ICDL 2
LINUX
Ubuntu Linux Gnome
1 : ...........................................................................................5
2.1.1 ............................................................................................6
2.1.1.1 ....................................................................................................6
2.1.1.2 ....................................................................................................7
2.1.1.3 ...........................................................................................8
2.1.1.4 ................................................................8
2.1.2 ........................................................................................11
2.1.2.1 :
, RAM ........................................................................................11
2.1.2.2 : ,
, ( ,
, )..........................................................................13
2.1.2.3 , ............................................................18
2.1.2.4 : , zip disk......................................18
2.1.2.5 E, .............................................21
2.1.2.6 Print Screen ........23
2.1.2.7 .................................................................24
2.1.3 ...............................................................................................................26
2.1.3.1 . , ...................26
2.1.3.2 ..............................................................................29
2 : ............................................................................................................32
.............................................................................................................................................33
2.2.1 ..................................................................................................................33
2.2.1.1 : ,
/ , , , / .............33
2.2.1.2 ...........................................35
2.2.1.3 , / , ...........36
2.2.1.4 , ....................................37
2.2.2 .................................................................................................................39
2.2.2.1 : , ,
, , ...................................................................39
2.2.2.2 , , , ..............41
3 : ..............................................................................................................44
2.3.1 ...........................................................................................................................45
2.3.1.1 , ,
................................................................................................................................................45
2.3.1.2
, , CD-ROM network drives....47
2.3.2 / ....................................................................................................................49
2.3.2.1 , .....................................................................................49
2.3.2.2 / / .....52
2.3.2.3 , , /
..........................................................................................................................................53
2.3.3 ......................................................................................................................57
2.3.3.1 : , ,
, , , , video, , .......................57
2.3.3.2 , , (
)............................................................................................................................59
2.3.3.3 : / , -
........................................................................................................................................................61
2.3.3.4 , , ,
.................................................................................................................................63
2.3.3.5
........................................................................................................................................................64
2.3.3.6 , / ...................................................................64
2.3.4 , ..............................................................................................................65
2.3.4.1 , / ,
, / ..............................................................................65
2.3.4.2 , / /
.......................................................................................................................66
2.3.4.3 , / /
...........................................................................................................................................66
2.3.4.4 ..................66
2.3.5 , .................................................................................................................67
2.3.5.1 , / / . 67
2.3.5.2 , / /
/ Trash.............................................................................................................................67
2.3.5.3 / .................................................67
2.3.6 ...................................................................................................................................67
2.3.6.1 (Find) , / . 67
2.3.6.2 , ,
, , ..................................................69
2.3.6.3 ...............................................................................73
2.3.7 ....................................................................................................................74
2.3.7.1 .............................................................................74
2.3.7.2 ......................................................................................74
2.3.7.3 .......................................................................77
4 : ..........................................................................................................................................79
2.4.1 ...........................................................................................................................80
2.4.1.1 .................................................80
2.4.1.2 .................81
2.4.1.3 - ................................................81
2.4.1.4 ...........................................................................82
2.4.2 .............................................................................................................................83
2.4.2.1 - , , 83
2.4.2.2 - ........................................84
5 : .........................................................................................................85
2.5.1 ...................................................................................................................................86
2.5.1.1 ..........86
2.5.1.2 .........................................................86
2.5.2 ................................................................................................................................92
2.5.2.1 .................................92
2.5.2.2 .......................93
2.5.2.3 , ,
...................................................................................................................................94
ICDL 2
LINUX
Ubuntu Linux Gnome
1 :
2.1.1
2.1.1.1
On/Off .
(boot process).
(start-up
routine) ROM
.
RAM
.
,
:
1.
.
.
2.
, .
.
3. .
, ,
:.
.
GenUser
V2wTkN7.
. ,
.
,
, .
, V2wTkN7,
*******, .
.
.
,
.
, .
Linux , root,
.
root, .
root, ,
,
.
2.1.1.2
, .
.
.
On/Off.
2.1.1.3
, ,
.
2.1.1.4
.
.
.
.
:
.
, ,
:
-> ->
, ,
: ->
:
.
.
.
->
Ctrl+Q.
,
On/Off.
. .
.
. .
Ctrl+Alt+Backspace.
,
.
2.1.2
2.1.2.1 :
, RAM
(CPU)
-> ->
.
CPU CPU
.
-> .
RAM
, -> ->
.
.
CPU CPU
,
.
-> .
.
:
-> -> .
10
6.06 Ubuntu Linux.
2.1.2.2 :
, ,
( , ,
)
,
root.
, .
/
root .
.
, ,
.
.
11
-> -> .
,
, ,
. .
.
-> .
12
-> -> (
root).
-> .
-> -> .
.
.
.
-> ->
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
13
:
-> ->
.
.
14
-> ->
root .
.
, .
15
2.1.2.3 ,
. , ,
.
,
.
-> ->
root .
.
.
, .
2.1.2.4 : , zip disk
, .
. ,
.
16
.
.
->
.
DOS,
Windows.
Linux EXT2.
.
.
,
.
.
.
, .
()
.
, Linux.
, ,
17
Linux.
,
Linux.
.
,
Enter .
-. ,
. ,
mkfs , Mkfs MKFS .
.
-> ->
,
Enter: /sbin/mkfs.msdos /dev/fd0
Linux
: /sbin/mkfs.ext2/dev/fd0.
Windows.
zip disk Linux
zip disk,
.
.
-> ->
/sbin/mkfs.ext2/dev/sd0,
Enter.
zip disk ext2.
Linux.
zip disk Linux Windows
zip disk Linux
Windows, vfat.
zip disk .
-> ->
/sbin/mkfs.vfat/dev/sdo,
Enter.
18
2.1.2.5 E,
CD
Ubuntu Linux
. CD
.
. Ubuntu
,
.
, Mozilla
Thunderbird ( ,
7).
->
,
.
, Thunderbird
Mail Client
.
.
,
.
root .
.
19
; -> .
, .
,
-> -> Thunderbird Mail.
CD
CD
.
. ,
.
.
CD.
CD-ROM .
.
( 2.3.2
).
.
, :
-> .
root, .
.
- .
.
20
2.1.2.6 Print Screen
Print Screen .
Prt Scr .
,
.
.
.
. .png.
,
:
-> -> .
/ .
.
.
2.1.2.7
Ubuntu
.
-> -> .
21
.
Ubuntu
Gnome.
,
.
-> Ctrl+F.
.
.
22
. ,
.
.
, Ubuntu Linux
Gnome.
, Gnome
. ,
,
Ubuntu Linux Gnome.
.
2.1.3
2.1.3.1 : ,
-> ->
Gnome (Gedit).
,
Gedit.
.
23
Gedit
-> .
Gedit. , Gedit
.
.
24
,
. ,
( ). ,
,
.
:
-> .
... . ,
home .
,
/home/annak.
, .
.
.
flash
,
.
25
.
, :
->
,
.
.
.
2.1.3.2
,
RAM .
.
RAM , , ,
RAM .
, RAM .
.
,
.
,
:
-> .
,
.
, .
->
, Gedit
-> , .
. ,
, :
-> .
26
.
. ,
home/ .
.
, Linux
Home .
, Home
,
, ( home annak).
root,
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
,
27
,
. .
, ,
.
.
.
2.1.3.3
->
28
ICDL 2
LINUX
Ubuntu Linux Gnome
2 :
29
GUI (Graphical User Interface)/ : GUI
, .
. ,
Linux .
. GUIs
Linux .
Linux,
(). ,
.
Distributions/ : CD,
Linux, ,
. Linux .
Desktop/ :
.
. Gnome KDE.
.
Gnome Ubuntu Linux
Gnome .
Gnome
Ubuntu Linux 6.06.
,
.
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
: , / , ,
, /
.
30
CD-ROM, DVD-ROM
( CD-ROM
Audio).
() ,
2_screenshots.
ICDL .
.
2.2.1.4.
31
,
.
. , octobris.ods
OpenOffice.org Calc.
,
. , GEA
.
(trash)
. ,
.
Linux, Ubuntu
,
:
,
.
.
,
.
.
Evolution,
Firefox, , .
2.2.1.2
,
.
.
32
.
.
2.2.1.3 , / ,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
-> .
Home , home/annak.
33
,
OpenOffice.org Calc.
.
, .
,
sales.ods, Calc
-> sales.ods.
,
, Calc
.
2.2.1.4 ,
Writer
costs.odt .
Writer -> .
.
.
Writer Calc .
:
-> -> Writer/ Calc,
.
.
,
.
OpenOffice.org Writer
.
Writer
costs.odt .
Writer -> .
.
.
34
Calc.
-> ->
Alacarte.
Alacarte Menu Editor, .
.
OpenOffice.org2 Word Processor
.
.
ooffice -writer %U.
2.2.2
2.2.2.1 :
, , ( ),
,
OpenOffice.org2 Writer
.
35
. OpenOffice.org Writer.
1,
.
.
, 1.
()
.
,
. , ,
.
(
)
. .
,
36
.
.
,
.
.
, .
,
.
. ,
, .
.
.
,
.
.
, . ,
.
.
2.2.2.2 , , ,
.
.
37
,
, .
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
. (
) .
.
.
.
38
.
.
2.2.2.3
,
.
. .
, Gnome
. , Firefox
.
Gnome ,
.
.
.
.
39
,
.
.
, .
,
, .
40
ICDL 2
LINUX
Ubuntu Linux Gnome
3 :
41
2.3.1
2.3.1.1 , ,
,
. .
,
.
. .
Lombard
Staff, Administration.
/Administration/Staff/Lombard.
/Stores.Suppliers/Kunar
Kunar, Suppliers, Stores.
.
.
, .
.
,
,
.
,
, .
.
.
root. ,
root ,
root /.
.
. ,
Linux.
.
42
(path name). ,
.
: /home/david/letters/Tax(2004-0404).
Linux case sensitive,
.
tax, Tax TAX Linux.
.
Windows, Linux
.
.
, .
, Linux
.
Linux
.
Linux,
(mounting)
(unmounting).
home Linux.
, Linux
home. , Dorothy
, Linux /home/Dorothy
. home
43
.
/ .
home .
,
root.
/ home,
-> .
2.3.1.2
, ,
CD-ROM network drives
,
. , , CD-ROMs,
DVDs, Zip disks flash.
,
. .
,
. -
.
(1,44 Mb).
, ,
, .
. ,
.
.
: , .
(zip disk)
, zip .
zip disk
. : 100, 250
750 Mb.
flash
. flash memory stick.
( ),
USB.
.
flash
.
44
flash ,
, zip disk.
To CD-ROM . ,
. .
CD-ROM . CD-R
.
,
. CD-RW
.
.
CD-ROM
.
, .
CD-ROM ,
. CD-ROM 640
Mb. 700 Mb, CD.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
CD-ROM.
, DVD
4 Gb .
. CD-ROMs,
DVDs DVD-R DVD-RW.
.
.
.
USB firewire .
.
,
, .
2 1/2 ,
,
.
40 Gb
300 Gb.
.
,
.
45
. ,
.
,
/ . ,
,
(directory tree).
Linux
.
.
2.3.2 /
2.3.2.1 ,
Home
->
home .
,
home ,
home/annak.
46
(Desktop)
home.
, .
.
. (parent)
. root
.
. root
.
.
,
.
.
home . root, ,
home .
47
Home ,
Home.
,
.
etc.
2.3.2.2 /
/
home .
-> ->
home.
-> Shift+Ctrl+N.
48
, .
Enter.
.
-> Shift+Ctrl+N.
, 2006.
2006
2006.
49
, ,
.
.
.
2.3.2.3 , ,
/
Gnome
. .
-> .
home .
->
home (/home/annak
).
50
-> ->
, .
.
51
52
.
, ,
. ,
.
, .
.
.
.
. .
,
.
rwx
r-x
r---x
---
, .
,
.
, .
, .
.
rwxr-xr--
rwx (, ), r-x
( )
r-- ().
53
.
,
.
2.3.3
2.3.3.1 : ,
, , , , ,
video, ,
Gnome, .
.
.
.
odt
jamaica.odt
Writer.
sxw
jamaica.sxw
Writer, .
ods
populationSA.ods
Calc.
sxc
populationSA.sxc
Calc, .
ott
invoice.ott
Writer
.
stw
invoice.stw
Writer
,
odp
client.odp
Impress.
sti
client.sti
Impress, .
odb
subscribers.odb
Base.
contract.pdf
.
,
.
pdf reader.
htm, html
index.htm
txt
notes.txt
, .
rtf
plans.rtf
.
.
doc
jamaica.doc
Microsoft Word.
54
xls
populationSA.xls
Microsoft Excel.
ppt, pps
client.ppt
Microsoft PowerPoint.
mdb
vendors.mdb
Microsoft Access.
zip
install.zip
zip.
gz
install.gz
gzip.
tar
oo-137.i586.tar
tarball.
.
deb
00-137.i586.deb
Ubuntu. deb
.
png
sky.png
jpg, jpeg
sky.jpg
tif
sky.tif
gif
sky.gif
wav
trumpet.wav
au
trumpet.au
mpg
concert.mpg
avi
concert.avi
tmp
ws0001.tmp
.
2.3.3.2 , ,
( )
Gnome,
,
.
, ,
, .
:
Home.
.
.
.
55
.sxc home .
-> .
home .
*.sxc :.
56
,
.sxc. *sxc,
sxc,
.
.
.
2.3.3.3 : / ,
-
2.3.2.3. ,
.
home
, .
.
-> .
-> .
57
.
-> .
,
.
.
Ubuntu ,
.
( -> ->
) Gnome
.
.
.
,
.
.
58
2.3.3.4 , , ,
, ,
.
Gnome
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
,
.
.
, .
59
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.3.3.5
,
. ,
. ,
.pdf pdf reader
.png .
Linux .
,
. ,
.
, kdbg_1.2.8-2.i686.deb,
deb
Debian Package Manager. i686
Pentium.
.
2.3.3.6 , /
Gnome,
F2
.
.
.
.
.
60
2.3.4 ,
2.3.4.1 , /
, , /
, ,
.
.
.
.
Shift
.
.
.
Ctrl
.
2.3.4.2 , /
/
Gnome
.
.
-> .
.
-> .
61
2.3.4.3 , /
/
Gnome
.
.
-> .
.
-> .
2.3.4.4
. :
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
(backups).
2.3.5 ,
2.3.5.1 , /
.
->
Delete.
2.3.5.2 , /
.
.
62
-> .
.
-> .
2.3.5.3
.
, .
, .
context.
2.3.6
2.3.6.1 ,
/
-> .
/.
.
.
:.
.
, *, . *
.
:
doc* doc.
*doc
doc.
*doc* doc .
-> .
/etc
*ie* :.
.
63
ie
.
.
2.3.6.2 ,
, , ,
.
.
-> .
: ,
,
.
.
64
65
-> .
:
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
, .
.
.
66
-> .
:
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
kilobytes.
.
.
67
2.3.6.3
-> .
. ,
.
.
68
2.3.7
2.3.7.1
. ,
. , .
CD
. ()
.
,
.
.
zip, rar, gz, rpm, tar.
.
Gnome.
2.3.7.2
-> ->
.
->
.
69
,
.
, .
, /
,
.
.
70
->
.
. ,
, ,
.
.
->
.
,
.
, ,
.
71
-> ->
.
,
.
, .
(archive)
-> -> .
-> .
,
. ,
.
-> ->
.
,
-> .
->
-> .
2.3.7.3
-> -> .
-> .
,
. ,
.
-> .
, .
.
-> .
Gnome,
.
72
ICDL 2
LINUX
Ubuntu Linux Gnome
4 :
73
2.4.1
2.4.1.1
.
, .
.
Linux, .
.
Linux,
.
Trojan: Trojan ( Trojan horse)
. ,
,
.
Worm: To worm
,
.
.
Time bomb: Time bomb ,
. ,
.
.
Logic bombs: Logic bomb Time bomb,
,
. ,
, .
Macro-viruses: Macro-viruses
,
(macros).
.
74
2.4.1.2
:
(downloads) .
.
.
.
. Macro-viruses ,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
2.4.1.3 -
-
,
(signatures),
. ,
.
.
-
. ,
. ,
. -
.
.
-
,
75
, . -
.
:
-
,
. , -
. .
.
-
,
.
, .
, .
ISP
.
.
.
.
2.4.1.4
, .
.
.
. ,
.
.
, .
2.4.2
2.4.2.1 -
, ,
Linux,
- .
- .
76
-> ...
anti-virus,
- .
Virus Scanner ->
,
.
77
.
, .
, Virus
Scanner.
78
Aegis Virus
Scanner, .
-, (
).
79
,
Browse...
(Options) .
Scan
(Scan of .... complete),
.
2.4.2.2 -
- .
,
.
- .
80
.
,
.
.
81
ICDL 2
LINUX
Ubuntu Linux Gnome
5 :
82
2.5.1
2.5.1.1
.
.
.
-> -> .
,
.
-> Ctrl+Q.
2.5.1.2
-
.
,
USB.
, , .
83
-> -> .
, '
.
,
( 2).
84
( ).
85
(
, ,
).
86
.
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
87
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
88
2.5.2
2.5.2.1
gedit
-> ->
.
.
-> .
.
.
89
2.5.2.2
-> -> .
.
.
2.5.2.3 , ,
90
-> -> .
.
context .
.
.
.
.
91
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