G.R. Nos.

L-37201-02 March 3, 1975

CLEMENTE MAGTOTO, petitioer, !s. "ON. M#G$EL M. MANG$ERA, %&'(e o)
the Co&rt o) *irst #stace +,rach ##- o) Occi'eta. Mi'oro, The /EO/LE O*
T"E /"#L#//#NE0, #GNAC#O CALARA, %R., a' LO$R1E0 CALARA, respo'ets.
27354345534553
*ACT06 /etitio )or 7rits o) certiorari. Respo'et 8&'(es 'ec.are' the
co)essios o) the acc&se' i the t7o cases as a'9issi:.e a' 'ec.are' the
ia'9issi:i.it; o) the co)essios o) the acc&se' i the thir' case, a.tho&(h the;
ha!e ot :ee i)or9e' o) their ri(ht to re9ai si.et a' to co&se. :e)ore the;
(a!e the co)essios, :eca&se the; 7ere (i!e :e)ore the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7
Costit&tio.
#00$E6=hether the or'er o) the respo'et 8&'(es 7ere correct
"EL16 This costit&tioa. 9a'ate has a' sho&.' :e (i!e a prospecti!e a' ot a
retrospecti!e e<ect. Cose>&et.;, a co)essio o:taie' )ro9 a perso &'er
i!esti(atio )or the co99issio o) a o<ese, 7ho has ot :ee i)or9e' o) his
ri(ht +to si.ece a'- to co&se., is ia'9issi:.e i e!i'ece i) the sa9e ha' :ee
o:taie' a)ter the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7 Costit&tio o %a&ar; 17, 1973.
Co!erse.;, s&ch co)essio is a'9issi:.e i e!i'ece a(aist the acc&se', i) the
sa9e ha' :ee o:taie' :e)ore the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7 Costit&tio, e!e i)
presete' a)ter %a&ar; 17, 1973, a' e!e i) he ha' ot :ee i)or9e' o) his ri(ht
to co&se., sice o .a7 (a!e the acc&se' the ri(ht to :e so i)or9e' :e)ore that
'ate. No7, a co)essio is a'9issi:.e i e!i'ece 7itho&t pre!io&s proo) o) its
!o.&tariess o the theor; that it is pres&9e' to :e !o.&tar; &ti. the cotrar; is
pro!e'. A' oce the acc&se' s&ccee's i pro!i( that his e?tra8&'icia. co)essio
7as 9a'e i!o.&tari.;, it sta's 'iscre'ite' i the e;es o) the .a7 a' is as a thi(
7hich e!er e?iste'. #t is ico9petet as e!i'ece a' 9&st :e re8ecte'. The
'e)ese ee' ot pro!e that its cotets are )a.se. E!e as the e7 costit&tioa.
ri(ht o) a 'etaie' perso to co&se. a' to :e i)or9e' o) s&ch ri(ht &'er pai o)
a; co)essio (i!e :; hi9 i !io.atio thereo) 'ec.are' ia'9issi:.e i e!i'ece,
to :e prospecti!e, a' that co)essios o:taie' :e)ore the e<ecti!it; o) the Ne7
Costit&tio are a'9issi:.e i e!i'ece a(aist the acc&se', his )&'a9eta. ri(ht
to pro!e that his co)essio 7as i!o.&tar; sti.. sta's. A.. the co)essios
i!o.!e' i sai' cases are here:; 'ec.are' A1M#00#,LE i e!i'ece.