CENG 131

Lecture 1. Introduction to Basic Thermodynamic Concepts (3 h)

Learning Objectives:
(1) Relevance to Chemical Engineering
(2) Thermodynamic Properties
(3) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
(4) First Law of Thermodynamics
Learning Guides:
(1) Lecture handouts
(2) Chapters 1 and 2 of Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics 5th ed. (Smith, Van Ness, Abbott)
(3) Please review your Physical Chemistry Notes
CENG 131
Lecture 1. Introduction to Basic Thermodynamic Concepts (3 h)
Learning Objectives:
(1) Relevance to Chemical Engineering
(2) Thermodynamic Properties
(3) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
(4) First Law of Thermodynamics
Learning Guides:
(1) Lecture handouts
(2) Chapters 1 and 2 of Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics 5th ed. (Smith, Van Ness, Abbott)
(3) Please review your Physical Chemistry Notes
Thermodynamics
(1) Thermodynamics was developed by engineers to describe the
conversion of chemical energy stored in fossil fuel into heat
and useful work.
With this in mind, it is not surprising to see many terms used to
described Thermodynamics have practical or engineering
origin. Most equations are developed for easein their use rather
than for their elegance.
Chemical Energy
Heat
Work
Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering
(2) Chemical Engineering involves taking natural raw materials and
transforming them into useful products:
Crude Oil
Refinery
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distillation
Chemical transformation
Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering
(3) Energy is needed to
(a) Transport materials
(b) Physical transform materials
Distillation
Smelting
(c) Chemically transform materials
Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering
(4) Thermodynamics enable us to:
(a) Efficiency of a process
(b) Phase equilibria
Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering
(c) Reaction
Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering
(d) Physical properties of materials
Conductivity
Crystal shape and size
Self-assembly structures
Protein folding
(1) Fundamental dimensions length, mass and time
Metric unit
MKS: meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s)
cgs: centimeter (cm), gram (g) and second (s)
English unit
foot (ft), poundmass (lbm) and second (sec)
Conversions
1 m =100 cm
=3.28 ft =39.37 in
1 kg =1000 g
=2.204 lbm
1 s =1 sec
(2) Derived dimensions based on primitive units
(a) Force
F =mass x acceleration =ma
Metric unit MKS: Newton (N) English unit: poundal (lbf)
cgs: dyne
Conversions
1 N =1 kg m s
-2
=10
5
dynes
=0.2248 lbf
Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html
(b) Pressure
P =force/area =F/A
Metric unit MKS: Bar (bar) English unit: atmosphere (atm)
cgs: Pascal (Pa)
Conversions
1 bar =10
5
kg m
-1
s
-2
=10
5
N m
-2
=10
5
Pa =10
2
kPa
=10
6
dyne cm
-2
=0.986 atm =14.504 psia =750 torr
Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html
1 torr =1 mm Hg
1 atm =pressure exerted by the air at
see level
1 atm =760 mm Hg
1 atm =14.7 psia
1psia=1poundal per square inch
absolute
(c) Temperature
Metric unit: Kelvin (K) English unit: Rankine (R)
Conversions
T (K) =t(C) +273 =T(R)/1.8
T (R) =t(F) +460
t(F) =1.8 t(C) +32
Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
(d) Energy
E =force x distance =Fl
Metric unit MKS: J oules (J ) English unit: ft-lbf and BTU
cgs: Erg (erg)
Conversions
1 J =1 kg m
-2
s
-2
=1 N m
=10 cm3 bar
=10
7
dyne cm =10
7
erg
=0.239 cal
=0.7376 ft-lbf
=9.478 x 10
-4
BTU
Types of Energies:
Stored Energies: Internal energy (energy stored in molecules)
Potential energy (configurational energy)
Kinetic energy (motion)
Transient Energies: Work (mechanical work)
Heat
Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics
macroscopic
(1) Kinetic Energy energy stored in moving objects
Ek=1/2 mu
2
Mechanical Energies
(2) Potential Energy energy stored in objects due to their relative
position or configuration.
Gravitational potential energy: Ep=mgz
Elastic potential energy: Ep=1/2kx
2
Mechanical Energies
Example 1. Calculate the kinetic and potential energies of 1 kg of
water located 50 m at the top of the Hoover dam, and when it
reaches the bottom. How much mechanical work could be extracted
from this kilogram of water if the turbine is 100 % efficient?
50 m
Example 2. A toy designer wanted to produce a new spring loaded
toy gun that shoots colored bubbles along with a 1 gram pellet to a
height of 100 ft. If the maximum deflection allowed in the gun
design is 3 cm, please calculate the spring constant needed for its
operation.
spring
100 ft
energy stored within the molecule as translational, rotational and
vibrational energies. Change in the internal energy is usually
manifested by a change in the temperature.
U =f(T)
Internal Energy
translational rotational vibrational
Example 3. A liter thermos of water at 50C was dropped by a
construction worker from a height 150 m. Calculate the initial and
final potential, kinetic and internal energies of the water.
Example 4. A car weighing 4000 kg decelerates from 200 kph to a
full stop at around 15 s. About 60 percent of the initial kinetic
energy is dissipated as heat at the brake pad and the rest absorbed
by the tire.
Infrared picture of the braking car
Tire volume 10 liters
Initial tire pressure 30 psia
heat capacity of air 1 J /Kg
Tire bursting pressure 80 psia
Energy transfer between system and surrounding occurs either in
the form of work or heat
Work (W) refers to mechanical work
W =Fdl
Heat (Q) refers to energy transferred from a hot to a cold object.
Work and Heat
Law of conservation of energy the total quantity of energy is
constant and when energy disappears in one form it appears
simultaneously in another form.
For a closed system:
U +E
k
+E
p
=W +Q
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy stored in the system
Energy transfer to and from
the system from and to the
surrounding
SYSTEM
Heat
SURROUNDING
Work
U +E
k
+E
p
http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~chem130a/sauer/outline/firstlaw.html
isolated systems: no exchange of matter or energy
closed systems: no exchange of matter but some exchange of energy
open systems: exchange of both matter and energy
reversible: if the process happens slow enough to be reversed.
irreversible: if the process cannot be reversed (like most processes)
Important Definitions
Reversibility
www.planemath.com/.../propulsion/ propulsion3.html
Reversible system allows more
efficient conversion to useful work
Rapid processes are usually irreversible
and most energy are dissipated by viscous
mixing into internal energy.
Generally less amount of useful work can
be gained from a irreversible system.
Reversibility Reversibility
For a steady-state open system:
U +E
k
+E
p
=W
T
+Q
First Law of Thermodynamics
Q
W
m
in
U
in
m
out
U
out
(PV)
in (PV)
out
U >>E
k
+E
p
W - PV
work related to fluid
expansion as it moved
through the pipe work
U +PV =W+Q
H =W+Q
Enthalpy and Heat
Homework 1
February 11, 2002
Problem 1. A gas is contained in two cylinders A and B connectedby a
piston of two different diameters, as shown in the figure below. The mass of
the piston is 10 kg and the gas pressure inside cylinder A is 200 kPa.
Calculate the pressure in cylinder B in kPa, bar, psi and inches of water.
d =100 mm
d =25 mm
Air P =100 kPa
Problem 2. Nitrogen flows at steady-state through a horizontal, insulated
pipe with inside diameter of 1.5 inch. A pressure drop results from flow
through a partially opened valve. J ust upstream from the valve the pressure
is 100 psia, the temperature is 120F, and the velocity is 20 ft/s. If the
pressure just downstream from the valve is 20 psia, what is the temperature?
Assume for nitrogen that PV/T is constant, Cv =2.5R and Cp =7.5R.
If a thermometer is use for measuring the temperature, what is the
temperature reading.