 70 79 87 96
26 17 24 32 39 46 54 62 70 77 85 22 29 38 46 54 63 71 80 89 98
27 17 25 32 40 47 55 63 71 79 87 22 30 38 47 55 64 73 82 91 100
28 18 25 33 40 48 56 64 72 80 89 22 31 39 48 56 65 74 83 92 101
29 18 26 33 41 49 57 65 73 82 90 23 31 40 48 57 66 75 85 94 103
30 19 26 34 42 50 58 66 75 83 92 23 32 40 49 58 67 77 86 95 105
31 19 27 34 42 51 59 67 76 85 93 23 32 41 50 59 69 78 87 97 107
32 19 27 35 43 51 60 68 77 86 95 24 33 42 51 60 70 79 89 99 108
33 20 27 36 44 52 61 70 78 87 96 24 33 42 52 61 71 80 90 100 110
34 20 28 37 44 53 62 71 79 89 98 25 34 43 52 62 72 82 82 102 112
35 20 28 37 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 25 34 44 53 63 73 83 93 103 113
36 20 29 38 46 55 63 73 82 91 100 25 35 44 54 64 74 84 94 105 115
37 21 29 38 46 55 64 74 83 92 102 26 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 106 117
38 21 29 39 47 56 65 75 84 94 103 26 36 45 55 66 76 86 97 107 118
39 21 30 39 48 57 66 76 85 95 105 26 36 46 56 66 77 87 98 109 120
40 21 30 40 48 57 67 76 86 96 106 27 36 47 57 67 78 88 99 110 121
41 22 31 40 49 58 68 77 87 97 107 27 37 47 57 68 79 90 100 112 123
42 22 31 41 49 59 69 78 88 98 109 27 37 48 58 69 80 91 102 113 124
43 22 31 41 50 60 69 79 89 99 110 28 38 48 59 70 81 92 103 114 126
44 22 32 41 51 60 70 80 90 101 111 28 38 49 60 70 82 93 104 115 127
45 23 32 41 51 61 71 81 91 102 112 28 39 49 60 71 82 94 105 117 128
46 23 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 103 114 28 39 50 61 72 83 95 106 118 130
47 23 33 42 52 62 72 83 93 104 115 29 39 50 62 73 84 96 108 119 131
48 23 33 43 53 63 73 84 94 105 116 29 40 51 62 74 85 97 109 121 133
49 24 33 43 53 64 74 85 95 106 117 29 40 51 63 74 86 98 110 122 134
50 24 34 44 54 64 75 85 96 107 118 30 41 52 63 75 87 99 111 123 135
55 25 35 46 56 67 78 90 101 112 124 31 43 54 66 79 91 104 116 129 142
60 26 37 48 59 70 82 94 105 117 130 32 45 57 69 82 95 108 121 135 148
65 27 38 50 61 73 85 97 110 122 135 34 46 59 72 86 99 113 126 140 154
70 28 40 52 64 76 88 101 114 127 140 35 48 61 75 89 103 117 131 146 160
75 29 41 53 66 79 91 105 118 131 145 36 50 64 78 92 106 121 136 151 166

PIu Iuc

Tiung 67

Bang 1.3: Gia tr R
tra bang
[16]
df=N-2 = 10% = 5% =0,2% = 0,1% =0,01%
1 0,9877 0,9969 0,9995 0,9999 1,0000
2 0,9000 0,9500 0,9800 0,900 0,9990
3 0,8054 0,8783 0,9343 0,9587 0,9912
4 0,7293 0,8114 0,8822 0,9172 0,9741
5 0,6694 0,7545 0,8329 0,8745 0,9507
6 0,6215 0,7067 0,7887 0,8343 0,9249
7 0,5822 0,6664 0,7498 0,7977 0,8982
8 0,5494 0,6319 0,7155 0,7646 0,8721
9 0,5214 0,6021 0,6851 0,7348 0,8471
10 0,4973 0,5760 0,6581 0,7079 0,8233
11 0,4762 0,5529 0,6339 0,6835 0,8010
12 0,4575 0,5324 0,6120 0,6614 0,7800
13 0,4409 0,5139 0,5923 0,6411 0,7603
14 0,4259 0,4973 0,5742 0,6226 0,7420
15 04124 0,4821 0,5577 0,6055 0,7246
16 0,4000 0,4683 0,5425 0,5897 0,7084
17 0,3887 0,4555 0,5285 0,5751 0,6932
18 0,3783 0,4438 0,5155 0,5614 0,6787
19 0,3687 0,4329 0,5034 0,5487 0,6652
20 0,3598 0,4227 0,4921 0,5368 0,6524
25 0,3233 0,3809 0,4451 0,4869 0,5974
30 0,1960 0,3494 0,4093 0,4487 0,5541
35 0,2746 0,3246 0,3810 0,4182 0,5189
40 0,2573 0,3044 0,3578 0,3932 0,4896
45 0,2428 0,2875 0,3384 0,3721 0,4648
50 0,2306 0,2732 0,3218 0,3541 0,4433
60 0,2108 0,2500 0,2948 0,3248 0,4078
70 0,1954 0,2319 0,2737 0,3017 0,3799
80 0,1529 0,2172 0,2565 0,2830 0,3568
90 0,1726 0,2050 0,2422 0,2673 0,3375
100 0,1638 0,1946 0,2301 0,2540 0,3211

PIu Iuc

Tiung 68

PHU LUC 2:
KET QUA TNH TOAN
ANOVA BANG EXCEL

PIu Iuc

Tiung 6u

Bang 2.1: Bang tnh ANOVA cho ch tieu mau sac cua hai san pham mt
ong co va khong s dung chat x
Source of
Variation
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups
0,1 1 0,1 0,281 0,599 4,098
Within Groups 13,5 118 0,355
Total 13,6 119

Bang 2.2: Bang tnh ANOVA cho ch tieu cau truc cua hai san pham
mt ong co va khong s dung chat x
Source of
Variation
Between
Groups
0,1 1 0,1 0,233 0,632 4,098
Total 16,4 119

Bang 2.3: Bang tnh ANOVA cho ch tieu mui cua hai san pham mt ong
co va khong s dung chat x
Source of
Variation
Between Groups 4,225 1 4,225 8,384 0,006 4,098
Total 23,375 119

PIu Iuc

Tiung 7u

Bang 2.4: Bang tnh ANOVA cho ch tieu v cua hai san pham mt ong co
va khong s dung chat x
Source of
Variation
Between Groups 34,225 1 34,225 52,547 1,135E-08 4,098
Total 58,975 119

Bang 2.5: Bang tnh ANOVA cho ch tieu v cua hai san pham mt ong co
va khong s dung chat x
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 15,625 1 15,625 29,467 3,461E-06 4,098
Total 35,775 119

PIu Iuc

Tiung 71

PHU LUC 8:
TNH TOAN
HAM LUONG
DUONG TONG
SAN PHAM

PIu Iuc

Tiung 72

Bang 3.1: Bang ket qua mat o quang cua cac dung dch chuan sucrose

Mat o quang Nong o ng sucrose
( g/ml)
Lan 1 Lan 2 Lan 3 Trung bnh
10 0,113 0,13 0,127 0,123
20 0,233 0,248 0,221 0,234
30 0,3 0,308 0,38 0,329
40 0,441 0,445 0,467 0,451
50 0,563 0,559 0,545 0,556
60 0,638 0,661 0,636 0,645
70 0,777 0,786 0,794 0,786

y = 0,0108x + 0,0127
R
2
= 0,998
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
0,800
0,900
0 20 40 60 80

Hnh 3.1: o th ng chuan

PIu Iuc

Tiung 78

Bang 3.2: Bang so lieu mat o quang va ket qua tnh toan ham lng ng
tong cua san pham nc nhan uc

Mat o quang (he so pha loang f=2500)
Ham lng ng
(g/100ml)
0,541 0,541 0,548 0,543 12,28

Bang 3.3: Bang so lieu mat o quang va ket qua tnh toan ham lng ng
tong cua san pham mt ong nhan
Mat o quang (he so pha loang f=5000)
Ham lng ng
(g/100g)
1.402 1.390 1.389 1.393 63.93

PIu Iuc

Tiung 74

PHU LUC 4:
HNH ANH
MOT SO THIIT BI

PIu Iuc

Tiung 7b

Hnh 4.1: May o pH Hnh 4.2: May ong hoa c

Hnh 4.3: Khuc xa ke cam tay Hnh 4.4: May say am hong ngoai

PIu Iuc

Tiung 76

Hnh 4.5: Thiet b thanh trung Autoclave

Hnh 4.6: Can hai so le (Acculab model VI 200)

PIu Iuc

Tiung 77

PHU LUC :
TIIU CHUAN VI MUT
DONG

PIu Iuc

Tiung 78

PHU LUC :
KIT QUA
KIIM TRA VI SINH

M T Có Duong Tong

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II

II, do cong ty Danishco cung cap, c s dung e thay

II co the thay the ng

II co the mang lai tnh chat cam quan va cau truc

II ch c len men 1 phan bi cac vi sinh vat trong

CIuong 8: Kel quu ngIIen cuu vu hun Iuun

II, do cong ty Danishco cung cap. Chat x

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