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10 5
10 2
2
5
(10 10 )
Fe
3
10 5
10 2
5
SCN 9.10
S2- +
(0,01 -x)
[]
H2O
HS- + OHx
K = 10-1,1
x
x2
10 1,1 x 2 0,0794 x 10 3,1 0
0,01 x
x
b)
PbS
(Ks ) = 1026.
0,09
0,01
0,08
Pb2+ + SO42
PbSO4
(Ks-1) = 107,8.
0,08
0,05
0,03
Pb2+
+
2 I
PbI2
(Ks-1) = 107,6.
0,03
0,06
Thnh phn hn hp: A : PbS , PbSO4 , PbI2
Dung dch B :
K+ 0,06M
Na+ 0,12M
Ngoi ra cn c cc ion Pb2+ ; SO42- ; S2- do kt ta tan ra.
tan ca
PbI 2 : 3 10 7 , 6 / 4 10 2, 7
PbSO 4 : S 10
-7,8
10 3,9
PbS : S
10 -26 10 13
Bi v tan ca PbI2 l ln nht nn cn bng ch yu trong dung dch l cn bng tan ca PbI2.
PbI2 Pb2+ + 2IKs
2+
-47
-3
Do [Pb ] = 10 7,8
= 2 x 10 M v
[I-] = 4.10-3M.
10
[SO42-] =
= 5. 105,8 = 7,9.106M << [Pb2+]
3
2 10
[S2-] =
1026
2 10
Cc nng SO42-, S2- u rt b so vi nng Pb 2+, nh vy nng Pb2+ do PbS v PbSO4 tan ra l
khng ng k nn cch gii gn ng trn l hon ton chnh xc.
Nhn bit cc cht c trong kt ta A: PbS; PbSO4; PbI2.
Cho kt ta ho tan trong NaOH d : PbS khng tan, c mu en.
Dung dch c PbO22-, SO42-, I-, OHPbSO4 + 4 OH- PbO22- + SO42- + 2 H2O
PbI2 + 4 OH- PbO22- + 2 I- + 2 H2O
Nhn ra ion SO42-: cho BaCl2 d: c kt ta trng BaSO4, trong dung dch c PbO22-, OH-, Ba2+,
I.
Nhn ra I-, Pb2+: axit ho dung dch bng HNO3 d s c kt ta vng PbI 2 xut hin:
OH- + H+ H2O
PbO22- + 4 H+ Pb2+ + 2H2O
Pb2+ + 2 I- PbI2
3
H2S (aq) 2H + S
+
H2S
H
= 1,3 x 10-20 x
H S 2
K=
H2S
2-
101
10
2
= Kl. K2
b)
[Mn2+] [S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 < TMnS = 2,5 x 10-10
khng c kt ta
[Co2+] [ S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 > TCoS = 4,0 x 10-21
to kt ta CoS
+ 2
2-2 2
-17
21
-50
[Ag ] [S ] = (10 ) x 1,3 x 10 = 1,3 x 10 > TAg2S = 6,3 x 10
to kt ta Ag2S
K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA NM 2004 (BNG B)
1. Dung dch A gm Ba(NO3)2 0,060 M v AgNO3 0,012 M.
a) Thm tng git K2CrO4 vo dung dch A cho n d. C hin tng g xy ra?
b) Thm 50,0 ml K2CrO4 0,270 M vo 100,0 ml dung dch A.
Tnh nng cc ion trong hn hp thu c.
2. Trnh by s nhn bit v phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng xy ra khi nhn bit cc cation
trong dung dch X gm Ba2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, NO3-.
Ba2+ + HCrO4- + OH - ; K = 10-17,43
Ag2CrO4 + H2O
2Ag+ + HCrO4- + OH - ; K = 10-19,50
pKa ca HCrO4- bng 6,50.
BI GII:
1.
a) Hin tng: C kt ta BaCrO4 v Ag2CrO4.
Xt th t xut hin cc kt ta:
K s ( BaCrO4 )
bt u c BaCrO4 : CCrO2
bt u c Ag2CrO4 : C
CrO 24
(1)
C Ba 2
K s ( Ag2CrO4 )
C 2 Ag
(2)
Ba2+ +
CrO42-
H + + OH -
H2O
CrO42- + H+
HCrO4-
BaCrO4 + H2O
Ba2+ +
Ks1
Kw
Ka-1
HCrO4- + OH -
K= Ks1 . Kw . Ka-1
Suy ra K s1
K.K a
10 17 , 43.10 6,50
10 9,93
14
Kw
10
Ag2CrO4
H2O
2-
CrO4
CrO42-
Ks2
H + + OH -
HCrO4
Ag2CrO4 + H2O
2 Ag + +
C K = 10-19,50
2 Ag + +
Kw
Ka-1
HCrO4- + OH
K s2
10 19,50.10 6,50
10 12
14
10
T (1) C CrO
10 9 ,93
1,96.10 9 M
0,060
T (2) C CrO
10 12
6,94.10 9 M
(0,012) 2
2
4
2
4
CCrO2-4 (BaCrO4) < CCrO2-4 (Ag2CrO ) nhng khng nhiu, v vy s c hin tng kt ta vng ca BaCrO 4
4
xut hin trc mt t, sau n kt ta vng nu ca Ag 2CrO4 ( gch ) v BaCrO4 vng cng xut
hin.
b) Sau khi thm K2CrO4:
C
C
CrO 24
Ag 2
0,270 x 50,00
0,090M
150,000
0,0120 x100,00
0,0080M
150,000
Ba 2
0,060 x100,00
0,040M
150,000
Cc phn ng:
Ba2+ +
CrO42-
0,046
0,090
BaCrO4
0,050
2 Ag + +
0,0080
Ag2CrO4
CrO420,050
0,046
+ H2O
0,046
(0,046 x )
2
x
10 7 ,5
0,046 x
HCrO4- + OH x
Kb = 10-7,5
x
Ag
10 12, 0
4,66.10 6 M;
0,046
Ba 10
0,046
9 , 93
2,55.10 9 M
[Ag+] = 4,66.10-6M
[CrO42-] = 0,046M
[OH-] = 3,8.10-5M
C NO-
;
;
[H+] = 2,63.10-10M;
0,088M.
2.
DungdchX(Ba2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, NO3- )
+ H2SO4
BaSO4
Cr3+, Fe2+
PbSO4
+ NaOH d + H2O2
+ NaOH
2-
2-
BaSO4 PbO2Fe(OH)3CrO4
Kttatr
ngSO42-,OH-K tta
n
uDungdchmuvng
+ HNO3
PbSO4 Kttatr
ng(ho
c+H2SchokttaPbSmu
en)
Ba2+ + HSO4-
BaSO4 +
H+
Pb2+ + HSO4-
PbSO4 +
H+
H+ + OH -
H2O
PbSO4 + 4 OH-
PbO22- + SO42- + 4 H+
( PbO22- + 2 H2S
PbS en + 2 H2O )
2 H2O
Cr(OH)3
CrO2- + 2 H2O
2 CrO42- + 4 H2O
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
2 Fe(OH)2 + H2O2
NH4+ + OH
NH3 + H2O
Al3+ + 3 OH
Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O
; K NH = 1,8.105
3
; KS, Al(OH)= 5. 1033
3
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+ ; K =
KS;
= 1,17.1018
Al(OH)
3
KNH
K
Mg(OH)2 + 2 NH4+ ; K = K NH3 = 81
S;
Mg(OH)
2+
Phn ng thun nghch, Mg khng kt ta hon ton di dng magie hidroxit nh Al3+.
K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA NM 2005 (BNG B)
1. Tnh in li ca ion CO32 trong dung dch Na2CO3 c pH =11,60 (dung dch A).
2. Thm 10,00 ml HCl 0,160 M vo 10,00 ml dung dch A. Tnh pH ca hn hp thu c.
3. C hin tng g xy ra khi thm 1 ml dung dch bo ho CaSO4 vo 1 ml dung dch A.
Cho:
CO2 + H2O
HCO3 + H+ ; Ka = 106,35
1
HCO3
H+ + CO32 ;
Ka = 1010,33
2
tan ca CO2 trong nc bng 3,0.102 M.
Tch s tan ca CaSO4 bng 105,04; ca CaCO3 bng 108,35
BI GII:
1.
CO32 + H2O
HCO3 + H2O
= 103,67
( H2O.CO2) + OH ; Kb2 = 10-14/10-6.35
= 107,65
C
C 102,4
10
2, 4 2
C 10
2, 4
HCO3 + OH ;
102,4
= 103,67
103,67
102,4
(1)
(2)
CO32 =
0,0781
2.
[]
CHCl =
0,16/2 = 0,08 M ;
CO32
0,03905
CCO2
0,08
1,9. 103
= 0,0781 = 0,03905 M
CO2 +
H2O
0,03905
> LCO2
CO2
C
2 H+
CNa2CO3
H+ +
+ H2O
3,0 102
3,0 102 x
HCO3 ;
1,9. 103
1,9. 103 + x
x(1,9.10 +x)+6,35
= 10
3,0 102 x
106,35
[H+] = 1,9.103
= 0,03905 0,0391
= 0,0781/2
Ca2+
x
CaSO4
SO42 ;
KS1 = 105,04
x = (KS1)0,5 = 102,52
CO32 + H2O
C
[]
HCO3 + OH ;
0,0391
0,0391 x
x2
10 3, 67 x 2,89.10 3
0,0391 x
CO3
CO3
Kt lun: c kt ta CaCO3
II.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T:
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 28:
Kali dicromat l mt trong nhng tc nhn to kt ta c s dng rng ri nht. Nhng cn
bng sau c thit lp trong dung dch nc ca Cr(VI)
1.
2.
3.
2)
3)
4)
5)
4) Cc dung dch ca cht ch th ny c pha ch trong dung dch HCl 0,1M v trong dung dch
NaOH 0,1M. xc nh c cc biu thc hon ton tuyn tnh gia bc sng di hp th v
nng ti 490nm v 625nm cho tng mi trng tng ng trn. ln ca hng s phn li axit
cho thy rng cht ch th ny hon ton khng phn li trong HCl 0,1M m li phn li hon ton
trong NaOH 0,1M
490nm
625nm
-1
-1
2
HIn (M .cm )
9,04.10
3,52.102
2
In (NaOH)
1,08.10
1,65.103
Hy tnh bc sng di hp th (cuvet 1,00cm) hai bc sng trn ca mt dung dch khng
cha cht m ca cht ch th ny c nng 1,80.10-3M
BI GII:
1) Mu quan st c l mu kt hp vi mu ca s hp th ti a
a) iu kin axit (pH = 1): Mu hp th 490 25 (xanh lam - lc) v nh vy s truyn mu kt
hp v c mu vng cam (625 25 nm)
b) iu kin baz (pH = 13): Mu hp th 625 25 (vng cam) v nh vy s truyn mu kt
hp v c mu xanh lam - lc (490 25nm).
2) Knh lc cn truyn mu m mu s hp th hiu qa nht. Mu axit hp th mnh nht trong
khong xanh (490 25nm) v nh vy mt knh lc mu tng t s thch hp nht cho s phn tch
bng quang k ca mu th.
3) Khong bc sng c dng vi nhy cao nht s tng ng vi bc sng m mu th hp th
mnh nht. hp th ti a trong dng baz ca cht ch th trong dung dch xy ra 625 25 nm
v y l bc sng thch hp nht cho s phn tch.
4) Hng s in li ca cht ch th l:
H In
Ka
HIn
(1)
Ta li c:
[H+] = [In-]
(2)
-3
[HIn] + [In ] = 1,80.10 M
(3)
Thay (3) v (2) vo (1) ta c [In-] = 2,15.10-4M [HIn] = 1,58.10-3M
Khi y ta c th tnh c mt quang hai bc sng l:
A490 = 1,45
A625 = 0,911
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 31:
PHN A:
Mt axit hai cha H2A tham gia vo cc phn ng phn li sau:
H2A HA- + H+
K1 = 4,50.10-7
HA- A2- + H+
K2 = 4,70.10-11.
Mt mu 20,00mL dung dch cha hn hp Na2A v NaHA c chun vi axit clohydric
0,300M. Qa trnh chun c thc hin vi mt pH - k in cc thy tinh. Hai im tng ng
trn ng cong chun nh sau:
S mL HCl thm vo
pH
1,00
10,33
10,00
8,34
1) Khi thm 1,00mL HCl, tiu phn no phn ng trc ht v to sn phm g?
2) Lng sn phm to thnh (mmol) cu 1 l bao nhiu?
In
HIn
K In
H 0,100
H In
HIn
(1)
0,091.10 5
.0,300 0,027
1,00.10 5
H K CH COOH 15,75.10
CH COO
In
10 3,38
2,65
V vy:
HIn H 15,75.10 5
Ta li c: [HIn] + [In-] = 10-5
T (2) v (3) ta tnh c [In-] = 0,726.10-5M
K In
hp th ca dung dch =
(3)
(2)
0,726.10 5
.0,300 0,218
1,0.10 5
9)
K
4,7.10
1 K
1 5,9
6,8
K1 K 2
K K K K K1 K 2 K ' 1,7.10 20 M 1
K1
' '
1 2
"
1
"
2
'
2
K1 K 2
K K K1 K 2 K " 2,8.1019 M 1
K1
' "
1 2
"
2
H2PO4+
H3O+
0,0051 x
x
x
pKa1 = 2,12. Vy Ka = 7,59.10-3.
Ta c:
H 2 PO 4 H 3 O
x2
7,59.10 3
H 3 PO4
0,0051 x
x H 3 O 3,49.10 3
pH 2,46
3. t:
fo
H3 X
C
H X
f1 2
C
HX 2
f2
C
X 3
f3
C
k hu cc phn s nng ca cc loi photphat khc nhau; C l tng nng ban u ca
H3X (X = PO4):
f o f1 f 2 f 3 1
K a1
K a3
HX H O f H O
f
H X
X H O f H O
HX f
2
K a2
X H 3O
f
1 H 3O
H3 X
fo
3
2
H O
fp
K H O
f 1 a1 3
D
K a 2 .K a1 H 3 O
f2
D
K K K
f 3 a1 a 2 a 3
D
Vi D = Ka1.Ka2.Ka3 + Ka1.Ka2.[H3O+] + Ka1[H3O+] + [H3O+]3.
T cc ga tr Ka1; Ka2; Ka3 v pH ta c c cc kt qa sau:
Ka1 = 7,59.10-3;
Ka2 = 6,17.10-8;
Ka3 = 4,79.10-13 v [H3O+] = 10-7.
V cc phn s nng ca cc loi photphat khc nhau s l:
H3PO4 (fo) = 8,10.10-6.
Trong dung dch NaOH 1,00.10-3M, tan ca CO2 phi tng ln do phn ng sau:
(3)
CO2(aq) + 2OH- CO32- + H2O K = K(H2CO3).Ka1.Ka2/(1,00.10-14)2 = 2,09.1011
(4)
CO2(aq) + CO32- + H2O 2HCO3- K = K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 9,37.103
Kt hp (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH- HCO3K = 4,43.107.
Do K rt ln nn ton b lng OH u chuyn ht v HCO3-.
[HCO3-] = 1,00.10-3M
[OH-]
= 1,82.10-6M
[H+]
= 5,49.10-9M
2[CO3 ]
= 8,54.10-6M
tan
= [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
[CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = 1,02.10-3M
5.
Keq = Ksp.K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 4,28.10-5
Nu khng tnh c cu 6 5 th ta c th gi s rng Keq = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton.
6.
a) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
-5
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10 M
[Ca2+] = 0,510.10-3M = 20,5mg/L
b) S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,5177.10-3M = 20,75mg/L
c) S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,5372.10-3M = 21,53mg/L
d) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,4916.10-3M = 19,70mg/L
7.
HCO3- l thnh phn ch yu trong dung dch:
pH ca dung dch ny c th c tnh bng cng thc:
pH = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2 = 6,99 7,00
Vi Ka1 v Ka2 l hng s axit ca H2CO3.
Ti pH = 7,00 th [OH-] v [H+] ta c th b qua.
Bn cnh theo cu 6 1 th:[CO32-] << [HCO3-]
a) Axit photphoric, H3PO4 l mt axit ba chc. Nu chun mt dung dch H3PO4 0,1000M vi
NaOH 0,1000M. Hy c lng pH ti cc thi im sau:
i) Gia im bt u v im tng ng th nht.
ii) Ti im tng ng th hai.
iii) Ti sao rt kh xc nh ng cong chun sau im tng ng th hai?
K1 = 7,1.10-3
K2 = 6,2.10-8
K3 = 4,4.10-13.
b) Mt dung dch cha 530mmol Na2S2O3 v mt lng cha xc nh KI. Khi dung dch ny c
chun vi AgNO3 th dng c 20,0mmol AgNO3 trc khi bt u vn c v AgI kt
ta. C bao nhiu mmol KI?. Bit th tch sau cng l 200mL.
Ag(S2O3)23- Ag+ + 2S2O32-(aq)
Kd = 6,0.10-14.
AgI(r) Ag+(aq) + I-(aq)
T = 8,5.10-17.
BI GII:
a)
(i) C dung dch m H3PO4 v H2PO4 H 3 PO4
H K1
H 2 PO 4
H 3 PO4 7,1.10
pH 2,15
(ii) Ti im tng ng th hai, c HPO42- nn:
[H+] = (K2K3)0,5 = 1,7.10-10M
pH = 9,77
(iii) HPO42- (K3 = 4,4.10-13) c tnh axit khng mnh hn H2O bao nhiu (Kw = 1,00.10-14). Thm
baz mnh vo dung dch HPO42- tng t nh thm baz mnh vo nc.
b)
Do hng s to phc ca Ag(S2O3)23-, Kf = (Kd)-1 = 1,667.1013 l rt ln nn hu ht Ag+ thm vo
s to phc vi S2O32- v:
[Ag(S2O3)23-] = 0,100M
s mmol S2O32- t do = 530 (2.20) = 490mmol.
[S2O32-] = 2,450M
Nng ion Ag+ t do c tnh t Kd
Ag S O
K
Ag (S O )
Ag 1,0.10
2 2
3
3
3 2
6,0.10 14
15
Ag+ + I- AgI
T = [Ag+][I-] = 8,5.10-17
[I-] = 8,5.10-2M
mmol KI = 17,0mmol.
i)
b)
x2
10 1,99 x 0,1224 M
1,368 x
Vy %HSO3- = 8,95%
pH = 0,91
iii)
SO32-(aq) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq)
Vi [OH-] = [HSO3-] = x th:
x2
10 14
7 ,18 10 6,82 x 3,89.10 5 M H 2,57.10 10 M
0,01 x 10
c)
Ta c:
i) K
d)
HSO
HSO
H K
.
H K
a2
10 5, 26
a1
i) [Ba2+] = 7,36.10-4M
SO32-(aq) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq)
ii)
[OH-] = [HSO3-] = x
[HSO3-] + [SO32-] = [Ba2+]
x2
10 6,82
4
(7,36.10 x )
f)
-5
[Ag ] = 3,927.10 M
Ag Ag . SO T
K=
Ca Ca SO T
2
2
3
2
3
Ag 2 SO3
10 6,65
CaSO 3
1,13.10
H K NH
NH
M pH 8,95
[NH4+] = 0,124M; [Ba2+] = 0,0317M; [H+] = 1,13.10-9M; [Cl-] = 0,187M; [OH-] = 8,85.10-6M
b)
c) Thm 10,0mmol HCl, trong c 6,34mmol c NH3 trung ho. Gi thit rng th tch bng
110mL, v b qua axit yu NH4+ ta c: [H+] = 0,0333M pH = 1,48
+
d) Trong dung dch axit mnh [NH3] s rt nh: [NH4 ] = 0,170M
NH 3 K a NH4 2,9.10 9 M
H
1,6.10 11
1,6.10 7 M
2
(0,010)
sp
c) S = 0,5[OH-] = C(Cd)
C(Cd) = [Cd2+] + [Cd(CN)+] + [Cd(CN)2] + [Cd(CN)3-] + [Cd(CN)42-]
0,5[OH-] = [Cd2+](1 + K1[CN-] + K1K2[CN-]2 + K1K2K3[CN-]3 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)
[OH-] = [2.T(1 + K1[CN-] + K1K2[CN-]2 + K1K2K3[CN-]3 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)]3/2
= 4,79.10-3M
S = 2,4.10-3M
d) [OH-] = [2.T.(1 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)]3/2 = 4,47.10-3M
S = 2,24.10-3M
Phn trm sai lch = 6,7%
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 33:
Hai yu t quan trng nht nh hng ln tan ca cc mui kh tan l pH v s c mt ca tc
nhn to phc. Bc oxalat l mt v d in hnh: Tch s tan ca n trong nc l T = 2,06.10-4 ti
pH=7. tan ca n b nh hng bi pH khi anion oxalat phn ng vi ion hydroni v bng tc nhn
to phc chng hn nh amoniac to phc vi cation bc.
a) Tnh tan ca bc oxalat trong dung dch axit c pH = 5,0. Hai hng s phn li ca axit oxalic
ln lt l: K1 = 5,6.10-2 v K2 = 6,2.10-6.
b) Vi s c mt ca amoniac th ion bc to thnh hai dng phc Ag(NH3)+ v Ag(NH3)2+. Cc
hng s to phc tng nc tng ng s l 1 = 1,59.103 v 2 = 6,76.103. Tnh tan ca bc
oxalat trong dung dch cha 0,02M NH3 v c pH = 10,8.
BI GII:
a) T = [Ag+]2[C2O42-]
Ta c: [Ag+] = 2S
C(C2O42-) = S = [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4]
H2C2O4 = H+ + HC2O4K1 = 5,6.10-2.
+
2HC2O4 = H + C2O4
K2 = 6,2.10-6.
2
H
H
2
Ta c kt qa sau: S = C 2 O4 1
K
K 1 K 2
2
K1 K 2
C 2 O 42
.S .S
2
H K1 H K1 K 2
Ti pH = 7 th [H+] = 10-7 1
T = 3,5.10-11.
Ti pH = 5 th [H+] = 10-5 0,861
S = 2,17.10-4.
b) [NH3] = 0,02M
Ti pH = 10,8 th [H+] = 1,585.10-11 1
Tng nng [Ag+] trong dung dch c xc nh bi phng trnh
CAg = 2S = [Ag+] + [Ag(NH3)+] + [Ag(NH3)2+]
Cc phn ng to phc:
Ag+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)+
1 = 1,59.103
Ag(NH3)+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)2+
2 = 6,76.103
T cc phng trnh trn ta d dng suy ra c biu thc sau:
CAg = 2S = [Ag+](1 + 1[NH3] + 12[NH3]2)
Ag
.S S
2
1 1 NH 3 1 2 NH 3
Thay vo biu thc ca T ta tnh c S = 5,47.10-2.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 33:
Mt hp cht nitro hu c (RNO2) c kh bng phng php in ha trong dung dch m
axetat c tng nng axetat (HOAc+ OAc-) l 0,500M v c pH = 5. 300mL dung dch m cha
0,01M RNO2 em kh in ha hon ton. Axit axetic c Ka = 1,75.10-5 25oC. Phn ng kh in ha
hp cht nitro xy ra nh sau:
RNO2 + 4H+ + 4e RNHOH + H2O
Tnh pH ca dung dch sau khi kt thc phn ng.
BI GII:
RNO2 + 4H+ + 4e RNHOH + H2O
Ta c:
HOAc
pK a pH
OAc
HOAc 0,5715
OAc
Mt khc ta c: [HOAc] + [OAc-] = 0,500
[HOAc] = 0,1818
[OAc-] = 0,3182
Nh vy s mmol cc cht lc ban u l:
n(OAc-) = 95,45
n(HOAc) = 54,55
S mmol RNO2 b kh s l: 300.0,0100 = 3mmol
T phng trnh bn phn ng ta thy rng kh ha hon ton 3mmol hp cht nitro cn
12mmol H+. S mmol H+ ny nhn c t s phn ly ca HOAc.
Khi phn ng xy ra hon ton th:
n(HOAc) = 54,55 12,00 = 42,55mmol
n(OAc-) = 95,45 12,00 = 83,45mmol
HOAc 5,16
Vy pH pK a
OAc
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 34:
tan l mt thng s quan trng xc nh c s nhim mi trng do cc mui gy ra.
tan ca mt cht c nh ngha l lng cht cn thit c th tan vo mt lng dung mi to ra
c dung dch bo ho. tan ca cc cht khc nhau tu thuc vo bn cht ca dung mi v cht tan
cng nh ca cc iu kin th nghim, v d nh nhit v p sut. pH v kh nng to phc cng
nh hng n tan.
Mt dung dch cha BaCl2 v SrCl2 u nng 0,01M. Khi ta thm mt dung dch bo ho
natri sunfat vo dung dch th 99,9% BaCl2 s kt ta di dng BaSO4 v SrSO4 ch c th kt ta nu
trong dung dch cn di 0,1% BaSO4. Tch s tan ca cc cht c cho sau y: T(BaSO4) = 10-10 v
T(SrSO4) = 3.10-7.
1) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng to kt ta.
Tnh nng Ba2+ cn li trong dung dch khi SrSO4 bt u kt ta.
0,333.10 5
0,033%
10 2
Ag ( NH ) Cl
K
3 2
2
3
NH
x2
2,6.10 3 x 0,046M
1,0 2 x
Kt qa ny c ngha l 4,6.10-2M AgCl tan trong dung dch NH3 1,0M, nhiu hn trong nc ct
l 1,3.10-5M. Nh vy s to thnh phc Ag(NH3)2+ dn n vic lm tng tan ca AgCl.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 35:
Cc axit yu c chun vi dung dch baz mnh bit trc nng (dung dch chun).
Dung dch axit yu (cht phn tch) c chuyn vo bnh nn 250cm3 v dung dch baz mnh (cht
chun) c cho vo buret. im tng ng ca php chun t c khi lng cht chun cn
bng vi lng cht phn tch. Gin biu th s thay i ca pH nh l mt hm ca th tch cht
chun c thm vo c gi l ng cong chun .
im tng ng ca php chun ch c th c xc nh bng l thuyt, n khng th
c xc nh bng thc nghim. N ch c th c lng c bng cch xc nh s thay i ca mt
vi tnh cht vt l trong qa trnh chun . Trong phng php chun axit baz, im cui ca
php chun c xc nh bng cch s dng cht ch th axit baz.
1) Xy dng ng cong chun bng cch tnh mt vi im c trng v chn cht ch th thch
hp trong vic chun 50,00cm3 CH3COOH 0,1000M (Ka = 1,8.10-5) bng dung dch NaOH
0,1000M. V cht ch th c th tham kho bng 1:
Tn ch th
Khong chuyn mu
Mu dng axit baz
Metyl da cam
3,2 4,4
- da cam
Matyl
4,2 6,2
- vng
Bromthymol xanh
6,0 7,6
Vng - xanh
Phenol
6,8 8,2
Vng -
Phenolphtalein
8,0 -9,8
Khng mu -
Thymophtalein
9,3 10,5
Khng mu xanh
2) Axit ascorbic (Vitamin C) l mt axit yu v chu s phn ly theo phng trnh:
Chnh v vy axit ascorbic c th chun c nc 1 bng NaOH
50,00cm3 dung dch C6H8O6 0,1000M c chun bng 0,2000M:
(i) pH ca dung dch lc u l:
a) 7,00;
b) 2,58
c) 4,17
d) 1,00
(ii) Th tch ca cht chun cn t n im tng ng l:
a) 50,00cm3 b) 35,00cm3 c) 25,00cm3 d) 20,00cm3
(iii) Sau khi thm 12,5cm3 dung dch chun th pH ca dung dch s l:
a) 4,17
b) 2,58
c) 7,00
d) 4,58
(iv) pH im tng ng s l:
a) 7,00
b) 8,50
c) 8,43
d) 8,58
(v) Cht ch th c s dng trong phn ng ny s l (xem bng 1)
a) bromthymol xanh b) phenol c) phenolphthalein d) thymolphtalein
(vi) pH ca dung dch sau khi thm 26,00cm3 cht chun l:
a) 13,30
b) 11,30
c) 11,00
d) 11,42
BI GII:
Phn ng chun : CH3COOH + OH- = CH3COO- + H2O
a) pH trc khi tin hnh chun
Do trc khi chun th trong bnh nn ch c CH3COOH nn pH ca dung dch s c tnh
t phng trnh phn ly CH3COOH
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
T phng trnh phn ly:
pH = 2,87
b) pH sau khi thm 10,00cm3 cht chun:
Trong dung dch lc ny cha mui natri axetat v axit axetic cn d nn n l dung dch m:
Nng ca mi cht trong dung dch c tnh nh sau:
pH = 4,14
c) pH im tng ng
Lc ny th ton b lng axit axetic phn ng ht vi lng NaOH thm vo nn trong dung
dch lc ny ch cn li anion axetat. Lc ny pH c quyt nh bi s phn ly ca anion ny:
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COOH + OHTh tch cht chun cn t n im tng ng (Vep) c tnh nh sau:
Vo lc ny th tng th tch dung dch l 100cm3. Vo thi im ny ca vic chun th
[CH3COOH] = [OH-] v:
Dung dch m l dung dch c kh nng chng li s thay i pH. Thng thng dung dch m
gm mt axit yu v baz lin hp ca n (v d: CH3COOH/CH3COO-) hay mt baz yu v axit lin
hp ca n (V d NH3/NH4+). Dung dch m c to thnh khi trung ho mt phn axit yu bi baz
mnh hay baz yu v axit mnh. Chnh v vy ta c th chun b dung dch m bng cch trn mt
lng axit (hay baz) yu tnh trc vi phn lin hp ca n.
pH ca dung dch m c to thnh bi axit yu HA v baz lin hp A- c tnh theo
phng trnh Henderson Hasselbalch:
HOAc
pH pK a
OAc
3) Tnh pH ca dung dch m cha 0,200M axit fomic (Ka = 2,1.10-4) v 0,150M natri fomiat.
4) Tnh pH ca dung dch khi thm 0,01000M dung dch NaOH vo dung dch m cu 1
5) Tnh th tch ca dung dch NaOH 0,200M cn thm vo 100,0cm3 dung dch CH3COOH 0,150M
(Ka = 1,8.10-5) thu c dung dch m c pH = 5,00
6) pH ca dung dch m cha 0,0100M axit benzoic (Ka = 6,6.10-5) v C6H5COONa 0,0100M s l:
a) 5,00
b) 4,18
c) 9,82
d) 9,0
7) Khi trn cng mt th tch 0,100 CH3COOH (Ka = 1,8.10-5) v 0,0500M NaOH th:
i) Dung dch sau cng s l:
a) D axit yu.
b) D baz mnh
c) Dung dch m
d) C ba u sai.
ii)
pH ca dung dch cui s l:
a) 3,02
b) 4,44
c) 3,17
d) 7,00
6) Khi trn cng mt th tch dung dch CH3COOH 0,100M v NaOH 0,150M th:
Dung dch cui cng s l:
i)
a) D axit yu.
b) D baz mnh
c) Dung dch m
d) C ba u sai.
pH ca dung dch cui s l:
ii)
a) 12,00
b) 12,70
c) 13,18
d) 12,40
7) Khi trn cng mt th tch dung dch CH3COOH 0,150M v NaOH 0,100M th:
i) Dung dch cui cng s l:
a) D axit yu.
b) D baz mnh
c) Dung dch m
d) C ba u sai.
CH
COO
100,0 V
0,200V
M
100,0 V
V 48,21cm 3
15,00 0,200 1,0.10 5
100 V
OLYMPIC
HC
C QUC T LN
CTH
C 37:
C C
C C C C
C C HAC
Nha trao i ion c th c s dng hp th v phn lp cation v anion. Chng c th
Na S2O8
H2SO
c iu ch
v hu c. Mt loi nha trao
i4 cation hu c c th c tng + t cc vt liu v2 c
SO3 H+
[ polymer ]
[ cationic exchanger ]
R-H+
hp bng s ng trng hp styren /divinyl benzen tip theo bi s sunfo ho bng H2SO4 nh s
1:
S 1
Nha trao i cation (k hiu l R-H+) c th c s dng hp th cc cation. Phn ng c
th c biu din nh sau:
R-H+ + M+ = RM + H+
KC = [RM][H+]/[R-H+][M+] (1)
+
KD = [RM]/[M ]
(2)
Nha trao i cation R-H+ c th c chuyn ha thnh cht trao i ion R-M+ hay R-M2+ bng
phn ng gia R-H+ vi mt hydroxit kim lai M(OH)z. Phng trnh phn ng s l:
R-H+ + MOH = R-M+ + H2O
(3)
V
zR-H+ + M(OH)z = (R-)zM+ + zH2O
(4)
+
1) Mt loi nha trao i cation R Na c s dng loi CaCl2 trong nc my.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Nu mt loi nha trao i khc R-H+ c s dng thay th cho R-Na+.
i) Vit phn ng xy ra.
ii) Cho bit loi nha trao i ion no R-H+ hay R-Na+ th ph hp hn trong vic loi Ca2+ ra khi
nc thi v cho bit l do.
2) Mt loi nha trao i anion hu c (R+Cl-) c th c tng hp bng s ng trng hp styren
/divinyl benzen vi xc tc l mt axit Lewis nh AlCl3 v mt amin bc 3 NR3, nh s sau:
t2
t1
YX-
t0
1.0
1.0
10.
0 / min
Retention Time
1.5
14.
0
TTime/min
(10)
(11)
Tnh s a l thuyt ca ct
Tnh chiu cao a.
c)
Tnh phn gii (R) ca ct i vi hai anion X- v Y-.
d)
Tnh h s phn ly i vi X- v Y5) Mt s loi nha trao i ion c th nhn c t nhng vt liu v c. Zeolit [(M2+)(Al2O3)m/(SiO2)2+
+
+
2+
2+
n] (M = Na ; K hay Ca ; Mg ) l nhng v d in hnh v nhng nha trao i ion v c. Mt s
v d v zeolit c cho trong hnh 2.
b)
Bc 2: Thm ure (NH2)2CO v un si dung dch n khi ch th chuyn sang mu vng (vic
ny mt 15 pht). Kt ta CaC2O4 xut hin.
Bc 3: Dung dch nng c lc v kt ta CaC2O4 c ra bng nc lnh loi b lng
d ion C2O42-.
Bc 4: Cht rn khng tan CaC2O4 c ho tan vo dung dch H2SO4 0,1M sinh ra ion Ca2+
v H2C2O4. Dung dch H2C2O4 c chun vi dung dch chun KMnO4 n khi dung dch c mu
hng th ngng.
Cc phn ng xy ra v cc hng s cn bng:
CaC2O4(s) Ca2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq)
T = 1.30x10-8
Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Ka1 = 5.60x10-2
Ka2 = 5.42x10-5
Kw = 1.00x10-14
= 6.50x10-6
Kf2 = 10
4. Tnh nng cn bng ca Ca2+ v C2O42- trong dung dch sau khi to thnh lng kt ta ti a ca
CaC2O4.
5. Tnh nng ion H+ v Ca2+ trong dung dch bo ho CaC2O4 (B qua h s hot ).
BI GII:
1. (NH2)2CO + H2O 2 NH 3 CO2
2. [Ca2+] = 6,85.10-3M
3. [Ca2+]
= [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4]
= [C2O42-](1 + [H+]/K1 + [H+]2/K1K2)
Vy [C2O42-] = [Ca2+]/(1 + [H+]/K1 + [H+]2/K1K2) (1)
Thay (1) vo biu thc tch s tan: T = [Ca2+][C2O42-] ta tnh c [C2O42-] = 1,92.10-4M
4. Ta c:
K C O
C Ca Ca 2 CaC 2 O 4 ( aq ) Ca C 2 O 4 2
1
K f 1 K f 1 f 2 2 42
2
C 2 O4
dC Ca
1
T
TK f 1 K f 2 0
2
2
d C 2 O4
C 2 O42
C O 1,0.10
2
4
M Ca 2 1,3.10 6 M
5. Cn bng in tch: 2[Ca2+] + [H+] = 2[C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [OH-]
(1)
2+
2Cn bng khi lng: [Ca ]
= [C2O4 ] + [HC2O4 ] + [H2C2O4]
(2)
V Kb2 rt nh nn nng ca H2C2O4 c th b qua.
Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c: [HC2O4-] = Kw/[H+] - [H+]
(3)
[C2O42-] = (K2Kw)/[H+]2 K2
(4)
2+
2+ 2
+ 2
[Ca ] = T/[C2O4 ] = T[H ] /(K2Kw K2[H ] )
(5)
Thay (3), (4), (5) vo (2) v gii phng trnh sinh ra ta c: [H+] = 5,5.10-8M
[Ca2+] = 1,04.10-4M
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 37:
2
Mt hc sinh nghin cu phn ng ha hc gia cc cation A 2+, B2+, C2+, D2+, E2+ trong dung
dch nitrat v cc anion X-, Y-, Z-, Cl-, OH- trong dung dch cha cation natri ng thi c mt phi t
hu c L. Hc sinh ny xc nh c mt s hp cht kt ta v mt s phc cht mu nh trong
Bng 1 di y:
Bng 1
X***
Y***
Z***
Cl***
kt ta
vng
kt ta
trng
kt ta
trng
kt ta
nu
***
D2+
***
E2+
***
2+
B2+
C2+
***
OHkt ta
trng
***
Phc BLn2+
kt ta
nu
kt ta
trng
kt ta
en
Cc phc
CL2+, CL22+
kt ta
***
***
***
***
kt ta
kt ta
trng
***
***
***
L
***
Lp s tch cc cation A2+, B2+, C2+, D2+, E2+ trong dung dch nitrat bng cch s dng cc dung
dch thuc th khc nhau cha cc anion X -, Y-, Z-, Cl-, OH-. Ghi r sn phm cc sn phm hnh
thnh trong mi bc.
Lp s tch cc anion X-, Y-, Z-, Cl-, OH- trong dung dch cha cation natri bng cch s dng
cc dung dch thuc th khc nhau cha cc cation A2+, B2+, C2+, D2+, E2+ . Ghi r sn phm cc
sn phm hnh thnh trong mi bc.
a)
b)
Chun b trong cc bnh nh mc 50 mL mt nhm cc dung dch cha B 2+ v L bng cch thm
vo mi bnh 2 mL dung dch B2+ 8,2 10-3 M. Thm vo mi bnh cc lng khc nhau ca dung
dch cha phi t L nng 1,0 10-2 M. Pha long dung dch trong mi bnh bng nc n vch
mc (50 mL). o h s hp th ca phc BL n ti 540 nm cho mi dung dch trong mt ng di 1,0
cm. Cc d liu thu c trong Bng 2. (C B 2+ v phi t L khng hp th (A = 0) ti 540 nm.)
[Phng php t l mol]
a)
b)
5
a)
H s hp th
(A)
0.14
0.40
0.55
0.64
0.66
L thm vo
VL (mL)
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
H s hp th
(A)
0.26
0.48
0.60
0.66
0.66
Thm rt chm cht rn NaY (tan) vo mt dung dch cha B 2+ 0,10M v C2+ 0,05 M c pha t
cc dung dch mui nitrat tng ng ca chng.
Cation no kt ta trc (B2+ hay C2+)? Nng [Y-] bng bao nhiu khi ion ny kt ta? (Cho
Ksp (BY2) = 3.20 10-8 v Ksp (CY2) = 2.56 10-13 ti 25oC.) [Tch bng kt ta]
b) Nng ca ion Y- v cation cn li bng bao nhiu khi cation u tin kt ta hon ton (gi
thit rng sau khi kt ta hon ton nng cation u tin trong dung dch 10-6 M)? S dng tc
nhn Y- c th tch B2+ v C2+ bng phng php kt ta hay khng?
BI GII:
1. cch tch:
2. Cch tch:
3. a)
Nh vy:
0.0335 mol
R T 0.08314 298.15 K
0.0335
c
0.0335 mol/ L
1
2.
Hng s Henry:
ci = piKH
KH
3.
4.
0.0335
0.0335 mol/ bar L
1
5.
[H2CO3 ]
1.67 10 3
[CO2 ]
[H2CO3]=1.6710-3[CO2]=2.1310-8mol/L
pH ca nc ma vo thi im ny:
[H2CO3]* = [CO2] + [H2CO3] = 1.2810-5 mol/L
[HCO3 ] [H3O ]
+
K S1
4.45 107
H2CO3 + H2O HCO3 + H3O
[H2CO3 ]
[H3O+] = [HCO3-] = x
6.
x2
K S1
1.275 105
x = 2.38210-6 mol/L
pH = -log x = 5,62
Ga tr pH ca nc ma vo nm 1960:
[CO2] = 3.210-4 bar0.0335 mol/barL = 1.0710-5 mol/L
[H2CO3] = 1.6710-3[CO2] = 1.7910-8 mol/L
[H2CO3]* = [CO2] + [H2CO3] = 1.0710-5 mol/L
[H3O ]
8.
9.
[HCO3 ] [H3O ]
K S1
[H2CO3 ] *
(III)
[CO32 ] [H3O ]
K S2
[HCO3 ]
a.
2[Ca2+] + [H3O+] = [OH-] + [HCO3-] + 2[CO32-]
10.Nhn c t phng trnh ca H3O+:
(IV)
[HCO3 ]
K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
[H3O ]
K S2 [HCO3 ] K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
[CO ]
[H3O ]
[H3O ]2
2
3
K L [H3O ]2
KL
[Ca ]
[CO32 ] K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
2
KW
[H3O ]
Thay vo (V):
[OH ]
K L [H3O ]2
KW
2
+ [H3O+] =
[H3O ]
K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
[H3O ]
+ 2
K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
[H3O ]2
Chuyn v:
2 K L [H3O ]4
+[H3O+]3 (KW+KS1[H2CO3]*)[H3O+]2KS1KS2[ H2CO3]* = 0
K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
11. tan ca vi:
K L [H3O ]2
5.17 104 mol/L
S (CaCO3) = [Ca ]
K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
2
Ag ( NH 3 ) 2
T Ag Cl 1,8.10 10
V [Ag+] << [Cl-]; [Ag(NH3)2]+ = [Cl-]; [NH3] = 1 - 2[Cl-]
[Ag+] = T/[Cl-] nn thay tt c cc ng thc trn vo phng trnh ca K ta tnh c
[Cl-] = 0,0305M. mAgCl = 4,38g
b) [Br-] = 0,33/188 = 1,75.10-3M
T AgBr
.(1 2 Br ) 2
Br
1,7.10 7
Br
T AgBr 5,3.10 13
c)
So vi nng ca phn t CH3COOH trong dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M th nng phn t
CH3COOH trong cc dung dch th nht v th hai thay i theo nhng t s no? (C th
tnh gn ng). Bit Ka(CH3COOH) = 1,8.10-5
BI GII:
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Ka
CH COO H 1,8.10
CH 3 COOH
iu ch dung dch H2SO4 0,12M bng cch pha long H2SO4 c (95%. d = 1,84g/mL), c
th pha long vi nc.
a) 5,00mL axit thnh 500mL.
b) 11,00mL axit thnh 1000mL.
c) 15,00mL axit thnh 2000mL.
d) 7,00mL axit thnh 1000mL.
BI GII: Cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Trong phn ng:
NH3 + HCl = NH4+ + Clth NH3 l:
a) Axit Arrhenius.
b) Baz Bronsted.
c) Baz Arrhenius.
d) Cht trung tnh.
BI GII: Cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Nng ion Na+ trong dung dch do 19,0g Na2CO3 tan trong nc to thnh 870mL dung dch
l:
a) 0,206M
b) 0,312M
c) 0,412M
d) 0,103M
BI GII: Cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Baz lin hp ca NH3 khi phn ng vi axit l:
a) NH3-.
b) NH2-.
c) NH4+.
d) NH3+.
BI GII: Cu b
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Trong s cc axit sau y, cht no to c baz lin hp mjanh nht khi n phn ng nh mt
axit?
H2SO4
a)
H3PO4.
b)
H2O
c)
CH3COOH
d)
BI GII: Cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Nu trn hai dung dch (trong nc) m mt cha NH3 (20mL; 0,5M) cn dung dch kia cha
HCl (20mL; 0,5M) th pH ca dung dch to thnh s l:
a) 7
b) 1
c) 10
d) 5
BI GII: Cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Cht in ly lng tnh l nhng cht m trong dung dch:
a) C th phn ng nh cht oxy ho hoc cht kh.
b) C th phn ng nh axit hoc baz.
c) C th phn ng theo kiu ng ly v d ly.
d) Th hin l mt phn t c mt phn a nc v mt phn k nc.
BI GII: Cu b
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Trong chc dung dch HCl sau y dung dch no c hn?
a) HCl 10-2M.
b) HCl 3,6%
c) HCl 10-2m
d) HCl 3,7% m/V
BI GII: Cu b
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Lng H2SO4 trong mt dung dch nc (2000mL; 27,27%; d = 1,20g.cm-3) l:
a) 6,00 mol
b) 4,82 mol
c) 6,79 mol
d) 5,20 mol
BI GII: Cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
chun CH3COOH bng NaOH th trong cc cht ch th sau y th cht no tt nht?
a) Metyl da cam pKa = 3,7
b) Metyl pKa = 5,1
c) Bromthymol xanh pKa = 7,0
d) Phenolphtalein pKa = 9,4
BI GII: Cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Trong s cc mui sau y th mui no l axit Bronsted?
a) NaHSO4.
b) Na3PO4.
c) NaCN.
d) Na2S.
BI GII: Cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Cht phi thm vo dung dch nc lm thay i pH t 12 thnh 10 l:
a) Nc ct.
b) Natri hydroxit.
c) Hidro clorua.
d) Natri axetat.
BI GII: Cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC C 1999 (Vng 3):
Ngi ta c th xc nh amoniac bng phng php quang k t phn ng vi phenol vi s c
mt ca hipoclorit.
OH
NH3
(Gii thch b sung nhng trong phn bi tp khng yu cu: Cht cha bit cn cha t nht l
mt H c kh nng tch ra thnh proton, tc l nn vit tt HnX)
trong nc th HnX tc dng nh l mt baz:
HnX + H2O Hn+1X+ + OH(a)
V trong amoniac nh l mt axit:
HnX + NH3 NH4+ + Hn-1X-.
(b)
cho (b) xy ra th nhm tc ng nh l baz trong nc phi l tc nhn nhn proton km
hn NH3. iu c ngha l nhm phi l mt baz yu hn NH3. Qa thc pKb(NH3) = 4,75 v
pKb(H2NOH) = 8,2.
cho (a) xy ra th nhm tc ng nh l axit trong NH3 phi c tc dng cho proton yu hn
axit Hn+1X+, Hn+1X+ l axit lin hp ca nhm HnX, nhm ny tc dng nh l mt baz. Qa thc
pKa(NH3+OH) = 5,4 v pKa(NH2OH) = 13,2.
h)
C. V d nh axit sunfuric:
2H2SO4 H3SO4+ + HSO4H2O + H2SO4 H3O+ + HSO4-.
i)
Khng, do CCl4 khng phn li.
OLYMPIC HA HC C 1999 (Vng 4):
Mt dung dch ceri (IV) sunfat cn c chun ha, Cho cc dung dch v cc cht sau y:
Natri oxalat rn, dung dch kali pemanganat v dung dch st (II) sunfat, c hai u khng bit
nng .
Ngi ta tin hnh ba ln chun trong dung dch axit (mi ln u i vi mt lng d axit
sunfuric) v thu c nhng kt qa sau y:
+ 0,2228g natri oxalat dng ht 28,74cm3 dung dch kali pemanganat.
+ 25,00cm3 dung dch st (II) sunfat dng ht 24,03cm3 dung dch kali pemanganat.
+ 25,00cm3 dung dch st (II) sunfat dng ht 22,17cm3 dung dch ceri (IV) sunfat.
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ca ba ln chun .
2. Hy tnh nng ca dung dch ceri (IV) sunfat.
Ngi ta p dng cc th in cc tiu chun sau y:
Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
Eo = 0,77V
4+
3+
Ce + e = Ce
Eo = 1,61V
3. Hy tnh KC ca phn ng: Fe2+ + Ce4+ = Fe3+ + Ce3+.
(i vi phn cn li ca bi tp cn gi thit cc iu kin l tiu chun)
Fe 3
4. Hy tnh t s:
ti im tng ng.
Fe 2
5. Hy tnh th ca dung dch ti im tng ng.
Nu nh ngi ta s dng mt cht ch th oxi ha - kh (In) vi Eo = th ca dung dch ti im
tng ng nhn bit im kt thc ca vic chun th s khng c vn g v chnh xc
ca vic nhn bit im kt thc.
Nhng i vi cht ch th sau y th:
InOx + 2e = In2-kh
Eo = 0,80V
InOx
In
2
kh
10
1
Fe
6. Hy tnh
Fe
3
1,27.10 7
C
4
2
2
2
2
Ce Fe
Fe
Fe
5.
2
2
F
1
Fe
Fe
-1
Nh vy sai s s l: (11,2) .100% = 8,95%
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2000:
HCN l mt axit yu (Ka = 6,2.10-10). NH3 l mt baz yu (Kb = 1,8.10-5). Mt dung dch
NH4CN 1,0M s c tnh cht:
a) Axit mnh.
b) Axit yu.
c) Trung tnh.
d) Baz yu.
e) Baz mnh.
BI GII: Cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2000:
20,00mL mu dung dch Ba(OH)2 c chun bng 0,245M. Nu s dng 27,15mL HCl th
nng mol ca Ba(OH)2 lc ny s l bao nhiu?
a) 0,166M
b) 0,180M
c) 0,333M
d) 0,666M
e) 1,136M
BI GII: Cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2000:
Tch s ion ca nc 45oC l 4,0.10-14. Vy pH ca nc tinh khit thi im ny l bao
nhiu?
a) 6,7
b) 7,0
c) 7,3
d) 8,5
e) 13,4
BI GII: Cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2000:
Tch s tan ca mt s mui sunfat c cho bng sau:
Mui
T
1
CaSO4
9.10-6
2
SrSO4
3.10-7
3
PbSO4
2.10-8
4
BaSO4
1.10-10
Khi cho dung dch Na2SO4 0,0001M vo dung dch cc mui tan ca cc cation trn th mui no
s kt ta.
a) 1, 2 v 3.
b) 1 v 2
c) 1 v 3
d) 2 v 4
e) ch 4
BI GII: Cu e
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2000:
Khi trn dung dch NaOH 0,5M vi mt lng bng nhau ca dung dch no sau y th s xy
ra s gim pH.
1) H2O.
2) 0,25M Na2CO3.
3) 0,5M HCl.
4) 0,6M KOH
a) 1, 2 v 3.
b) 1 v 2
c) 1 v 3
d) 2 v 4
e) ch 4
BI GII: Cu e
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2001:
Dung dch KOH 0,025M c pH bng bao nhiu?
a) 1,60
b) 3,69
c) 7,00
d) 10,31
e) 12,40
BI GII: Cu e
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2001:
Cht no l axit lin hp ca HPO42-?
H3PO4(aq).
a)
H2PO4-(aq).
b)
H3O+(aq)
c)
H+(aq).
d)
PO43-(aq)
e)
BI GII: Cu b
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2001:
Dung dch axit yu HA 0,075M c [H+] bng bao nhiu nu Ka(HA) = 4,8.10-8
a) 6,1.10-4M
b) 2,2.10-4M
c) 6,0.10-5M
d) 4,8.10-8M
e) 3,1.10-9M
BI GII: Cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2001:
Nu trn cng mt lng th tch ca BaCl2 v NaF th nng no ca mi cht th kt ta
c hnh thnh?. Bit T(BaF2) = 1,7.10-7.
a) 0,020M BaCl2 v 0,0020M NaF.
b) 0,015M BaCl2 v 0,010M NaF.
c) 0,010M BaCl2 v 0,015M NaF.
d) 0,0040M BaCl2 v 0,020M NaF.
e) Tt c u khng th to kt ta.
BI GII: Cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2002:
Nu trn cng mt lng th tch ca cc cht sau th hn hp no s hnh thnh dung dch m?
1) 0,1M HCl v 0,1M NH3.
2) 0,1M HNO2 v 0,05M NaOH.
3) 0,05M HNO2 v 0,05M NH3.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1 v 3
e) 2 v 3
BI GII: Cu e
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2002:
S mol KOH trong 500mL dung dch c xc nh bng cch chun 10,00mL dung dch
KOH ny vi dung dch HCl 0,115M . Nu s chun trn cn 18,72mL HCl th s mol KOH trong
500mL dung dch u s l bao nhiu?
a) 0,00215 mol.
b) 0,00430 mol.
c) 0,108 mol
d) 0,215 mol
e) 0,115 mol
BI GII: Cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2002:
tan ca bc sunfat l 1,5.10-5mol-3.L-3. Trong mt dung dch m nng ion SO42- l 2,4.102
M th nng Ag+ cc i s l:
a) 0,025M
b) 6,25.10-4M
c) 3,125.10-4M
d) 2,5.10-4M
e) 6,25.10-2M
BI GII: Cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2003:
Tch s tan ca Ag2CrO4(r) 25oC l 2,6.10-12. Vy tan ca Ag2CrO4 trong 1L nc l bao
nhiu?
a) 1,6.10-6M
b) 2,6.10-12M
c) 2,1.10-8M
d) 1,4.10-4M
e) 8,7.10-5M
BI GII: Cu e
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2003:
Mt axit mnh hai nc H2A ho tan trong nc 25oC cho mt dung dch c pH = 1,85. Nng
ca axit trong dung dch (gi s n phn li hon ton thnh A2-) lc ban u s nm trong khong:
a) 0,05 v 0,1
b) 0,01 v 0,05
c) 0,1 v 0,5
d) 0,001 v 0,005
e) 0,005 v 0,01
BI GII: Cu e
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2003:
Mt dung dch axit axetic 0,100M c chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,05M. Khi 60% axit
c trung ho th pH ca dung dch lc ny l bao nhiu?
a) 2,38
b) 4,56
c) 4,74
d) 4,92
e) 7,00
BI GII: Cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2003:
a) Tnh pH cui c cc h sau y khi ho tan:
i) 2,00M HCl
ii) 0,500M NaOH
vo 500,0mL nc 25oC (pH ca nc iu kin ny l 7,00)
HA
H
A
K a
HA
lg H
lg K a
A
HA
pH pK a lg
d)
e)
pH = 7,00
(i)
n(H+ thm vo) = 0,01mol
[A-] = 0,499M
[HA] = 0,501M
pH = 6,98
(ii)
Tng t nh (i) ta tnh c pH = 7,0043
A 3,492
f)
g)
h)
(i)
(1)
HA
A 0,175
(iv)
i)
j)
HA
(v) V = 175mL
Nh vy cn phi trn 825mL dung dch natri axetat 0,500M vi 175mL dung dch HCl 2,00M
pH = pKa = 4,76
(i) Ta c: pH = 4,76 + 1 = 5,76
5,76 4,76 lg
A 10
HA
HA