FM3-05.

30
MCRP3-40.6
PsychologicalOperations
April2005
DISTRIBUTIONRESTRICTION:
DistributionauthorizedtoU.S.Governmentagenciesandtheircontractorsonlytoprotecttechnicalor
operationalinformationfromautomaticdisseminationundertheInternationalExchangeProgramorby
othermeans.Thisdeterminationwasmadeon15December2004.Otherrequestsforthisdocument
mustbereferredtoCommander,UnitedStatesArmyJohnF.KennedySpecialWarfareCenterand
School,ATTN:AOJK-DTD-PO,FortBragg,NC28310-5000.
DESTRUCTIONNOTICE:
Destroybyanymethodthatwillpreventdisclosureofcontentsorreconstructionofthedocument.
Headquarters,DepartmentoftheArmy
*FM3-05.30
MCRP3-40.6
Fi el dManual Headquarters
No.3-05.30 DepartmentoftheArmy
Washi ngton,DC,15Apri l 2005
PsychologicalOperations
Contents
Page
PREFACE ..................................................................................................................v
Chapter1 INTRODUCTIONTOPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS .....................................1-1
Overview .................................................................................................................1-1
MissionofPSYOP...................................................................................................1-2
RolesofPSYOP......................................................................................................1-3
PoliciesandStrategies............................................................................................1-4
PSYOPCoreTasks ................................................................................................1-5
CommandAuthorityofPSYOPForces ...................................................................1-6
PSYOPApprovalAuthorities...................................................................................1-6
SpecialConsiderations ...........................................................................................1-9
Chapter2 PSYOPMISSIONANDINSTRUMENTSOFNATIONALPOWER .......................2-1
PSYOPinSupportofDiplomaticMeasures............................................................2-1
PSYOPinSupportofInformationMeasures ..........................................................2-2
PSYOPinSupportofMilitaryOperations ...............................................................2-3
PSYOPinSupportofEconomicMeasures.............................................................2-5
DISTRIBUTIONRESTRICTION:DistributionauthorizedtoU.S.Governmentagenciesandtheircontractorsonly
toprotecttechnicaloroperationalinformationfromautomaticdisseminationundertheInternationalExchange
Programorbyothermeans.Thisdeterminationwasmadeon15December2004.Otherrequestsforthis
documentmustbereferredtoCommander,UnitedStatesArmyJohnF.KennedySpecialWarfareCenterand
School,ATTN:AOJK-DTD-PO,FortBragg,NC28310-5000.
DestructionNotice:Destroybyanymethodthatwillpreventdisclosureofcontentsorreconstructionofthe
document.
MarineCorpsdistribution:PCN14300012700
*ThispublicationsupersedesFM3-05.30,19June2000.
i
FM3-05.30
Page
Chapter3 ORGANIZATION,FUNCTION,ANDCAPABILITIES............................................3-1
PSYOPGroup ........................................................................................................3-1
HeadquartersandHeadquartersCompany............................................................3-2
RegionalPSYOPBattalion .....................................................................................3-3
TacticalPSYOPBattalion .......................................................................................3-6
DisseminationBattalion ........................................................................................3-10
Chapter4 COMMANDANDCONTROL.................................................................................4-1
General ...................................................................................................................4-1
UnitedStatesSpecialOperationsCommand .........................................................4-3
UnitedStatesArmySpecialOperationsCommand ...............................................4-5
UnitedStatesArmyCivilAffairsandPsychologicalOperationsCommand ...........4-7
TheaterSpecialOperationsCommand ..................................................................4-7
PsychologicalOperationsTaskForce ....................................................................4-7
Deployment.............................................................................................................4-9
MultinationalOperations .......................................................................................4-10
InteragencyCoordination......................................................................................4-10
LiaisonandCoordinationOperations ...................................................................4-11
Chapter5 MISSIONPLANNINGANDTARGETING..............................................................5-1
Planning..................................................................................................................5-1
SevenStepsoftheMDMP .....................................................................................5-5
PlanninginaTime-ConstrainedEnvironment ......................................................5-15
PSYOPintheTargetingProcess .........................................................................5-16
Training.................................................................................................................5-18
SpecificPlanningConsiderations .........................................................................5-18
EssentialPlanningDocuments.............................................................................5-20
Chapter6 EMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................................6-1
PsychologicalOperationsProcess .........................................................................6-1
PsychologicalOperationsAssessmentTeam ........................................................6-4
TaskForce .............................................................................................................6-8
Communications...................................................................................................6-12
Reachback............................................................................................................6-16
Chapter7 INFORMATIONOPERATIONS .............................................................................7-1
General ...................................................................................................................7-1
PSYOPandInformationOperations.......................................................................7-2
15April2005 ii
FM3-05.30
Page
OrganizationandFunctions ....................................................................................7-2
InformationOperationsSupporttothePOTForPSE.............................................7-5
InformationOperationsAgencies............................................................................7-5
Chapter8 INTELLIGENCESUPPORT ...................................................................................8-1
IntelligenceRequirements ......................................................................................8-1
PSYOPandtheIPBProcess ..................................................................................8-3
PropagandaAnalysisandCounterpropaganda ......................................................8-4
Advising...................................................................................................................8-7
Countering...............................................................................................................8-7
OrganicCapabilities ................................................................................................8-7
NonorganicIntelligenceSupport ...........................................................................8-10
Chapter9 SUPPORTANDSUSTAINMENT ...........................................................................9-1
Concept...................................................................................................................9-1
Planning ..................................................................................................................9-3
StatementofRequirement ......................................................................................9-3
SupportRelationships .............................................................................................9-5
AppendixA CATEGORIESOFPRODUCTSBYSOURCE......................................................A-1
AppendixB PSYOPSUPPORTTOINTERNMENT/RESETTLEMENTOPERATIONS ..........B-1
AppendixC RULESOFENGAGEMENT ..................................................................................C-1
AppendixD DIGITIZATIONOFPSYOPASSETS ....................................................................D-1
GLOSSARY ...............................................................................................Glossary-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................Bibliography-1
INDEX ..............................................................................................................Index-1
15April2005 iii
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Preface
Fi el d Manual (FM) 3-05.30 i s the keystone publ i cati on for Psychol ogi cal
Operati ons(PSYOP)pri nci pl es.I ti sdi rectl yl i nkedto,andmustbeusedwi th,
the doctri nal pri nci pl es found i n FM 3-0, Operations; FM 3-13, I nformation
Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures;FM100-25,Doctrine
for Army Special Operations Forces;andJoi ntPubl i cati on(JP)3-53,Doctrine for
J oint Psychological Operations.I ti l l ustrateshowPSYOPforcesfuncti onforthe
supported commander and i mpact on the operati ng envi ronment. Thi s manual
expl ai ns PSYOP fundamental s, uni t functi ons and mi ssi ons, command and
control (C2) capabi l i ti es, and task organi zati on. I t al so descri bes the PSYOP
pl anni ngprocedures,theempl oymentofforces,andthei ntel l i genceandl ogi sti cs
supportoperati onsforPSYOP.FM3-05.30provi destheauthori tati vefoundati on
for PSYOP doctri ne, trai ni ng, l eader devel opment, organi zati onal desi gn,
materi el acqui si ti on,andSol di ersystems.I ti snoti ntendedexcl usi vel yforthe
PSYOP communi ty; rather, i t i s i ntended to a l arge degree for supported
commanders,regardl essofServi ce,atal l l evel sandthei roperati onsoffi cerswho
wi l l besupportedby,andsupervi se,PSYOPpersonnel .PSYOPcommandersand
trai nersatal l l evel sshoul dusethi smanual wi thArmymi ssi ontrai ni ngpl ansto
devel opandconductthei rtrai ni ng.
Thi s manual i s uncl assi fi ed to ensure i ts Armywi de di ssemi nati on and the
i ntegrati on of PSYOP i nto the Armys system. As the proponent for PSYOP
doctri neandtrai ni ng,theUni tedStatesArmyJohnF.KennedySpeci al Warfare
Center and School (USAJFKSWCS) publ i shed an addi ti onal FM, whi ch i s
FM3-05.301, Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, to
di ssemi natethespeci fi ctacti cs,techni ques,andproceduresnecessarytopl anand
conduct PSYOP. I t wi l l al so publ i sh FM 3-05.302, Tactical Psychological
Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, ArmyTrai ni ngandEval uati on
Programs (ARTEPs) for speci fi c uni t-l evel trai ni ng, and the Sol di er trai ni ng
publ i cati on (STP) for the 37F mi l i tary occupati onal speci al ty (MOS). The
provi si onsofFM3-05.30aresubjecttothei nternati onal agreementsl i stedi nthe
Bi bl i ography. There are numerous terms, acronyms, and abbrevi ati ons found
wi thi n thi s manual . Users shoul d refer to the Gl ossary for thei r meani ng or
defi ni ti on.
The proponent of thi s publ i cati on i s USAJFKSWCS. Submi t comments and
recommended changes to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DTD-PO,
FortBragg,NC28310-5000.
Unl essthi spubl i cati onstatesotherwi se,mascul i nenounsandpronounsdonot
referexcl usi vel ytomen.
15April2005 v
Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
Chapter1
IntroductiontoPsychologicalOperations
The supported commander must i ntegrate and synchroni ze many
acti vi ti es i ncl udi ng PSYOP i nto a cohesi ve and successful mi l i tary
operati on. The deci si ons made, from personnel through i ntel l i gence
operati ons and l ogi sti cs, can be staggeri ng, even i n a si ngl e-Servi ce
acti on. The task becomes more compl ex when the supported
commanderasi ssooftenthecaseassumesresponsi bi l i tyforajoi ntor
combi nedforce.Thesupportedcommanderwi l l l i kel ymakeoneormore
keydeci si onsi naparti cul arareathatwi l l haveapsychol ogi cal effect.As
aresul t,heframes,andtherebydetermi nes,theacti onsofsubordi nate
commanders and staffs wi th PSYOP i n mi nd as they prosecute a
campai gn.
Thi schapteroutl i nescri ti cal deci si onpoi ntsi ntheconductofPSYOPat
whi ch supported commanders can i nfl uence the PSYOP effort. I t al so
notes that i n the modern medi a envi ronment, PSYOP are among the
sensi ti veareasrequi ri ngdai l yattenti onfromthesupportedcommander.
Commanderspl anPSYOPtoconveysel ectedi nformati onandi ndi cators
to forei gn audi ences to i nfl uence thei r emoti ons, moti ves, objecti ve
reasoni ng and, ul ti matel y, the behavi or of forei gn governments,
organi zati ons,groups,andi ndi vi dual s.
Psychological operations...have proven to be indispensable...it allowed
us to apply a type of power without necessarily having to shoot bullets.
ColonelAndyBirdy,Commander,
1stBrigadeCombatTeam,10thMountainDivision,
duringOperationUPHOLDDEMOCRACYinHaiti
OVERVIEW
1-1. PSYOP are a vi tal part of the broad range of Uni ted States (U.S.)
di pl omati c, i nformati onal , mi l i tary, and economi c (DI ME) acti vi ti es. The
empl oyment of any el ement of nati onal power, parti cul arl y the mi l i tary
el ement, has al ways had a psychol ogi cal di mensi on. Forei gn percepti ons of
U.S. mi l i tary capabi l i ti es are fundamental to strategi c deterrence. The
effecti venessofdeterrencehi ngesonU.S.abi l i tytoi nfl uencethepercepti ons
of others.The purpose ofPSYOPi stoi nduceorrei nforceforei gnatti tudes
and behavi or favorabl e to U.S. nati onal objecti ves. PSYOP are
characteri sti cal l ydel i veredasi nformati onforeffect,usedduri ngpeaceti me
andconfl i ct,toi nformandi nfl uence.Whenproperl yempl oyed,PSYOPcan
savel i vesoffri endl yandadversaryforcesbyreduci ngtheadversari eswi l l to
fi ght.Byl oweri ngadversarymoral eandreduci ngthei reffi ci ency,PSYOPcan
al so di scourage aggressi ve acti ons and create di ssi dence and di saffecti on
FM3-05.30 15April2005 1-1
FM3-05.30
wi thi n thei r ranks, ul ti matel y i nduci ng surrender. PSYOP provi de a
commanderthemeanstoempl oyanonl ethal capabi l i tyacrosstherangeof
mi l i taryoperati onsfrompeacethroughconfl i cttowarandduri ngpostconfl i ct
operati ons.
1-2. PSYOP forces pri mari l y conduct operati ons at the operati onal and
tacti cal l evel s of war, and duri ng mi l i tary operati ons other than war
(MOOTW). PSYOP forces al so support strategi c operati ons. At the
operati onal l evel , they support combatant commanders and commanders,
joi nt task forces (CJTFs). At the tacti cal l evel , PSYOP forces support
conventi onal forces and speci al operati ons forces (SOF). PSYOP uni ts can
conduct strategi c acti vi ti es i n support of the Presi dent and/or Secretary of
Defense(SecDef)andtheChai rmanoftheJoi ntChi efsofStaff(CJCS),when
di rected. PSYOP are i nherentl y joi nt, frequentl y combi ned, and must be
i ntegrated and synchroni zed at al l echel ons to achi eve thei r ful l force-
mul ti pl i erpotenti al .
1-3. Supportedcommandersestabl i shaPsychol ogi cal Operati onstaskforce
(POTF)/Psychol ogi cal Operati ons support el ement (PSE) that i s normal l y
under the operati onal control of a joi nt task force (JTF). The POTF wi l l
devel opaPSYOPsupportpl anderi vedfromtheCJTFcampai gnpl an.Thi s
pl anprovi desthegui danceanddi recti onforconducti ngPSYOP.
1-4. Uni tcommandersi ntegrateaspectsofpl annedPSYOPi nseveral ways.
They further the PSYOP objecti ves of the Presi dent and/or SecDef,
geographi c combatant commander, and JTF by conducti ng Psychol ogi cal
Operati ons acti ons (PSYACTs) and PSYOP enabl i ng acti ons that di rectl y
supporttheseobjecti ves.Uni tcommandersal sodi recttheempl oymentofand
protectattachedPSYOPforces,whi chfurthermaxi mi zetheeffecti venessof
themaneuverandPSYOPobjecti ve.
MISSIONOFPSYOP
1-5. The mi ssi on of PSYOP i s to i nfl uence the behavi or of forei gn target
audi ences(TAs)tosupportU.S.nati onal objecti ves.PSYOPaccompl i shthi s
byconveyi ngsel ectedi nformati onand/oradvi si ngonacti onsthati nfl uence
the emoti ons, moti ves, objecti ve reasoni ng, and ul ti matel y the behavi or of
forei gn audi ences. Behavi oral change i s at the root of the PSYOP mi ssi on.
Al thoughconcernedwi ththemental processesoftheTA,i ti stheobservabl e
modi fi cati onofTAbehavi orthatdetermi nesthemi ssi onsuccessofPSYOP.I t
i sthi sl i nkbetweeni nfl uenceandbehavi orthatdi sti ngui shesPSYOPfrom
other capabi l i ti es and acti vi ti es of i nformati on operati ons (I O) and sets i t
apartasauni quecorecapabi l i ty.
1-6. As a core capabi l i ty of I O, PSYOP are consi dered pri mari l y to be
shapi ng operati ons that create and preserve opportuni ti es for deci si ve
operati ons. PSYOP hel p shape both the physi cal and i nformati onal
di mensi ons of the battl espace. PSYOP provi de a commander the means to
empl oy a nonl ethal capabi l i ty across the range of mi l i tary operati ons from
peace through confl i ct to war and duri ng postconfl i ct operati ons. As
i nformati ondel i veredforeffectduri ngpeaceti meandconfl i ct,PSYOPi nform
andi nfl uence.Whenproperl yempl oyed,PSYOPsavesl i vesoffri endl yand
adversary forces, whether mi l i tary or ci vi l i an. PSYOP may reduce the
15April2005 1-2
FM3-05.30
adversari es wi l l to fi ght, moral e, and effi ci ency. PSYOP di scourages
aggressi veacti ons,andcreatesdi ssi denceanddi saffecti onwi thi nthei rranks,
ul ti matel yi nduci ngsurrender.
ROLESOFPSYOP
1-7. To execute thei r mi ssi on, PSYOP Sol di ers perform the fol l owi ng fi ve
tradi ti onal rol estomeetthei ntentofthesupportedcommander:
I nfluence foreign populationsbyexpressi ngi nformati onsubjecti vel yto
i nfl uence atti tudes and behavi or, and to obtai n compl i ance,
noni nterference, or other desi red behavi oral changes. These acti ons
faci l i tate mi l i tary operati ons, mi ni mi ze needl ess l oss of l i fe and
col l ateral damage, and further the objecti ves of the supported
commander,theUni tedStates,andi tsal l i es.
Advise the commander on PSYACTs, PSYOP enabl i ng acti ons, and
targeti ng restri cti ons that the mi l i tary force may execute. These
acti ons and restri cti ons mi ni mi ze adverse i mpacts and uni ntended
consequences,attacktheenemyswi l l toresi st,andenhancesuccessful
mi ssi onaccompl i shment.PSYOPSol di ersal soadvi sethecommander
on the psychol ogi cal effects and consequences of other pl anned
mi l i taryacti onsandoperati ons.
Provide public information to forei gn popul ati ons to support
humani tari anacti vi ti es,restoreorrei nforcel egi ti macy,easesufferi ng,
and mai ntai n or restore ci vi l order. Provi di ng publ i c i nformati on
supports and ampl i fi es the effects of other capabi l i ti es andacti vi ti es
suchasci vi l -mi l i taryoperati ons(CMO).
Serve as the supported commanders voice to forei gn popul ati ons to
convey i ntent and establ i sh credi bi l i ty. Thi s abi l i ty al l ows the
commander to reach more audi ences wi th l ess expendi ture i n
resourcesandti me.
Counter enemy propaganda, misinformation, disinformation, and
opposing information to portray fri endl y i ntent and acti onscorrectl y
and posi ti vel y for forei gn TAs, thus denyi ng others the abi l i ty to
pol ari zepubl i copi ni onandpol i ti cal wi l l agai nsttheUni tedStatesand
i tsal l i es.
15April2005 1-3
FM3-05.30
The role of psychological operations (PSYOP) in the information age is
to assist military commanders in articulating their mission objectives,
to help identify the decision makers who can promote or interfere with
these objectives, and to recommend appropriate courses of action to
properly influence them. I n this regard, PSYOP is applicable across
the operational continuum because command objectives may vary at
any point in time and because key decision makers exist at every level
of military endeavor... By converting command objectives into the
people who have the ability to act on them, and by recommending the
use of available military and nonmilitary resources, PSYOP soldiers
attempt to educate and motivate targeted decision makers to act, or
refrain from acting, in ways that support the commanders objectives.
ColonelRobertM.Schoenhaus,
7thPSYOPGroupCommander,June1999
POLICIESANDSTRATEGIES
1-8. U.S. nati onal pol i ci es and strategi esseektoresol veconfl i ctanddeter
hosti l i ti es.U.S.nati onal pol i ci esandstrategi eshaveconsi stentl yhadasthei r
goal sol uti ons to regi onal and i nternati onal confl i cts i nvol vi ng DI ME
approaches. When these attempts have gi ven way to open hosti l i ti es, U.S.
pol i cy and strategy seeks qui ck resol uti on wi th mi ni mal l oss of l i fe and
destructi on of property and i nfrastructure. A fundamental key to
i mpl ementi ngthesestrategi esandpol i ci esi sbui l di ngi nternati onal support,
oftenthroughbroad-basedcoal i ti ons.Anotherpri marykeytothi sstrategyi s
i nfl uenci ngthel eadershi pandkeygroupswi thi nforei gncountri es.Atti mes,
i t has been the pol i cy of the Uni ted States to appeal di rectl y to forei gn
popul aces,ratherthantothetyranni cal el i tesorunresponsi vedi ctatorswho
rul e over them. Thi s approach i s appl i cabl e throughout the enti re range of
operati ons from peace through confl i ct to war. PSYOP can be not onl y a
powerful armofthi sstrategybutal sotheonl yappropri ateweaponssystem
i n the preconfl i ct envi ronment. PSYOP are a powerful nonl ethal fi re
throughout an escal ati ng confl i ct. There are, however, sl i ght di fferences i n
thewaytheUni tedStatesGovernment(USG)empl oysPSYOPateachl evel
wi thi nful l -spectrumoperati ons.ThetypesofPSYOPareasfol l ows:
PSYOP at the strategic level are the del i very of i nformati on to
transregi onal TAs i n support of U.S. goal s and objecti ves. USG
departments and agenci es pl an and conduct strategi c-l evel
i nformati on.Al thoughmanyoftheproductsandacti vi ti esconducted
are outsi de the arena of mi l i tary PSYOP, Department of Defense
(DOD) assets are frequentl y used i n the devel opment, desi gn,
producti on,di stri buti on,anddi ssemi nati onofstrategi c-l evel products.
Duri ngpeaceti me,PSYOPforcesoftentakeparti noperati onsthatare
joi nt,i nteragency,andmul ti nati onal i nnature.USGdepartmentsand
agenci escoordi nateandi ntegrateatthenati onal l evel toconductjoi nt,
i nteragency, and mul ti nati onal operati ons. PSYOP assets can be a
major contri butor to mi ssi ons, such as counterterrori sm (CT), that
havestrategi ci mpl i cati ons.
PSYOP at the operational level are conducted i n support of the
combatant commanders mi ssi on accompl i shment. Al ong wi th other
mi l i tary operati ons, PSYOP may be used i ndependentl y or as an
15April2005 1-4
FM3-05.30
i ntegral part of other operati ons throughout the theater to support
joi nt operati ons mi ssi on accompl i shment. USG and DOD assets do
operati onal -l evel PSYOP; however, DOD assets are the mai nstay of
operati onal PSYOP.
PSYOP at the tactical level are used to support the maneuver
commanders abi l i ty to wi n battl es and engagements. PSYOP are
conducted as an i ntegral part of mul ti nati onal , joi nt, and si ngl e-
Servi ce operati ons. Army speci al operati ons forces (ARSOF) assets
conducttheoverwhel mi ngmajori tyoftacti cal PSYOP.
PSYOPCORETASKS
1-9. To meet the i ntent of the supported commander, PSYOP Sol di ers
performsi xcoretasks:
Develop. Devel opment i nvol ves the sel ecti on of Psychol ogi cal
Operati ons objecti ves (POs) and supporti ng Psychol ogi cal Operati ons
objecti ves (SPOs), the conceptual i zati on of mul ti pl e seri es, the
devel opment of speci fi c product i deas wi thi n a seri es, and the
recommendati onofacti onsthatwi l l i nfl uencethebel i efsandatti tudes
ofTAsandul ti matel ymodi fythei rbehavi or.I nthedevel opmentstage,
PSYOP Sol di ers conceptual i ze how they wi l l modi fy behavi or. The
devel opment stage combi nes several essenti al el ements, i ncl udi ng
targetaudi enceanal ysi s(TAA),seri esdevel opment,i ndi vi dual product
devel opment, and the approval process. The anal ysi s of propaganda
andthedevel opmentofcounterpropagandabegi nduri ngdevel opment
butareembeddedthroughouttheothercoretasks.
Design. Desi gn i s the techni cal aspect of taki ng what was
conceptual i zedi nthedevel opmentstageandcreati nganaudi o,vi sual ,
or audi ovi sual prototype. Thi s task demands techni cal experti se i n
manycommuni cati onfi el ds.
Produce.Producti oni sthetransformati onofapprovedPSYOPproduct
prototypesi ntovari ousmedi aformsthatarecompati bl ewi ththeway
forei gn popul ati ons are accustomed to recei vi ng i nformati on. Some
producti onrequi rementsmaybecontractedtopri vatei ndustry,whi l e
otherrequi rementsmaybeperformedbyuni tsattachedorunderthe
tacti cal control (TACON) or operati onal control (OPCON) of PSYOP
forces.
Distribute. Di stri buti on i s the movement of compl eted products from
the producti on source to the poi nt of di ssemi nati on. Thi s task may
i ncl ude the temporary physi cal or el ectroni c storage of PSYOP
products at i ntermedi ate l ocati ons. Thi s task can be compl i cated by
cl assi fi cati on requi rements, as products are often cl assi fi ed before
di ssemi nati on.
Disseminate. Di ssemi nati on i nvol vesthedel i veryofPSYOPproducts
di rectl y to the desi red TA. PSYOP forces must l everage as many
di fferentmedi aanddi ssemi nati onmeansaspossi bl etoensureaccess
tothetargetedforei gnpopul ati on.
Evaluate. Eval uati on i s the most resource-i ntensi ve of al l PSYOP
tasks. Thi s task requi res PSYOP Sol di ers to i ntegrate i nto the
15April2005 1-5
FM3-05.30
i ntel l i gence and targeti ng process. Eval uati on i ncl udes anal ysi s of
i mpacti ndi cators,surveys,i ntervi ews,andposttesti ngtomeasurethe
effecti venesstowhi chPSYOPareachi evi ngthei robjecti ves.
COMMANDAUTHORITYOFPSYOPFORCES
1-10. Uponapproval oftheSecDef,anddi recti onoftheJoi ntChi efsofStaff
(JCS), PSYOP forces are pl aced under the combatant command of the
supportedgeographi ccombatantcommander.ThePOTFcommandermaybe
desi gnated as functi onal component commander di rectl y subordi nate tothe
geographi ccombatantcommanderorCJTF.Thesupportedforceoperati ons
offi cer(S/G/J/C3)exerci sesstaffsupervi si onofPSYOPforces.
1-11. PSYOPforcescanworkdi rectl yforthePresi dentand/ortheSecDef,
CJCS, U.S. Ambassadors, and other government agenci es (OGAs). Before
hosti l i ti es begi n, the geographi c combatant commander works cl osel y wi th
theDepartmentofState(DOS)toensureuni tyofeffortandcommonal i tyof
message. The DOS control s al l i nformati on unti l an execute order for the
PSYOP pl an i s approved. Duri ng thi s peri od before the execute order, and
consi stentwi thgeographi ccombatantcommandergui dance,theDOSretai ns
product approval authori ty whi l e C2 remai ns i n mi l i tary channel s. Duri ng
peaceti me PSYOP, the U.S. Ambassador i s the command authori ty of any
PSEsworki ngi nthehostnati on(HN).
1-12. Mul ti purpose di ssemi nati on pl atforms, such as the transportabl e
ampl i tude modul ati on (AM)/frequency modul ati on (FM) radi o broadcast
system (TARBS) of the fl eet i nformati on warfare center (FI WC), remai n
under OPCON of thei r Servi ce component. The POTF exerci ses TACON to
di ssemi natethesupportedcommandersmessageresponsi vel y.However,the
Ai r Force speci al operati ons component (AFSOC) EC-130E/J (known as
COMMANDO SOLO) may be under OPCON of ei ther the ai r component
command or the joi nt speci al operati ons ai r component commander
(JSOACC)ofthejoi ntspeci al operati onstaskforce(JSOTF)andTACONto
thePSYOPforce.
1-13. Whenoperati ngi njoi nt,i nteragency,andmul ti nati onal envi ronments,
aPOTForPSEwi l l beunderthecommandofthedesi gnatedcommanderof
DOD assets or the U.S. Ambassador. Currentl y, there i s no overarchi ng
i nteragency doctri ne that di ctates rel ati onshi ps and procedures i n
i nteragency operati ons. Mi l i tary organi zati ons taki ng part i n joi nt,
i nteragency, and mul ti nati onal operati ons must be mi ndful that the
i nteragency process has been descri bed as more art than sci ence. For
further detai l s concerni ng i nteragency coordi nati on, refer to JP 3-08,
I nteragency Coordination During J oint Operations, Volumes I and I I .
PSYOPAPPROVALAUTHORITIES
1-14. By U.S. pol i cy and the PSYOP annex to the Joi nt Strategi c
Capabi l i ti es Pl an (JSCP), product approval authori ty for PSYOP can be no
l owerthantheCJTF.I ti si mpossi bl etosegregatethei mpactsofmi l i taryand
nonmi l i taryPSYOP.Theeffectsofpubl i cstatementsandacti onsofmi l i tary
and pol i ti cal l eaders cross over DI ME boundari es. For thi s reason, PSYOP
15April2005 1-6
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objecti vesapproval authori tyremai nsatl evel swherethei nteragencyprocess
i si nsti tuti onal i zed(Fi gure1-1).
Figure1-1.PSYOPPlanandProgramApprovalAuthorities
During World War I , the Propaganda Sub-Section was established
under the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Military I ntelligence
Branch within the Executive Division of the General Staff in early
1918. Although they produced most propaganda, the AEF Propaganda
Sub-Section did not produce a few of the leaflets. General Pershing is
supposed to have personally composed Leaflet Y, Austria I s Out of
the War, which was run off on First Army presses, but distributed by
the Propaganda Sub-Section. That Sub-Section, perhaps reflecting
some professional jealousy, thought the leaflet sound in principle, but
too prolix and a little too brotherly. Corps and Army presses issued
several small leaflet editions containing a news flash, after the Sub-
Section had approved their content. But in one or two cases that
approval was not obtained, and in one unfortunate example a leaflet
in Romanian committed the Allies and the United States to the union
of all Romanians in Austria-Hungary with Romania. Such geo-
politics was emphatically not the job of AEF propaganda and had the
potential to cause serious embarrassment.
USASOCHistoryOffice
15April2005 1-7
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1-15. The SecDef normal l y del egates PSYOP approval authori ty to the
supportedgeographi ccombatantcommanderi ntheJCSexecuti onorderand,
i n accordance wi th (I AW) the JSCP, the geographi c combatant commander
retai nsPSYOPapproval authori tyfol l owi ngtheapproval ofthePSYOPpl an
by the Presi dent and/or SecDef. Duri ng a cri si s, the supported geographi c
combatantcommandermay,i nturn,del egatePSYOPapproval authori tyto
thedesi gnatedCJTFandevendowntoamaneuvercommander,wi thSecDef
approval . I n the case of Operati on I RAQI FREEDOM duri ng the
posthosti l i ti esphase,theSecDefauthori zedPSYOPproductapproval downto
di vi si onl evel .I nal l PSYOPacti vi ti es,commandersneedtobeawareoftwo
l evel sofPSYOPapproval .Thetwol evel sanddi fferencesareasfol l ows:
Themes and PSYOP objectives. The key to central i zed pl anni ng and
decentral i zed executi on of PSYOP i s cl ari ty i n the statement of
objecti ves and themes. Broad objecti ves and themes establ i sh the
parametersforthedevel opmentofseri esthatreachforei gnTAs.They
al soensureproductsrefl ectnati onal andtheaterpol i cyandstrategy.
Approval of PSYOP objecti ves and broad themes are reserved by
pol i ci es and the JSCP at l evel s (Presi dent and/or SecDef, combatant
command,joi ntforcecommand[JFC],andU.S.CountryTeams)where
thei nteragencyprocesscani nvestPSYOPpl answi thabroadrangeof
consi derati ons.
Series.Aseri esi sal l thePSYOPproductsandacti onstochangeone
behavi or of one target audi ence. Commanders subordi nate to CJTFs
can use approved seri es i n order to achi eve thei r speci fi c objecti ves.
CJTFscanal somodi fyexi sti ngseri esordevel opnewseri esasl ongas
the desi gnated approval authori ty approves them. There are three
categori es of products associ ated wi th PSYOP and/or propaganda:
whi te,gray,andbl ack(Appendi xA).Mi l i taryPSYOPmostcommonl y
use whi te products by pol i cy and practi ce. CJTF commanders must
careful l yconsi dertheapproval authori tyforgrayandbl ackproducts
due to the ri sk to credi bi l i ty they present. The parameters for what
tacti cal PSYOP forces can devel op, desi gn, produce, anddi ssemi nate
wi l l bearti cul atedi nthePSYOPsupportpl anorsubsequentorders.
1-16. The Country Team member desi gnated by the U.S. Ambassador
exerci ses approval authori ty for PSYOP forces depl oyed i n support of U.S.
Country Teams under the auspi ces of peaceti me PSYOP as outl i ned i n the
JSCP. Thi s representati ve i s normal l y the deputy chi ef of mi ssi on (DCM),
wi threvi ewi ngauthori tytoappropri ateCountryTeammembers,suchasthe
publ i caffai rsoffi cer(PAO)(unti l 1October1999,knownastheDi rector,U.S.
I nformati on Servi ce) and the Drug Enforcement Admi ni strati on (DEA)
representati ve.
1-17. Several possi bi l i ti es exi st, however, for approval authori ty i f U.S.
PSYOPforcesareassi gnedOPCONtothemul ti nati onal commandunderthe
command of a non-U.S. commander for the purpose of devel opi ng
mul ti nati onal productsonl y(thati s,noU.S.i nformati onproducts).PSYOP
approval authori tycoul dremai nwi ththegeographi ccombatantcommander,
coul d be del egated to the seni or U.S. mi l i tary offi cer or di pl omati c offi ci al
15April2005 1-8
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i nvol ved i n the operati on, or coul d be further del egated to the non-U.S.
commander(onl ywi thSecDefapproval ).
1-18. PSYOP must then be decentral l y executed i f they are to have a
rel evant and ti mel y persuasi ve appeal . Tacti cal PSYOP forces i n the fi el d
needtheabi l i tytoconductthePSYOPprocessi ftheyaretoprovi defl exi bl e
and responsi ve PSYOP support to the maneuver commander. The tacti cal
Psychol ogi cal Operati onsdevel opmentdetachment(TPDD)canuseanyseri es
approvedattheJTFl evel .TheTPDDhastheabi l i tytodevel op,desi gn,and
produce seri es that accompl i sh SPOs, such as force protecti on or ci vi l i an
noni nterference wi thout these seri es bei ng approved at the JTF l evel . Thi s
abi l i ty,however,mustbeapprovedi nthei ni ti al pl ansi gnedbytheSecDef.
Tacti cal PSYOP forces can al ways devel op seri es outsi de those speci fi ed
parameters; however, they must go through the same approval process as
POTF-l evel seri es.Thi sprocesscani ncl udetheaddi ti onofnewproductsor
themodi fi cati onofexi sti ngproductswi thi nanapprovedseri es.
SPECIALCONSIDERATIONS
1-19. Armyspeci al operati ons(SO)i mperati vesarethegui di ngpri nci pl esi n
theempl oymentofSOF.Al thoughthei mperati vesmaynotappl ytoal l types
ofARSOF,SOFcommandersmusti ncl udetheappl i cabl ei mperati vesi nthei r
mi ssi onpl anni ngandexecuti on.TheArmySOi mperati vesareasfol l ows:
Understand the operational environment. ARSOF cannot domi nate
thei renvi ronmentwi thoutfi rstgai ni ngacl earunderstandi ngofthe
theater, i ncl udi ng ci vi l i an i nfl uence, as wel l as enemy and fri endl y
capabi l i ti es.
Recognize political implications. Many SO are conducted to advance
cri ti cal pol i ti cal objecti ves.ARSOFmustunderstandthatthei racti ons
canhavei nternati onal consequences.
Facilitate interagency activities.ARSOFsupportandcompl ementU.S.
and mul ti nati onal ci vi l i an programs dri ven by nonmi l i tary consi der-
ati ons. ARSOF can al so operate i n the ambi guous and compl ex
pol i ti cal envi ronments found i n coal i ti on operati ons or al l i ances
formedtoavertsi tuati onsthatwoul dl eadtohumantragedy.
Engage the threat discriminately. ARSOFareal i mi tedresourcethat
cannot be easi l y repl aced. ARSOF mi ssi on objecti ves requi re careful
appl i cati onofwhen,where,andhow.
Consider long-term effects. ARSOF must consi der the pol i ti cal ,
economi c, i nformati onal , and mi l i tary effects when faced wi th
di l emmas, si nce the sol uti ons wi l l have broad, far-reachi ng effects.
ARSOF must accept l egal and pol i ti cal constrai nts to avoi dstrategi c
fai l urewhi l eachi evi ngtacti cal success.
Ensure legitimacy and credibility of SO. Si gni fi cant l egal and pol i cy
consi derati ons appl y to many SO acti vi ti es. Legi ti macy i s the most
cruci al factor i n devel opi ng and mai ntai ni ng i nternal and
i nternati onal support. The concept of l egi ti macy i s broader than the
stri ctl egal defi ni ti oncontai nedi ni nternati onal l aw.Thepeopl eofthe
nati on and the i nternati onal communi ty determi ne i ts l egi ti macy
based on col l ecti ve percepti on of the credi bi l i ty of i ts cause and
15April2005 1-9
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methods. Wi thout l egi ti macy and credi bi l i ty, SO wi l l not gai n the
support of forei gn i ndi genous el ements, the U.S. popul ati on, or the
i nternati onal communi ty. ARSOF l egal advi sors must revi ew al l
sensi ti veaspectsofSOmi ssi onpl anni ngandexecuti on.
Anticipate and control psychological effects. Al l SO have si gni fi cant
psychol ogi cal effects, some speci fi cal l y produced and some based on
percepti ons. ARSOF must i ntegrate PSYOP and publ i c affai rs (PA)
i nto al l thei r acti vi ti es, anti ci pati ng and counteri ng propaganda and
di si nformati on themes to al l ow for maxi mum control of the
envi ronment.
Apply capabilities indirectly. The pri mary rol e of ARSOF, i n
mul ti nati onal operati ons, i s to advi se, trai n, and assi st i ndi genous
mi l i tary and parami l i tary forces. Al l U.S. efforts must rei nforce and
enhancetheeffecti veness,l egi ti macy,andcredi bi l i tyofthesupported
forei gngovernmentorgroup.
Develop multiple options. ARSOF must mai ntai n thei r operati onal
fl exi bi l i tybydevel opi ngabroadrangeofopti ons.
Ensure long-term sustainment.ARSOFmustdemonstrateconti nui tyof
effort when deal i ng wi th pol i ti cal , economi c, i nformati onal , and
mi l i taryprograms.ARSOFmustnotbegi nprogramsthatarebeyond
the economi c, technol ogi cal , or cul tural capabi l i ti es of the HN to
mai ntai n wi thout U.S. assi stance. SO pol i cy, strategy, andprograms
mustthereforebedurabl e,consi stent,andsustai nabl e.
Provide sufficient intelligence. SO depend upon detai l ed, ti mel y, and
accurate i ntel l i gence. ARSOF must i denti fy thei r i nformati on
requi rements(I Rs)i npri ori ty.
Balance security and synchronization. I nsuffi ci ent securi ty may
compromi seami ssi on.Excessi vesecuri tywi l l al mostal wayscausethe
mi ssi ontofai l becauseofi nadequatecoordi nati on.
CAPABILITIES
1-20. U.S. Army PSYOP forces have the capabi l i ty to produce pri nt and
broadcastmedi a:
Print.Themai nstayofheavypri ntproducti onassetsi sl ocatedatthe
medi a operati on compl ex (MOC) at Fort Bragg, North Carol i na.
Depl oyabl e pri nt systems can move mul ti col or pri nt producti on to
mul ti pl e theaters si mul taneousl y. Through the use of organi c and
contract resources, U.S. Army PSYOP forces can produce materi al s
rangi ng from l eafl ets and posters to commerci al qual i ty magazi nes.
PSYOPforceshaveal soproducednati onal andregi onal newspapers.
Broadcast.Several organi c,depl oyabl ebroadcastsystemsprovi dethe
capabi l i ty to broadcast commerci al band and shortwave (SW) radi o
and ul trahi gh frequency (UHF) and very hi gh frequency (VHF)
tel evi si on(TV)transmi ssi ons.Broadcastproductsrangi ngfromshort
i nformati onspotstoconti nuousbroadcastofnewsandentertai nment
canberesearched,produced,anddi ssemi natedbyorgani cassets,HN
assets, or pl atforms such as the EC-130E/J COMMANDO SOLO
1-10 15April2005
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(Fi gure 1-2), a speci al l y modi fi ed EC-130 possessi ng ful l -spectrum
radi oandTVbroadcastabi l i ty.
1-21. I nherent i n the force structure of PSYOP i s a uni que anal yti cal
capabi l i ty.PSYOPSol di ers,enhancedbycontractednati vel i ngui sts,bri ngan
i n-depthknowl edgeofthecul ture,l anguage,rel i gi on,val ues,andmi ndsetof
TAs wi thi n a country or regi on of operati ons. I n addi ti on, the strategi c
studi esdetachment(SSD)of4thPsychol ogi cal Operati onsGroup(Ai rborne)
(4thPOG[A])augmentsthi scapabi l i tywi thci vi l i anregi onal experts.
Figure1-2.EC-130E/JCOMMANDOSOLO
1-22. Several organi c near-real -ti me data transmi ssi on pl atforms support
the reachback concept. Through use of di gi tal l i nks from home stati on to
theater,reachbackreducesthefootpri ntofSol di ersdepl oyedforward.Al arge
research, desi gn, and producti on team operati ng at a rear l ocati on can
support smal l er numbers of Sol di ers functi oni ng as di stri butors and
di ssemi nators i n-theater. Under reachback, products are transmi tted
di gi tal l ytoaforwardteamofmi ni mal si zefromtheteami ntheconti nental
Uni tedStates(CONUS)oratanotheri ntertheaterori ntratheaterl ocati on.
ORGANIZATIONS
1-23. PSYOPforcesareassi gnedtotheUni tedStatesArmyCi vi l Affai rsand
Psychol ogi cal Operati ons Command (USACAPOC), a major subordi nate
commandofUni tedStatesArmySpeci al Operati onsCommand(USASOC),at
FortBragg.TheActi veArmyforcesareorgani zedunderthe4thPOG(A)i nto
fourregi onal PSYOPbattal i ons,atacti cal PSYOPbattal i on,adi ssemi nati on
battal i on,andtheSSD.
1-24. Themajori tyofPSYOPuni tsarei ntheReserveComponent(RC).Two
addi ti onal PSYOP groups, the 2d and 7th Psychol ogi cal Operati ons groups
(POGs), provi de tacti cal and di ssemi nati on battal i ons to support worl dwi de
conti ngenci es and exerci ses. The 2d and 7th POGs are each compri sed of
threetacti cal PSYOPbattal i onsandadi ssemi nati onbattal i on.
1-25. I n peaceti me, RC PSYOP personnel wi l l acti vel y parti ci pate wi th
Acti ve Army PSYOP personnel i n an i ntegrated pl anni ng and trai ni ng
programtoprepareforregi onal confl i ctsorconti ngenci es.TheRCcanal sobe
i nvol ved wi th the Acti ve Army i n the pl anni ng and executi on of peaceti me
15April2005 1-11
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PSYOP programs. I n warti me, the Servi ce, as requi red by combatant
commanders and constrai ned by nati onal pol i cy to augment Acti ve Army
PSYOP forces, may mobi l i ze RC PSYOP assets. The RC can al so conti nue
peaceti me PSYOP programs i n the absence of Acti ve Army PSYOP forces
whenmobi l i zedordi rectedbyhi gherauthori ty.TheRCcantask,organi ze,
mobi l i ze,anddepl oyaPSYOPtaskgrouporPOTFshoul dasecondregi onal
confl i ctorconti ngencyoccur.
LEGALASPECTSOFPSYOP
1-26. U.S.l awandpol i cy,al ongwi thi nternati onal conventi ons,regul ati ons,
and treati es, del i neate the boundari es of PSYOP acti vi ty. These di recti ves
provi dethefol l owi ngfundamental andpracti cal gui del i nesfortheconductof
PSYOP. I ncreasi ngl y, mi l i tary operati ons, such as Operati on JOI NT
ENDEAVOR, are often mul ti nati onal and i nvol ve contact wi th ci vi l i ans,
presenti nggreaterl egal andethi cal i ssueswi thwhi chtodeal .
U.S. public law. Ti tl e 10, Uni ted States Code (USC), Secti on 167,
Unified Combatant Command for Special Operations Forces,
desi gnatesPSYOPasanSOacti vi tyorforce.
Presidential executive order.DODi mpl ementati onpol i ci esofExecuti ve
OrderS-12333,United States I ntelligence Activities;DODI nstructi ons
S-3321.1,(S)Overt Psychological Operations Conducted by the Military
Services in Peacetime and in Contingencies Short of Declared War (U);
and Nati onal Securi ty Deci si on Di recti ve (NSDD) 130, U.S.
I nternational I nformation Policy, di rect that U.S. PSYOP forces wi l l
nottargetU.S.ci ti zensatanyti me,i nanyl ocati ongl obal l y,orunder
any ci rcumstances. However, commanders may use PSYOP forces to
provi depubl i ci nformati ontoU.S.audi encesduri ngti mesofdi saster
orcri si s.Theprecedentforthel i mi teduseofPSYOPforcestopresent
publ i ci nformati ontoaU.S.audi encewassetduri ngtheaftermathof
Hurri cane Andrew i n 1992. Tacti cal Psychol ogi cal Operati ons teams
(TPTs)wereempl oyedtodi ssemi natei nformati onbyl oudspeakeron
l ocati ons of rel i ef shel ters and faci l i ti es. I nformati on support to a
noncombatantevacuati onoperati on(NEO)byPSYOPforcestoprovi de
evacuati oni nformati ontoU.S.andthi rd-countrynati onal swoul dal so
adheretotheorder.
Geneva and Hague Conventions. These i nternati onal conventi ons
precl udethei njuryofanenemywi thacti onsofbadfai thduri nghi s
adherence to the l aw of war. PSYOP personnel wi l l ensure that
PSYOP acti vi ti es do not contri bute to suchacti ons.PSYOPpl anners
mustworkcl osel ywi ththeJudgeAdvocateGeneral (JAG)toensure
that PSYOP support to decepti on does not vi ol ate the fourth Hague
Conventi on that prohi bi ts ruses that consti tute treachery or
perfi di ty.Anotherchi efconcernofPSYOPi sthetreatmentofenemy
pri sonersofwar(EPWs).I ti savi ol ati onoftheGenevaConventi onto
publ i shphotographi ci magesofEPWs.PSYOPproductsmustrefrai n
fromusi ngi magesofactual EPWs.PSYOPpl annersmustbeprepared
to advi se commanders on potenti al l y unl awful PSYOP l i nes of
persuasi oni nvol vi ngEPWs.Appendi xBprovi desmorei nformati onon
i nternment/resettl ement(I /R)operati ons.
1-12 15April2005
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Treaties in force. I nternati onal agreements wi th host countri es may
l i mi t the acti vi ti es of PSYOP uni ts. Status-of-forces agreements
(SOFAs) may seri ousl y curtai l empl oyment of PSYOP i n a HN. Of
uni que concern to PSYOP i s the empl oyment of any broadcast that
mi ght reach a thi rd country. The SOFA agreements i n pl ace wi th
mul ti pl enati onsmayneedtoberevi ewedforsomeseri es.I naddi ti on
totreati esal readyi nforce,theDOSori ndi vi dual CountryTeamsi n
HNs may i mpose speci fi c hi gher restri cti ons on the use of PSYOP
conti ngentuponhei ghtenedstatesoftensi ons.
Within the HN or the region of the HN other statutory constraints may
apply. Postal regul ati ons,speci fi cregul ati onsonpropaganda,ai rspace
ormari ti meagreements,andcommuni cati onsagreementsmayappl y
toPSYOP.
Rules of engagement (ROE). ROE determi ne boundari es for PSYOP
and PSYOP support to i nformati on operati ons. Thi s method i s
parti cul arl y true for stabi l i ty operati ons and support operati ons
(SOSO), because of the presence of ci vi l i ans and other factors.
Therefore,PSYOPpl annersandcommandersmustful l yunderstand
ROE l i mi tati ons. PSYOP pl anners must eval uate ROE and anal yze
andanti ci patethecul tural andpol i ti cal aspectsofnotonl yavi ol ati on
oftheROEbyU.S.orHNforcesbutal socompl i ancewi ththeROE.
Appendi xCprovi desmorei nformati ononROE.
Domestic laws. Copyri ght l aw i s an essenti al concern of PSYOP. No
product may contai n copyri ghted materi al wi thout consent by the
copyri ghthol der.I fani mage,soundfi l e,l ogo,oranypi eceofmedi ai s
used i n a product, al l copyri ght i ssues must be resol ved before
producti on.
Fiscal law. Consumergoodsusedtotransmi tal i neofpersuasi on(such
as i mpri nted T-shi rts or soccer bal l s) may present uni que fi scal
constrai nts.Procurementofsuchproductsontheeconomyi nHNsmay
notbepermi ttedwi thfundsfromsomesources.I naddi ti on,useofHN
assetsmayrequi readherencetocontractual l awthati sdramati cal l y
di fferentfromU.S.l aw.
Communications. U.S., HN, regi onal , and i nternati onal
communi cati on agreements and protocol s must be adhered to when
conducti ng peaceti me PSYOP. Constrai nts may conti nue to appl y
duri nghosti l i ti es.ROEmayfurtherconstrai nbroadcasts.
15April2005 1-13
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Chapter2
PSYOPMissionandInstrumentsofNationalPower
The mi ssi on of PSYOP i s to i nfl uence the behavi or of forei gn TAs i n
support of U.S. nati onal objecti ves. Thi s mi ssi on gi ves PSYOP an
i mportant rol e i n the exerci se of al l i nstruments of nati onal power,
i ncl udi ng di pl omati c, i nformati on, and economi c measures, as wel l as
mi l i taryoperati ons.Theappl i cati onofnati onal poweral wayscontai nsa
psychol ogi cal di mensi on because the i nstruments of power are used to
affect the deci si ons and ul ti matel y the behavi or of worl d l eaders. The
USGusesal l ofthesei nstrumentssi mul taneousl yi nvaryi ngproporti ons.
PSYOP has a uni que capabi l i ty to i ncrease the effecti veness of the
i nstruments of nati onal power when properl y focused. Thi s chapter
cl ari fi es the ways i n whi ch PSYOP has tradi ti onal l y supported the
di fferent i nstruments of nati onal power. The breadth and vari ety of
PSYOPapproacheswi l l l i kel yi ncreaseasnontradi ti onal threatsconti nue
toemerge.
PSYOPINSUPPORTOFDIPLOMATICMEASURES
2-1. Accordi ngtothenati onal securi tystrategy,theUSGrel i esonthearmed
forcestodefendAmeri casi nterests,buti tmustrel yonpubl i cdi pl omacyto
i nteractwi thothernati ons.TheDOStakesthel eadi nmanagi ngthenati ons
bi l ateral rel ati onshi pswi thothergovernments.Di pl omati ceffortsattemptto
reach l ong-term pol i ti cal settl ements that are i n the best i nterest of the
Uni tedStates.DODsupportsUSGstrategi ccommuni cati onsacti vi ti eswi th
PSYOP i n the form of mi l i tary support to publ i c di pl omacy and mi l i tary
PSYOP.
2-2. PSYOP has tradi ti onal l y supported publ i c di pl omacy by supporti ng
ambassadorsand Country Teamswi thsmal l PSEs.Supporti sprovi dedfor
many di pl omati c efforts, i ncl udi ng counterdrug (CD), humani tari an mi ne
acti on (HMA), and peace bui l di ng operati ons. These operati ons are often a
cooperati veeffortbetweentheUSGandtheHN,thusestabl i shi ngi mportant
i nternati onal ti es.PSYOPsupporttodi pl omacyi si ntegratedaspartofthe
theater securi ty cooperati on pl ans (TSCP) that support regi onal
securi tyefforts.
2-3. Duri ngCDoperati ons,PSYOPpersonnel focusonreduci ngthefl owof
i l l i ci t drugs i nto the Uni ted States. They do thi s by stri vi ngtoachi evethe
fol l owi ngobjecti ves:
Decreasi ngthecul ti vati onofi l l egal narcoti ccrops.
Decreasi ngproducti onandtraffi cki ngofdrugs.
I ncreasi ngthenumberofti psrecei vedabouti l l egal drugacti vi ti es.
Reduci ngpopul arsupportforthedrugtrade.
FM3-05.30 15April2005 2-1
FM3-05.30
2-4. PSYOP supporti ng CD operati ons augment di pl omati c and economi c
efforts i n support of the nati onal securi ty strategy by hel pi ng to reduce
supportfori l l egal drugproducti onandtraffi cki ngasameansofl i vel i hoodi n
i mpoveri shednati ons.Reducti onofthedrugtradeweakensthedrugcartel s
and reduces the l evel s of vi ol ence and corrupti on. Ul ti matel y these efforts
enhancetheheal thandsecuri tyoftheUni tedStates.
2-5. HMA operati ons attempt to decrease casual ti es due to mi nes and
unexpl oded ordnance (UXO). Thi s i s often accompl i shed by focusi ng on the
dangers of mi nes, mi ne recogni ti on, and what to do when a mi ne i s
encountered,l eadi ngtoadecreasei nmi ne-rel atedi njuri es.PSYOPpersonnel
can al so trai n HN personnel on the establ i shment and runni ng of nati onal
demi ni ng campai gns. PSYOP support to HMA operati ons hel ps further
di pl omati c efforts by provi di ng assi stance to HNs that may l ack the
experi enceorresourcestomountanati onal -l evel mi neawarenesscampai gn.
2-6. Peacebui l di ngoperati onsconsi stofpostconfl i ctacti ons,predomi nantl y
di pl omati c and economi c, that strengthen and rebui l d governmental
i nfrastructureandi nsti tuti onsi nordertoavoi darel apsei ntoconfl i ct.I nthi s
rol ePSYOPoftenworksi nconjuncti onwi thCi vi l Affai rs(CA)i npubl i ci zi ng
thebui l di ngofroads,wel l s,andschool s.PSYOPi sal soi nstrumental ,asi s
CA,i nthereestabl i shi ngorcreati ngofvi abl egovernmental enti ti es.
2-7. These types of operati ons are commonl y conductedtosupporttheUSG
di pl omati cefforts.Thecoordi nati onandworki ngrel ati onshi psestabl i shedwi th
DOSenti ti esi scri ti cal i ntheachi evementofl ong-termdi pl omati cobjecti ves.
PSYOPINSUPPORTOFINFORMATIONMEASURES
2-8. Mi l i taryPSYOPsupportUSGi nformati onal effortsundertheauspi cesof
mi l i tarysupporttopubl i cdi pl omacy(MSPD).I nthi srol emi l i taryPSYOPmay
work cl osel y wi th the Bureau of I nternati onal I nformati on Programs (I I P)
undertheDOS.Becausemi l i taryPSYOP(knownatthei nteragencyl evel as
i nternati onal mi l i tary i nformati on [I MI ]) pl ay a major rol e i n i nternati onal
publ i c i nformati on, the i mpact of i nteragency i nformati on efforts on PSYOP
pl anni ng i s si gni fi cant. I t i s therefore i mportant for PSYOP pl anners to
understand not onl y the i nteragency envi ronment and mi ndset, but al so the
cri ti cal i tyofi nteragencycoordi nati on.
2-9. Theprojecti onoftargetedi nformati ontoforei gnaudi encesbytheUSGi s
becomi ngaveryi mportanti nstrumentofnati onal power.Consequentl y,asthe
use of targeted i nternati onal i nformati on i n support of U.S. pol i cy objecti ves
i ncreases, so too does the rol e of mi l i tary PSYOP i n support of i nteragency
i nformati onefforts.
2-10. An exampl e of mi l i tary PSYOP i n support of publ i c di pl omacy or
i nternati onal i nformati onwaswhenthejoi ntPsychol ogi cal Operati onstask
force(JPOTF)hel pedi nbui l di ngandmai ntai ni ngi nternati onal supportfor
themi l i taryefforti nNorthernI raqafterthefi rstGul fWar.Byconducti ng
thoroughl y pl anned and executed i nternati onal i nformati on programs, the
USG was abl e to successful l y project i nformati on that promoted and
expl ai nedU.S.pol i cy.Aggressi vei nformati onprogramsonthei nternati onal
15April2005 2-2
FM3-05.30
l evel are absol utel y necessary i n i nfl uenci ng worl d pol i ti cal opi ni on and
communi cati ngU.S.effortstoforei gnaudi ences.
PSYOPINSUPPORTOFMILITARYOPERATIONS
2-11. The effect of mi l i tary operati ons can be magni fi edbyPSYOPthrough
themodi fi cati onofthebehavi orofforei gnTAs.I ti si mportantforthemi l i tary
commander to remember that any mi ssi on gi ven to PSYOP cannot be
accompl i shed si mpl y by the producti on and di ssemi nati on of a few PSYOP
products. I t can onl y be accompl i shed by convi nci ng the TA of a seri es of
argumentsthatl eadtothedesi redbehavi oral change.
2-12. PSYOPsupportsbothoffensi veanddefensi veoperati ons.ThePSYOP
process i s essenti al l y i denti cal for both offensi ve and defensi ve operati ons.
The end state of both offensi ve and defensi ve operati ons i s to hasten the
eventual defeatofenemyforcesby
Undermi ni ngthewi l l oftheenemytoresi st.
I ncreasi ngunrestamongtheci vi l i anpopul ati oni nenemyareas.
I ncreasi ngdeserti onorsurrenderofenemyforces.
Reduci ngci vi l i ani nterferencewi thmi l i taryoperati ons.
Undermi ni ngthecredi bi l i tyofenemyl eadershi p.
Reduci ng damage to el ements of i nfrastructure cri ti cal to end-state
objecti ves.
I ncreasi ngacceptanceoffri endl yforcesi noccupi edterri tory.
Deterri ngi nterventi onofneutral andnei ghbori ngpowers.
Counteri ngpropaganda.
Any of these objecti ves can be supported by PSYOP at the operati onal and
tacti cal l evel s. Some speci fi c methods of how PSYOP supports offensi ve and
defensi veoperati onsaredi scussedi nChapter8ofFM3-05.301.
2-13. PSYOPal sosupportsSOSOaroundtheworl d.Theypromoteandprotect
U.S. nati onal i nterests by i nfl uenci ng the threat, pol i ti cal , and i nformati on
di mensi ons of the operati onal envi ronment. They i ncl ude devel opmental and
cooperati ve acti vi ti es duri ng peaceti me and coerci ve acti ons i n response to
cri si s. Army forces accompl i sh stabi l i ty goal s through engagement and
response.Themi l i taryacti vi ti esthatsupportstabi l i tyoperati onsaredi verse,
conti nuous, and often l ong-term. Thei r purpose i s to promote and sustai n
regi onal and gl obal stabi l i ty. Exampl es of PSYOP support duri ng stabi l i ty
operati ons i ncl ude CT, NEOs, forei gn i nternal defense (FI D), unconventi onal
warfare(UW),andhumani tari anassi stance(HA).
COUNTERTERRORISM
2-14. PSYOP supports CT by i ntegrati ng wi th other securi ty operati ons to
targettheforcesempl oyi ngterrori sm.Theai mi stopl acetheterrori stforceson
thepsychol ogi cal defensi ve.Todoso,PSYOPforcesanal yzetheterrori stsgoal s
andusepsychol ogi cal programstofrustratethosegoal s.PSYOPforcessupport
CTby
Counteri ngtheadverseeffectsofaterrori stact.
15April2005 2-3
FM3-05.30
Decreasi ngpopul arsupportfortheterrori stcause.
Publ i ci zi ngi ncenti vestothel ocal popul acetoprovi dei nformati onon
terrori stgroups.
2-15. CT operati ons are compl ex andnecessi tatecooperati onbetweenmany
agenci esandacrossgeographi cregi ons,asterrori smhasbecomeaworl dwi de
phenomenon.
NONCOMBATANTEVACUATIONOPERATIONS
2-16. NEOsareconductedtoremoveUSGpersonnel ,ci ti zens,andapproved
thi rd-country nati onal s from areas of danger. PSYOP uni ts support these
operati onsbyreduci ngi nterferencefromfri endl y,neutral ,andhosti l eTAsand
byprovi di ngi nformati ontoevacuees.
FOREIGNINTERNALDEFENSE
2-17. FI D programs encompass the total pol i ti cal , economi c, i nformati onal ,
and mi l i tary support provi ded to another nati on to assi st i ts fi ght agai nst
subversi on and i nsurgency. PSYOP support to FI D focuses on assi sti ng HN
personnel toanti ci pate,precl ude,andcounterthesethreats.FI DsupportsHN
i nternal defenseanddevel opment(I DAD)programs.U.S.mi l i taryi nvol vement
i n FI D has tradi ti onal l y been focused on hel pi ng another nati on defeat an
organi zed movement attempti ng to overthrow the government. U.S. FI D
programsmayaddressotherthreatstoaHNsi nternal stabi l i ty,suchasci vi l
di sorder, i l l i ci t drug traffi cki ng, and terrori sm. These threats may, i n fact,
predomi nate i n the future as tradi ti onal power centers shi ft, suppressed
cul tural andethni cri val ri essurface,andtheeconomi ci ncenti vesofi l l egal drug
traffi cki ngconti nue.PSYOPsupportFI Dprogramsthroughdi rectsupportto
HN governments faci ng i nstabi l i ty as wel l as trai ni ng opportuni ti es through
thejoi ntcombi nedexerci sefortrai ni ng(JCET)program.
UNCONVENTIONALWARFARE
2-18. Al l mi l i tary operati ons have a psychol ogi cal i mpact, and a major
componentofUWi sthepsychol ogi cal preparati onoftheareaofoperati ons
(AO). PSYOP uni ts are a vi tal part of UW operati ons. When properl y
empl oyed, coordi nated, and i ntegrated, they can si gni fi cantl y enhance the
combatpowerofresi stanceforces.PSYOPspeci al i stsaugmenti ngtheSpeci al
Forces operati onal detachments (SFODs) can depl oy i nto any joi nt speci al
operati onsarea(JSOA).ThesePSYOPspeci al i ststhroughTAAi denti fythe
condi ti ons,vul nerabi l i ti es,l i nesofpersuasi on,suscepti bi l i ti es,accessi bi l i ti es,
andi mpacti ndi catorsofforei gnTAsthatwi l l supportU.S.objecti ves.PSYOP
i n contemporary and future UW become more cri ti cal as i deol ogi cal and
resi stancestruggl esi ncrease.
HUMANITARIANASSISTANCE
2-19. HAoperati onsareconductedtoprovi derel i eftovi cti msofnatural and
man-made di sasters. PSYOP uni ts support these operati ons by provi di ng
i nformati ononbenefi tsofprograms,shel terl ocati ons,foodandwaterpoi nts,
andmedi cal carel ocati ons.PSYOPuni tsal sopubl i ci zeHAoperati onstobui l d
supportfortheU.S.andHNgovernments.
15April2005 2-4
FM3-05.30
SUPPORTOPERATIONS
2-20. The l ast type of operati on conducted by mi l i tary forces i s support
operati ons. These operati ons use mi l i tary forces to assi st ci vi l authori ti es,
forei gn or domesti c, as they prepare for or respond to cri ses and rel i eve
sufferi ng. I n support operati ons, mi l i tary forces provi de essenti al support,
servi ces, assets, or speci al i zed resources to hel p ci vi l authori ti es deal wi th
si tuati onsbeyondthei rcapabi l i ti es.Thepurposeofsupportoperati onsi sto
meetthei mmedi ateneedsofdesi gnatedgroupsforal i mi tedti me,unti l ci vi l
authori ti es can do so wi thout mi l i tary assi stance. An exampl e of a PSYOP
operati on i n thi s category i s di saster rel i ef. PSYOP i n the past has used
l oudspeakers to provi de di saster rel i ef i nformati on to vi cti ms or make
announcementsi nacampscenari o.
PSYOPINSUPPORTOFECONOMICMEASURES
2-21. TheUSGpromotesastrongworl deconomyi nanattempttoenhance
ournati onal securi tybyadvanci ngprosperi tyandfreedomi ntherestofthe
worl d. Economi c growth supported by free trade and free markets creates
newjobsandhi gheri ncomes.I tal l owspeopl etol i ftthei rl i vesoutofpoverty,
spurs economi c and l egal reform and the fi ght agai nst corrupti on, and
rei nforcesthehabi tsofl i berty.
2-22. Bybei ngoneoftheworl dsstrongesteconomi es,theUSGcanl everage
i tseconomi cstandi ngasani nstrumentofnati onal power.Anexampl eofan
economi c measure i s the establ i shment of excl usi on zones. They prohi bi t
speci fi ed acti vi ti es i n a speci fi c geographi c area. Excl usi on zones can be
establ i shedi ntheai r(no-fl yzones),sea(mari ti me),oronl and.Thepurpose
maybetopersuadenati onsorgroupstomodi fythei rbehavi ortomeetthe
desi resofthesancti oni ngbodyorfaceconti nuedi mposi ti onofsancti ons,or
thethreatofforce.TheUni tedNati ons(UN),orotheri nternati onal bodi esof
whi ch the Uni ted States i s amember,usual l yi mposeseconomi cmeasures.
They may, however, al so be i mposed uni l ateral l y by the Uni ted States.
Excl usi on zones are usual l y i mposed due to breaches of i nternati onal
standardsofhumanri ghtsorfl agrantabuseofi nternati onal l awregardi ng
theconductofstates.Thesancti onsmaycreateeconomi c,pol i ti cal ,mi l i tary,
orothercondi ti onswherethei ntenti stochangethebehavi oroftheoffendi ng
nati on. PSYOP supports economi c measures by parti ci pati ng i n such
operati onsasOperati onSOUTHERNWATCHoverI raqafterthefi rstGul f
War.PSYOPhasal sobeenani mportantpartofseveral mari ti mei nterdi cti on
operati ons (MI O), i ncl udi ng Operati on ENDURI NG FREEDOM and
Operati onI RAQI FREEDOM.
2-23. The i nstruments of nati onal power are exerci sed conti nual l y by the
USG to promote U.S. pol i cy worl dwi de. PSYOP supports many di pl omati c,
i nformati onal ,mi l i tary,andeconomi cmeasurestohel ptheUSGachi evei ts
objecti ves. PSYOP i s a core task of the Uni ted States Speci al Operati ons
Command(USSOCOM)andthereforeachangei nnati onal securi tystrategy
orpol i cymayadd,del ete,oral terthenatureofPSYOP.
15April2005 2-5
Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
Chapter3
Organization,Function,andCapabilities
Thi schapteraddressesthePSYOPforcethestructureofuni tsbywhi ch
USASOC executes PSYOP mi ssi ons. Creati ng and mai ntai ni ng thi s
structurei sunderadmi ni strati vecontrol (ADCON)oftheDepartmentof
the Army and USSOCOM. Thi s chapter expl ai ns the functi ons,
capabi l i ti es,andorgani zati onofU.S.ArmyPSYOPuni ts.
PSYOPGROUP
3-1. A POG i s a mul ti purpose and extremel y fl exi bl e organi zati on that
commandsorgani candattachedel ementsconducti ngPSYOP.Fi gure3-1shows
the organi zati on of an Acti ve Army POG. Fi gure 3-2, page 3-2, shows the
organi zati onofaRCPOG.APOGpl ans,coordi nates,andexecutesPSYOPat
thestrategi c,operati onal ,andtacti cal l evel si nsupportofthePresi dentand/or
SecDef,combatantcommanders,andOGAsasdi rectedbytheSecDef.I tcan
establ i sh,operate,andsupportuptotwoPOTFsatthecombatantcommand
and JTF l evel . An Acti ve Army POG consi sts of a group headquarters and
headquarters company (HHC), regi onal Psychol ogi cal Operati ons battal i ons
(POBs),atacti cal POB,adi ssemi nati onPOB,andanSSD.AnRCPOGconsi sts
ofagroupHHC,tacti cal POB,andadi ssemi nati onPOB.APOGi sstructured
tosupportconventi onal forcesandSOF.ThePresi dentand/orSecDefrequi reat
l eastoneai rbornePOGtosupportgl obal requi rements.
Figure3-1.ActiveArmyPOG
FM3-05.30 15April2005 3-1
FM3-05.30
Figure3-2.RCPOG
HEADQUARTERSANDHEADQUARTERSCOMPANY
3-2. The group HHC provi des C2, staff pl anni ng, and staff supervi si on of
groupoperati onsandadmi ni strati on.
COMMANDGROUP
3-3. The group commander exerci ses command of a POG and al l attached
el ements.WhenaPOTFi sestabl i shed,thePOGcommanderdesi gnatesthe
PSYOPtaskforcecommander.
3-4. Thedeputy commanding officer(DCO)performsthoseduti esassi gned
by the group commander, to i ncl ude di recti ng the day-to-day acti vi ti es and
commandofthePOGi nthecommandersabsence.
3-5. Theexecutive officer(XO)i sthepri nci pal memberofthegroupstaff.He
functi onsi namannersi mi l artoachi efofstaff.TheXOdi rects,coordi nates,
andi ntegratestheacti vi ti esofthegroupstaff.
PERSONALSTAFFGROUP
3-6. The command sergeant major (CSM) i s the groups seni or
noncommi ssi oned offi cer (NCO). He i s the pri nci pal advi sor to the
commander and staff on matters pertai ni ng to enl i sted personnel and the
NCOcorpsasawhol e.Hemoni torspol i cyi mpl ementati onandstandardson
theperformance,trai ni ng,appearance,andconductofenl i stedpersonnel .He
provi descounsel andgui dancetoNCOsandotherenl i stedSol di ers.
3-7. Thechaplain i sthepersonal staffoffi cerwhocoordi natestherel i gi ous
assets and operati ons wi thi n the command. The chapl ai n i s a confi denti al
advi sortothecommanderforrel i gi ousmatters.
3-8. The Staff J udge Advocate (SJA) i s the commanders personal l egal
advi soronal l mattersaffecti ngthemoral e,goodorder,anddi sci pl i neofthe
command. As a speci al staff offi cer, the SJA provi des l egal support to the
commandandthecommuni ty.AsamemberofaPSYOPcommand,theSJA
pays speci al attenti on to the l aws, pol i ci es, conventi ons, regul ati ons, and
treati esthatgui detheconductofPSYOP.
15April2005 3-2
FM3-05.30
COORDINATINGSTAFFGROUP
3-9. TheS-1i sthepri marystaffoffi cerforal l mattersconcerni ngpersonnel .
Hi sspeci fi cduti esaremanni ngoperati ons,casual tyoperati ons,andheal th
and personnel servi ce support. Other duti es i ncl ude headquarters (HQ)
management,staffpl anni ng,andcoordi nati onforspeci fi cchapl ai nandSJA
functi ons.
3-10. The S-2 i s the pri nci pal staff offi cer for al l matters pertai ni ng to
i ntel l i gence. Hi s speci fi c areas of responsi bi l i ty are mi l i tary i ntel l i gence
(col l ecti nganddi ssemi nati ngi ntel l i gence),counteri ntel l i gence,andmi l i tary
i ntel l i gence trai ni ng. The S-2 pl ans for the col l ecti on, processi ng, and
di ssemi nati onofi ntel l i gencethati srequi redforPOGacti vi ti es.Headvi ses
the commander i n the use of POG i ntel l i gence assets and provi des the S-3
wi th i ntel l i gence support fortheoperati onssecuri ty(OPSEC)programand
decepti onpl anni ng.
3-11. The S-3 i s the key staff offi cer for matters pertai ni ng to the overal l
operati onsofthePOG.Hi sareasofresponsi bi l i tyarepri mari l ytrai ni ngand
currentoperati ons.
3-12. TheS-4 i sthepri marystaffoffi cerforal l l ogi sti csmatters.Hi sspeci fi c
areasofresponsi bi l i tyarel ogi sti csoperati ons,pl ans,andtransportati on.The
S-4 has staff pl anni ng and supervi si on over battl efi el d procurement and
contracti ng, real property control , food servi ce, fi re protecti on, bath and
l aundryservi ces,cl othi ngexchange,andmortuaryaffai rs.
3-13. The S-6 i s the key staff offi cer for al l communi cati ons matters. Hi s
speci fi cduti esi nvol veautomati onandnetworkmanagement,coordi nati onfor
si gnal supportexternal tothePOG,strategi ccommuni cati ons,andtel ephone
operati ons.
SPECIALSTAFFGROUP
3-14. The deputy commanding officer for research, analysis, and civilian
affairs (DCO-RACA) manages the PSYOPstudi esandi ntel l i genceresearch
programsthatsupportal l PSYOPgroupsandthei rsubordi nateel ements.Hi s
speci fi cduti esaretorepresentthecommanderi nthei ntel l i genceproducti on
cycl e, di rect speci al projects and anal yti cal responses to conti ngenci es and
speci al acti ons, supervi se i ntel l i gence research by ci vi l i an anal ysts, and
manageal l programspertai ni ngtoci vi l i ans.Asdi rected,heconductsspeci al
projectsassi gnedbythegroupcommander.
3-15. Theresource management officer(RMO)i sthespeci al staffoffi cerfor
budgetpreparati onandi mpl ementati onandresourcemanagementanal ysi s.
Hi sspeci fi cresponsi bi l i ti esi ncl udeprepari ngthecommandoperati ngbudget
andprogramobjecti vememorandum.TheRMOal sooverseescostcapturi ng
foroperati ons.
REGIONALPSYOPBATTALION
3-16. A regi onal POB has the same fundamental capabi l i ti es found i n the
POGi tpl ansandconductsPSYOP(Fi gure3-3,page3-4).I ti scommonfora
regi onal POB commander to be desi gnated as the PSYOP component
15April2005 3-3
FM3-05.30
commander, functi onal component commander, or POTF commander i n
peaceti meandtoconti nuethi srol ei nwarti me(i faPOGdoesnotassumethe
mi ssi on). Each geographi c combatant commander requi res at l east one
dedi catedregi onal POB.
Figure3-3.RegionalPOB
HEADQUARTERSANDSUPPORTCOMPANY
3-17. Theregi onal battal i onheadquarterssupportcompany(HSC)functi ons
si mi l arl ytotheHSCsi notheruni ts.I tprovi desresourcesandsupervi si onto
the staff and oversees operati ons and admi ni strati on of the battal i on as a
whol e.
3-18. TheXOi sthepri nci pal memberofthebattal i onstaff.Hefuncti onsi n
a manner si mi l ar to a chi ef of staff. The XO di rects, coordi nates, and
i ntegratestheacti vi ti esofthebattal i onstaffandcommandsthebattal i oni n
thecommandersabsence.Theregi onal POBCSMhasthesameduti esand
responsi bi l i ti esasthegroupCSM.
3-19. Theregional POB staff di ffersfromthePOGstaffi nthati tdoesnot
haveanRMO,SJA,chapl ai n,orS-6.Thefol l owi ngparagraphsexpl ai ntwo
otheri mportantcharacteri sti cs.
3-20. Theregional POB S-2 hasthesameresponsi bi l i ti esasthePOGS-2.I n
addi ti on, the regi onal POB S-2 coordi nates the sampl i ng of TAs by the
i nterrogati onsergeanti ntheS-2secti on.
3-21. SSD chiefs are the supervi sory i ntel l i gence research speci al i sts and
i ntel l i gence experts i n PSYOP for the regi onal POB. Speci fi c duti es are
supervi si ngtheanal ystsassi gnedtoaregi onal POB;managi ngtheresearch
and producti on acti vi ti es; devel opi ng new PSYOP concepts, gui del i nes,
appl i cati ons, and methodol ogi es; and revi ewi ng and edi ti ng PSYOP
i ntel l i gencedocuments.
3-22. There i s no S-6 i n the regi onal POB. The support company of the
di ssemi nati onPOBprovi descommuni cati onssupportasrequi red.
15April2005 3-4
FM3-05.30
REGIONALSUPPORTCOMPANY
3-23. Theregi onal supportcompany(RSC)conductsPSYOPi nsupportofthe
overal l pl an (Fi gure 3-4). There may be two product devel opment centers
(PDCs)i neachregi onal POB.ThePDCsdesi gn,devel op,manage,andrevi ew
PSYOP products and programs. The subordi nate el ements of the PDC are
normal l y organi zed al ong functi onal l i nes. Some regi onal support compani es
choosetomergethefourfuncti onal capabi l i ti esi ntooperati onal detachments.
Figure3-4.RSC
PlansandProgramsDetachment
3-24. Thepl ansandprogramsdetachment(PPD)managesthePSYOPprocess
(Chapter 6) and i s sol el y responsi bl e for Phase I , I I I (wi th i nput from other
secti ons),V,andporti onsofPhaseVI I ofthePSYOPprocess.ThePPDi sthe
operati onal centerofthePDC.ThePPDconductsmi ssi onanal ysi sandassi sts
the G-3 i n devel opi ng the PSYOP tab/appendi x to the combatant
commander/JFCs campai gn pl an. The POTF operati ons secti on manages
PhaseVI .
TargetAudienceAnalysisDetachment
3-25. The target audi ence anal ysi s detachment (TAAD) i s responsi bl e for
Phase I I of the PSYOP process. I t refi nes the potenti al target audi ence l i sts
(PTALs) and anal yzes them as they rel ate to a gi ven SPO. TAAD members
combi ne efforts wi th SSD personnel to compl ete detai l ed target audi ence
anal ysi sworksheets(TAAWs).
15April2005 3-5
FM3-05.30
ProductDevelopmentDetachment
3-26. Theproductdevel opmentdetachment(PDD)i sresponsi bl eforPhase
I VofthePSYOPprocess.ThePDDdevel opsanddesi gnsPSYOPseri es.The
PDD has the abi l i ty to desi gn audi o, vi sual , and audi ovi sual products
accordi ng to i nput from other PDC secti ons. The PDD moni tors and
coordi nates product devel opment. Thi s detachment organi zes i nternal
meeti ngs and the PDD work panel to produce the product concepts and
prototypes.ThePDDworkpanel usual l yi ncl udesrepresentati vesfromeach
PDCsecti onandpri nt,broadcast,si gnal ,andSSDel ements.
TestingandEvaluationDetachment
3-27. The testi ng and eval uati on detachment (TED) i s responsi bl e for the
majori ty of Phase VI I . The TED devel ops pretests and posttests to eval uate
PSYOPi mpactonTAs.TheTEDobtai nsfeedbackfromTAs,i ncl udi ngEPWs,
ci vi l i an i nternees (CI s), and di spl aced ci vi l i ans (DCs) through i ntervi ews,
i nterrogati ons,surveys,andothermeanstofurtherassessi mpactandtoget
feedbackanddetermi nePSYOP-rel evanti ntel l i gence.TheTEDmayal soassi st
POTFel ementswi thtransl ati ontasks.
StrategicStudiesDetachment
3-28. AnSSDsupportseachregi onal POB.TheSSDi smadeupenti rel yof
Army ci vi l i an PSYOP anal ystswhoprovi deareaexperti se,l i ngui sti cski l l s,
andanorgani csoci al researchcapabi l i tytotheregi onal POB.Mostanal ysts
have an advanced degree, and al l read and speak at l east one of the
l anguagesi nthei rareaofexperti se.SSDanal ystswri tethePSYOPporti ons
oftheDepartmentofDefenseI ntel l i genceProducti onProgram(DODI PP)and
produceseveral di fferentPSYOP-speci fi cstudi es.Theanal ystsparti ci patei n
del i berateandconti ngencypl anni nganddepl oytosupportoperati ons.
TACTICALPSYOPBATTALION
3-29. Thetacti cal POBprovi dessupporttoal l Servi cesatcorps,JTF-l evel
andbel ow(Fi gure3-5,page3-7).I tal sosupportssel ectSOorconventi onal
task forces at Army-l evel equi val ent-si zed uni ts. The battal i on staff and
el ements of the compani es can conduct pl anni ng and operati ons at the
componentoperati onal l evel .
3-30. Thetacti cal POBcandevel op,produce,anddi ssemi nateseri eswi thi n
the gui dance (themes, objecti ves, and TAs) assi gned by the POTF and
authori zedbythePSYOPapproval authori ty.Anyseri esdevel opedthatdo
not fal l wi thi n assi gned gui del i nes must be submi tted to the POTF for
approval .
3-31. Whenthetacti cal POBdepl oysi nsupportofamaneuveruni t,theyare
normal l y task-organi zed wi th assets from a di ssemi nati on POB. At the
battal i on l evel , the tacti cal POB i s general l y task-organi zed wi th a theater
support team from the di ssemi nati on battal i ons si gnal company, whi ch
provi desproductdi stri buti onandC2support.Thi steammayconsi stof:four
personnel ; a vehi cl e wi th trai l er; a product di stri buti on system (PDS); an
i nternati onal mari ti me satel l i te-B (I NMARSAT-B) earth stati on to provi de
commerci al satel l i te communi cati ons capabi l i ty for encodi ng, compressi ng
(Moti onPi cturesExpertGroup[MPEG]-1format),anddi stri buti ngaudi oand
15April2005 3-6
FM3-05.30
vi deo data; and appropri ate tacti cal communi cati ons systems for C2 (si ngl e-
channel tacti cal satel l i te [TACSAT] and FM). I n addi ti on, the team may be
equi ppedtoestabl i shal ocal areanetwork(LAN)usi ngthePDSfori nternal
communi cati onswi thi nthetacti cal POBHQ.
Figure3-5.TacticalPOB
HEADQUARTERSANDSUPPORTCOMPANY
3-32. Thetacti cal battal i onHSCprovi dessi mi l arfuncti onsandcapabi l i ti es
asotherHSCs.I tfocusesonsupporttostaffandsupporti ngel ementswi thi n
thecompany.
3-33. Thetacti cal POBcommanderexerci sescommandofthebattal i onand
al l attached el ements. The tacti cal POB XO has the same duti es and
responsi bi l i ti esastheregi onal POBXO.Thetacti cal POBCSMhasthesame
duti esandresponsi bi l i ti esasthegroupCSM.Thetacti cal POBcoordi nati ng
staff group has the same duti es and responsi bi l i ti es as the POG
coordi nati ngstaff.
TACTICALPSYOPCOMPANY
3-34. The tacti cal Psychol ogi cal Operati ons company (TPC) i s the
centerpi eceofPSYOPsupporttogroundcommanders(Fi gure3-6,page3-8).
The l evel ofPSYOPsupportrequi redrangesfromoneTPCperdi vi si on/SF
group i n hi gh-i ntensi ty confl i ct to as much as one TPC per
bri gade/regi ment/Speci al Forces(SF)battal i oni nSOSO.Thehi gherl evel of
support i n SOSO i s determi ned by the need to i nfl uence the l arger urban
popul ati on general l y found wi thi n a stati c bri gade/regi ment/SF battal i on
sector.I nrecentoperati onspopul ati ondensi ti esi nbri gade-equi val entsectors
ranged from 500,000 (Kosovo Peacekeepi ng Force [KFOR]) to 2+ mi l l i on
(Operati on I RAQI FREEDOM [OI F]). Supported uni ts i ncl ude Acti ve Army
and RC di vi si ons/bri gades, Mari ne expedi ti onary force (MEF)/di vi si ons/
Mari ne expedi ti onary battal i on (MEB)/Mari ne expedi ti onary uni t (MEU),
battal i ons/compani es, mi l i tary pol i ce bri gades/battal i ons conducti ng I /R
15April2005 3-7
FM3-05.30
operati ons, and ai r securi ty squadrons. Support el ements are tai l ored to
provi de PSYOP staff pl anni ng and to conduct tacti cal PSYOP support. The
TPChasl i mi tedproductdevel opmentandproducti oncapabi l i ty.ForPSYOP
support beyond the TPCs capabi l i ti es, coordi nati on i s made through the
hi gher-echel onPSEtothePOTF,ordi rectl ytothePOTFi fahi gher-echel on
PSEi snotdepl oyed.
3-35. TheTPCi snormal l ytask-organi zedwi thassetsfromthebroadcastand
pri nt compani es of the di ssemi nati on battal i on. Thi s support may i ncl ude a
fl yaway broadcast system (FABS) or a Speci al Operati ons Medi a System-
Broadcast(SOMS-B)toprovi detheTPCadi rectsupport(DS)broadcastasset.
I n addi ti on, each TPC may be task-organi zed wi th a Depl oyabl e Pri nt
Producti on Center (DPPC) from the pri nt company of the di ssemi nati on
battal i on.Thi stacti cal vehi cl e-mounted,l i ghtpri ntassetprovi destheTPCwi th
a responsi ve and mobi l e di gi tal pri nt capabi l i ty. The TPC i s then abl e to
producel i mi tedPSYOPproducts,suchasl eafl ets,handbi l l s,posters,andother
pri ntedmateri al (wi thi nthegui danceassi gnedbythePOTFandauthori zedby
theapproval authori ty).
Figure3-6.TPC
TacticalPsychologicalOperationsDevelopmentDetachment
3-36. The TPDD i s normal l y col ocated wi th the TPC and provi des the
supportedcommanderwi thresponsi vePSYOPsupport(Fi gure3-7,page3-9).
TheTPCnormal l yhasoneTPDDthatcoordi natescl osel ywi ththesupported
uni ts staff to conduct the PSYOP process. The TPDD synchroni zes and
coordi nates PSYOP by subordi nate or attached el ements. The TPDD al so
provi desPSYOPsupporttoanytacti cal Psychol ogi cal Operati onsdetachments
(TPDs)provi di ngsupporttoI /Roperati ons.TheTPDDi susual l yl ocatedwi th
thesupporteduni tsHQ.
15April2005 3-8
FM3-05.30
3-37. TheTPDDhasanorgani cMSQ-85B.Thi smul ti medi aproducti onand
devel opment asset gi ves the TPC the capabi l i ty to provi de the maneuver
commanderwi thti mel y,responsi ve,andeffecti vePSYOPproducts.
Figure3-7.TPDD
TacticalPsychologicalOperationsDetachment
3-38. I nhi gh-i ntensi tyconfl i cttheTPDnormal l yprovi desPSYOPsupport
toabri gade-si zeel ementorequi val ent,suchasaMEU,anSFbattal i on,a
Ranger regi ment, a speci al mi ssi on uni t, an armored caval ry regi ment, a
StrykerBri gade,anMPbattal i onresponsi bl eforanI /Rfaci l i ty,oraseparate
i nfantry regi ment or bri gade (Fi gure 3-8, page 3-10). Due to the need to
i nfl uence thel argerurbanpopul ati ondensi ti essometi mespresenti nstati c
uni t sectors i n SOSO, the TPD can support a battal i on or equi val ent-si zed
uni t. The TPD anal yzes the hi gher-HQ operati on order (OPORD) and the
associ ated PSYOP tab or appendi x (Appendi x 2 [PSYOP] for Army
OPORDs/operati on pl ans (OPLANs) and Tab D [PSYOP] to Annex P
[I nformati on Operati ons] to Annex C [Operati ons] for Joi nt
OPORDs/OPLANs) to determi ne speci fi edandi mpl i edPSYOPtasks.These
tasksaresubsequentl yi ncorporatedi ntothesupporteduni tPSYOPannex.
ThesePSYOPtasksal soarefocusedspeci fi cal l yonhowtheywi l l supportthe
schemeofmaneuver.Therefore,theTPDcommandernormal l yrecommends
to the operati ons offi cer that he ei ther retai n hi s organi c TPTs under TPD
control oral l ocatethemtosubordi nateuni ts.
3-39. TheTPDexerci sesstaffsupervi si onoverTPTsal l ocatedtosubordi nate
uni ts,moni tori ngthei rstatusandprovi di ngassi stancei nPSYOPpl anni ngas
needed.Unl i ketheTPC,however,theTPDdoesnothaveanyorgani cPSYOP
productdevel opmentcapabi l i ty.TheTPDcoordi nateswi ththeTPDDforthe
PSYOP capabi l i ty requi red to accompl i sh the supported uni ts mi ssi on. The
focus of TPD pl anni ng i s on i ntegrati ng seri es di ssemi nati on to support the
maneuvercommander.
15April2005 3-9
FM3-05.30
Figure3-8.TPD
TacticalPsychologicalOperationsTeam
3-40. I nhi gh-i ntensi tyconfl i cttheTPTnormal l yprovi desPSYOPsupporttoa
battal i on. Hi gher rates of movement duri ng combat operati ons al l ow tacti cal
commanderstorei nforceuni tsi ncontactwi thPSYOPassetsasneeded.Duri ng
more stati c and/or urban SOSO, pl anni ng and executi on of operati ons are
pri mari l yconductedatthecompany/Speci al Forcesoperati onal detachmentA
(SFODA)l evel ,andthecompany/SFODAi stheel ementthatmostoftendi rectl y
engagesthel ocal government,popul ace,andadversarygroups.Thecompany
requi resamorededi catedPSYOPcapabi l i tytomanagethepopul ati onfoundi n
a company sector, parti cul arl y i n urban envi ronments when popul ati on
densi ti esaremuchhi gher(forexampl e,50,000to200,000percompanysector).
Operati ngi ntheteamorcompanyAOal l owstheTPTstodevel oprapportwi th
the TAs. Thi s rapport i s cri ti cal totheaccompl i shmentofthei rmi ssi on.The
TPT chi ef i s the PSYOP pl anner for the supported commander. He al so
coordi nates wi th the TPD for PSYOP support to meet the supported
commandersrequi rements.
DISSEMINATIONPSYOPBATTALION
3-41. The di ssemi nati on POB provi des audi o, vi sual , and audi ovi sual
producti on support, product di stri buti on support, si gnal support, and medi a
broadcast capabi l i ti es to the PSEs (Fi gure3-9).Thedi ssemi nati onPOBscan
si mul taneousl ysupporttwoseparatetheatersatthecombatantcommandl evel .
Figure3-9.DisseminationPOB
3-10 15April2005
FM3-05.30
MEDIAOPERATIONSCOMPLEX
3-42. The3dPOB(Di ssem),4thPOG(A)operatestheMOCatFortBragg,
North Carol i na. The MOC consol i dates a heavy pri nt faci l i ty, a medi a
producti on center, a producti on di stri buti on faci l i ty, an el ectroni cs
mai ntenance shop, and a mai ntenance support team under one roof. Thi s
faci l i ty provi des general support to PSYOP forces worl dwi de by means of
satel l i tecommuni cati onsl i nksthatal l owforwarddepl oyedforcestorequest
andrecei vesupport.Pri nt,audi o,andaudi ovi sual productsdevel opedi nthe
MOCcan be transmi tted el ectroni cal l yforproducti onanddi ssemi nati oni n
forwardl ocati ons.
HEADQUARTERSANDSUPPORTCOMPANY
3-43. The di ssemi nati on battal i on HSC provi des C2 and mai ntenance
support to depl oyed pri nt, medi a, and support teams. I t al so provi des
mai ntenance support for the PSYOP group and i ts nondepl oyed organi c
el ements.
3-44. Thebattal i oncommanderexerci sescommandofthebattal i onandal l
attached el ements. The di ssemi nati on POB XO and CSM have the same
duti es as thei r counterparts i n the regi onal and tacti cal POBs. The
di ssemi nati on POB speci al staff group has the same responsi bi l i ti es as the
regi onal POB.
PRINTPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSCOMPANY
3-45. Thepri ntPsychol ogi cal Operati onscompany(POC)(Fi gure3-10,page
3-12)provi despri nt,packagi ng,andl eafl etdi ssemi nati onsupporttoPSEs.I t
uses a vari ety of pri nt equi pment from fi xed di gi tal presses to hi gh-speed,
depl oyabl e dupl i cati on machi nes. I t al so operates a vari ety of commerci al
equi pment.
BROADCASTPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSCOMPANY
3-46. ThebroadcastPOCofthedi ssemi nati onPOBprovi desmedi abroadcast
support to the PSEs (Fi gure 3-11, page 3-12). I t provi des support across the
operati onal conti nuum and i n response to peaceti me PSYOP requi rements
establ i shed by the joi nt staff or OGAs. Transmi tter support ranges from
l i ghtwei ght,short-rangetransmi tterstoavehi cl e-mountedsystemwi thorgani c
producti on assets to l ong-range TV and radi o pl atforms that al l ow PSYOP
programmi ngtobebroadcastdeepi ntorestri ctedareastoreachdi stantTAs.
ThebroadcastPOCdepl oysvi deocamerateamswi thmobi l eedi ti ngequi pment
capabl eofproduci nghi gh-qual i tyaudi oandvi deoPSYOPproducts.I tcanal so
provi del i mi tedi ntermedi ateDS/general support(GS)mai ntenancefororgani c
andcommerci al broadcastforbothradi oandTVequi pment.
15April2005 3-11
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Figure3-10.PrintCompany
Figure3-11.BroadcastPOC
3-12 15April2005
FM3-05.30
MEDIAPRODUCTIONPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSCOMPANY
3-47. TheActi veArmymedi aproducti onPOChasthecapabi l i tytoproduce
commerci al -qual i tygraphi cs,photographi c,audi o,andaudi ovi sual products.
Thi suni toperatesthefi xed-stati onMedi aProducti onCenter(MPC),l ocated
atFortBragg,NorthCarol i naaswel l asdepl oyi ngTheaterMedi aProducti on
Centers (TMPCs) i n support of the geographi c combatant commanders
(GCCs).TheMOCi sthemedi aproducti onandproductarchi vehubforthe
PSYOP communi ty and i s cri ti cal to reachback empl oyment. The MOC
normal l yprovi desDStocombatantcommandersorjoi ntforcecommanders
fortheconductofPSYOPduri ngcri si soperati ons.TheMOCprovi desGSfor
the executi on of i nternati onal mi l i tary i nformati on and peaceti me PSYOP
programs.
DISTRIBUTIONPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSCOMPANY
3-48. The di stri buti on POC of the di ssemi nati on POB provi des communi -
cati onssupporttothePOGs,POBs,POTFs,andotherdepl oyedPSEsi nthe
form of product di stri buti on and C2 assets (Fi gure 3-12). The PSYOP
di stri buti onPOCprovi dessupportforal l l evel sofmi l i taryoperati onsandtask-
organi zesaroundthetheatersupportandDSteams.
Figure3-12.DistributionPOC
3-49. The Acti ve Army di stri buti on POC al so operates the product
di stri buti on faci l i ty (PDF). Thi s i s a dedi cated faci l i ty for housi ng product
di stri buti on hardware that enabl es PSYOP uni ts to di stri bute products
throughout the worl d vi a SECRET I nternet Protocol Router Network
15April2005 3-13
FM3-05.30
(SI PRNET) and i nto Europe vi a the Bosni a command and control
augmentati on (BC2A) system. The PDF al so houses Uni ted Press
I nternati onal (UPI ) downl i nk equi pment, provi di ng 24-hour access to
PSYOPuni ts.
WINDSUPPORTEDAERIALDELIVERYSYSTEMDETACHMENT
3-50. The CQ-10A Snow Goose unmanned aeri al vehi cl e (UAV) i s a
versati l e,groundl aunched,autonomousl ygui ded,parafoi l systemthathasthe
abi l i ty to del i ver l eafl ets to mul ti pl e targets i n both permi ssi ve and deni ed
ai rspace. Other vari ants of the system are bei ng studi ed for possi bl e
devel opment. The wi nd supported aeri al del i very system (WSADS)
detachment of the di ssemi nati on POB i s a provi si onal organi zati on whose
purpose i s to conduct operati onal empl oyment eval uati on of the WSADS,
conductfami l i ari zati ontrai ni ngonthesystem,andprovi desupporttoPSYOP
forces. Thi s operati onal testi ng i s to determi ne the operati onal and tacti cal
appl i cati onsofthesystem,devel optacti cs,techni ques,andprocedures(TTP)
for i ts use and i ntegrati on i nto ai r taski ng orders (ATOs), and determi ne
addi ti onal requi rementstoful l ydevel opthecapabi l i ti esofthesystem.I ni ti al
empl oyment of the system i nvol ves attachment of the system and
l aunch/recoveryteamtosupporti ngPSYOPforcestoprovi deadedi catedaeri al
di ssemi nati oncapabi l i tyfromJPOTFthroughTPCl evel .
3-14 15April2005
Chapter4
CommandandControl
PSYOP may operate under vari ous C2 arrangements. The mi ssi on, the
l engthandscopeofoperati ons,thesupportedGCC,andthecommanders
ateachl evel determi netheexactC2structure.PSYOPmaybeani ntegral
partofjoi ntormul ti nati onal operati on,oranacti vi tyi nsupportofOGAs.
Thi schapterdi scussestheC2structureasi trel atestotheArmyPSYOP
force. Thi s di scussi on focuses on C2 arrangements and the command
rel ati onshi psdevel opedtofaci l i tateeffecti vePSYOPsupport.
GENERAL
4-1. Al l PSYOP are essenti al l y joi nt i n scope gi ven the l evel at whi ch the
approval of PSYOP programs occurs. I n appl i cati on, PSYOP support may
extend from strategi c to tacti cal l evel s. Regardl ess of the l evel at whi ch
PSYOPareappl i ed,PSYOPpl anni ngi sconductedatal l l evel s.UnderJP3-53,
PSYOPmaybeexecutedi nanati onal ,joi nt,combi ned,i nteragencyorsi ngl e-
Servi ce context. Commands that di rect the use of PSYOP i ncl udeuni fi edor
speci fi edcombatantcommands,subordi nateuni fi edcommands,andJTFs.The
pri nci pl es of war are the basi s for joi nt PSYOP doctri ne. These pri nci pl es
do not try to constrai n the Servi ce department addi ti ons or del eti ons. They
are,however,thefocal poi ntforpl anni ngandexecuti ngPSYOP.
4-2. Effecti ve PSYOP need a responsi ve C2 structure. The command
rel ati onshi parrangementsforC2ofPSYOPmust
Provi deacl ear,unambi guouschai nofcommand.
Provi de enough staff experi ence and experti se to pl an, conduct, and
supportPSYOP.
Ensure the supported commander i nvol vessel ectedPSYOPpersonnel
i nmi ssi onpl anni ngattheoutset.
GENERALSTRUCTURE
4-3. The broad range of PSYOP requi res that they be coordi nated,
synchroni zed, i ntegrated, and deconfl i ctedatal l l evel s.However,tomaxi mi ze
thei r ti mel i ness and tai l orthemtospeci fi csi tuati ons,commandersmustpl an
and execute PSYOP at the l owest appropri ate l evel , wi thi n the gui del i nes of
general theater PSYOP gui dance. Even though PSYOP ful l y support the
acti vi ti esofotherSOF,themajori tyofmi ssi onsarei nsupportofthegeographi c
theatercombatantcommandersoveral l campai gnandconventi onal forces.
4-4. When the SecDef approves the depl oyment of PSYOP personnel to
performpeaceti mePSYOPacti vi ti esi nsupportoftheatersecuri tycooperati on
pl ans (formerl y the overt peaceti me Psychol ogi cal Operati ons [PSYOP]
FM3-05.30 15April2005 4-1
FM3-05.30
program[OP3]),OPCONoftheseforcespassestothesupportedGCC.PSYOP
personnel perform thei r mi ssi on under the supervi si on of the Country Team
offi ci al desi gnatedbytheU.S.AmbassadororChi efofMi ssi on.
4-5. Toeffecti vel yexecutei tsmi ssi on,thePOTForJPOTF(i fonei schartered)
sets up as a separate functi onal component of the combatant commander or
CJTFHQ.AJPOTF,asaJTF,maybeestabl i shedbytheSecDef,acombatant
commander, a subuni fi ed commander, afuncti onal componentcommander,or
anexi sti ngcommanderofaJTF(FM100-7,Decisive Force: The Army in Theater
Operations;JP3-0, Doctrine for J oint Operations;JP5-0, Doctrine for Planning
J oint Operations;andJP5-00.2, J oint Task Force [J TF] Planning Guidance and
Procedures).ThePOTFnormal l yfal l sdi rectl yundertheOPCONofthetheater
GCCorCJTF,andtacti cal oroperati onal PSYOPforcesarenormal l yattachedto
theappropri atemaneuverforcecommander.
4-6. WhenaPOTFi sdepl oyedandthesupportedGCCi sgi venOPCONofthe
POTF,theexecuteorderwi l l sti pul atewhetherornottheGCCi sauthori zedto
subdel egateOPCONtoaJFC.ThePOTFi sresponsi bl eforprovi di ngPSYOP
supporttotheoveral l joi ntorcombi nedoperati onattheoperati onal andtacti cal
l evel s. I t coordi nates wi th each of the Servi ce components, functi onal
components,andstaffel ementstodetermi nePSYOPrequi rementsaccordi ngto
mi ssi onanal ysi s.APSEoraPOATmaybeOPCONtotheU.S.Ambassador.
Fi nal l y,i tmaycoordi natestrategi c-l evel PSYOPwi ththecombatantcommand
andthejoi ntstaffthroughtheappropri atecommandchannel s,aspertheJSCP.
4-7. Mi ssi onrequi rementswi l l determi nethecomposi ti onofaPOTF.I nmany
cases, the POTF may i ncl ude forces from other Servi ces or other coal i ti on
countri es.Undertheseci rcumstances,thePOTFmaybecharteredasaJPOTF
oracombi nedJPOTF(someti mesreferredtoasacombi nedjoi ntPsychol ogi cal
Operati onstaskforce[CJPOTF]).Thecommandrel ati onshi psi nthesecasesare
di scussedi ntheremai nderofthi schapter.
4-8. Tacti cal POBsandTPCsarenormal l yattachedtoarmi es,corps,di vi si ons,
bri gades, or equi val ent-si zed el ements. Di ssemi nati on PSYOP battal i ons
normal l yoperateasmajorsubordi nateuni tsordetachmentsofthePOTF.
4-9. Mul ti purpose assets that are pri mari l y PSYOP pl atforms, such as
EC-130E/J COMMANDO SOLO and other aeri al pl atforms, usual l y remai n
underOPCONtothei rServi ceorfuncti onal componentbutareunderTACONof
thePOTF.ThePOTFnormal l yhascoordi nati ngauthori tyoveroperati onal and
tacti cal PSYOP uni ts. Thi s authori ty al l ows the POTF to augment tacti cal
PSYOPuni tsandcoordi natethetechni cal aspectsofdevel opment,producti on,
di stri buti on, and di ssemi nati on of PSYOP to ensure uni ty of effort and
adherencetoGCCandCJTFpl ans.I ti snotacommandrel ati onshi p;rather,i t
i soneofconsul tati on.(JP0-2,Unified Action Armed Forces [UNAAF],di scusses
therel ati onshi pfurther.)
4-10. I ntheabsenceofaPOTForaJTF,theGCCnormal l yexerci sesOPCON
ofthePSYOPforcesthroughthecommanderoftheUni tedStatesmi l i tarygroup
(USMI LGP),thesecuri tyassi stanceoffi ce(SAO)chi ef,ortheDefenseAttach
Offi ce (DAO). Thi s i ntermedi ate commander then keeps the ambassador
i nformedofpl ansandacti vi ti esduri ngthedepl oyment.
15April2005 4-2
FM3-05.30
OPERATIONALCONTROL
4-11. TheGCCmayexerci seOPCON,orhemaydel egateOPCONtoanyl evel
ofcommandsubordi natetohi m.I nherenti nOPCONareauthori ti essi mi l arto
thosecontai nedi ncombatantcommand,commandauthori ty(COCOM).OPCON
doesnoti nandofi tsel fi ncl udeauthori tati vedi recti onforl ogi sti csormattersof
admi ni strati on,di sci pl i ne,i nternal organi zati on,oruni ttrai ni ng.
TACTICALCONTROL
4-12. The GCC may exerci se TACON or he may del egate i t to any l evel of
commandsubordi natetohi m.TACONdoesnoti ncl udeorgani zati onal authori ty
or authori tati ve di recti on for admi ni strati ve and l ogi sti c support. The
establ i shi ngdi recti vemustdefi nethespeci fi cauthori ti esandl i mi tsofTACON.
COORDINATINGAUTHORITY
4-13. PSYOPforcesarehabi tual l yattached;therefore,coordi nati ngauthori ty
betweenPSYOPel ementsi scri ti cal tosynchroni zeandcoordi natethePSYOP
effort throughout al l echel ons. I n the absence of coordi nati on, contradi ctory
PSYOP may occur, potenti al l y compromi si ng the effecti veness of the
i nformati onoperati onseffort.
UNITEDSTATESSPECIALOPERATIONSCOMMAND
4-14. USSOCOM i s the uni fi ed combatant command for SO, i ncl udi ng
PSYOP(Fi gure4-1,page4-4).TheSecDefassi gnsal l CONUS-basedPSYOP
forces to the Commander, Uni ted States Speci al Operati ons Command
(CDRUSSOCOM). He exerci ses COCOM of assi gned forces through a
combi nati on of Servi ce and joi nt component commanders. CDRUSSOCOM
preparesassi gnedPSYOPforcestoconductPSYOPsupporti ngU.S.nati onal
securi tyi nterestsacrosstheoperati onal conti nuum.ThroughtheCJCS,andi n
coordi nati onwi ththeAssi stantSecretaryofDefense(Speci al Operati onsand
LowI ntensi tyConfl i ct)(ASD[SO/LI C]),headvi sesthePresi dentand/orSecDef
andtheNati onal Securi tyCounci l (NSC)onPSYOPmatters.CDRUSSOCOM
has no geographi c area of responsi bi l i ty (AOR) for normal operati ons. He
normal l yactsasasupporti ngcombatantcommander,provi di ngmi ssi on-ready
PSYOP forces to GCCs for use under thei r COCOM. The Presi dent and/or
SecDefmaydi rectCDRUSSOCOMtocommandPSYOPforcesasasupported
combatant commander or to support an GCC. (JP 3-05, Doctrine for J oint
Special Operations,hasfurtheri nformati on.)
15April2005 4-3
FM3-05.30
Figure4-1.USSOCOMCommandRelationships
4-15. Publ i c l aw gi ves CDRUSSOCOM broad functi onal authori ty to carry
outhi sresponsi bi l i tyforPSYOPforces.Thi sauthori tyi ncl udes
Devel opi ngjoi ntPSYOPstrategy,doctri ne,andtacti cs.
Educati ngandtrai ni ngassi gnedforces.
Conducti ngspeci al coursesofi nstructi onforoffi cersandNCOs.
Val i dati ngandranki ngPSYOPrequi rements.
Ensuri ngassi gnedforcesaremi ssi on-ready.
Devel opi ng and procuri ng PSYOP-speci fi c materi el , suppl i es, and
servi ces.
Ensuri ng the compati bi l i ty and i nteroperabi l i ty of PSYOP equi pment
wi ththePSYOPforces.
I nsti tuti ng and i mpl ementi ng procedures for PSYOP i ntel l i gence
support.
Moni tori ng the promoti ons, assi gnments, retenti on, trai ni ng, and
professi onal mi l i taryeducati onofPSYOPpersonnel .
Moni tori ng the preparedness of PSYOP forces assi gned to other
uni fi edCOCOMs.
Combi ni ngandproposi ngPSYOPprogramstoMajorForceProgram11
(MFP11),aseparatemi l i taryfundi ngprogramforPSYOPandSO.
Prepari ngandexecuti ngMFP11.
15April2005 4-4
FM3-05.30
4-16. DODstaffhasseveral offi cesthatadvi setheSecDefi ntheareaofspeci al
operati onsandl owi ntensi tyconfl i ct(SO/LI C).Theyareasfol l ows:
Subjecttothedi recti onoftheSecDef,theASD(SO/ LI C)provi despol i cy
gui danceandoversi ghttogovernpl anni ng,programmi ng,resourci ng,
andexecuti ngSOandLI Cacti vi ti es.
TheOffice of the Secretary of Defense(OSD)staffandCDRUSSOCOM
wi l l have vi si bi l i ty and control over the use of MFP 11 resources.
Addi ti onal l y, among other responsi bi l i ti es, the OSD staff, i n
coordi nati on wi th the CJCS and CDRUSSOCOM, revi ews the
proceduresbywhi chCDRUSSOCOMrecei ves,pl ans,andexecutesthe
Presi dentsand/orSecDefstaski ngs.
Wi th theOSDstaff,theCDRUSSOCOMhashead-of-agencyauthori ty.
MFP 11 provi des vi si bi l i ty and control of the PSYOP forces resource
al l ocati onprocess.TheOSDstaffandCDRUSSOCOMoverseetheDOD
Pl anni ng, Programmi ng, and Budgeti ng System (PPBS) on PSYOP
forces. They have the chance to address i ssues duri ng sessi ons of the
DefenseResourcesBoard.TheCDRUSSOCOMsWashi ngtonoffi cei shi s
command el ement i n the Washi ngton area. Thi s offi ce i s USSOCOMs
l i nk wi th the Servi ces, DOD, Congress, OGAs, and nongovernmental
agenci esforal l PSYOPmatters.
UNITEDSTATESARMYSPECIALOPERATIONSCOMMAND
4-17. USASOCi samajorArmycommand(MACOM)andtheArmycomponent
command of USSOCOM (Fi gure 4-2, page 4-6). I ts mi ssi on i s to command,
support,andensurethecombatreadi nessofassi gnedandattachedArmyforces
forworl dwi deuse.AsaMACOM,i tfocusesonpol i cydevel opment,management
and di stri buti on of resources, and l ong-range pl anni ng, programmi ng, and
budgeti ngofARSOF.TheUSASOCcommanderexerci sescommandofCONUS-
based Acti ve Army and RC ARSOF. When di rected by CDRUSSOCOM,
USASOCprovi desmi ssi on-readyPSYOPforcestotheGCCsforuseunderthei r
COCOM.Speci fi cUSASOCfuncti onsi ncl ude
Trainingassignedforcestoensurethehighestlevel ofmissionreadiness
consistentwithavailableresources.
DirectingtheplanningandpreparationofassignedARSOFforcontingency
andwartimeemployment.
Assisting in developing and coordinating joint and Army PSYOP
requirements,issues,andactivities.
Assisting in developing joint and Army PSYOP doctrine, organization,
institutiontraining,materiel,supplies,andservices.
PreparingandsubmittingPSYOPforcesprogramandbudgetdocuments.
Coordinating, monitoring, and preparing forces for support of special
activities.
Makingsureassignedforcescansupportconventionalmilitaryoperations
andjointPSYOPinpeacetime,conflict,andwar.
Pl anni ng and conducti ng other trai ni ng, operati ons, and support, as
di rected.
15April2005 4-5
FM3-05.30
Figure4-2.USASOCOrganization
15April2005 4-6
FM3-05.30
UNITEDSTATESARMYCIVILAFFAIRSANDPSYCHOLOGICAL
OPERATIONSCOMMAND
4-18. USACAPOC i s a major subordi nate command of USASOC.
Commander, USACAPOC, exerci ses day-to-day C2 of CONUS-based Acti ve
Army and RC PSYOP and CA forces. As a major subordi nate command of
USASOC, USACAPOC i s responsi bl e for the organi zati on, trai ni ng, and
equi ppi ng of CONUS-based Acti ve Army and Uni ted States Army Reserve
(USAR) PSYOP forces. I t moni tors the progress of i mpl ementi ng ARSOF
pol i ci es, pl ans, and programs to ensure CA and PSYOP forces meet thei r
worl dwi demi ssi onrequi rements.Uponmobi l i zati on,USACAPOCconti nuesto
performi tsmi ssi onandtoassi sti nthemobi l i zati onofUSARCAandPSYOP
uni ts and i ndi vi dual s, as di rected by the USASOC. USACAPOC tasks
subordi nate PSYOP groups to execute mi ssi ons. The Acti ve Army PSYOP
group (4th POG[A]), wi th subordi nate PSYOP battal i ons apporti oned to the
geographi ccombatantcommanders,functi onsasthemi ssi onpl anni ngagentof
USACAPOC for al l Acti ve Army and RC PSYOP forces through the si ngl e-
sourcePSYOPconcept.
THEATERSPECIALOPERATIONSCOMMAND
4-19. Thetheaterspeci al operati onscommand(TSOC)servesthreefuncti ons
for PSYOP forces i n-theater: SO component command; Ti tl e 10 servi ce,
admi ni strati on, and support; and, when di rected by the theater GCC,
warfi ghti ng. I t speci fi cal l y provi des for the admi ni strati ve and PSYOP-uni que
l ogi sti cs support of PSYOP forces i n-theater. A speci al operati ons theater
support el ement (SOTSE) i s attached by USASOC to the TSOC to coordi nate
l ogi sti cssupportfordepl oyedPSYOPforces.
4-20. TheTSOCexerci sesADCON(joi nttermforwhattheArmydesi gnates
command l ess OPCON) of the PSYOP forces. I t exerci ses OPCON of the
assi gnedPSYOPforcewhen
ThePSYOPforcei snotcharteredasafuncti onal componentcommand.
The PSYOP force i s not under the OPCON of another component
command.
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSTASKFORCE
4-21. The SecDef assi gns or attaches al l requi red PSYOP forces outsi de the
conti nental Uni ted States (OCONUS) through USSOCOM to the supported
GCC.Onl ythePresi dentand/orSecDefcanauthori zethetransferofCOCOM
from one GCC to another. The transfer of COCOM occurs when forces are
reassi gned. When forces are not reassi gned, OPCON passes to the supported
GCC. The Presi dent and/or SecDef (through JCS command arrangements)
speci fi es i n the depl oyment order when and to whom COCOM or OPCON
passes.
4-22. ThePOTF(atask-organi zedPSYOPbattal i onoperati ngi ndependentl y)
normal l yformsthebasi sfortheseni orPSYOPHQi n-theater(Fi gure4-3,page
4-8). Wi th appropri ate augmentati on, thi s HQ normal l y becomes a joi nt
organi zati on.Thi sjoi ntHQi snormal l yreferredtoasaJPOTF.
15April2005 4-7
FM3-05.30
Figure4-3.JPOTFinJointForceOrganization
4-23. TheJPOTFi sl ocatedwi ththeseni orcommanderi n-theater.TheJPOTF
i swi ththeGCCsHQduri ngwarandtheJPOTFwi ththetaskforceHQduri ng
a conti ngency operati on. Duri ng a smal l er conti ngency operati on, the JPOTF
wi l l be wi th the commander of the JTF HQ (a subuni fi ed command or a
componentcommandi ntheabsenceoftheGCC).Theseni orPSYOPcommander
i n-theatersupporti ngthewarfi ghti ngGCCrecommendsorgani zati onal opti ons
to perform the PSYOP mi ssi on. The warfi ghti ng GCC approves one of the
recommended opti ons. These organi zati onal opti ons depend on the si tuati on,
mi ssi on,anddurati onofoperati ons.TheJPOTFcontrol sal l PSYOP.
4-24. The JPOTF normal l y fi ts i nto the uni fi ed command structure as a
functi onal component command reporti ng di rectl y to the GCC. The JPOTF
normal l yprovi desPSYOPaugmentati ontotheJ-3di vi si onasani ntegral part
oftheGCCsstaff.I nthi scase,theJPOTFcommanderwearstwohatshei s
theGCCsseni orPSYOPstaffoffi cerandhei sthecommanderoftheJPOTF
exerci si ng OPCON over al l PSYOP forces i n-theater. The JPOTF normal l y
functi ons the same way wi th a JTF. Duri ng peaceti me and smal l er
conti ngency operati ons, the Acti ve Army POG may onl y have to provi de
PSYOPaugmentati ontotheGCCorJTFheadquarters.
NOTE:Al l PSYOPC2el ementsaredual -taskedasthepri nci pal staffmember
forPSYOPtothei rsupportedHQ.
15April2005 4-8
FM3-05.30
4-25. PSYOP el ements depend on thei r supported el ements for routi ne
sustai nment. Thi s rel ati onshi p may be descri bed as attached for
admi ni strati on and l ogi sti cs (ADCON or command l ess OPCON). Thei r
mi ssi ongui danceconti nuestocomethroughPSYOPchannel stothesupported
uni t. The theater Army speci al operati ons support command (TASOSC)
ensures PSYOP sustai nment requi rements are properl y pl anned for and
coordi natedwi thTAsupportel ements.TheJPOTFwi l l performthi sfuncti on
i ntheabsenceofaTASOSC.
4-26. Establ i shmentofaJPOTFattheCOCOMl evel orseni orheadquarters
l evel i sessenti al duri ngal l major,hi gh-vi si bi l i tymi l i taryoperati onsconducted
wi thi n the GCCs AOR, regardl ess of scope, durati on, or degree of di rect
parti ci pati on exerci sed by the GCC. The psychol ogi cal i mpact of mi l i tary
operati ons conducted by a subordi nate uni fi ed command or a JTF i s never
confi ned to the speci fi c operati onal area. Rather, i tcreatesaspi l l overeffect
thatmaybefel toverl argeareasofthesupportedGCCsregi onand,i nsome
cases,farbeyondhi sgeographi cboundari esi ntoanadjacentGCCsAOR.The
JPOTF woul d, at the supported GCCs di recti on, pl an and devel op PSYOP
programs to neutral i ze or reverse the negati ve psychol ogi cal i mpact i n the
affectedareas.Theseprogramsmustbecoordi natedwi ththeadjacentGCCs
theaterwi de PSYOP efforts to obtai n the same response. The JPOTF C2
structure ensures a coordi nated PSYOP pl an to support the GCCs theater
campai gnpl an.
4-27. The supported GCCs mi ssi on and the esti mated durati on of PSYOP
acti vi ti es i nfl uence the seni or PSYOP commanders recommendati on. Army
PSYOPforcessupportconventi onal forcesduri ngconventi onal operati onsand
SFperformi ngSOFmi ssi ons.Theseni orPSYOPcommanderassi gnsal i ai son
teamtothespeci al operati onscommand(SOC)andJSOTF,i festabl i shed.
4-28. The seni or PSYOP commander i n-theater, when supporti ng SO,
recommends to the SOC or JSOTF commander the proper use of PSYOP to
support SO. Duri ng conti ngenci es, the seni or PSYOP commander must
anal yze the supported GCCs mi ssi on and update the appl i cabl e PSYOP
appendi x. He then al l ocates PSYOP assets to support SO accordi ng to the
mi ssi on, si tuati on, and assets avai l abl e. The JFC gi ves the SOC or JSOTF
commanderauthori tytoaccompl i shassi gnedmi ssi onsandtasks.
DEPLOYMENT
4-29. Upon recei vi ng depl oyment orders, the PSYOP uni ts move toaportof
embarkati on(POE).Fromthere,theymovebyai rorseai ntothegai ni ngGCCs
AOR.Atapredetermi nedpoi nt(forexampl e,uponcrossi ngaspeci fi edl ati tude
orl ongi tude),COCOMorOPCONi sformal l ypassedtothegai ni ngGCC.
4-30. WhenaPOTFexi sts,tacti cal andoperati onal PSYOPforcesshoul dbe
attached to the POTF. The POTF commander then detaches tacti cal forces
from the POTF and attaches them to the appropri ate supported uni t.
Operati onal PSYOPforcesremai nunderOPCONofthePOTF.Thi sal l owsthe
POTF commander to ensure that PSYOP forces are appropri atel y
task-organi zed and gi ves the POTF the abi l i ty to central l y control and/or
synchroni zethePSYOPeffort.
15April2005 4-9
FM3-05.30
MULTINATIONALOPERATIONS
4-31. TheJoi ntStaffexecutesordersthatmaycontai naprovi si onal l owi ng
the gai ni ng combatant commander to i ntegrate PSYOP forces i nto
mul ti nati onal operati ons. For the purpose of devel opi ng non-U.S. products
onl y,OPCONofU.S.PSYOPforcesmaypasstoanon-U.S.commander.The
command rel ati ons of PSYOP forces wi l l general l y be the same as other
parti ci pati ngU.S.forces.TheSecDefwi l l normal l ytransferOPCONofPSYOP
forcestothesupportedGCCi ntheexecuteorderandmayauthori zehi mto
transferOPCONtotheJFC,totheseni orU.S.mi l i taryoffi ceri nvol vedi nthe
operati on,ortoanon-U.S.commander.
A Combined J oint Task Force under CJ 3 supervision was responsible
for implementing the NATO psychological operations campaign. Under
I FOR, the task force was called the Combined J oint I FOR I nformation
Campaign Task Force (CJ I I CTF). With SFOR operations (20 December
1996), the name changed to Combined J oint I nformation Campaign
Task Force (CJ I CTF). Both task forces were directed by U.S. Army
Reserve Colonels, and were mainly composed of U.S. personnel and
assets with supporting elements from France, Germany, and the United
Kingdom...Political sensitivities not only made European nations
reluctant to using PSYOP, but also complicated the command and
control situation. From December 1995 to October 1997, U.S. PSYOP
personnel (which formed the core of the CJ I I CTF) remained under
national command and control. As a result of the 1984 National
Security Decision Directive 130, the U.S. Department of Defense refused
to place PSYOP forces under NATO command and control...The
American refusal caused problems in everyday operations (such as
coordination and logistics problems)...Finally, the U.S. refusal to place
its PSYOP forces under NATO C2 caused tensions within the Alliance.
European nations felt the PSYOP effort was not fully NATO and were
therefore reluctant to become full participants...Finally in October
1997, the U.S. DOD transferred U.S. PSYOP forces in theater to
SACEURs command and control.
TargetBosnia:IntegratingInformation
ActivitiesinPeaceOperations(Institutefor
NationalStrategicStudies,1998)byPascaleSiegel
INTERAGENCYCOORDINATION
4-32. Trends duri ng recent operati ons and mi ssi ons i nvol vi ng U.S. forces,
parti cul arl yi nci vi l acti vi tyathomeandabroad,havei ndi catedapropensi ty
for not onl y joi nt and mul ti nati onal cooperati on and coordi nati on, but al so
si gni fi cant i nteragency i nvol vement. Because thi s i ncreased l evel of
i nteragency and DOD cooperati on i s rel ati vel y new, l essons l earned and
pl anni ngconsi derati onsarenotaswi despreadastheyneedtobe.
4-10 15April2005
FM3-05.30
LIAISONANDCOORDINATIONOPERATIONS
4-33. Li ai son teams pl ay a key rol e i n PSYOP mi ssi on effecti veness. When
usi ng l i ai son teams, commanders must use organi c,uncommi ttedpersonnel .
Theseni orPSYOPcommanderi ntheAOexchangesPSYOPl i ai sonpersonnel
wi th the supported uni ts, U.S. nonmi l i tary agenci es (as appropri ate), and
al l i ed mi l i tary organi zati ons. The exchange of l i ai son personnel provi des a
networkofpropermutual supportandsynchroni zati on.PSYOPpersonnel at
al l l evel smustbereadytoassumel i ai sonduti es.
15April2005 4-11
Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
Chapter5
MissionPlanningandTargeting
The goal of al l PSYOP pl anni ng i s to create an envi ronment that
aggressi vel y i ntegrates PSYOP i nto the achi evement of the supported
commanders objecti ves. Commanders must i ncorporate PSYOP i nto al l
pl anni ng earl y i n the process to ensure force i ntegrati on and
synchroni zati on of acti vi ti es. To remai n effecti ve, PSYOP must be
constantl yassessedi nordertodetermi nei fmodi fi cati onsofthePSYOP
effortarerequi red.
PLANNING
5-1. Pl anni ng i s a process. Change i s a constant i n war pl anni ng as
assumpti ons are shown to be fal se, operati ons are more successful or l ess
successful ,andpol i ti cal eventschangemi l i taryobjecti ves.Evenasonepl ani s
abouttobeexecuted,pl annersareturni ngthei rattenti ontothenextanti ci pated
operati on.Fl exi bi l i ty,adaptabi l i ty,andadjustmentarecri ti cal toal l pl anni ng.
Thei mportanceofadjusti ngPSYOPpl ansandseri esi nresponsetoeventsi nthe
battl espacecannotbeoveremphasi zed.
5-2. PSYOPpl annersmustbeagi l etobesuccessful i nanenvi ronmentthathas
si mul taneousandcompeti ngrequi rementstopl anforaneventthati si ni tsel f
anongoi ngprocess.Atanygi venmoment,PSYOPforcesmaybedi ssemi nati ng
messageswhi l emi l i taryforcesareexecuti ngaPSYACTi nsupportofPSYOP
objecti ves.Atthesameti me,pl annersarereadyi ngthenextacti onormessage
andeval uati ngtheeffectsoftheongoi ngmi ssi on.Managi ngthi sdynami cand
ongoi ngseri esofeventsi scentral tocreati ngandadjusti nganeffecti vePSYOP
pl an. Therefore, the need for PSYOP pl anners to anti ci pate si tuati ons where
PSYOPwi l l becruci al tothemi l i taryoperati oni sessenti al tosuccess.
Most PSYOP activities and accomplishments in Panama were hardly
noticed by either the U.S. public or the general military community.
But the special operations community did notice. The lessons learned in
Panama were incorporated into standing operating procedures. Where
possible, immediate changes were made to capitalize on the PSYOP
successes of Operations J UST CAUSE and PROMOTE LI BERTY. This
led to improved production, performance, and effect in the next
contingency, which took place within 6 months after the return of the
last PSYOP elements from Panama. Operations DESERT SHI ELD
and DESERT STORM employed PSYOP of an order of magnitude and
effectiveness which many credit to the lessons learned from Panama.
USSOCOMReport,PsychologicalOperations
inPanamaduringOperationsJUSTCAUSE
andPROMOTELIBERTY,March1994
FM3-05.30 15April2005 5-1
FM3-05.30
ENVIRONMENT
5-3. U.S.l awmakesServi cechi efsresponsi bl efortheexpansi onoftheforce
to meet combatant command requi rements (mobi l i zati on pl anni ng).
Combatant commanders are charged wi th empl oyi ng U.S. forces.
Consequentl y, the CJCS and combatant commanders are pri mari l y
responsi bl eforconducti ngoperati onal pl anni ng.Empl oymentpl anni ngoccurs
wi thi nthejoi ntoperati onal pl anni ngenvi ronmentforthi sreason.
5-4. Thenati onal securi tystrategy(NSS),nati onal mi l i tarystrategy(NMS),
Uni fi edCommandPl an(UCP),andJSCPprovi degui dancetothecombatant
commands to devi se theater strategi es. The combatant commands devel op
OPLANsandOPORDsthatthejoi ntstaffrevi ews.Theaterstrategi esformthe
basi sforempl oymentpl anni ng,dri vepeaceti mepl anni ng,andprovi deapoi nt
of departure for force projecti on operati ons and general war pl anni ng. The
pl anni ng that occurs to ful fi l l the GCCs theater securi ty cooperati on pl ans
(formerl ytheaterengagementpl ans[TEPs])frequentl yeasesthetransi ti onto
conti ngency pl anni ng. The knowl edge and experti se devel oped to support
peaceti mePSYOPtaski ngssuchasHMA,CD,orHAareval uabl ei nprepari ng
a PSYOP pl an to support joi nt pl anni ng processes duri ng cri ses
andconfl i ct.
PROCESSES
5-5. PSYOPpl annerswi l l berequi redtoconductpl anni ngi nseveral contexts:
Army,joi nt,i nteragency,andmul ti nati onal pl anni ng.Theystartbyusi ngthe
Armysmi l i tarydeci si on-maki ngprocess(MDMP)tosynchroni zethemovement
and empl oyment of mi l i tary uni ts. The MDMP al so al l ows them to appl y a
ri gorousanal yti cal frameworktomi ssi onsofi nfl uenceandpersuasi on.Because
GCCs (combatant or force commanders) empl oy U.S. forces, pl anners use the
Joi ntOperati onPl anni ngandExecuti onSystem(JOPES)toi ntegratePSYOP
uni ts wi th those of the joi nt force. Thi s i ntegrati on i nto joi nt pl anni ng may
requi reusi ngthedel i berateorcri si sacti onpl anni ng(CAP)process,dependi ng
upon the si tuati on. Because PSYOP are frequentl y mul ti nati onal , pl anners
appl y any exi sti ng Presi dent and/or SecDef gui dance for mul ti nati onal
operati onsandal l i ancepl anni ngprocesses.
J OINTPLANNINGOVERVIEW
5-6. Joi ntoperati onpl anni ngi scoordi natedthroughal l l evel sofournati onal
structure. I t i ncl udes the Presi dent and/or SecDef and the joi nt pl anni ngand
executi on communi ty (JPEC). The focus of the process i s at the combatant
commands, where i t i s used wi th JOPES to determi ne the best method of
accompl i shi ngassi gnedtasksandtodi recttheacti onsnecessarytoaccompl i sh
themi ssi on.Joi ntpl anni ngi ncl udesthepreparati onofthefol l owi ng
OPORDs.
OPLANs.
Conceptpl ans(CONPLANs).
Functi onal pl ans.
Campai gnpl ansbycommandersofJTFs.
15April2005 5-2
FM3-05.30
5-7. Joi nt pl anni ng al so i ncl udes those joi nt acti vi ti es that support the
devel opment of the pl ans and orders l i sted above. Thi s sequenti al process
occurssi mul taneousl yatthestrategi c,operati onal ,andtacti cal l evel sofwar.
5-8. Joi ntoperati onpl anni ngencompassesacti vi ti estosupportmobi l i zati on,
depl oyment, empl oyment, sustai nment, and redepl oyment of forces. I n
peaceti me, thi s appl i cati on transl ates i nto del i berate pl ans. I n confl i ct, joi nt
operati onpl anni ngi sshortenedtorespondtodynami candrapi dl ychangi ng
events. I n warti me, joi nt operati on pl anni ng al l ows for greater
decentral i zati onofjoi ntpl anni ngacti vi ti es.
5-9. Joi nt pl anni ng empl oys a system that i ntegrates the acti vi ti es of the
enti reJPECthroughasystemthatprovi desforuni formpol i ci es,procedures,
and reporti ng structures supported by modern communi cati ons and
automated data processi ng. JOPES i s the system that best provi des
standardi zati onforthefol l owi ng
Procedures.
Formats.
Datafi l es.
I denti fi cati onofshortfal l s.
Pl anrefi nementandrevi ew.
Rapi dconversi onofcampai gnpl ansandOPLANsi ntoOPORDsfor
executi on.
JOPESconsi stsfi rstandforemostofpol i ci esandproceduresthatgui dejoi nt
operati onpl anni ngeffortsforU.S.personnel .
Mobilization and deployment of PSYOP forces were shaped by an
overlapping sequence of events in the Active and Reserve Components
(AC/ RC). Requirements to augment the ACs 8th PSYOP Battalion
and other early deployed units were identified by the planning cell
acting on behalf of USCENTCOM (U.S. Central Command). The
action led to deployment of the 4th PSYOP Group (AC) and to a call
up of select USAR PSYOP teams.
PsychologicalOperationsduring
OperationsDESERTSHIELD/STORM:
APost-OperationalAnalysis,USSOCOM
CAMPAIGNPLANNING
5-10. The campai gn pl anni ng process represents the art of l i nki ng major
operati ons, battl es, and engagements i n an operati onal desi gn to accompl i sh
theater strategi c objecti ves. Combatant commanders transl ate nati onal and
theater strategy i nto strategi c and operati onal concepts through the
devel opment of campai gn pl ans. These pl ans represent thei r strategi c vi ew of
rel ated operati ons necessary to attai n theater strategi c objecti ves. Campai gn
pl anni ngcanbegi nbeforeorduri ngdel i beratepl anni ng,buti ti snotcompl eted
unti l after CAP, thus combi ni ng both pl anni ng processes. A campai gn i s the
synchroni zati onofai r,l and,sea,space,SO,andi nteragencyandmul ti nati onal
15April2005 5-3
FM3-05.30
operati onsi nharmonywi thdi pl omati c,economi c,andi nformati onal effortsto
attai nnati onal objecti ves.
DELIBERATEANDCRISISACTIONPLANNING
5-11. Pl ans are categori zed and proposed under di fferent processes,
dependi ng on the focus of a speci fi c pl an. They are l abel ed as del i berate
pl anni ngorCAP,butbothofthefol l owi ngarei nterrel ated:
Del i berate pl anni ng process i s a means to devel op joi nt OPLANs for
conti ngenci es based upon the best avai l abl e i nformati on, usi ng forces
andresourcesal l ocatedfordel i beratepl anni ngbytheJSCP.Conducted
mai nl y i n peaceti me, the process rel i es heavi l y on assumpti ons
regardi ng the ci rcumstances that wi l l exi st when the pl an i s
i mpl emented. Del i berate pl anni ng i s a hi ghl y structured, methodi cal ,
and hi ghl y coordi nated process used for al l conti ngenci es and
transi ti onstoandfromwar.
CAPi nvol vesastructuredprocessfol l owi ngthegui del i nesestabl i shed
i n JOPES. CAP i s conducted for the actual commi tment of al l ocated
forces based on the needs of the si tuati on and fol l ows a JOPES-
prescri bed,si x-phasedevel opmentprocess.Devel opersbasethi stypeof
pl anni ngoncurrenteventsandti me-sensi ti vesi tuati ons.
PSYOP plan developers applied both modes of planning, deliberate
and time-sensitive, to bring about effectiveness and operational
flexibility. Three months of staffing eventually produced an approved
PSYOP campaign plan supportive of the USCI NCCENT theater
strategy.
PsychologicalOperationsduring
OperationsDESERTSHIELD/STORM:
APost-OperationalAnalysis,USSOCOM
MULTINATIONALPLANNING
5-12. Mul ti nati onal pl anni ng takes pl ace at the nati onal and i nternati onal
l evel sandi sacompl exi ssue.Theval ueofpeaceti mecoordi nati onandexerci se
programscannotbeoveremphasi zed.Coal i ti onsaremostoftencharacteri zedby
oneortwobasi cstructures:paral l el commandorl ead-nati oncommand.Theater
commanders wi th coordi nati on authori ty for mul ti nati onal operati ons conduct
the appropri ate pl anni ng efforts at thei r l evel . Processes wi thi n the coal i ti on
maybedevel opedbasedontheappropri ateU.S.pl anni ngprocess(del i berateor
cri si sacti on)tomeetthesi tuati on.ThePSYOPpl annermustunderstandthe
mul ti nati onal parti ci pants capabi l i ti es to ensure they are properl y i ntegrated
i ntotheoveral l pl an.Hemustal soanal yzeandconsi dermul ti nati onal partners
PSYOPdoctri neandpl anni ngprocesses.
5-13. Otherconsi derati onsi ncl udeC2ofPSYOPforces,thenati onal objecti ves
ofmul ti nati onal parti ci pants,rel easeofcl assi fi edmateri al ,shari ngi ntel l i gence,
and i ncompati bl e equi pment. Cl earl y, the most i mportant i ssues are the
approval authori ty for al l seri es i n the joi nt operati ons area (JOA) and
conti nui tyofobjecti ves.Uni tyofefforti sessenti al toensureal l PSYOPwi thi n
the JOA are coordi nated. Al so, PSYOP can assi st mul ti nati onal forces wi th
trai ni ng on PSYOP pl anni ng, techni ques, and procedures for the operati on.
15April2005 5-4
FM3-05.30
Whenconsi deri ngi ntegrati ngPSYOPfromothernati ons,PSYOPpl annersmust
ensure a cl ear understandi ng of the other nati ons i ntent, restri cti ons,
capabi l i ti es,pol i ti cal wi l l ,andnati onal i nterestsi ntheoperati on.WhenaU.S.
POTFformsthecoreofamul ti nati onal PSYOPeffort,therapi di ntegrati oni nto
al l aspectsofthePSYOPprocessi sstrongl yrecommended.
MEASURESOFEFFECTIVENESS
5-14. PSYOPmeasuresofeffecti veness(MOEs)provi deasystemati cmeansof
assessi ngandreporti ngthei mpactaPSYOPprogram(seri esofPSYOPproducts
and acti ons) has on speci fi c forei gn TAs. PSYOP MOEs, as al l MOEs,change
from mi ssi on to mi ssi on and encompass a wi de range of factors that are
fundamental to the overal l effect of PSYOP. PSYOP i mpact i ndi cators
col l ecti vel y provi de an i ndi cati on of the overal l effecti veness of the PSYOP
mi ssi on.Devel opmentofMOEsandthei rassoci atedi mpacti ndi cators(deri ved
from measurabl e SPOs) must be done duri ng the pl anni ng process. By
determi ni ngthemeasuresi nthepl anni ngprocess,PSYOPpl annersensurethat
organi cassetsandPSYOPenabl ers,suchasi ntel l i gence,arei denti fi edtoassi st
i neval uati ngMOEsfortheexecuti onofPSYOP.Eval uati ngtheeffecti venessof
PSYOPmaytakeweeksorl ongergi venthei nherentdi ffi cul ti esandcompl exi ty
ofdetermi ni ngcause-and-effectrel ati onshi pswi threspecttohumanbehavi or.
MILITARYDECISION-MAKINGPROCESS
5-15. Li keanyprocess,PSYOPpl anni nghasrequi redi nputs.Thei nputsare
transformedbyacti ons,andtheprocessresul tsi noutputs.Theprocessi nthi s
chapterexpl ai nshowtodevel opaneffecti vePSYOPpl anbyusi ngthecri ti cal
sourcesfoundi nternal andexternal totheuni t.Thi sprocessi sameanstoan
end; the fi nal output must be an effecti ve, executabl e, and i ntegrated
PSYOPpl an.
5-16. The MDMP i s a si ngl e, establ i shed, and proven anal yti cal process
(Fi gure 5-1, page 5-6). I t i s a versi on of the Armys anal yti cal approach to
probl em sol vi ng and i s a tool that hel ps the commander and staff devel op
apl an.
SEVENSTEPSOFTHEMDMP
5-17. FM5-0,Army Planning and Orders Production, detai l sthesevenstepsof
theMDMP.WhatFM5-0doesnotdescri bei ndetai l i sthei nterrel ati onshi pof
PSYOPpl anni ngwi ththeMDMP.Asamemberofajoi ntormul ti nati onal staff,
amemberofaPSYOPgrouporbattal i on,oral i ai sonoffi certoasupporteduni t,
the PSYOP offi cer pl ays a cri ti cal rol e i n the MDMP. The PSYOP offi ceri sa
subject-matterexpertandamemberofthepl anni ngteam.Foramoredetai l ed
di scussi ononPSYOPi ntheMDMP,seeFM3-05.301,Chapter4.
STEP1:RECEIPTOFMISSION
5-18. Uponrecei ptofthemi ssi on,thePSYOPpl annermustbegi ngatheri ng
thetool stobegi nmi ssi onanal ysi s.Thi ssteprequi rescol l ecti ngal l perti nent
factsanddatathatmayi mpactthemi ssi on.Essenti al l y,thetaski stoassi st
the supported uni t i n the devel opment of thei r pl an from a PSYOP
perspecti ve.
15April2005 5-5
FM3-05.30
Figure5-1.TheMDMP
When consistent with prevailing cultural, political, and military
realities, U.S. psychological operations were effective. Commanders
particularly valued the PSYOP loudspeaker teams that promoted the
peaceful surrender of enemy units and helped quiet indigenous-on-
indigenous violence and other civil disturbances. However, military
attacks and accompanying PSYOP appeals aimed at producing
beneficial results proved counterproductive when the assumptions
underlying U.S. military operations failed to reflect adequately the
existing cultural, political, and military realities. Such was the case in
Mogadishu with the U.S. helicopter and AC-130 gunship attacks and
the U.S. and UN ground operations against Aideeds weapons caches,
radio station, and headquarters sites during J une and J uly of 1993.
While mutually effective in reducing Aideeds immediate weapons
15April2005 5-6
FM3-05.30
inventories and neutralizing his radio, the cumulative effects of these
attacks were politically and psychologically counterproductive.
Designed to destroy Aideeds power base, the attacks instead increased
Somalian support for Aideed and intensified Somalian opposition to
U.S. and UN forces.
ArroyoCenter(RandCorporation)Report,
Information-RelatedOperations
inSmaller-ScaleContingencies,1998
STEP2:MISSIONANALYSIS
5-19. Mi ssi on anal ysi s consi sts of 17 tasks, not necessari l y sequenti al , and
resul tsi naformal staffbri eftothecommander.The17tasksareasfol l ows:
Task1:Anal yzetheHi gherHQOrder(donebythesupporteduni twi th
PSYOPassi stance).
Task 2: Conduct I ni ti al I ntel l i gence Preparati on of the Battl espace
(I PB).
Task3:Determi neSpeci fi ed,I mpl i ed,andEssenti al Tasks(donebythe
supporteduni twi thPSYOPassi stance).
Task4:Revi ewAvai l abl eAssets.
Task5:Determi neConstrai nts.
Task6:I denti fyCri ti cal FactsandAssumpti ons.
Task7:ConductRi skAssessment.
Task8:Determi neI ni ti al CommandersCri ti cal I nformati on
Requi rement(CCI R).
Task9:Determi netheI ni ti al Reconnai ssanceAnnex.
Task10:Pl anUseofAvai l abl eTi me.
Task11:Wri tetheRestatedMi ssi on.
Task12:ConductaMi ssi onAnal ysi sBri efi ng.
Task13:ApprovetheRestatedMi ssi on.
Task14:Devel optheI ni ti al CommandersI ntent.
Task15:I ssuetheCommandersGui dance.
Task16.I ssueaWarni ngOrder.
Task17.Revi ewFactsandAssumpti ons.
5-20. PSYOPpl annersduri ngthi sstepbegi nthePSYOPesti mate.Fi gure5-2,
pages5-8and5-9,i stheformattousewhenconducti ngaPSYOPesti mate.Thi s
documentcanserveasatool fortheenti reMDMPprocessandmaynotbeabl e
tobecompl etedatthi spoi ntbutthepl annersshoul dhavetheregi onal PSYOP
battal i onandtheSSDworki ngoni twhi l ehei si ntegrati ngi ntothesupported
uni tspl anni ngcycl e.Thesupporteduni tsG-2/S-2maybeabl etoassi stgreatl y
i ncompl eti ngporti onsoftheesti mate.
15April2005 5-7
FM3-05.30
Place
_______
(U) REFERENCES:
a. ()Listmapsandcharts.
b.
estimates).
(1)
ision,orotherofficial,accordingto
(2) i
1.
a.
b.
a.
(1)
l
(2)
(3)
b.
i
ing:
(1)
(2)
(3)
c.
(1)
(CLASSIFICATION)
Headquarters
Date,time,andzone
PSYOPESTIMATEOFTHESITUATIONNO.
()Includeotherrelevantdocuments(militarycapabilitystudy,SPSs,SPAs,andintelligence
()WhenthePSYOPestimateisdistributedoutsidetheissuingHQ,thefirstlineofthe
headingistheofficialdesignationoftheissuingcommand,andthefinalpageoftheestimateis
modifiedtoincludeauthenticationbytheoriginatingsection,div
localpolicy.
()Normally,PSYOPestimatesarenumberedsequentiallywthinacalendaryear.The
estimateisusuallydistributedasanappendixtotheoperationsannex.
()MISSION.
()Supportedunitsrestatedmissionresultingfrommissionanalysis.
()PSYOPmissionstatement.DescribethePSYOPmissiontosupportthemaneuver
commandersmission.ThisshouldbeintheformatofPSYOPsupportsXXXXXX(supportedunit)by
PsychologicalOperationsobjective(PO),PO,PO,PO,andPO.
2. ()SITUATIONANDCONSIDERATION.
()CharacteristicsoftheAO.
()Weather.HowwillweatheraffectthedisseminationofPSYOPproductsandaccessto
TAs?(Windsleafletdrops,precipitationprintproducts,etc.)EndProductPSYOPWeather
Over ay.
()Terrain.HowwillterrainaffectdisseminationofPSYOPproductsandmovementof
tacticalPSYOPelements?EndProductPSYOPTerrainOverlay.
()Analysisofmediainfrastructure.(LocationandbroadcastrangeofradioandTV
broadcastfacilities,retransmissiontowers,printfacilities,distributionanddissemination
nodes;identificationofdeniedareas[notaccessiblebyparticularmedium].)EndProduct
PSYOPMediaInfrastructureOverlay.
()Keytargetsets.(Note:ThesesetswillbefurtherrefinedintoaPTAL.TheTAswillthenbe
analyzedandfurtherrefinedduringtheTAAprocess.)(Reason:FM5-0labelsthissectionEnemy
Forces.ThisisnottheonlytargetsetthatPSYOPpersonnelwillhavetodealwth.Tofullysupportthe
supportedunitcommander,PSYOPpersonnelmustconsiderallkeytargetsets,notsolelyenemy
forces.)PSYOPkeytargetsetsoverlays(hostile,friendly,neutral)includethefollow
()Hostiletargetsets.Foreachhostiletargetset,identifystrength,disposition,
composition,capabilities(abilitytoconductpropaganda,abilitytohelporhinderthePSYOP
effort),andprobableCOAsastheyrelatetoPSYOP.
()Friendlytargetsets.Foreachfriendlytargetset,identifystrength,disposition,
composition,capabilities(abilitytoconductpropaganda,abilitytohelporhinderthePSYOP
effort),andprobableCOAsastheyrelatetoPSYOP.
()Neutraltargetsets.(Includetargetsetswhoseattitudesareunknown.)Foreach
neutraltargetset,identifystrength,disposition,composition,capabilities(abilitytoconduct
propaganda,abilitytohelporhinderthePSYOPeffort),andprobableCOAsastheyrelateto
PSYOP.
()Friendlyforces.
()SupportedunitCOAs.StatetheCOAsunderconsiderationandthePSYOP-specific
requirementsneededtosupporteachCOA.
(CLASSIFICATION)
Figure5-2.PSYOPEstimateoftheSituation
15April2005 5-8
FM3-05.30
(2)
(3)
(4)
i
(5)
d.
a. i
b.
4.
a.
i
i
b.
c.
a.
b. ithrecommendationstoreducetheir
impact.
(signed)_____________________
G-3/ i
(CLASSIFICATION)
()Currentstatusoforganicpersonnelandresources.Stateavailabilityoforganic
personnelandresourcesneededtosupporteachCOAunderconsideration.Consider
PSYOP-specificpersonnel,otherMOSsandavailabilityofPSYOP-specificequipment.
()Currentstatusofnonorganicpersonnelandresources.Stateavailabilityof
nonorganicresourcesneededtosupporteachCOA.Considerlinguisticsupport,
COMMANDOSOLO,leaflet-droppingaircraft,andRCPSYOPforces.
()Comparisonofrequirementsversuscapabilitiesandrecommendedsolutions.
ComparePSYOPrequirementsforeachCOAwthcurrentPSYOPcapabilities.List
recommendedsolutionsforanyshortfallincapabilities.
()Keyconsiderations(evaluationcriteria)forCOAsupportability.Listevaluation
criteriatobeusedinCOAanalysisandCOAcomparison.
()Assumptions.StateassumptionsaboutthePSYOPsituationmadeforthisestimate.(For
example,Assumption:Enemypropagandabroadcastfacilitieswillbedestroyedbyfriendlyforces
notlaterthan(NLT)D+2.)
3. ()ANALYSISOFCOAs.
()AnalyzeeachCOAfromthePSYOPpointofv ewtodetermineitsadvantagesand
disadvantagesforconductingPSYOP.Thelevelofcommand,scopeofcontemplated
operations,andurgencyofneeddeterminethedetailinwhichtheanalysisismade.
()Theevaluationcriterialistedinparagraph2.c.(5)aboveestablishtheelementstobe
analyzedforeachCOAunderconsideration.Examinethesefactorsrealisticallyandinclude
appropriateconsiderationsthatmayhaveanimpactonthePSYOPsituationasitaffectsthe
COAs.(Throughouttheanalysis,thestaffofficermustkeepPSYOPconsiderationsforemostin
hismind.Theanalysisisnotintendedtoproduceadecision,buttoensurethatallapplicable
PSYOPfactorshavebeenconsideredandarethebasisofparagraphs4and5.)
()COMPARISONOFCOAs.
()ComparetheproposedCOAstodeterminetheonethatoffersthebestchanceof
successfromthePSYOPpointofv ew.ListtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachCOA
affectingPSYOP.Comparisonshouldbev suallysupportedbyadecisionmatrix.
()Developandcomparemethodsofovercomingdisadvantages,ifany,ineachCOA.
()StateageneralconclusionontheCOAthatoffersthebestchanceofsuccessfroma
PSYOPperspective.
5. ()RECOMMENDATIONSANDCONCLUSIONS.
()RecommendedCOAbasedoncomparison(mostsupportablefromthePSYOP
perspective).RankCOAsfrombesttoworst.
()Issues,deficiencies,andrisksforeachCOA,w
G-7PSYOPOff cer
ANNEXES:
DISTRIBUTION:
(CLASSIFICATION)
Figure5-2.PSYOPEstimateoftheSituation(Continued)
15April2005 5-9
FM3-05.30
5-21. Ti mei scri ti cal topl anni ngandexecuti ngsuccessful operati onsandmust
beconsi deredani ntegral partofmi ssi onanal ysi s.Manytool sexi sttotrackthe
external andi nternal fl owofthebattl e.Associ ati ngstepswi theventsorti mesof
the supported commanders pl an wi l l provi de an overal l , broad perspecti ve of
howthemi ssi onwi l l unfol d.Forexampl e,adetai l edPOTFeventmatri xi san
excel l enttool totrackal l theeventsnecessarytosupporteachPSYOPprogram
(Fi gures 5-3 and 5-4, pages 5-11 and 5-12). Al so pl anners must i ncorporate
PSYOP enabl i ng acti ons i nto the pl anni ng and tracki ng process. A PSYOP
enabl i ngacti oni sanacti onrequi redofnon-PSYOPuni tsornon-DODagenci es
i n order to faci l i tate or enabl e executi on of a PSYOP program devel oped to
supportaCJTF,GCC,orothernon-DODagency.
Actions such as shows of force or limited strikes may have a
psychological impact, but they are not PSYOP unless the primary
purpose is to influence the emotions, motives, objective reasoning, or
behavior of the targeted audience.
JointPub3-53
STEP3:COURSEOFACTIONDEVELOPMENT
5-22. Because PSYOP are a uni que combat mul ti pl i er, there are many
methodstoengagetheTA.PSYOPparti ci patei ntheful l rangeofoperati ons
from peaceti me mi ssi ons, to a regi onal escal ati onandperhapswar,through
postconfl i cttermi nati on,andthereturntoapeaceti meprofi l e.PSYOPsupport
tocoursesofacti on(COAs)mayvaryduetodi fferencesi nempl oymentofthe
mai n effort, task-organi zati on, TA, objecti ves, the use and composi ti on of
forces, and the scheme of maneuver (or the footpri nt for di ssemi nati on by
PSYOP).
The stroke of genius that turns the fate of a battle? I dont believe in it.
A battle is a complicated operation that you prepare laboriously. I f the
enemy does this, you say to yourself I will do that. I f such and such
happens, these are the steps I shall take to meet it. You think out every
possible development and decide on the way to deal with the situation
created. One of these developments occurs; you put your plan in
operation, and everyone says What genius... whereas the credit is
really due to the labor of preparation.
FerdinandFoch,Interview,April1919
5-23. Whenanal yzi ngthemai neffort,consi derthel evel ofPSYOPrequi red
toaccompl i shthecommandersobjecti ves:
Strategi c.
Operati onal .
Tacti cal .
5-10 15April2005
FM3-05.30
Figure5-3.ExampleofPSYOPSynchronizationMatrix
15April2005 5-11
FM3-05.30
Figure5-4.ExampleofDetailedPortionFromMatrix
5-24. Each l evel may requi re di fferent and uni que assets as wel l as
preparati onti me.I mportantfactorsdri vi ngtheconfi gurati onofaPOTFare
the materi al system capabi l i ti es avai l abl e. I f the combatant commander
requi res PSYOP forces to depl oy wi th thei r pri nt and broadcast capabi l i ti es
wi thl i ttl e,i fany,supportfromHNgovernmentorcommerci al i nfrastructure,
thi sCOAwi l l beuni que.Theavai l abi l i tyofstrategi cai rl i fttodepl oyorgani c
equi pment wi l l undoubtedl y i mpact each COA. Appl yi ng the concept of
economy of force shapes the eventual structure of the mai n effort and the
mi ni mum forces requi red to accompl i sh the objecti ves for the supported
commander. However, the mai n effort may be objecti ve-ori ented,
geographi cal l yori ented,TA-ori ented,orsupported-uni t-ori ented.I tcoul dal so
beami xofal l oftheabove.
5-25. Whentaki ngi ntoaccounttask-organi zati on,i ti si mperati vetodetermi ne
the si ze of the forward el ement, the rear el ement, and how these forces wi l l
i nteract.Reachbackmayal l owforasmal l erdevel opmentandproducti onforce
forward i f the AOR and the forward el ements are adequatel y equi pped.
Addi ti onal l y,reachbackdemandsi ncreaseddi stri buti onforcesbutdi ssemi nati on
andtacti cal forcesmayal sorequi reaugmentati on.Thepl annermustdetermi ne
5-12 15April2005
FM3-05.30
thescopeofthei ni ti al andfol l ow-onforces.Thetask-organi zati onmayconsi stof
Acti ve Army, RC, or other Army components, departi ng and arri vi ng from
several di fferentl ocati ons.Thi sscenari oi sconsi deredworst-caseandshoul dbe
avoi ded. The pl anner shoul d attempt to mai ntai n uni t i ntegri ty whenever
possi bl eandsetasi deti meforbui l di ngtheforcei nCONUSbeforeanoperati on.
Theuseofi ndi genoussupport,bothmateri al andl abor,hasanoti ceabl ei mpact
onreduci ngU.S.personnel andstrategi cl i ftrequi rements.However,accessto
forei gnnati onal smayi nsomecasesberestri cted.Al so,PSYOPforcesareuni que
and l i mi ted i n number. Rarel y wi l l a supported GCC al l ow hi s onl y regi onal
PSYOPbattal i ontoremai nful l yengagedi naJOAwhenthoseforcescoul dbe
usedsomewhereel sei nthetheateri nsupportofotherconti ngenci es.
5-26. I naddi ti ontotai l ori ngtheforcesi zetoaccompl i shthemi ssi on,theTA
and the objecti ves and supporti ng objecti ves are i denti fi ed duri ng the
devel opmentofCOAs.Chapter4di scussestheconfi gurati onsi nwhi chaPOTF
maydepl oyi nsupportofaCJTForGCC.
5-27. Uni quetask-organi zati onPSEmaybeaconsi derati onforpeacekeepi ng
operati ons or conti ngency operati ons wi th an extended peri od of transi ti on to
peace. These operati ons wi l l l i kel y requi re a sustai ned presence of PSYOP
personnel toensurethattheGCCsobjecti vesfortransi ti onoperati onsaremet.
Now,morethanever,theRCpl aysacruci al rol ei noperati onsthatevol vei ntoa
l ong-term presence. The use of PSYOP reserve uni ts i s l i kel y from the cri si s-
pl anni ngstepthroughdeci si vecombatoperati onandwel l i ntothetransi ti onto
peace.Eachstepwi l l l i kel yundergochangeasthei ntroducti onofRCchange.
The method, si ze, and type of PSYOP RC i ncorporated i nto the mi ssi on wi l l
necessi tate uni que pl anni ng consi derati ons. Therefore, deci di ng when the
reserves i ntegrate i nto an operati on wi l l al so i nfl uence, di rectl y or i ndi rectl y,
eachCOA.
5-28. Themethodofempl oymentandhowtheforcewi l l depl oytotheAOi sthe
PSYOPschemeofmaneuver.ThePSYOPel ementcanvaryi nsi ze,scope,and
mi ssi on profi l e, thereby i mpacti ng or shapi ng COAs. For exampl e, duri ng
predepl oyment,aPsychol ogi cal Operati onsassessmentteam(POAT)maydepl oy
upon recei pt of a depl oyment order to augment the J-3 PSYOP staff offi cer.
Duri ngthi sstep,thePOTF(rear)(i ngarri son)maydothebul koftheproduct
devel opment, heavy pri nti ng, and audi o or vi deo producti on. Tacti cal PSYOP
forcesandI /Rforcesmayl i nkupwi thsupportedmaneuverel ementstoadvi se
andpl anfordepl oyment.Li ai sonoffi cers(LNOs)wi l l l i kel ydepl oytosupportthe
ai rcomponentcommander(ACC)andtheJSOTFtoensurePSYOPi ntegrates
i ntopecul i arai rpl atformsfordi ssemi nati on.
5-29. Duri ngthedepl oymentstep,thePOATmaydepl oytothei ntermedi ate
stagi ngbase(I SB)andl aterbeabsorbedbythePOTF(forward).ThePOTF
(forward)depl oyswi thl i ghtpri nt,tel evi si on,andradi obroadcastcapabi l i ti es,
whi l ethePOTF(rear)mayconductal l otheroperati onsfromthehomestati on.
Once the POTF (forward) i s establ i shed i n the AOR, JOA, or the HN, the
POTF(rear)mayassumeasupporti ngrol eorconti nuetoserveasthepri mary
source of PSYOP. Tacti cal PSYOP forcesdepl oyi ntotheaterwi thsupported
el ements or they may depl oy i ndependentl y and l i nk-up wi ththe supported
uni tal readyi n-theater.
15April2005 5-13
FM3-05.30
5-30. Empl oyi ng the forces may i ncl ude the tacti cal forces movi ng wi th the
supportedmaneuverel ementstoconductcombatoperati ons.I frequi redandas
l i ftbecomesavai l abl e,thePOTF(rear)maydepl oyi nphasestotheJOA,AOR,
or HN to more responsi vel y support the CJTF wi thout i nterrupti ng ongoi ng
devel opmentandproducti on.
NOTE:Al thoughthi sexampl ei sonl yonescenari oorschemeofmaneuverfor
PSYOP forces, the number of vari ati ons i s endl ess when any porti on of the
redepl oyment, depl oyment, or empl oyment package undergoes a revi si on to
sui tthemi ssi onneeds.Asaresul t,enti reCOAswi l l l ookdi fferentwhenthe
schemeofmaneuverturnstomeettheobjecti vesofthesupportedcommander.
STEP4:COURSEOFACTIONANALYSIS
5-31. COAanal ysi sconsi stsofafeasi bi l i tycheck,wargami ng,ri skassessment,
andeval uati onofwar-gameresul ts.ThewargameoftheCOAi scri ti cal forthe
commander and staff to ensure al l el ements i ncl udi ng PSYOP are ful l y
i ntegrated and synchroni zed. An earl y deci si on to l i mi t the number of COAs
war-gamed,ortodevel oponl yoneCOA,savesthegreatestamountofti mei n
thi sprocess.Pri ortothewargame,PSYOPpl annerssel ectcri teri abywhi chto
eval uate the resul ts of the war-gami ng of each COA. An exampl e of these
cri teri a may be the posi ti ve or negati ve effects of operati ons on the l ocal
popul aceorTAs.Al ternati veCOAsareeval uatedafterthewargamebasedon
howwel l theymeetthesesamecri teri a,therebydri vi ngastaffrecommendati on.
EachCOAmustbesui tabl e,feasi bl e,acceptabl e,di sti ngui shabl e,andcompl ete.
STEP5:COURSEOFACTIONCOMPARISON
5-32. After each COA i s war-gamed and i t i s determi ned that i t meets the
establ i shedcri teri a,i ti scomparedtotheotherCOAs.Eachstaffmemberwi l l
eval uatetheadvantagesanddi sadvantagesoftheCOAsfromthei rperspecti ve.
ThePSYOPpl annerwi l l eval uateeachCOAtodetermi newhi chwi l l bestuti l i ze
PSYOP assets, provi de fl exi bi l i ty for conti ngenci es, and has the hi ghest
probabi l i tyofachi evi ngmi ssi onsuccessfromthePSYOPvi ewpoi nt.
STEP6:COURSEOFACTIONAPPROVAL
5-33. The COAs are then bri efed to the commander al ong wi th the staffs
recommendati on.Thecommandermakesthefi nal deci si on.Oncethedeci si oni s
made,andthecommandergi vesanyfi nal gui dance,thestaffi mmedi atel yi ssues
anupdatedwarni ngorder(WARNO),refi nestheCOA,andcompl etesthepl an.
STEP7:ORDERSPRODUCTION
5-34. The PSYOP secti on to the base pl an must ensure, regardl ess of the
sel ectedCOA,thatthefol l owi ngaddi ti onal i nformati oni si ncl uded:
Medi aanal ysi s.
PTAL.
PO/SPO.
Approval processprocedures.
PSYOPsupportrequestprocedures.
5-14 15April2005
FM3-05.30
Anti ci patedpropagandaprograms.
PSYOPMOEs/I Rs.
PLANNINGINATIME-CONSTRAINEDENVIRONMENT
5-35. Thefocusofanypl anni ngprocessi stoqui ckl ydevel opafl exi bl e,ful l y
i ntegrated, synchroni zed, and tacti cal l y sound pl an that enhances mi ssi on
success wi th the fewest casual ti es possi bl e. Al though the task i s di ffi cul t,
commandersmustoftenti mesabbrevi atethepl anni ngprocessbycutti ngti me.
FM5-0statesthatthereareseveral general ti me-savi ngtechni questhatmay
beusedtospeedupthepl anni ngprocess.Thesetechni quesi ncl ude
Maxi mi ze paral l el pl anni ng. Al though paral l el pl anni ng i s the norm,
maxi mi zi ng i ts use i n ti me-constrai ned envi ronments i s cri ti cal . I n a
ti me-constrai nedenvi ronment,thei mportanceofWARNOsi ncreasesas
avai l abl eti medecreases.Averbal WARNOnowfol l owedbyawri tten
orderl atersavesmoreti methanawri ttenorder1hourfromnow.The
same WARNOs used i n the ful l MDMP shoul d be i ssued when
abbrevi ati ngtheprocess.I naddi ti ontoWARNOs,uni tsmustshareal l
avai l abl e i nformati on wi th subordi nates, especi al l y I PB products, as
earl yaspossi bl e.Thestaffuseseveryopportuni tytoperformparal l el
pl anni ngwi ththehi gherheadquartersandtosharei nformati onwi th
subordi nates.(FM5-0,Chapter1,furtherexpl ai nsthi stopi c.)
I ncrease col l aborati ve pl anni ng. Pl anni ng i n real ti me wi th hi gher
headquartersandsubordi natesi mprovestheoveral l pl anni ngeffortof
the organi zati on (FM 5-0, Chapter 1, further expl ai ns). Modern
i nformati on systems (I NFOSYS) and a common operati onal pi cture
(COP)sharedel ectroni cal l yal l owcol l aborati onwi thsubordi natesfrom
di stantl ocati onsandcani ncreasei nformati onshari ngandi mprovethe
commanders vi sual i zati on. Addi ti onal l y, taki ng advantage of
subordi nate i nput and thei r knowl edge of the si tuati on i n thei r AO
oftenresul tsi ndevel opi ngbetterCOAsfaster.
UseLNOs.LNOspostedtohi gherheadquartersal l owthecommandto
have representati on i n thei r hi gher headquarters pl anni ng secessi on.
LNOsassi sti npassi ngti mel yi nformati ontothei rparentheadquarters
and can speed up the pl anni ng effort both for the hi gher and own
headquarters.
I ncreasecommandersi nvol vement.Whi l ecommanderscannotspend
al l thei r ti me wi th the pl anni ng staff, the greater the commanders
i nvol vement i n pl anni ng, the faster the staff can pl an. I n ti me-
constrai ned condi ti ons, commanders who parti ci pate i n the pl anni ng
processcanmakedeci si ons(suchasCOAsel ecti on),wi thoutwai ti ngfor
adetai l edbri efi ngfromthestaff.Thefi rstti mesavi ngtechni quei sto
i ncrease the commanders i nvol vement. Thi s techni que al l ows
commanderstomakedeci si onsduri ngtheMDMPwi thoutwai ti ngfor
detai l edbri efi ngsaftereachstep.
Li mi t the number of COAs to devel op. Li mi ti ng the number of COAs
devel opedandwargamedcansaveal argeamountofpl anni ngti me.I f
ti mei sextremel yshort,thecommandercandi rectdevel opmentofonl y
one COA. I n thi s case, the goal i s an acceptabl e COA that meets
15April2005 5-15
FM3-05.30
mi ssi on requi rements i n the ti me avai l abl e, even i f the COA i s not
opti mal .Thi stechni quesavesthemostti me.
5-36. I n al l i nstances, however, when the PSYOP pl anner abbrevi ates the
pl anni ngprocess,thei ni ti al gui dancemust
Speci fytheorgani zati onsessenti al tasks.
Approvetheuni tsrestatedmi ssi on.
I ssueaWARNO.
PSYOPINTHETARGETINGPROCESS
5-37. Targeti ng i s the process of sel ecti ng targets and matchi ng the
appropri ate response to them, taki ng i nto account operati onal requi rements
and force capabi l i ti es. Targeti ng i s i ntended to del ay, di srupt, di vert, or
destroy the adversarys mi l i tary potenti al throughout the depth of the
operati onal area. Mi l i tary i nfl uence, vi a i nformati on or vi ol ent acti on, i s
broughttobearontheopponentsownmi l i taryandeconomi ci nfrastructure.
Communi cati ons capabi l i ti es at the operati onal and tacti cal l evel s are the
meanstothi send.Tomai ntai nacommonframeofreference,PSYOPpl anners
mustusethesametermi nol ogyusedbytheotherpl annerswi thwhomthey
work.
5-38. MOEsarecl osel yti edtotargeti ng.PSYOPMOEs,asal l MOEs,change
frommi ssi ontomi ssi onandarecri ti cal tothePSYOPprocess.Bydetermi ni ng
themi nthepl anni ngprocess,thePSYOPpl annerensuresassetsarei denti fi ed
toexecuteeffectsassessmentbothduri ngandfol l owi ngtheoperati on.
5-39. I t i s essenti al that PSYOP pl anni ng and targeti ng be performed
concurrentl y wi th the devel opment of the hi gher HQ CONPLAN or OPLAN.
PSYOPpl anni ngandtargeti ngi smerel yacomponentoftheMDMP;thePSYOP
offi cer must pl an i n concert wi th the enti re combi ned arms battl e staff. As a
componentcommanderwi thi naJTForasamemberofabattl estaff,thePSYOP
offi cer contri butes to each step (or task) of the MDMP and gai ns needed
i nformati ontomakedeci si onswhi l eformul ati ngandrefi ni ngthePSYOPpl an.
NOTE:Justasi ni ndi rectfi repl anni ng,PSYOPmustbetrul yi ntegratedi nto
thetargeti ngprocessandi tsfuncti onsofdeci de,detect,del i ver,andassess.
5-40. Targeti ngandMDMParecl osel yrel ated,butwhereandhowtheyare
i ntegrated or rel ated i s not al ways cl ear. PSYOP targeti ng must hel p the
battl estafftoi ntegratethetargeti ngfuncti onsi ntotheexi sti ngMDMPand
mustrefl ecttheresul tsofthetargeti ngprocess(Fi gure5-5,page5-17).The
requi rementsofthePSYOPtargeti ngprocessattheuni fi edorJTFl evel and
bel ow must be achi eved wi thi n the MDMP and must be achi eved wi thout
separate processes or addi ti onal sets of steps (or tasks). I f targeti ng i s
successful l yi ntegratedi ntotheMDMP,thePSYOPtargeti ngpl anwi l l l i kel y
answerthefol l owi ngquesti ons:
What speci fi c target audi ences, nodes, or l i nks must we attack and
whatobjecti vesmustweachi evewi thspeci fi cPSYOPassetstosupport
thecommandersi ntentandtheconceptoftheoperati on?(Decide)
What resources are necessary to anal yze condi ti ons, vul nerabi l i ti es,
suscepti bi l i ti es,andaccessi bi l i tytochangethebehavi orofthedesi red
5-16 15April2005
FM3-05.30
TAs?How do we devel op anddesi gnseri estochangethebehavi orof
sel ectedTAs?(Detect)
How and when a seri es i s executed (producti on, di stri buti on, and
di ssemi nati on)?(Deliver)
Howdowedetermi nethedegreetowhi chwehaveachi evedourSPO?
(Assess)
Figure5-5.TargetingPlanIntegratedintotheMDMP
5-41. Thekeytoal l PSYOPi stoensurethattheseri esaredi rectedatTAswho
possess the abi l i ty to accompl i sh, the acti on targeted behavi or. Key deci si on
makersarei ndi vi dual swhomayhavetheabi l i tytoachi eveaU.S.nati onal or
mi l i taryobjecti ve.Theyarenatural targetsofU.S.i nfl uencei nvol vi ngtheuseof
one or more el ements of nati onal power, to i ncl ude the mi l i tary and
i nformati onal pi l l arsofnati onal power.Al thoughkeydeci si onmakersareone
avenuetopursuei nreachi ngthecommandersobjecti ves,manyotheraudi ences
are equal l y as i mportant. The anal ysi s usual l y boi l s down to these questi ons:
Whatbehavi orsdoweneedtochange?Whocanchangethem?Howdoweget
theTAtochangethei rbehavi or?
5-42. PSYOPspantherangeofmi l i taryoperati ons.Speci fi cpl anni ngopti ons
and sequenci ng of events gui de PSYOP acti vi ti es duri ng each operati on.
Changes i n pol i ti cal objecti ves or constrai nts may cause operati onal
characteri sti cs to change rapi dl y and si gni fi cantl y. Experi ence has repeatedl y
demonstratedthati ti sessenti al toi ncl udePSYOPpl anni ngfromthestart,and
that those who wi l l execute the mi ssi on must be i nvol ved i n the
pl anni ngprocess.
15April2005 5-17
FM3-05.30
TRAINING
5-43. Commandersshoul densurethatthei rstaffsanduni tsareresourcedand
recei vetrai ni ngi npl anni ngPSYOP.Stafftrai ni ngcanoccurduri ngcommand
postexerci ses,wargames,andconceptual exerci sesduri ngthepreparatoryand
executi on peri ods of fi el d exerci ses or routi ne forward depl oyments.
Commanders can al so trai n both i ndi vi dual s and staffs usi ng semi nars,
bri efi ngs,andothersuchacti vi ti es.
COMMANDERS,J OINTTASKFORCES,ANDSTAFFS
5-44. Toeffecti vel ypl anandexecutemi l i taryPSYOP,commandersandthei r
staffsshoul dunderstandthefol l owi ng:
Therol eofmi l i taryPSYOPi ni nformati onoperati ons.
Theval ueofPSYOPasaforcemul ti pl i erandasacost-effecti vetool for
achi evi ngoperati onal objecti ves.
Whati srequi redtopl anandexecuteeffecti vePSYOP.
Pol i cesthatgoverntheuseofPSYOP.
5-45. Thoseassi gnedasoperati onal pl annersshoul dunderstandthefol l owi ng:
Theprocessforaddressi ngmi l i taryPSYOPduri ngthepreparati onof
staffandcommandersesti matesandtheori gi nati onofCOAs.
ThebroadrangeofwhatcanandcannotbereasonablyexecutedasPSYOP.
Howtheotheri nformati onoperati onscapabi l i ti esandrel atedacti vi ti es
supportPSYOP.
PSYOPPLANNERS
5-46. Thesel ecti onandtrai ni ngofPSYOPpl annersi scri ti cal .I ti sessenti al
thatmi l i taryPSYOPpl annerspossesstheabi l i tytothi nkoutsi dethebox,
becausetheabi l i tytocreateandexecuteaneffecti vePSYOPpl anconsi sti ngof
both products and acti ons depends upon the creati vi ty used to devel op and
mai ntai naprogram.PSYOPpl annersmustpossessthefol l owi ngabi l i ti es:
UnderstandeachcomponentsPSYOPandI Ocapabi l i ti es.
Be i nti matel y fami l i ar wi th thei r commands assi gned mi ssi ons and
operati onal area.
Understandtheconceptsofcentersofgravi ty,i ni ti ati ve,securi ty,and
surpri se.
Understandthepsychol ogi cal andcul tural factorsthatmi ghti nfl uence
theadversaryspl anni nganddeci si onmaki ng.
Understand potenti al adversari es pl anni ng and deci si on-maki ng
processes(bothformal andi nformal ).
Understand the speci al i zed devi ces and weapons systems that are
avai l abl etosupportPSYOP.
UnderstandhowthePSYOPprocessi ntegratesi ntotheMDMP.
SPECIFICPLANNINGCONSIDERATIONS
5-47. There are several areas that shoul d be consi dered when pl anni ng for
PSYOP. These range from the strategi c to operati onal to tacti cal l evel s and
5-18 15April2005
FM3-05.30
refl ectthebreadthofacti vi tythati mpactonandareaffectedbyPSYOP.Four
areastoconsi derare
Planning.
Determi ne the nati onal and mi l i tary strategi es and U.S. nati onal
securi typol i cyfortheregi on.
Consi der potenti al mi ssi ons or tasks from the Presi dent and/or
SecDeforGCC.
UnderstandhowthePSYOPprocessi ntegratesi ntotheMDMP.
Revi ew the al ready-approved PSYOP themes and objecti ves
contai nedi ntheJSCP.
Pl ug-i ntothesupportedcommandersi nformati onoperati onscel l
(I OC).
Ensurethecommandrel ati onshi pi scl earwi thi ntheJTFandthe
supporti nguni ts.
Locateandpl anforsuffi ci entcontracti ngoffi cerswi thappropri ate
authori ty.
Consi der and pl an for earl y conduct of mi l i tary PSYOP and, i f
requi red, use HN resources and non-PSYOP mi l i tary assets for
medi aproducti onanddi ssemi nati on;forexampl e,useofnaval shi p
pri nti ngfaci l i ti esforproducti onofPSYOPproducts.
Anal yzethecurrentROE.
EnsuretheCOAi sconsi stentwi ththel awofarmedconfl i ct.
Defi neanytreatyorl egal obl i gati onstheUni tedStatesmayhave
wi th the regi on or country that mi ght enhance or constrai n the
mi ssi on.
Determi nepreci sel ywhatmustbeaccompl i shedi ntheoperati onto
strengthenorsupporttheobjecti vesestabl i shedbytheGCC.
Pl anthemovementofmajorendi tems.
Ensure comprehensi ve coordi nati on of pl ans, wi th an emphasi s on
those staffel ementsoragenci esthatgeneratei nformati on,suchas
publ i caffai rs,soal l i nformati onoperati onsacti vi ti esareconcordant.
Agencies.
Establ i sh a rel ati onshi p wi th the fol l owi ngagenci esorcommands
as necessary: Joi nt I nformati on Operati ons Center (JI OC), Joi nt
Spectrum Center (JSC), Human Factors Anal ysi s Center (HFAC),
1st I OC, naval i nformati on warfare agency (NI WA), Ai r Force
I nformati on Warfare Center (AFI WC), Joi nt Warfare Anal ysi s
Center (JWAC), and the Joi nt Communi cati ons Support El ement
(JCSE).I nformtheseagenci esofyourneedforspeci al i zedsupport
i nthefuture.
Establ i shal i nkwi ththeJoi ntI ntel l i genceCenter(JI C).
Establ i shal i ai sonwi ththejoi ntcommuni cati onscenter.
15April2005 5-19
FM3-05.30
I PB.
Sel ect the type of PSYOP that are most advantageous for the
currentsi tuati on.
Moni tor adversary si tuati on and how changes may i mpact the
currentCOAs.
I denti fyandsel ectkeyfri endl y,adversary,andneutral TAs.
Anal yze the current operati ons securi ty and mi l i tary decepti on
measuresthathavebeenpl anned.I ntegratethesei ntothePSYOP
pl an.
Anal yze forei gn governments atti tudes and reacti ons toward
mi l i tarycapabi l i ti esandU.S.i ntenti ons.
Apprai se the l evel ofopposi ti onthatcanbeexpectedfromhosti l e
governments.
Determi ne what support can be expected from fri endl y andal l i ed
coal i ti ongovernments.
Determi nethekeypersonnel wi thi nthemedi apool ,i fappropri ate.
Consi dertheeffectsofterrai n,weather,andnucl ear,bi ol ogi cal ,and
chemi cal (NBC) envi ronment on forces and equi pment, and the
pl annedmethodfordi ssemi nati onofPSYOPproducts.
Defi nethecurrentsi tuati on(who,what,where,when,andwhy).
Revi ewthesupportedcommandersi ntel l i gencecol l ecti onpl anasa
referenceforPSYOPi nformati on.
Communication.
Ensureal l LNOrequi rementshavebeenmet.
Confi rmfrequencydeconfl i cti on.
Veri fy the joi nt communi cati ons-el ectroni cs operati on i nstructi ons
areadequate.
Determi ne i f there i s a need for joi nt ai rborne communi cati ons
assets.
Ensureal l speci al commandandcontrol communi cati ons,toi ncl ude
computer systems, have gl obal capabi l i ti es and can communi cate
wi ththeenti reJTF.
ESSENTIALPLANNINGDOCUMENTS
5-48. Pl anni ngdocuments,suchastabs,appendi xes,annexesandordersare
essenti al to the conduct of any operati on. When accuratel y done, these docu-
mentsdetai l howanoperati oni stobeconductedandwhattheendstatesare.
5-20 15April2005
FM3-05.30
EXTERNALINFORMATIONPLAN
5-49. Anexternal i nformati onpl anmustbecoordi natedwi ththeI nternati onal
Publ i c I nformati on Commi ttee (I PI C) through the CJCS-J39I O and the
ASD(SO/LI C).Thi spl anconsti tutesarequestforsupportandai dssynergy.I ti s
notanorder.Theexternal i nformati onpl anshoul dcontai nthefol l owi ngasa
mi ni mum:
Recommended objecti ves, themes, acti ons, and ti mi ngs requested for
i nteragencyconsi derati onandi mpl ementati on.
Requestedsupportfromkeycommuni cators.
Requestedco-useoffaci l i ti es,equi pment,andi nformati onal materi al s.
Requestedauthori tyforuseofU.S.i nternati onal medi aprogrammi ng.
PSYOPTaboftheInformationOperationsAppendix
totheSupportedCommandersPlan
5-50. ThePSYOPtabofthei nformati onoperati onsappendi xtothesupported
commanders pl an i s prepared for the supported GCC and JTF commanders.
Furtherpl ansatthetacti cal l evel maybepreparedandtai l oredtotheneedsof
Servi cecomponent,functi onal component,andothertacti cal -l evel commanders
usi ng these pl ans as a gui de. Changes, addi ti ons, or del eti ons to the PSYOP
porti onofGCCandJTFpl ansarenotrecogni zedforacti onunl esscoordi nated
andapprovedbythePSYOPcommander.
5-51. The overal l PSYOP pl anni ng effort shoul d i ncl ude the PSYOP
tab/appendi x secti on of the supported commanders pl an. Thi s secti on wi l l
i ncl ude summari zed i ntel l i gence, task-organi zati on, PSYOP mi ssi on, concept
ofoperati ons,coordi nati ngi nstructi ons,Servi cesupporti nformati on,product
and program approval authori ti es, POs and SPOs, PTAL, themes to be
stressedandavoi ded,medi atobeused,constrai ntsandl i mi tati onsforPSYOP
forces, an external synchroni zati on matri x, and a proposed l ethal and
nonl ethal targetl i st.
MilitaryPlansandOrders
5-52. Mi l i tary pl ans and orders shoul d be prepared by PSYOP pl anners to
di rectandcoordi nateoperati onsofPSYOPforcesandi nputtothepl ansand
ordersofotherstoensuresynchroni zati onandsupport.ThePSYOPsupport
pl an for the PSE or POTF, as a mi ni mum, shoul d i ncl ude the si tuati on,
mi ssi on, task-organi zati on, commanders i ntent, concept of operati ons
(CONOPS), scheme of maneuver, subordi nate uni t mi ssi ons, coordi nati ng
i nstructi ons, admi ni strati on and l ogi sti cs, and command and si gnal
i nformati on.I tal soi ncl udesthefol l owi ngannexes:
AnnexATaskOrgani zati on,toi ncl udel ocati on.
AnnexBI ntel l i gence.
TAAWs.
Supporti ng Psychol ogi cal Operati ons assessment (SPA), speci al
Psychol ogi cal Operati onsstudy(SPS).
Pri ori tyi ntel l i gencerequi rements(PI R)/i ntel l i gencerequi rements.
15April2005 5-21
FM3-05.30
Enemydi sposi ti on.
Anti ci patedopponentPSYOPandi nformati onpl an.
Popul ati onstatus.
Medi ai nfrastructure.
Languageanal ysi s.
Rel i gi onanal ysi s.
Ethni cgroupanal ysi s.
Weatheranal ysi s.
Terrai ni mpactondi ssemi nati on.
Reconnai ssanceandsurvei l l ancepl an.
Areastudy.
Archi tectureofconnecti vi ty.
AnnexCOperati ons.
PSYOPprogramsandsupporti ngPSYOPprograms.
Di ssemi nati onmeans.
PSYOPsi tuati onreport(SI TREP)format.
Approval process.
Reachbackprocess.
AnnexDLogi sti cs.
Logi sti cal support.
RequestforPSYOPsupportformat.
POTForPSEstatementofrequi rement(SOR).
Logi sti cpurchaserequest.
PSYOP-speci fi csupport.
SOF(SOTSE)support.
AnnexESi gnal .
Communi cati onsecuri ty.
Bandwi dthrequi rements.
Joi ntfrequencymanagement.
Transmi ssi onsystem.
Datanetworkcommuni cati on.
I nformati onassurance.
Communi cati onnetworkmanagement.
Coal i ti oncommuni cati on.
5-22 15April2005
Chapter6
Employment
PSYOP forces conduct the PSYOP process i n support of operati ons
approved by the Presi dent and/or SecDef, combatant commanders, U.S.
Country Teams, OGAs, and mul ti nati onal forces across the range of
mi l i taryoperati onsfrompeacethroughconfl i cttowar.Li keal l ARSOF,
PSYOPuni tsparti ci patei noperati onsthathaveavari etyofprofi l esand
compl exrequi rements.Afterappl yi ngtheArmySOi mperati vesandthe
MDMP to a parti cul ar mi ssi on, PSYOP commanders bri ng al l thei r
resourcestobearbytai l ori ngtheforcetomeetuni queadmi ni strati veand
operati onal requi rements.
Mi ssi on anal ysi s determi nes the need for the establ i shment of ei ther a
POTForPSE.ThePOTFi sthefoundati onforoperati onsthathavel arge
PSYOP requi rements. The POTF ensures that al l mi ssi ons that have a
psychol ogi cal effect on the adversary are pl anned, coordi nated, and
executed.ThePOTFensuresthattheappropri atemi xofregi onal ,tacti cal ,
anddi ssemi nati oncapabi l i ti esareempl oyed.APSEi susedforsmal l er-
scal e operati ons but has the same responsi bi l i ty of ensuri ng that
appropri ate capabi l i ti es are empl oyed to successful l y compl ete the
mi ssi on.ThePSEi sasmal l erforcewi thouttherobustC2thati si nherent
i n a POTF. Thi s chapter exami nes task-organi zed PSYOP organi zati ons
tai l ored to meet the supported commanders requi rements for vari ous
mi ssi onprofi l es.
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSPROCESS
6-1. The PSYOP process consi sts of seven phases (Fi gure 6-1, page 6-2) that
begi ns wi th pl anni ng and ends wi th eval uati on. The process, however, i s
conti nuousaschangesaremadetodi fferentseri esasaresul toftheeval uati on
phase.Al thoughtheprocessi ssequenti al i nnaturei tmustberememberedthat
mul ti pl e seri es may be i n di fferent phases at congruent ti mes. The PSYOP
processi sfocusedonchangi ngbehavi orofforei gnTAsthroughtheexecuti onof
mul ti pl eseri esofPSYOPproductsandacti ons.
FM3-05.30 15April2005 6-1
FM3-05.30
Figure6-1.ThePSYOPProcess
PHASEI:PLANNING
6-2. I nPhaseI ,POs,SPOs,potenti al targetaudi ences(PTAs),andMOEsare
determi ned.Astaffpl annernormal l yconductsthi sphaseaspartoftheMDMP,
andoftenwi ththeassi stanceofthePOAT.Duri ngthi sfi rstphase,pl anners
formul atethePOsforthesupportedcommandersmi ssi on.POsaregeneral l y
determi nedbythehi ghest-l evel PSYOPel ementi nvol vedi ntheoperati on,and
provi detheframeworkforthedevel opmentofthePSYOPpl an.Uponapproval
ofthePOsbytheSecDef,theSPOsaredevel opedandthePTAsarei denti fi ed.
PSYOPMOEsestabl i shametri cforeval uati ngPSYOPandaredetermi nedi n
a del i berati ve and methodi cal process i n Phase I . Accuratel y assessi ng the
effecti veness of PSYOP requi res wel l -concei ved MOEs, and the i denti fi cati on
and earl y i ntegrati on of organi c assets and PSYOP enabl ers, such as
i ntel l i gence,tosati sfytheMOEs.
PHASEII:TARGETAUDIENCEANALYSIS
6-3. TAAi stheprocessbywhi chthePTAsarerefi nedandanal yzed.I deal TAs
for PSYOP are homogenous groups that share si mi l ar condi ti ons and
vul nerabi l i ti es (needs, wants, or desi res). The TAAW i s the document that
capturesthi sanal ysi s.Mul ti pl eTAAWsaregeneratedduri ngthi sphase,asal l
TAsundereachSPOmustbeanal yzed.
PHASEIII:SERIESDEVELOPMENT
6-4. Thi s phase entai l s the devel opment of a PSYOP seri es, whi ch i s a
compl eted pl an conceptual i zed and devel oped to change a behavi or of a TA.
Speci fi cal l y a PSYOP seri es consi sts of al l the PSYOP products and acti ons
desi gnedtoaccompl i shonebehavi oral changebyasi ngl eTA.Si nceeachSPO
15April2005 6-2
FM3-05.30
normal l y has mul ti pl e TAs, there i s a need to devel op mul ti pl e seri es. The
source document for seri es devel opment i s the TAAW that was compl eted
duri ng Phase I I of the PSYOP process. Duri ng seri es devel opment, a seri es
concept work sheet (SCW), a seri es di ssemi nati on work sheet (SDW), and a
seri esexecuti onmatri x(SEM)arecreated.
PHASEIV:PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTANDDESIGN
6-5. Product devel opment and desi gn i s the process of taki ng the product
requi rements, i denti fi ed i n seri es devel opment (Phase I I I ), and transformi ng
them i nto product prototypes or pl anned acti ons. I t i s cri ti cal that al l product
prototypesi ntheseri esarecompl etedandrevi ewedasapackage.Si ncei ti snot
al wayspracti cal toproduceactual productprototypes(TVspotsorradi oshows)
forapproval ,thesupporti ngPSYOPuni tproducesscri pts,storyboardsorconcept
sketchesasasubsti tuteforproductprototypes.Duri ngthi sstage,pretesti ngand
posttesti ngmethodol ogi esaredetermi nedandthesupporti ngtesti ngi nstruments
(surveys,questi onnai res,cri teri a,andi nstructi ons)aredevel oped.
PHASEV:APPROVAL
6-6. Theprocesstoobtai napproval toexecutetheseri esi sconductedduri ng
Phase V of the PSYOP process. The PSYOP products i n the seri es must be
approved pri or to executi on. Essenti al l y, to i ni ti ate the approval process, the
PSYOP el ement submi ts an executi ve summary, and provi des the i nputto a
fragmentary order (FRAGO) to the supported organi zati ons OPORD for the
executi onoftheseri es.ThePSYOPi nputtotheFRAGOi softenwri ttenasa
change to the PSYOP tab or appendi x, and outl i nes the detai l s for the
successful conduct of PSYOP, i ncl udi ng the support requi rements for the
supported uni t.Themodi fi cati ontothePSYOPtaborappendi xi ssubmi tted
through the supported uni ts staff for revi ew. Upon compl eti on of the staffs
revi ew, the seri es i s submi tted wi th comments to the approval authori ty. A
streaml i nedstaffi ngprocessensuresthattheseri esi sresponsi ve.Aprotracted
approval processi softenthesi ngl egreatestfactorthatpreventsPSYOPfrom
bei ng responsi ve. Establ i shi ng a concurrent staffi ng format as opposed to a
sequenti al one, and sel ecti ng onl y key staff el ements to parti ci pate i n the
revi ewprocess,si gni fi cantl yreducesthel engthofti mei ttakestoobtai nthe
fi nal approval .
PHASEVI:PRODUCTION,DISTRIBUTION,ANDDISSEMINATION
6-7. Upongai ni ngapproval foraPSYOPseri es,theproductsaretransl ated,
pretested,modi fi edaccordi ngtotheresul ts,andproduced.PSYOPforceshave
organi c vi sual , audi o, audi ovi sual producti on assets. PSYOP uni ts bel ow the
POTF l evel (forexampl e,theTPDD)mayhavel i mi tedproducti oncapabi l i ty,
suchastheDPPCandtheDepl oyabl eAudi oProducti onSui te(DAPS).PSYOP
forcesal sousenonorgani cproducti onassetsandfaci l i ti es(otherServi ces,l ocal
faci l i ti es, and OGAs). Contracti ng wi th a l ocal company duri ng mi l i tary
operati onsi scost-effecti veandal l owsforti mel yandresponsi veproducti onof
PSYOPproducts.Thecompl etedproductsarethendi stri buted,el ectroni cal l yor
physi cal l y,fromtheproducti oncenterstothedi ssemi nators.Productscanbe
del i veredbyai rfromCONUStothetheaterofoperati onsortransportedusi ng
the supported uni ts exi sti ng l ogi sti c network. The products are then
di ssemi nated to the TA usi ng a vari ety of di ssemi nati on methods dependi ng
15April2005 6-3
FM3-05.30
upon the type of product: audi o, vi sual , or audi ovi sual . Posttesti ng of the
productsmayal sooccurduri ngdi ssemi nati on.
PHASEVII:EVALUATION
6-8. Eval uati on has two i nterrel ated acti vi ti es: testi ng (both pretesti ng and
posttesti ng), whi ch typi cal l y i nvol ves i ndi vi dual products, and ascertai ni ng the
effecti veness of the PSYOP effort over ti me. The l atter i s accompl i shed by
anal yzi ngi mpacti ndi cators(answerstoMOEorspontaneouseventsrel atedto
thePSYOPefforts)anddetermi ni ngtowhatextenttheSPOandul ti matel ythe
PO were accompl i shed. Other i mportant facets of the eval uati on process occur
throughouttheotherphasesofthePSYOPprocess.Forexampl e,questi onnai res
aredesi gnedi nPhaseI V,andproductposttesti ngbegi nsi nPhaseVI .MOEsare
determi nedduri ngthepl anni ngprocessi nPhaseI ,andareoftenrefi nedduri ng
Phase I I . However, the actual data col l ati on and anal yses wi th respect to the
MOEsarecompl etedduri ngthi sfi nal phase.
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONSASSESSMENTTEAM
6-9. The i ni ti al stages of PSYOP pl anni ng for mi l i tary operati ons are
characteri zed by an i nformal fl ow of i nformati on between the combatant
commands J-3 PSYOP staff offi cer, I O pl anners, and the regi onal POB. I t i s
common, as pl anni ng i ntensi fi es, for the combatant commander to request a
POAT to assi st the J-3 PSYOP staff offi cer duri ng cri ti cal stages of del i berate
pl anni ngoranyCAP.
6-10. A POAT i s requested by the combatant commanders staff through
USSOCOMunderthefol l owi ngci rcumstances:Adetermi nati oni smadethata
pl anni ng evol uti on has progressed to the poi nt where the combatant
commandsJ-3PSYOPstaffoffi cerrequi resaddi ti onal experti setopreparea
pl an, where executi on pl anni ng i s begi nni ng, or when a cri si s acti on team
(CAT)i sestabl i shed.APOATi smosteffecti vewheni ncorporatedi ntopl anni ng
asearl yaspossi bl e.
6-11. A POAT serves many purposes. POATs are depl oyed for mi nor cri ses
throughmajorconfl i ctstodetermi nethefeasi bi l i tyofPSYOPappl i cati onand
thesupporti ngrequi rements.APOATaugmentsauni fi edcommandoraJTF
stafftoprovi deaful l rangeofPSYOPpl anni ngsupport(Fi gure6-2,page6-5).
The si ze and composi ti on of a POAT are mi ssi on-based and si tuati on-
dependent. A POAT may consi st of as l i ttl e as one operati onal pl anner to as
many as twel ve or more personnel i ncl udi ng tacti cal , pri nt, broadcast,
communi cati ons,andl ogi sti cal pl anners,aswel l asanSSDanal yst.
15April2005 6-4
FM3-05.30

Productionfacilities.
Communicationsinfrastructure.


Logisticssupport.


APOATfocusesitsassessmentoftheoperationalareaoneightprimaryareas:
TAs.
Competingmedia.
Availableindigenouscommercialandgovernmentinformationholders.
Disseminationcapabilities.
Tacticalconsiderations.
Figure6-2.POATEightPrimaryAreasofAssessment
6-12. A POAT assesses HN capabi l i ti es and avai l abi l i ty of producti on medi a
(pri nt, radi o, and TV), means of di stri buti on, and broadcast equi pment. The
communi cati ons representati ve determi nes the avai l abi l i ty and practi cal i ty of
el ectroni c di stri buti on methods for PSYOP products wi thi n the AO, both
i ntertheater and i ntratheater. Duri ng the assessment, the l ogi sti cal
representati ve i denti fi es and coordi nates for the necessary memorandums of
agreement(MOAs)andcontractstoensuresupportfromtheHN,i nteragenci es,
andotherServi ces.APOAThasthefol l owi ngcapabi l i ti es:
Assessesthefri endl yandenemyPSYOPsi tuati on,currentpropaganda,
andPSYOPpotenti al .
Anal yzessupporteduni tsmi ssi onandPSYOPrequi rementsandrel ays
thesetothesupporti ngPSYOPuni t.
Wri tesPSYOPsupporti ngpl ans,thePSYOPesti mateofthesi tuati on,
andotherdocuments,asrequi red.
Eval uatesthemi ssi on,enemy,terrai nandweather,troopsandsupport
avai l abl e, ti me avai l abl e, ci vi l consi derati ons (METT-TC) and the
parti cul arneedsfortacti cal PSYOP.
Eval uates pri nti ng needs, i n-country suppl i es, and possi bl e pri nti ng
faci l i ti esandotherassets.
Eval uates audi o and audi ovi sual requi rements to determi ne broadcast
needs,l ocati ons,frequencyavai l abi l i ty,ranges,andotherrequi rements.
Eval uates bandwi dth capabi l i ty and avai l abi l i ty, and communi cati ons
capabi l i ti estoi mpl ementreachback.
Determi nesandcoordi natesal l communi cati onrequi rementsforPSYOP
forces.
Conductsi ni ti al anal ysi s.
Conductsrapi ddepl oyment.
Serves,whendi rected,astheadvancedechel on(ADVON)forfol l ow-on
PSYOPforces.
6-13. APOAThasthefol l owi ngl i mi tati ons:
Noproductdevel opmentcapabi l i ty.
15April2005 6-5
FM3-05.30
Nodi ssemi nati oncapabi l i ty.
Li mi tedresearchandanal yti cal capabi l i ty.
Notacti cal l oudspeakercapabi l i ty.
Restri ctedsi zeandcomposi ti oni nmanycases.
6-14. ThePOATi sapl anni ngel ement,notanoperati onal uni t.ThePOATmay
become a part of the operati ons porti on of the uni t when the uni t depl oys;
however,thepri maryfuncti onofthePOATi stodetermi netheneedfor,andto
pl anfor,PSYOPacti vi tynotconducttheacti vi ty.I fthePOATbecomesaPSEor
POTF,thenthel i mi tati onsl i stedabovemustbemi ti gated.Themi ssi onofthe
POATconcl udeswheni tei thertransformsi ntoaPSEorPOTForcompl etesal l
requi rements.
During URGENT FURY, improvisation replaced planning for PSYOP
and CA activities. The small amount of PSYOP planning was conducted
by LANTCOM level and above. However, this planning was inadequate,
which may have been attributed to the timing of PSYOP and CA
involvement or, more likely, to the inadequacy of contingency plans By
the time PSYOP personnel became actively involved in the planning
process, the thinking stage had passed, and everything was required
right nowOn arrival in Grenada, PSYOP elements had to spend a
day trying to determine where to go and to whom to report.
TRADOC,"OperationURGENTFURY"
PSYOPSUPPORTELEMENT
6-15. ThePSEi satai l oredel ementthatcanprovi dePSYOPsupport.PSEsdo
not contai n organi c command and control capabi l i ty; therefore, command
rel ati onshi psmustbecl earl ydefi ned.Thesi ze,composi ti on,andcapabi l i tyofthe
PSEaredetermi nedbytherequi rementsofthesupportedcommander.APSEi s
notdesi gnedtoprovi deful l -spectrumPSYOPcapabi l i ty;reachbacki scri ti cal for
i tsmi ssi onsuccess.APSEi softenestabl i shedforsmal l er-scal emi ssi onswhere
therequi rementsdonotjusti fyaPOTFwi thi tsfuncti onal componentcommand
status. A PSE di ffers from a POTF i n that i t i s not a separate functi onal
command.APSEnormal l yworksforthesupportedforceS-3/G-3/J-3or,i nsome
cases, a government agency such as a Country Team. A PSE can work
i ndependentoforsubordi natetoaPOTFand,assuch,provi desPSYOPpl anners
wi th a fl exi bl e opti on to meet mi ssi on requi rements. A PSE can provi de a ful l
rangeofPSYOPsupportopti ons,rangi ngfromasmal l C2pl anni ngcapabi l i tyup
toamorerobustC2structurenormal l yprovi dedbyaPOTF.
6-16. Therearemanyconsi derati onswhendevel opi ngthetaskorgani zati onof
PSYOPforces.Thecompl exi tyoftheoperati onandtheavai l abi l i tyofforceswi l l
betheunderl yi ngconsi derati onsbehi ndtheestabl i shmentofaPOTFasastand-
al onefuncti onal componentcommandortheuseofaPSEembeddedwi thi nthe
supporteduni tG-3/S-3orotherel ement.Thetwomai nadvantagesofaPOTFare
i ts abi l i ty to provi de ful l -spectrum PSYOP support and i ts desi gnati on as a
componentcommandwi thi nherentC2,wi thresul ti ngaccesstothecommander.
ThePOTFhasarobustcommandandcontrol el ementandi ncl udesal l thestaff
secti ons. The PSE i s a smal l er tai l ored force that has the advantage of not
needi ng al l of the accompanyi ng staff el ements. I t decreases si gni fi cantl y the
15April2005 6-6
FM3-05.30
numbersrequi redfromthatofaPOTF.Thedi sadvantagesofaPSEarethati t
cannot provi de ful l -spectrum support, i ts reachback requi rements are greater,
andi tcansometi mesbeburi edi nasupporteduni tsstaffwherei ti sdi ffi cul tto
obtai nthedi rectaccesstothecommanderthati snecessaryforeffecti vePSYOP.
Tabl e6-1gi vesaqui ckreferencetotheadvantagesanddi sadvantagesofboththe
POTFandPSEmodel s.
Table6-1.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesBetweenPOTFandPSE



Lessrelianceonreachback.

Increasedlogisticaltail.
Increasedpersonnel.
Increasedcost.
Largespacerequirement.
PSE
Minimalfootprint.
Lesspersonnelimpact.






POTF
Advantages
AccesstoCDR.
Greatersupporttotaskforce.
Priorityofeffortfromhomebase.
InherentC2.
Disadvantages
Advantages
Reducedadministrative/logisticsconcerns.
FocusedpurelyonPSYOP.
Disadvantages
LessaccesstoCDR.
Lowerpriorityofeffort.
Lesscapabilitytosupport.
Morereliantonotherassets.
6-17. A PSE often executes mi ssi ons i n support of a geographi c combatant
commanders TSCP or non-DOD agenci es, usual l y under the auspi cesof peace
operati ons(devel oped,coordi nated,andoverseendi rectl ybytheASD[SO/LI C]as
perDODDi recti ve5111.10,Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations
and Low-I ntensity Conflict [ASD(SO/ LI C)]). As a resul t of an i nteragency
deci si onmeeti ng(23November1998)andPresi denti al Deci si onDi recti ve(PDD)
68,U.S. I nternational Public I nformation (I PI ),thetermPSYOPwasrepl aced
wi ththel ess-sensi ti vetermofI MI .Subsequentl y,I MI i snowthei nteragency
term for PSYOP, al though PSYOP i s sti l l used wi thi n DOD. Wi thi n the
geographi c combatant commanders AORs, other terms are someti mesused by
theU.S.CountryTeamstorefertothosePSEsthatdi rectl ysupportthem.PSEs
oftensupportmi ssi onssuchascounteri nsurgency,CD,andHMA.
6-18. Theprocessfordepl oyi ngaPSEi si denti cal tothatofdepl oyi nganyforces
i n the absence of or pri or to the establ i shment of a POTF. Once the PSE i s
depl oyed, C2 of a PSE passes to the theater combatant commander. The PSE
operatesundertheday-to-daycontrol oftheDAO,seni ormi l i tarycommander,or
otherrepresentati vedesi gnatedbytheU.S.Ambassador.Productapproval rests
wi ththeAmbassadorordesi gnatedrepresentati ve,typi cal l ytheDCMorseni or
mi l i tarycommander.
6-19. ThePSEprovi desPSYOPexperti setonon-DODagenci es,suchastheU.S.
Country Teams, normal l y i n support of peace operati ons. I ts capabi l i ti es are
si mi l ar to those of a POTF, wi th emphasi s on i nteragency and
regi onal experti se.
15April2005 6-7
FM3-05.30
I ts a bird. I ts a plane. I ts a new comic book starring Superman and
Wonder Woman designed to teach children in Central America about
land mines. The book, Al Asesino Escondido (The Hidden Killer), was
introduced J une 11 at UNI CEF House at UN headquarters in New York.
Brian Sheridan, principal deputy to the assistant secretary of defense for
special operations and low-intensity conflict, represented the Defense
Department at the unveiling ceremony. He called the book a major step
forward in the effort to protect children in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and
Honduras from the threat posed by land mines. Six hundred fifty
thousand copies of the book560,000 in Spanish and 90,000 in
Englishwere published in the second partnership of DOD, UNI CEF,
and DC Comics, a division of the Time Warner Entertainment Co. A
similar comic book was published in English and Eastern European
languages to promote mine awareness in Bosnia-Herzegovina. First Lady
Hillary Rodham Clinton introduced it in 1996 at the White House.
Soldiers from the 1st PSYOP Battalion (Airborne), Fort Bragg, North
Carolina, conducted assessments in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and
Honduras, provided background information and photos and
recommended a story line to the creative staff at DC Comics. The
collaboration ensured accuracy and that Central American children
would be able to identify with the villages, countryside and clothing
depicted in the new book. Once the story and artwork were completed, the
battalion tested the comic book in Central America to see if it conveyed
the intended message. Members of the Armys Special Forces, as well as
the staffs of UNI CEF, U.S. embassies and local governments, will work
together to distribute the book throughout the region. Mine-awareness
posters based on the comic book170,000 in Spanish and 30,000 in
Englishwill be distributed in Latin America; similar posters were used
in the Bosnia campaign.
DODNewsRelease,June1998
TASKFORCE
6-20. I fthePOATdetermi nesthattheoperati oni sl argeenoughandrequi resa
l argeamountofPSYOPsupport,theni twi l l recommendtheestabl i shmentofa
POTF. The POTF bri ngs together al l PSYOP capabi l i ti es under robust C2,
usual l yasasubordi natefuncti onal componentcommandunderaJTF.PSYOP
uni tsorgani zeasataskforcefortwopri maryreasons
First, no si ngl e ski l l setproduct devel opment, product desi gn,
producti on, di stri buti on, di ssemi nati on, tacti cal , or I /Ri n the PSYOP
force structure i s capabl e, i n i sol ati on, of ful fi l l i ng compl ex mi ssi on
requi rements.
Second, the vari ety of mi ssi on profi l es prevents the devel opment of a
si ngl e, al l -purpose organi zati on; each mi ssi on requi res a uni que
structure, task-organi zed to meet the supported commanders
requi rements.
15April2005 6-8
FM3-05.30
6-21. Commanders conduct force tai l ori ng to meet the requi rements of each
mi ssi onprofi l e.I npracti ce,uni tsdevel opstandi ngoperati ngprocedures(SOPs)
wi th standardi zed force packages that are used as a basi sforpl anni ng.Thi s
SOPprovi desabasel i nefromwhi chtotai l orthetaskforcetorespondrapi dl y
i nti me-sensi ti vesi tuati ons.
6-22. The force structure requi red to conduct the PSYOP process (pl anni ng,
TAA,seri esdevel opment,productdevel opmentanddesi gn,approval ,producti on-
di stri buti on-di ssemi nati on, eval uati on) vari es dependi ng on the si ze and
compl exi ty of the operati on. For thi s reason, i n peaceti me, PSYOP uni ts are
task-organi zed al ong functi onal l i nes for admi ni strati on, mi l i tary occupati onal
ski l l -speci fi ctrai ni ng,andpersonnel andequi pmentresourci ng.JustastheU.S.
mi l i tary fi ghtsasajoi ntteamandthe Armyfi ghtsasacombi nedarmsteam,
PSYOP commanders fi ght as a taskforceorsubordi natefuncti onal component
command. I n the same manner that i nfantry and armor commanders seek to
producesynergycombatpowergreaterthanthesumofi tspartsbyoperati ng
i n support of each other, so too does the PSYOP commander by combi ni ng
regi onal ,tacti cal ,anddi ssemi nati onassetsi ntoataskforce.Theful l wei ghtand
effectofPSYOPforcesarebroughttobearonl ywhentheri ghtmi xofassetsi s
used. Thi s mi x of capabi l i ti es i s further strengthened by the addi ti on of
PSYOP-capabl e assets from the Ai r Force, the Navy, the Mari nes, OGAs, and
fri endl ynati ons.Thi stai l oredforcethePOTFi sthefoundati onforempl oyi ng
PSYOPforcesi nl arge-scal econti ngenci es.
6-23. The fl exi bi l i ty i nherent i n the POTF mi ndset i s essenti al to the
empl oymentofPSYOPforcesthatrouti nel yattempttoi nfl uenceawi dearray
of TAs i n peace, confl i ct, and war. TAs often range from i nformati on-savvy
audi ences i n technol ogi cal l y advanced nati ons to vi cti ms of natural di sasters
who want onl y basi c i nformati on on food, medi ci ne, and shel ter. TAs that
PSYOP must address i n the current asymmetri c envi ronment of the 21st
century are extremel y vari ed and necessi tate a fl exi bl e operati onal force
structure.
6-24. To successful l y operate i n thi s unpredi ctabl e envi ronment, the Uni ted
States responds wi th as many el ements of nati onal power as possi bl e. I n
addi ti on to mi l i tary power, the U.S. government wi l l use di pl omati c,
i nformati onal , and economi c resources to advance nati onal objecti ves. Al so,
when possi bl e, the Uni ted States wi l l endeavor to i ncl ude fri ends and al l i es.
Therefore, pl anners shoul d assume that the mi l i tary component of a U.S.
responsemustadapttothejoi nt,i nteragency,andmul ti nati onal envi ronments.
The POTF concept (Fi gure 6-3, page 6-10) al l owscommanders to tai l or thei r
force to meet the speci fi c requi rements of compl ex mi ssi ons as they emerge
andevol ve.
15April2005 6-9
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Figure6-3.ExampleofPOTFOrganization
6-25. The POTF i ncl udesal l U.S. ArmyPSYOPassetsthataredesi gnatedi n
warpl ansorOPORDsasataskforce(bythecombatantcommanderorCJTF)to
support a parti cul ar operati on. I n some cases, a POTF may di rectl y support a
major component command upon rel ease by the combatant commander. The
POTFprovi desPSYOPtotheoveral l joi ntorcombi nedoperati onatthestrategi c,
operati onal , and tacti cal l evel s. I t coordi nates wi th each of the Servi ce
components, functi onal components, and staff el ements to determi ne PSYOP
6-10 15April2005
FM3-05.30
requi rementsbasedonmi ssi onanal ysi s.ThePOTFworkscl osel ywi ththeU.S.
Country Team, other USG offi ci al s, coal i ti on offi ci al s, and i nternati onal
organi zati ons.Fi nal l y,i tcoordi natesstrategi c-l evel PSYOPwi ththecombatant
commanderandthejoi ntstaff.
6-26. Mi ssi on requi rements wi l l di ctate the organi zati onal structure of the
POTFandthefuncti onsi twi l l perform.ThePOTFmayi ncl udePSYOPforces
fromtheActi veArmyandRCaswel l asfromthevari ousServi ces.Whendi rected
bytheappropri ateauthori ty,wi thassi gned,attached,OPCONorTACONjoi nt
forces, the POTF may be chartered as a JPOTF per cri teri a establ i shed i n
JPs3-0, 5-0, and 5-00.2. The POTF may al so be organi zed as a CJPOTF i f
coal i ti on partners provi de PSYOP staff personnel and forces to support the
operati on I AW joi nt and combi ned di recti ves (as per above menti oned JPs). A
PSYOP group HQ may provi de the commander and staff needed to support a
l arge-scal e operati on. A regi onal l y-ori ented POB wi l l normal l y provi de the
nucl eusofthePOTF,i ncl udi ngthecommander,staff,PDC,SSD,andrequi red
l i ai son el ements. The PSYOP tacti cal and di ssemi nati on battal i ons provi de
addi ti onal assets,asrequi red,tocompl etethePOTForgani zati on.Asatai l ored
force,POTFshaverangedi nsi zefrom20to600personnel .
Psychological operations were a key Battlefield Operating System used
extensively to support Unified Task Force (UNI TAF) Somalia
operations. I n order to maximize the PSYOP impact, we established a
J oint PSYOP Task Force under the supervision of the Director of
Operations, integrated PSYOP into all plans and operations, and
limited the PSYOP focus to the operational and tactical levels.
Psychological operations do not accomplish missions alone. They work
best when they are combined with and integrated in an overall theater
campaign plan. I n Operation RESTORE HOPE, we were successful in
doing that.
MajorGeneralZinni,U.S.MarineCorps,
DirectorofOperations,UnifiedTaskForceSomalia
6-27. The POTF pl ans and conducts PSYOP i n support of a combatant
commander, CJTF, or corps. As a force-tai l ored package, a POTF bri ngs the
combi nedcapabi l i ti esofal l PSYOPforces.Regi onal ,tacti cal ,anddi ssemi nati on
assets,aswel l asassetsfromotherServi ces,task-organi zebeforedepl oyment
of each mi ssi on to make sure the range of capabi l i ti es i s avai l abl e to the
supported commander. The overal l capabi l i ti es of a POTF are l i sted i n the
fol l owi ngparagraphs,al thoughthedegreeandmi xoftheseforceswi l l depend
onthemi ssi on.
COMMANDANDCONTROL
6-28. I naddi ti ontoU.S.ArmyPSYOPforces,thePOTFexerci sesC2ofthose
PSYOP assets assi gned, attached, and under OPCON and TACON from other
Servi ces and, when appl i cabl e, from other nati ons. Further, al though tacti cal
PSYOPuni tsareusual l yattachedtomaneuvercommanders,thePOTFnormal l y
has coordi nati ng authori ty wi th tacti cal forces for devel opi ng, desi gni ng,
produci ng, and di ssemi nati ng PSYOP products. Thi s procedure al l ows PSYOP
forcestomeetthemaneuvercommandersrequi rementsmoreeffecti vel y,whi l e
15April2005 6-11
FM3-05.30
ensuri ngconti nui tywi ththeobjecti vesandi ntentofthePresi dentand/orSecDef,
combatantcommander,orCJTF.
6-29. The POTF i s normal l y under OPCON of the geographi c combatant
commander or CJTF and i s capabl e of commandi ng and control l i ng PSYOP
forces and functi ons. Tacti cal POBs and compani es are normal l y attached to
maneuver el ements (Armi es, corps, Servi ce components, di vi si ons, bri gades),
butdi ssemi nati onPOBsel ementsnormal l yoperateasmajorsubordi nateuni ts
or detachments of the POTF. Mul ti purpose assets that are pri mari l y PSYOP
pl atforms, such as the 193d Speci al Operati ons Wi ngs (SOWs) EC-130E/J
COMMANDOSOLOandotheraeri al pl atforms,usual l yremai nunderOPCON
ofthei rServi ceorfuncti onal component,butcoordi nati ngauthori tyi sgi vento
thePOTFforexecuti on,pl anni ng,andcoordi nati on.Normal l y,thePOTFal so
hascoordi nati ngauthori tyovertacti cal uni ts.ChapterI I I ofJP0-2di scusses
commandrel ati onshi psandotherauthori ti es.
COMMUNICATIONS
6-30. Army si gnal doctri ne di ctates that communi cati ons responsi bi l i ti es go
fromhi ghertol ower,froml efttori ght,andfromsupporti ngtosupporteduni t.
However, PSYOP communi cati ons requi rements are i nherentl y joi nt and
i nteragencyi nnature,andasatheaterasset,aPOTFwi l l requi reconnecti vi ty
from the depl oyed l ocati on back to the sustai ni ng base. Thi s requi rement may
pl ace extraordi nary communi cati ons demands upon an undevel oped theater i n
ti meofcri si s.Therefore,commandersshoul dadheretothefol l owi ngpri nci pl es
whenpl anni ngPSYOPi natheater.Therearethreedi sti nctfuncti onsthatmust
besupportedbycommuni cati onsi norderforPSYOPforcestobesuccessful :
C2.
I ntel l i gence.
Di stri buti on.
6-31. WhenaPOTFi sempl oyed,theforcepossessesi tsownorgani cequi pment
and communi cati ons personnel from the di ssemi nati on POB and may be
augmented by the 112th Si gnal Battal i on of the Speci al Operati ons Support
Command (SOSCOM) i f requi red. However, the POTF may requi re addi ti onal
augmentati onandassi stancefromthesupportedcombatantcommander,SOC,or
JTF.Therefore,i ti softenpreferabl etocol l ocatethePOTFwi ththesupported
headquarters to faci l i tate coordi nated use of the hi gher headquarters
capabi l i ti es.
6-32. ForC2andi ntel l i gence,PSYOPforceswi l l normal l yoperateorcoordi nate
forperi odi caccessofthefol l owi ngsystemsandnetworks:
LANofthesupportedcommand.
SI PRNETandNonsecureI nternetProtocol RouterNetwork(NI PRNET)
oftheDefenseI nformati onSystemsNetwork(DI SN).
6-33. Through the SI PRNET, PSYOP pl anners wi l l use the Gl obal Command
and Control System (GCCS). PSYOP forces wi l l requi re JDI SS equi pment, a
transportabl e workstati on, and a communi cati ons sui te that el ectroni cal l y
extendscommuni cati onstothePOTFforward.TheGCCSwi l l provi deaccessto
thefol l owi ngsystemsasami ni mum:
6-12 15April2005
FM3-05.30
The J oint Operation Planning and Execution System.Thi ssystemi sused
by PSYOP pl anners for pl anni ng, ti me-phased force depl oyment data
(TPFDD)orstrategi cdepl oymentpl anni ng.
The Global Reconnaissance I nformation System (GRI S). GRI S supports
thepl anni ngandschedul i ngofreconnai ssanceoperati ons.
The Evacuation System. Thi s system di spl ays i nformati on about U.S.
ci ti zensl ocatedoutsi detheUni tedStates.
The Global Status of Resources and Training (GSORT). Thi s system
provi des detai l ed data regardi ng the status and trai ni ng of al l DOD
uni tsequi pmentandtrai ni ng.TheGSORTsystemi sanexcel l enttool to
determi ne forces i n posi ti on and capabl e of executi ng PSYACTs i n
supportofPSYOPuni ts.
The J oint Maritime Command I nformation System (J MCI S). Thi s
databaseoffersafusedorcommonoperati onal pi ctureoftheoperati onal
battl espace.
The Theater Analysis and Replanning Graphical Execution Toolkit.Thi s
system provi des requi red access to documents, i nformati on sources,
anal ysi s tool s, mul ti medi a, and tel econferenci ng tool s to ensure
conti nui tyofpl anni ngforPSYOPforces.
The J oint Worldwide I ntelligence Communications System (J WI CS).The
JWI CS wi l l be used to obtai n access to the sensi ti ve compartmented
i nformati onporti onofDI SN.Thi sdatai ncl udesphotographs,maps,and
i mages. PSYOP forces commonl y use thi s system to query i ntel l i gence
anal ystsandarchi vesdevel opedbythei ntel l i gencecommuni ty,suchas
i ntel l i gence l i nk (I NTELI NK), Speci al Operati ons Command Research,
Anal ysi s, and Threat Eval uati on System (SOCRATES), POAS,
Si tuati onal I nfl uence Assessment Model (SI AM), and Communi ty On-
Li neI ntel l i genceSystemforEnd-UsersandMangers(COLI SEUM).
The Contingency Theater Automated Planning System and Air Tasking
Order. These systems provi de PSYOP forces vi si bi l i ty over pl anned ai r
operati onsconductedatthedi recti onofthePOTF.
AstheuseofGCCShasgrown,thePSYOPforcesuseofGCCShasgrownas
wel l .Eachnewsystemfi el dedhasappl i cati onsforPSYOPforces.
6-34. PSYOP forces requi re access to the Automati c Di gi tal Network
(AUTODI N) to send and recei ve general servi ce (GENSER) messages or
communi cati onsandDefenseSwi tchedNetwork(DSN)forworl dwi dei nterbase
tel ecommuni cati onswi thi ntheDOD.
6-35. PSYOP forces have the capabi l i ty to i ntegrate thei r tacti cal
communi cati onsdevi cesi ntofutureandl egacyArmycommuni cati onsnetworks.
PSYOPforceswi l l al waysbri ngthei rownvi deodi stri buti onnetworktotheJOA
orAOR.Currentl y,onl yPSYOPforcespossessthecapabi l i tytodi stri butel arge
vi deofi l esonagl obal scal e.However,PSYOPforcesmustcoordi natetheuseof
these systems wi th the supported combatant commandersJ-6.Somenetworks
usedandpl annedforusebyPSYOPforcesi ncl udethefol l owi ng:
Si ngl eChannel Tacti cal Satel l i te.
I nternati onal Mari ti meSatel l i te.
15April2005 6-13
FM3-05.30
TheGl obal BroadcastSystem/Joi ntI ntra-theaterI njecti onSystem.
ThePSYOPDi stri buti onSystem.
C,X,andKuBandSatel l i teCommuni cati ons.
6-36. PSYOP forces may depend upon the communi cati ons capabi l i ti es of
other Servi ce component commands to support the PSYOP mi ssi on. For
exampl e, shoul d U.S. Navy TARBS di ssemi nati on capabi l i ti es be used, the
Naval Component Command must provi de organi c compati bl e communi -
cati ons to recei ve audi o products for di ssemi nati on. However, shoul d SOF
avi ati onuni ts,suchasthe193dSOW,EC-130E/JCOMMANDOSOLO,depl oy
to an undevel oped i ntermedi ate stagi ng base, PSYOP forces wi l l provi de
requi reddi stri buti oncommuni cati onsi norderforthe193dSOWtorecei veand
di ssemi nateaudi oandvi deoPSYOPproducts.
6-37. PSYOPforcesal wayscoordi natebandwi dthrequi rementswi ththeJ-6of
the supported geographi c combatant commander, not the supported JTF. Thi s
earl ycoordi nati onensuressupportthroughouttheAORanddeconfl i ctsPSYOP
communi cati ons requi rements at the earl i est possi bl e ti me duri ng conti ngency
pl anni ng. The supported combatant commander and or JTF may el ect to use
PSYOPcommuni cati onsequi pmentandal l ocatedbandwi dthforpurposesother
than PSYOP di stri buti on when thi s equi pment and/or bandwi dth i s not bei ng
used.
6-38. PSYOP communi cators must coordi nate and manage the frequency
spectrumunderthedi recti onoftheJ-6ofthesupportedcombatantcommander
and JTF. PSYOP communi cators parti ci pate i n the Joi nt Restri cted Frequency
Li st (JRFL) coordi nati on process wi th the supported commands J-6, l i ke any
otherfuncti onal orServi cecomponentcommand.C2frequenci esareassi gnedvi a
thi sprocess.However,thecoordi nati onbetweentheel ectroni cwarfareoffi cer,the
pri maryel ectroni csupportpl anneroftheI Ocel l ,theJ-2,thepri maryel ectroni c
survei l l ance pl anner of the combatant commander or JTF, and the PSYOP
communi cator,mustbeful l yi ntegratedtoensurecapabi l i ti esaremaxi mi zedand
pri ori ti es are establ i shed. Al l ocati on of targeted frequenci es for di ssemi nati on
must be coordi nated as part of the el ectroni c countermeasures support to the
targeti ng process, i n conjuncti on wi th the i ntel l i gence, operati ons, and fi re
supportcommuni ti es.
For the first time in U.S. history, American psywarriors employed
electronic psywar in the field, in September 1944. Engineers of the 1st
Radio Section of the 1st MRBC recorded POW interviews for front-
line broadcasts, and reproduced the sound effects of vast numbers of
tanks and other motor vehicles for Allied armored units in attempts to
mislead German intelligence and lower enemy morale.
USASOCHistoryOffice
6-39. Current organi c communi cati ons capabi l i ti es, when usi ng reachback
techni ques,requi rehi ghbandwi dthforthedi stri buti onofPSYOPvi deo,audi o,
and data. PSYOP forces may use ground or ai r couri ers to physi cal l y del i ver
PSYOP products to tacti cal PSYOP uni ts for di ssemi nati on when suffi ci ent
bandwi dth or equi pment i s unavai l abl e. Thi s techni que can cause the PSYOP
productstobeunti mel yand,consequentl y,i neffecti ve.
6-14 15April2005
FM3-05.30
6-40. PSYOPrequi reconti nuousaccesstoemergi ngtechnol ogi es(forexampl e,
Gl obal BroadcastSatel l i te;prol i ferati onoffi beropti ccabl eandhi gh-bandwi dth
technol ogi es, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode and Synchronous Opti cal
Network; and hi gh-bandwi dth mi l i tary and commerci al satel l i te systems). Thi s
access enabl es PSYOP forces to pl an and i mpl ement a more robust reachback
capabi l i tyfortheeffi ci entdi stri buti onofPSYOPproducts.
6-41. The PDS provi des PSYOP forces an organi c, hi gh-bandwi dth-capabl e,
secure/nonsecure, ful l y i nteroperabl e, mul ti channel satel l i te communi cati ons
(SATCOM)systemforproductdi stri buti ontol i nkal l PSYOPel ementsonanear-
real -ti me basi s. The PDS enabl es battl espace commanders to recei ve ti mel y,
si tuati on-speci fi cPSYOPproducts.ThePDSal soenabl esvi deoproducti onuni ts
to craft requi red products and di ssemi nators to qui ckl y recei ve and rel ay
commerci al broadcast-qual i typroductstothei ntendedaudi ence.
6-42. PSYOP forces organi ze i n a vari ety of confi gurati ons i n order to
accompl i sh the wi deandvari ednatureoftheoperati onstheysupport.PSYOP
commanders ensure that the necessary mi x of regi onal , tacti cal , and
di ssemi nati onassetsareempl oyedtoaccompl i shthemi ssi on.
COMMUNICATIONSSUPPORTELEMENT
6-43. Thecommuni cati onssupportel ement(CSE)normal l yconsi stsoforgani c
PSYOP communi cati ons secti ons from the di ssemi nati on POBs, augmented as
neededbyUSASOCsi gnal uni ts(forexampl e,112thSi gnal Battal i on).Whenpart
of a JPOTF, thi s el ement may al so i ncl ude Joi nt Forces Command (JFCOM)
JCSE.
6-44. Thedi ssemi nati onPOBscompri sethemajori tyoftheproducti onel ement.
WhenpartofaJPOTF,thi sel ementmayi ncl udetheNavysAudi ovi sual Uni t-
286 (AVU-286), whi ch has TV producti on capabi l i ti es, a team from the Joi nt
CombatCameraCenter(JCCC),andothercontractedsupport,asneeded.
6-45. The MOC at Fort Bragg, North Carol i na, i s al so an asset of the
di ssemi nati on POB and i s normal l y i n DS of the supported combatant
commanderorCJTFfortheconductofPSYOPduri ngcri ses.TheMOCusual l y
remai nsi nDSduri ngacri si sunti l atheatermedi aoperati onscenter(TMOC)i s
establ i shedi ntheAORorJOA.TheMOCthenrevertstoGS.TheMOCi sal soi n
GStoal l PSYOPforcesforexecuti onofpeaceti meoperati ons.Theseacti vi ti esare
donei nsupportoftheGCCsTSCP.TMOCsusual l yonl ysupportaPOTFandare
depl oyed as part of a POTF duri ng a cri si s i n an AOR or JOA. Each TMOC
normal l y consi sts of ei ght personnel and i s usual l y l ocated i n l arge, popul ated
ci ti es wi th access to communi cati ons, ai rfi el ds, medi a, and commerci al
i nformati onoutl ets.I deal l y,TMOCsareascl oseaspossi bl etothePOTF.
6-46. Thedi ssemi nati onPOBsprovi dethecoreofbroadcastcapabi l i ti esforthe
POTF;however,theyareoftenaugmentedwi thcontractedsupport,asrequi red.
Al so, when part of a JPOTF, other di ssemi nati onassetsmayi ncl udethe193d
SOW(EC-130E/JCOMMANDOSOLO),the16thSOW(COMBATTALON),and
FI WCsTARBS.
6-47. When part of a JPOTF, the I O support team may i ncl ude
representati ves from JWAC, JI OC (wi th a Travel er system), and 1st I O
Command Land (Chapter 7 further expl ai ns these organi zati ons). Thi s team
15April2005 6-15
FM3-05.30
col l ocates wi th the JTF J-2 or JTF I O cel l i n a sensi ti ve compartmented
i nformati onfaci l i ty(SCI F)andprovi desdedi catedsupporttothePOTF.
6-48. The POTF staff secti ons (rol es and responsi bi l i ti es are outl i ned i n
FM3-05.301) normal l y consi st of core staff el ements from the regi onal POB,
wi thstaffaugmentati onfromthePOGandotherUSASOCorArmyassetssuch
as i ntel l i gence, securi ty, fi nance, communi cati ons, and si gnal support. Al so,
when part of a JPOTF, the staff secti ons may i ncl ude augmentati on from
JFCOMJCSE(i ntheJ-6),Ai rI ntel l i genceAgency(AI A)(J-2),andtheNaval
Ai r Warfare Center Ai rcraft Di vi si on (NAWCAD) (contractual and PSYOP-
speci fi cmai ntenancesupporti nthel ogi sti csandmai ntenance/J-4).
As early as August of 1964, almost one year before the activation of the
J oint U.S. Public Affairs Office (J USPAO), General William
Westmoreland told a CA and PSYOP conference that psychological
warfare and civic action are the very essence of the counterinsurgency
campaign here in Vietnamyou cannot win this war by military
means alone. Westmorelands successor, Creighton Abrams, is known
to have sent down guidelines to the 4th Psychological Operations
Group that resulted in the drawing up of no less than 17 leaflets along
those lines. I n fact, the interest in PSYOP went all the way up to the
Presidency; weekly reports from J USPAO were sent to the White
House, as well as to the Pentagon and the Ambassador in Saigon. I n
sum, it is a myth that the United States, stubbornly fixated on a World
War I I -style conventional war, was unaware of the other war.
USASOCHistoryOffice
To be maximally effective, PSYOP units should be provided with
linguists from the outset. I n both Somalia and Bosnia interventions,
the PSYOP units that were deployed had no linguists for a period of
several weeks and had to rely on prerecorded messages for their
loudspeaker teams. Such prerecorded messages proved of limited
utility. I n Somalia, only three or four of the numerous prerecorded
messages that were prepared prior to deployment could be used in the
situation the PSYOP teams actually encountered. As one J ULLS
report put it: There is no substitute for live broadcasts. Messages have
to be exact, down to inflection and emphasis.
ArroyoCenter(RandCorporation)Report,
Information-RelatedOperationsin
Smaller-ScaleContingencies,1998
REACHBACK
6-49. Tomakebestuseofal l avai l abl etechnol ogi esandresources,PSYOPuse
reachback capabi l i ti es. Thi s concept al l ows a porti on of PSYOP forces that
support forward-depl oyed el ements to transfer products and i deas
i nstantaneousl y.Theyusesecurecommuni cati onsl i nksi ncl udi ngtheSI PRNET,
thePsychol ogi cal Operati onsautomatedsystem(POAS),thePDSandtheArmy
Battl efi el dControl System(ABCS).
6-16 15April2005
FM3-05.30
6-50. Under thereachbackconcept,aporti onofaregi onal PSYOPbattal i on
normal l y remai ns wi th the POTF(Rear) (or, i f so chartered, the JTF [Rear])
and the MOC, dependi ng on mi ssi on requi rements. Here, personnel work on
l ong-range pl anni ng and devel op PSYOP products based on mi ssi on
requi rementsandthenprovi dethemtothePOTF(Forward).Theremai nderof
thePDCsanddi ssemi nati onPOBswi l l conti nuetodepl oytotheAOtodevel op,
produce, and di ssemi nate PSYOP products at the tacti cal and operati onal
l evel s,usi ngPSYOPi nternal assetsorothermi l i taryorci vi l i anassetsi nthe
AO. Porti ons of the POTF (Rear), however, may move forward as the
si tuati ondi ctates.
6-51. Thi s reachback capabi l i ty offers the POTF several advantages. The
number of personnel depl oyed forward and the accompanyi ng footpri nt are
reduced,resul ti ngi ncostreducti onandenhancedforceprotecti on.ThosePSYOP
forces needed to coordi nate wi th the commander and JTF or CJTF and to
di ssemi nateproducts(forexampl e,usi ngl oudspeaker,pri nt,radi o,orTVmeans)
depl oyforwardwi ththePOTF.Thus,themi xi ngofreachbacktechnol ogywi th
thePSYOPforcestructure,organi zati on,equi pment,andC2canhel pthePOTF
commandertobettermoni torthePSYOPpl anthroughcentral i zedpl anni ngwi th
decentral i zed executi on. Thi s capabi l i ty requi res the combatant commanders
communi cati on secti ons to pl an for and i ntegrate the PDS i nto thei r exi sti ng
command,control ,communi cati ons,computers,andi ntel l i gence(C4I )structure
andtoprovi dededi catedbandwi dthtothePOTF.
6-52. Reachbackal l owsaPOTFcommandertol everageexi sti ngfusi oncenters
andi nformati onsystemsaswel l asproductdevel opmentresourcessuchasvi deo
andaudi ol i brari esandPSYOPforcesl ocatedi nothercountri es.Thi sabi l i tyto
reachbacki ntonati onal i ntel l i gencedatabasesandfusi oncentersal l owsfornear-
real -ti meaccesstorawandfi ni shedi ntel l i genceproductsandreal -ti meexchange
(for exampl e, dedi cated Joi nt Depl oyabl e I ntel l i gence Support System [JDI SS]
connecti vi tycol l ocatedwi ththeJI CofthesupportedJTF),whi chi scri ti cal not
onl y duri ng the PSYOP devel opment process (TA anal ysi s), but al so duri ng
di ssemi nati onandeval uati on.
15April2005 6-17
Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
Chapter7
InformationOperations
I nformati on operati ons are the empl oyment of the core capabi l i ti es of
el ectroni c warfare, computer network operati ons, Psychol ogi cal
Operati ons, mi l i tary decepti on,andoperati onssecuri ty,i nconcertwi th
speci fi ed supporti ng and rel ated capabi l i ti es, to affect or defend
i nformati on and i nformati on systems, and to i nfl uence deci si onmaki ng
(FM3-13).TheArmydefi ni ti onrecogni zesthati ndi vi dual sandgroupsi n
the i nformati on envi ronment, especi al l y the AO and area of i nterest,
affect mi l i tary operati ons. Threats and targets i n the i nformati on
envi ronmenti ncl udeadversari esandnon-adversari esal i ke.Thedeci si on-
maki ngprocessesoffri endl y,adversary,andotherorgani zati onsarethe
focusofI O.
GENERAL
7-1. I O, by thei r nature, are joi nt. Each Servi ce component contri butes to an
i ntegratedwhol esynchroni zedbythejoi ntforceheadquarters.
7-2. TheI Ocel l atjoi ntforceHQdeconfl i ctsandsynchroni zesjoi ntforceI O.
Al l Servi cecomponentsarerepresented.Thejoi ntforceI Ocel l synchroni zesal l
theServi ce-speci fi cI Oel ementsandrel atedacti vi ti estoachi eveuni tyofeffort
supporti ng the joi nt force. The I O cel l , l ocated i n the mai n command post,
bri ngstogetherrepresentati vesoforgani zati onsresponsi bl eforal l I Oel ements
and rel ated acti vi ti es. Rel ated acti vi ti es i ncl ude any organi zati ons abl e to
contri bute to achi evi ng I O objecti ves. PA and CMO are al ways rel ated
acti vi ti es; commanders may desi gnate others. The I O cel l al so i ncl udes
representati ves of speci al and coordi nati ng staff secti ons as the mi ssi on
requi res. Al l battl efi el d operati ng systems are represented. The pri mary
functi onofanI Ocel l i stosynchroni zeI Othroughouttheoperati onsprocess.
7-3. The core el ements speci fi ed supporti ng and rel ated capabi l i ti es of I O are
si mi l artothebattl efi el doperati ngsystems.Theyarei ndependentacti vi ti esthat,
whentakentogetherandsynchroni zed,consti tuteI O(Fi gure7-1,page7-2).
15April2005 FM3-05.30 7-1





FM3-05.30
CORE





OPSEC
ElectronicAttack.
ElectronicProtection.
SUPPORTING






InformationAssurance.


PA.
PSYOP
MilitaryDeception.
ElectronicWarfare.
ElectronicWarfareSupport.
ComputerNetworkOperations.
ComputerNetworkAttack.
ComputerNetworkDefense.
PhysicalDestruction.
PhysicalSecurity.
Counterintelligence.
Counterdeception.
Counterpropaganda.
IO-RELATEDACTIVITIES
CMO.
Figure7-1.ElementsofIO
PSYOPANDINFORMATIONOPERATIONS
7-4. PSYOP functi on not onl y as an i ntegral capabi l i ty of I O, butal sobenefi t
from I O acti vi ti es, capi tal i zi ng on the growi ng sophi sti cati on, connecti vi ty, and
rel i anceoni nformati ontechnol ogy.Understandi ngthi srel ati onshi pi scri ti cal to
real i zi ngthemutual benefi tsofi ntegrati ngtheski l l sandcapabi l i ti esofPSYOP
wi ththeotherfacetsofI O.Thi schapteraddressesthi si ntegrati onanddi scusses
thereci procal rol esofbothareas.
ORGANIZATIONANDFUNCTIONS
7-5. Usual l y, the combatant command, JTF, or Servi ce and functi onal
componentcommandswi l l establ i shacel l orstafftofaci l i tatetheI Oprocess.Thi s
cel l coordi natesandsynchroni zesI Ocapabi l i ti esandrel atedacti vi ti esi ntojoi nt
force operati ons. Thi s cel l wi l l usual l y have representati ves for every core and
supporti ng el ement and rel ated acti vi ty of I O, the supported general staff, the
supporti ng combatant commands, and al l subordi nate Servi ce and functi onal
components.I twi l l al soi ncl udemembersfromtheCi vi l Affai rsoperati ons(CAO),
15April2005 7-2
FM3-05.30
CI , speci al techni cal operati ons, and SJA communi ti es. PSYOP forces wi l l
normal l y have a representati ve i n the I O cel l at al l these HQ. PSYOP
representati vestotheI Ocel l areal readyassi gnedtotheArmyHQ(Armyservi ce
componentcommands(ASCC),corps,di vi si on,orgroup)aspl anners.Othersmay
come di rectl y from the supporti ng PSYOP uni ts, when requi red. However, the
PSYOP representati ve performs duti es i n the I O cel l i n addi ti on to those
normal l yrequi redasal i ai sonfromthePOTForPSE.
7-6. PSYOP offi cers may be assi gned duti es as chi efofI Oi ntheI Ocel l they
support.However,whenthi soccurs,anotherPSYOPoffi cershoul dbeassi gned
fromthePOTForPSEforI Opl anni ng,astheassi gnedoffi cerwi l l rarel ybeabl e
toperformfuncti onssi mul taneousl yasaPSYOPoffi cerandaschi efoftheI O
cel l . To parti ci pate i n the I O cel l , PSYOP offi cers shoul d have a val i d securi ty
cl earanceatthetopsecret-sensi ti vecompartmentedi nformati on(TS-SCI )l evel .
I ntheI Ocel l ,thePSYOPrepresentati vei ntegrates,coordi nates,deconfl i cts,and
synchroni zes the use of PSYOP. He al so i ncl udes mul ti nati onal i nformati on
acti vi ti eswi thi naCJTFsAORorJOAthatmaysupportI O.Thi srepresentati ve
servesastheentrypoi ntforl i ai sonfromthePOTForPSEandthei n-theater
mul ti nati onal PSYOP cel l s and PSYOP detachments, as appropri ate. I t i s
i mportant to note that thi s offi cer does not pl an PSYOP. The PSYOP
representati vedoesnothavetheti meorresourcestoadequatel ypl anPSYOPi n
i sol ati on.Rather,hefaci l i tatesandi ntegratesPSYOP.
7-7. ThePSYOPstaffoffi cerorNCOprovi desexperti sewi thi ntheappropri ate
staffel ementatthecomponentcommandoruni fi edcommand.AttheArmycorps
and di vi si on l evel , the Deputy Chi ef of Staff (DCS), G-7 I O, i s responsi bl e for
coordi nati ngandsynchroni zi ngtheel ementsofI O.Attheuni fi edcommandl evel
and other than Army Servi ce component l evel , I O and i ts el ements are
coordi natedi ntheI Ocel l wi thi ntheJ-3orG-3.ThePSYOPstaffoffi cerorNCO
pl ans,coordi nates,val i dates,andreportsPSYOPforcedepl oymentstheaterwi de
i nresponsetotheSecDef,thejoi ntstaff,andotheroperati onal andconti ngency
requi rements.Thestaffoffi cerorNCOi ntegratesdi rectl ywi ththeJ-3orG-3/G-7
staffandensuresPSYOPi ncl usi onandi ntegrati oni nI O.
7-8. ThePSYOPrepresentati vei ntheI Ocel l performsthefol l owi ngfuncti ons:
I ntegratesPSYOPpl answi thI Opl ans.
Coordi natesPSYOPsupportfromthePOTForPSE.
Serves as l i ai son for i nformati on fl ow from the POTF or PSE to the
supportedI Ocel l .
Leverages I O cel l assets as one of the sources for PSYOP i nformati on
requi rements.
7-9. PSYOPandI Oaremutual l ysupporti veandbenefi ci al .Eachenhancesthe
others capabi l i ty and mi ssi on effecti veness. Ful l i ntegrati on and synergy of
PSYOP and I O acti vi ti es must occur to maxi mi ze thei r effect. Thi s synergy of
acti vi ti esensuresconsi stencyofmessageandopti mi zescredi bi l i ty.Becauseofi ts
compl exi ty and i nherent ri sks, PSYOP must be pl anned, conducted, and
representedonstaffsbyPSYOPpersonnel .Addi ti onal l y,becausePSYOParea
means by whi ch the commander speaks to approved TAs i n the JOA, PSYOP
pl anners/l i ai sonsrequi reperi odi canddi rectaccesstothecommander.
15April2005 7-3
FM3-05.30
7-10. JustasI Ocanenhanceandfaci l i tatePSYOP,PSYOPcancontri buteto
the achi evement of a supported commanders I O objecti ves. PSYOP personnel
assi gned or attached to a supported command (worki ng i n theoperati onsstaff
[J-3,G-7,S-3]ofthesupportedcommand)coordi nate,synchroni ze,anddeconfl i ct
PSYOPwi thI O.Theyparti ci patethroughconti nuouscoordi nati onandl i ai sonas
staffmembersi nanI Ocel l andtargeti ngmeeti ngs.PSYOPpersonnel advi sethe
supported commander on al l aspects ofPSYOPandrecommendPSYACTsand
PSYOP-enabl i ngacti ons.PSYOPsupportsI Oby
Changi ngthebehavi orofforei gnTAs.
Provi di ng feedback on the effecti veness of I O. PSYOP personnel can
col l ecti nformati oni ntheperformanceofassi gnedduti esthat,al though
notspeci fi cal l yrel atedtoPSYOP,mayi ndi cateeffecti venessi nanother
aspectofasupportedcommandsI Opl an.
Conducti ngPSYOPprogramstoaccompl i shthePOs,whi chsupportthe
commanders I O objecti ves. For exampl e, an I O objecti ve may i ncl ude
denyi ng certai n frequenci es to adversari es. PSYOP can devel op radi o
productstobroadcastonthesefrequenci esandeffecti vel ydenythei ruse
toadversari es,ampl i fyi ngtheeffectofI Oefforts.Forexampl e,PSYOP
programscanexpl oi ttheeffortsofCMO,suchasmedi cal programsand
engi neeri ngprojects.
7-11. Al thoughI Osupportagenci esarenotqual i fi edorresourcedtopl anor
executePSYOP,theycanfaci l i tatePSYOPi nanumberofwaysthatenabl ethe
operati onstobeasti mel yandtai l oredtothesi tuati onaspossi bl e.Theycan
assi sti nsynchroni zi ngPSYOPwi thothercapabi l i ti esandrel atedacti vi ti esof
I Otoensureuni tyofeffort.I Oagenci escanaccessotherresources,especi al l y
di ssemi nati on tool s, to make PSYOP seri es executi on si gni fi cantl y
moreeffecti ve.
7-12. PSYOP are an essenti al tool i n both C2-attack and C2-protect
operati ons.Asoneofthefi vecoreel ements,PSYOPi ntegratethei racti vi ti es
wi th those of el ectroni c warfare (EW), mi l i tary decepti on, OPSEC, and
computernetworkoperati onstocreateasynergi sti ceffect.PSYOPserveasa
focal poi nt for persuasi on and i nfl uence strategy. PSYOP forces faci l i tate
targeti ng by anal yzi ng the vari ous factors that affect and i nfl uence the
behavi or of an adversary, such as rel i gi on, ethni ci ty, economi cs, pol i ti cs,
cul ture, regi on, hi story, l eadershi p, geography, demographi cs, and nati onal
i nterests. They use thi s anal ysi s to nomi nate targets i n order to change the
behavi orofTAsi nordertodeterconfl i ct(wheneverpossi bl e),faci l i tatemi l i tary
operati ons,andtosupportandcommuni catenati onal objecti ves.
7-13. Duri ng C2-attack, PSYOP can dri ve a wedge between the adversarys
l eadershi pandi tspopul acetoundermi netheadversaryl eadershi psconfi dence
and effecti veness. Through the prol i ferati on of di screte messages,
demonstrati ons, and surrender appeal s to adversary C4I col l ectors, PSYOP
forcesmagni fythei mageofU.S.superi ori ty.I nC2-protect,themai nobjecti ve
of PSYOP i s to mi ni mi ze the effects of propaganda and di si nformati on
campai gnsagai nstU.S.forces.PSYOPuni tsmustworkcl osel ywi thotherI O
el ementsandPAandCMOstrategi ststomaxi mi zetheadvantageofI O.
15April2005 7-4
FM3-05.30
INFORMATIONOPERATIONSSUPPORTTOTHEPOTFORPSE
7-14. Joi ntandServi ce-speci fi cI Osupportel ementsandorgani zati onsofferthe
fol l owi ng capabi l i ti es and technol ogi es that enhance and faci l i tate PSYOP i n
supportofacommander.AnI Ocel l supportsthePOTForPSEofacombatant
commanderorCJTFthati ntendstoempl oyPSYOPi naJOAorAOR.Thecel l
coul dbeexpectedtoperformsomeofthefol l owi ngtasks:
Provi deaccesstodatabasesandl i nkstootherServi cesandtoOGAsthat
can provi de al ternate di stri buti on or di ssemi nati on means and
i ntel l i gencesupporttoPSYOPforces.
Provi de access to organi zati ons that conduct medi a, propagati on, and
spectrumanal ysi s,aswel l asmodel i ng.
Provi de systems and l i nks to faci l i tatethecol l ecti onofPSYOPi mpact
i ndi catorsthatrel atetoMOEsofsupporti ngPSYOPprograms.
Provi deaccesstoorgani zati onsthatprovi decri ti cal personal i typrofi l i ng
andhumanfactoranal ysi s.
Obtai n speci al i nformati on not usual l y avai l abl e through DOD
i ntel l i gencesystemsforPSYOPuseuponrequest.
Coordi nateandsynchroni zePSYOPwi thotherI Oacti vi ti esandCJTF
orcombatantcommandoperati ons.
Augmentdi ssemi nati onofPSYOPseri esvi anonstandarddi ssemi nati on
assetsorpl atforms.
Faci l i tate PSYOP conti ngency pl anni ng by coordi nati ng resources to
supportthePSYOPschemeofmaneuver.
Assi st i n coordi nati on and synchroni zati on of operati onal and tacti cal
PSYOPwi thstrategi ci nformati oncampai gns,programs,oracti vi ti es.
Ensure synergy wi th decepti on, EW, OPSEC, physi cal destructi on
capabi l i ti esofI O,andrel atedacti vi ti esofPAOandCA.
Provi de responsi ve access and use of cl assi fi ed and compartmented
i nformati onandprogramsforPSYOPforces,asrequi red.
INFORMATIONOPERATIONSAGENCIES
7-15. Several agenci es are set up and structured to support the I O process.
EachoftheServi ceshasanI Ouni ttodi rectl ysupportthei rneedsandseveral
are chartered to support the joi nt communi ty as wel l . Most I O coordi nati ng
agenci esareasubsetofthei rrespecti veServi cesi ntel l i genceorgani zati on,and
theycoordi nateandfaci l i tateI O.MostI Osupportagenci esremai ni ntel l i gence
resourcedandori ented.Thi strai ti soccasi onal l yaprobl em,asi nformati oni s
oftencompartmented,andti estofi el dpersonnel arel i mi ted.Li stedbel oware
some of the organi zati ons wi th whi ch PSYOP uni ts may requi re conti nuous
coordi nati on.
15April2005 7-5
FM3-05.30
THEJ OINTINFORMATIONOPERATIONSCENTER
7-16. Thi s center i s under the command of the Uni ted States Strategi c
Command(USTRATCOM).JI OChassupportedPSYOPdi rectl yduri ngevery
majorconti ngencysi ncetheGul fWarandi scol l ocatedwi ththeAI AatKel l y
Ai r Force Base (AFB), Texas. A mi ni mum of four PSYOP offi cers are al ways
assi gnedtotheJI OC.JI OCscharteri stoprovi deful l -spectrumI Osupportto
operati onal commanders.TheJI OCsupportsthei ntegrati onoftheconsti tuent
el ements of I O: OPSEC, PSYOP, mi l i tary decepti on, EW, and destructi on. I t
al sosupportsthenoncombatmi l i taryappl i cati onsofi nformati onwarfare(I W)
throughout the pl anni ng and executi on phases of operati ons. The JI OC
provi des thi s DS usi ng depl oyabl e teams i n the fol l owi ng pri ori ty order of
support:
Uni fi edcommands.
Joi nttaskforces(subordi nateuni fi edcommands).
Servi cecomponentcommanders.
Functi onal componentcommanders(forexampl e,POTF).
7-17. PSYOP offi cers serve on many of the teams that support the regi onal
combatant commanders. PSYOP offi cers can serve asi nformati onbrokersfor
the POTF, PSE, or peaceti me PSYOP pl anners by provi di ng ti mel y packaged
i nformati onthatthePOTF,PSE,orpl annerdependsupontooperate.WhenI O
supporti sexpectedtobeamajorpartofthePSYOPmi ssi on,PSYOPpl anners
shoul d consi der requesti ng DS l i ai son from the JI OC. Thi s offi cer need not be
PSYOP-qual i fi ed. However, he shoul d be knowl edgeabl e i n hi s duti es as an
i nformati onbroker.
1STIOCOMMANDLAND
7-18. The Army establ i shed 1st I O Command (Land [L]), formerl y Land
I nformati onWarfareActi vi ty(LI WA)toi ntegrateI OacrosstheArmy.The1stI O
Command (L) speci fi cal l y provi des tai l ored support to the l and component
commands.The1stI OCommand(L)i spartoftheU.S.ArmyI ntel l i genceand
Securi tyCommand.The1stI OCommand(L)recei vesoperati onal taski ngsfrom
the Di rector of Operati ons, Readi ness and Mobi l i zati on, Headquarters
DepartmentoftheArmy.The1stI OCommand(L)provi destai l oredfi el dsupport
teams (FSTs) to hel p operati onal and tacti cal battl e staffs i ntegrate I O wi th
pl ans,operati ons,andexerci ses.TheFSTsprovi deal i nkagebacktothe1stI O
Command(L)I nformati onDomi nanceCenter(I DC)atFortBel voi r,Vi rgi ni a.The
I DCcanprovi deaccesstoDODI Oi ntel l i genceaswel l asI O-rel atedi ntel l i gence
fromothergovernmentagenci es.Whendepl oyed,the1stI OCommand(L)FSTs
arei ntegratedi ntothesupportedcommandsI Ostaff.
THENAVALINFORMATIONWARFAREACTIVITY
7-19. NI WA i s l ocated at Fort Meade, Maryl and. I t i s the Navys pri nci pal
techni cal agenttoresearch,assess,devel op,andprototypei nformati onwarfare
capabi l i ti es. Thi s recentl y created acti vi ty supports the devel opment
capabi l i ti es encompassi ng al l aspects of i nformati on warfare (I W) attack,
protect and expl oi t. A key focus of efforts i n thi s l i ne i s provi di ng tacti cal
commanderswi thanI Wmi ssi onpl anni ng,anal ysi s,andcommandandcontrol
15April2005 7-6
FM3-05.30
targeti ng system (I MPACTS) tool . NI WA i s the Navys i nterface wi th other
Servi ce and nati onal I W organi zati ons, worki ng cl osel y wi th the FI WC to
devel op I W techni cal capabi l i ti es forNavyandjoi ntoperati ons.NI WAi sthe
Navy counterpart to 1st I O Command (L). PSYOP forces wi l l normal l y work
cl osel y wi th thi s acti vi ty when the JTF i s under Navy or Mari ne Corps
command, or when the Navy Servi ce component requi res di rect PSYOP
support.
7-20. The FI WC, l ocated at Li ttl e Creek Amphi bi ous Base, Vi rgi ni a Beach,
Vi rgi ni a,i stheNavyI WCenterofExcel l ence.TheFI WCbecameoperati onal on
1October 1995. As of Jul y 2002, FI WC has been subordi nate to the Naval
Network Warfare Command. The FI WC i s responsi bl e to provi de computer
i nci dent response, vul nerabi l i ty anal ysi s and assi stance, and i nci dent
measurement protect servi ces to fl eet and shore establ i shments. The FI WC
provi desthefaci l i ti es,equi pment,andpersonnel fordi recti ngthedefensi veI W
program,i ncl udi ngdetecti ngandrespondi ngtocomputerattacks.
THEAIRFORCEINFORMATIONWARFARECENTER
7-21. The AI A of the Uni ted States Ai r Force (USAF) commands thi s center.
AFI WCi sl ocatedatKel l yAFB,Texas.Thi sagencyi stheAi rForcecounterpart
to 1st I O Command (L), and has a PSYOP cel l wi thi n i ts organi zati on. Thi s
PSYOP cel l routi nel y augments the POTF or PSE wi th i ntel l i gence assets.
PSYOPforcesworkwi thAFI WCmostcl osel ywhentheJTFi sunderAi rForce
command, or when the Ai r Force Servi ce component requi res di rect PSYOP
support.
J OINTWARFAREANALYSISCENTER
7-22. Thi s center assi sts the combatant commanders i n preparati on and
anal ysi sofjoi ntoperati onpl ansandanal ysi sofweaponeffecti veness.I tprovi des
anal ysi s of engi neeri ng and sci enti fi c data and i ntegrates operati onal anal ysi s
wi th i ntel l i gence. JWAC can al so use the SI AM, i n coordi nati on wi th PSYOP
organi zati ons, as a means to determi ne pressure poi nts i n a coordi nated
percepti on management campai gn. The JWAC wi l l normal l y support a JTF
through the supported combatant command. PSYOP uses JWAC routi nel y to
anal yze and eval uate the tel ecommuni cati ons network i n a JOA or AOR. Thi s
organi zati onhasprovedmostcapabl eofsynthesi zi ngi nformati onandbui l di ng
workabl emodel sthatfaci l i tatePSYOPstel ecommuni cati onsrequi rements.
J OINTPROGRAMOFFICEFORSPECIALTECHNICALCOUNTERMEASURES
7-23. Thi s organi zati on has the abi l i ty to assess i nfrastructure dependenci es
andthepotenti al toi mpactonmi l i taryoperati onsresul ti ngfromdi srupti onsto
key i nfrastructure components. Speci fi c i nfrastructures i ncl ude el ectri c power,
natural gas, l i qui d petrol eum, transportati on, and tel ecommuni cati ons. Joi nt
ProgramOffi ceforSpeci al Techni cal Countermeasures(JPOSTC)al soconducts
techni cal assessments of emergi ng speci al technol ogi es to determi ne thei r
potenti al i mpactstomi l i taryandci vi l i ansystemsandproposescountermeasure
sol uti onsorresponseopti ons,aswarranted.PSYOPmustworkwi thJPOSTCto
ensure conti nui ty of effort when addressi ng i mpacts of tel ecommuni cati ons.
PSYOP may be compl etel y dependent on commerci al i nfrastructures wi thi n a
JOA. JPOSTC can make recommendati ons that not onl y deconfl i ct but al so
15April2005 7-7
FM3-05.30
faci l i tate the use of ci vi l i an i nfrastructure tel ecommuni cati ons by PSYOP.
JPOSTCmayal sohel pPSYOPforceswi thcountermeasuresagai nstadversary
jammi ngofPSYOPtransmi ssi onswhi l ehel pi ngi denti fyopti mal frequenci esfor
transmi ssi on.
J OINTSPECTRUMCENTER
7-24. Thi s center provi des DS to the JFC through the joi nt force I O cel l i n
several areas. JSC personnel conduct l ocati onal and techni cal characteri sti cs
anal ysesaboutfri endl yforcecommuni cati onsandassi sti nJRFLdeconfl i cti on.
TheJSCresol vesoperati onal i nterferenceandjammi ngi nci dentsandprovi des
data regardi ng forei gn C4I frequency and l ocati on data. Hi stori cal l y, the JSC
i nformati on has been cri ti cal to PSYOP mi ssi on success. The JSC propagati on
anal ysi s for PSYOP di ssemi nati on pl atforms, techni cal anal ysi s of the
el ectromagneti cspectrum,andi nfrastructurenetworksarecri ti cal baseproducts
thatPSYOPforcesrequi retobui l dadi ssemi nati onnetworki ntheJOAorAOR.
JRFLdeconfl i cti oni sal soessenti al tothesuccessofaPOTF.
J OINTCOMMUNICATIONSSECURITYMONITORACTIVITY
7-25. Joi nt Communi cati ons Securi ty Moni tor Acti vi ty (JCMA) provi des
i nformati onsecuri tymoni tori ngandanal ysi soffri endl yC4I systemstoensure
securi ty. PSYOP products shoul d be consi dered extremel y sensi ti ve, i f not
cl assi fi ed, before di ssemi nati on. The POTF or PSE wi l l often be the outl et for
manyoperati onal andstrategi cpol i ci essetbythePresi dentand/orSecDefand
coal i ti ons.I fthi si nformati oni srel easedprematurel y,i tcanhaveanoverarchi ng
effectthatcoul dbedetri mental tooperati onsofthecombatantcommanderand,
i ndeed, the USG. Therefore, i t i s essenti al that PSYOP pl anners coordi nate
JCMAsupport.
J OINTCOMMUNICATIONSSUPPORTELEMENT
7-26. TheJCSEaugmentsuni tcommuni cati onsusi ngawi dearrayoftacti cal
and commerci al communi cati ons equi pment. Routi nel y, PSYOP faces a
communi cati onsdi l emmawhendetermi ni ngasecurel ocati onforPSYOPproduct
devel opment, producti on, and di ssemi nati on. Methods of di stri buti on to
di ssemi nati onpl atformswi thi naJOAorAORpresentaspeci al chal l enge,si nce
JOAsandAORsareneverthesamei nthi srespect.Thus,PSYOPmayrequi re
speci al augmentati ontodi stri buteproductstodi ssemi nators.JCSEcanhel pi n
thi s regard. However, JCSE resources are extremel y l i mi ted. PSYOP pl anners
shoul d request i ts support earl y duri ng the pl anni ng stages ofanoperati onor
mi ssi on.
HUMANFACTORSANALYSISCENTER
7-27. Thi s center i s a joi nt Defense I ntel l i gence Agency (DI A) and Central
I ntel l i genceAgency(CI A)organi zati onthatanal yzessoci al behavi orsandhuman
factorsofgroupsandi ndi vi dual s.HFACpersonnel studythei mpacti ndi catorsof
i nformati on. They al so act as the i ntel l i gence fusi on center for human factors
anal ysi s.The4thPOG(A)SSDsprovi dePSYOP-speci fi ci nformati onandanal ysi s
tothi sorgani zati onrouti nel y.TheHFACi sani mportantorgani zati ontoPSYOP.
Detai l edi nformati onregardi ngsoci al andhumanbehavi ori savai l abl efromthi s
organi zati ontoPSYOPpersonnel anywherei ntheworl d.
15April2005 7-8
Chapter8
IntelligenceSupport
Conducti ng and eval uati ng effecti ve PSYOP requi res extensi ve
i ntel l i gence support. Essenti al l y, PSYOP i ntel l i gence i s processed
i nformati onaboutsel ectedforei gnTAs.I ntel l i gencesupportforPSYOP
focusesonthecondi ti onsandbehavi orofthesegroups,andanswersI Rs
from PSYOPforces.I ti sbasedonknowl edgeofanenti reAO,scopeof
mi ssi on, soci ety, geography, demographi cs, and weather. Furthermore,
i ntel l i gencei denti fi esthreatPSYOPacti vi ti esandcanprovi dethebasi s
for recommendi ng countermeasures. Thi s chapter i denti fi es those
i ntel l i gence systems, products, and i nformati on that PSYOP personnel
need to support the commander. FM 3-05.301; FM 3-13; FM 3-05.102,
Army Special Operations Forces I ntelligence; and FM 34-1, I ntelligence
and Electronic Warfare Operations, provi de the detai l s regardi ng
i ntel l i gencesupporttoPSYOP.
INTELLIGENCEREQUIREMENTS
8-1. Commandersmustensurethatthei rpersonnel areani ntegral partofthe
supported commands i ntel l i gence center. As a mi ni mum, PSYOP l i ai son
personnel shoul d work i n or cl osel y wi th the supported uni ts i ntel l i gence
organi zati on. I ts i ntel l i gence personnel shoul d be tasked to extract PSYOP-
rel atedi nformati onfromal l i ncomi ngreports,payi ngparti cul arattenti ontoI Rs.
8-2. Thesenior intelligence officer (SI O)foraPSYOPuni tworkscl osel ywi ththe
commander to devel op i ntel l i gence requi rements. The SI O then col l ects
i nformati on from Army, joi nt, i nteragency, and coal i ti on sourcesformal and
i nformal . PSYOP anal ysts are al so i mportant contri butors to the i ntel l i gence
process. They provi de both i nformati on and fi ni shed i ntel l i gence studi es, whi l e
the SI O l everages organi c and nonorgani c assets to answer the command
i nformati onneeds.
8-3. PSYOP forces devel op I Rs whi l e pl anni ng and conducti ng I PB, and
executi ngthePSYOPprocesstoi ncl udeeval uati ngMOE.
ENVIRONMENTALANALYSIS
8-4. I n thi s category, the anal yst takes a l ong-term vi ew of each of the 14
pol i ti cal -mi l i tary factors and addresses thei r rol e over ti me i n i nfl uenci ng a
soci ety.Thi si nformati onmaybeverydetai l ed;however,i ti srel ati vel yenduri ng
andi susual l ycompi l edoveranextendedperi odofti me.TheSSDi sthepri mary
sourceofanal ysi softhePSYOPenvi ronment.
FM3-05.30 15April2005 8-1
FM3-05.30
TARGETAUDIENCEANALYSIS
8-5. Thi s category of i ntel l i gence i nvol ves l ooki ng at the 14 pol i ti cal -mi l i tary
factorsasthei ni ti al conceptual frameworkforconducti ngthoroughTAA.TAAi s
compl eted duri ng Phase I I of the PSYOP process and requi res si gni fi cant
amountsofi nformati on.ManyI Rsarei denti fi edduri ngthi sprocessandmustbe
i ntegratedi ntothesupportedcommandscol l ecti onefforts.Whencompl etethi s
i ntel l i genceal l owsPSYOPforcestoi denti fy,anal yze,andsel ectspeci fi cforei gn
audi encesandcommuni cators.Thi si nformati onmustbefrequentl yupdated;i ti s
thei nformati onthatal l owsaPSYOPuni ttotargetaparti cul arTAwi thvari ous
medi a i n order to achi eve an objecti ve. I n addi ti on to the SSDs, i ntel l i gence
needed to conduct TAA comes from many sources, i ncl udi ng tacti cal PSYOP
Sol di ersi nface-to-facecontactwi thTAs.
USEOFDIGITALSYSTEMSBYPSYOPFORCES
8-6. Di gi tal systemsareacommanderspri nci pal tool i ncol l ecti ng,transporti ng,
processi ng, di ssemi nati ng, and protecti ng data. Di gi tal systems are the
i nformati on exchange and deci si on support subsystems wi thi n the C2 support
systemofthetotal force.Theconti nuousneedfori nformati ontosupportPSYOP
i sthebasi sforthedevel opmentofPSYOP-speci fi cdi gi tal systems.PSYOPal so
requi reaccesstotheABCSforaconti nuousfl owofi nformati on.Avai l abi l i tyof
i nformati on can make the di fference between success and fai l ure of a PSYOP
mi ssi on.Thedatamustgettotheri ghtpl ace,onti me,i naformatthati squi ckl y
usabl e by the i ntended reci pi ents, i n order to generate appropri ate acti ons.
Speci al mi l i tary operati ons conducted i n peace, stabi l i ty operati ons, support
operati ons, and war di ffer si gni fi cantl y from conventi onal operati ons. PSYOP
operatorsmustbeabl etocommuni catel ong-range,anywherei ntheworl dandat
anyti me,whi l eremai ni ngcompl etel yi nteroperabl ewi thjoi ntandArmysystems.
Appendi xDi ncl udesdetai l ondi gi tal systems.
DEVELOPINGPSYOP-SPECIFICINTELLIGENCEREQUIREMENTS
8-7. Fromthemomentoperati onsarecontempl ated,PSYOPpl annersl auncha
conti nui ng,i nteracti veprocesstodevel opandrefi nethecommandersesti mateof
thesi tuati on.Essenti al l y,PSYOPI Rsfocusonparti cul arTAs.Thi si nformati on
i ncl udes the i denti ty, l ocati on, condi ti ons, vul nerabi l i ti es, accessi bi l i ti es and
i mpacti ndi catorsofadesi gnated.
8-8. Determi ni ngspeci fi cal l yhowanygi venTAi sgoi ngtoreacttojoi ntforce
operati onsi sdi ffi cul tandagreatchal l engeconfronti ngPSYOPspeci al i stsand
PSYOPcommanders.Thefactorthatmakesdetermi nati onoffuturebehavi orso
di ffi cul ti stheprocessofacti onandreacti onthatwi l l occurbetweenami l i tary
forceandi tsTAs.Fri endl yacti onsorevenpreparati onwi l l ,i fdetected,causea
reacti on by the TA. These efforts have been referred to as the process of
i nteracti on. Esti mati ng the outcome of the process of i nteracti on requi res the
PSYOPoffi certoknowwhatfuturefri endl yacti onsarepl anned,forecastmany
di fferentfactorsi nvol vedi ntheacti ons,andtodetermi nethemostl i kel yeffects
ofthesei nteracti ons.
8-9. The formal devel opment of PSYOP I Rs begi ns i n Step 2 of the Armys
MDMP(mi ssi onanal ysi s)wi ththei denti fi cati onofthei ni ti al CCI R.TheCCI R
di rectl yaffectthesuccessorfai l ureofthemi ssi onandtheyareti me-sensi ti vei n
15April2005 8-2
FM3-05.30
thattheydri vedeci si onsatdeci si onpoi nts.Thekeyquesti oni s,Whatdoesthe
commanderneedtoknowi naspeci fi csi tuati ontomakeaparti cul ardeci si oni na
ti mel ymanner?
8-10. Devel opment of PSYOP I Rs conti nues i n Step 4 of the MDMP (COA
anal ysi s) duri ng the war-gami ng process. The war-gami ng process i s a
repeti ti veprocessofacti on,reacti on,andcounteracti onduri ngwhi chtheS-2
rol e-pl aystheTA(orenemycommander,asappropri ate).Bytryi ngtowi nthe
war game for the enemy, he ensures that the staff ful l y addresses fri endl y
responses for each enemys COA. The resul t of thi s process i s a refi ned and
fi nal i zed CCI R l i st ready for submi ssi on wi th the pl an under devel opment.
Once devel oped and submi tted, the SI O (J-2/S-2) conti nual l y checks on thei r
statusandworkswi ththecommanderandS-3todevel opCCI Rthatrefl ecta
dynami coperati onal envi ronment.
PSYOPANDTHEIPBPROCESS
8-11. The Army I PB process i nvol ves the executi on of four steps; al though
PSYOPhavespeci al consi derati ons,PSYOPpersonnel fol l owthesamestepsas
therestoftheArmy.PSYOPrequi reextensi vei ntel l i gencecol l ecti ontoconduct
vi gorousPSYOP-rel evantanal ysesthatdel vei ntopotenti al TAsandthePSYOP
envi ronment.Thefol l owi ngparagraphsfocusonthePSYOPpoti onoftheArmy
I PBsteps:
Step 1. Define the battlefield environment. For PSYOP, the emphasi s
duri ngthi sfi rststepi stoi denti fyweather,terrai n,i nfrastructure,and
potenti al TAswi thi ntheAOR.Thesefuncti onsaremostoftencompl eted
byG-2orS-2i nconjuncti onwi ththePSYOPpl anner,POAT,andPPD.
I denti fi cati onoftheseessenti al el ementsi sdoneduri ngi ni ti al I PB.
Step 2. Describe the battlefields effects. For PSYOP, Step 2 of I PB i s
whereanal ysi si sconducted.TheG-2orS-2mustanal yzetheweather
and terrai n and determi ne how these wi l l affect the di ssemi nati on of
PSYOP products by both fri endl y and hosti l e forces. I nfrastructure
anal ysi s for PSYOP consi ders the i nformati on envi ronment and the
medi a outl ets that di ssemi nate i nformati on. Thi s anal ysi s must
determi newhi choutl etsareavai l abl eforusebyfri endl yPSYOPforces
andthosethatarebei ngusedbyopponentforces.ThePOTForPSES-2
orG-2,i nconjuncti onwi ththesupporteduni tsi ntel l i gencesecti on,i s
pri mari l y responsi bl e for thi s porti on of Step 2. The anal ysi s of the
potenti al TAsthatwerei denti fi edi nStep1i sdonebytheTAAD.The
TAADtakesthePTAsfromStep1ofI PBandtheSPOthatwaswri tten
duri ng pl anni ng and begi ns to anal yze each target set and SPO
combi nati on to determi ne the vul nerabi l i ti es, l i nes of persuasi on,
suscepti bi l i ti es,accessi bi l i ti es,andeffecti venessofeachTA.Thi si sthe
targetaudi enceanal ysi sprocess(TAAP).Thi sprocessdetermi neseach
TAsabi l i tytoaffectthebattl efi el d.TheTAADwi l l determi netheabi l i ty
ofeachTAtoi nfl uencethePSYOPandsupportedcommandersstated
objecti ves.
15April2005 8-3
FM3-05.30
Step 3. Evaluate the threat. PSYOPspeci al i stsconcernthemsel veswi th
propaganda anal ysi s and counterpropaganda duri ng thi s stage of I PB.
They moni tor the competi ng agenci es wi thi n the AOR who are
di ssemi nati ng i nformati on and determi ne what effect that i nformati on
wi l l haveontheconductoftheoperati on.Thi sanal ysi si sl argel ydone
bytheTAADbutwi thsi gni fi cantassi stancefromtheG-2orS-2whowi l l
bei nterfaci ngwi ththevari ousi ntel l i genceagenci estoobtai nPSYOP-
rel evant i nformati on. A techni que, whi ch faci l i tates propaganda
anal ysi s, i s to have TAAD and G-2 or S-2 personnel l ocated near one
another.Thi sfuncti onofpropagandaanal ysi si specul i artoPSYOPI PB
and,whendoneeffecti vel y,canbeofgreati nterestandassi stancetoa
supportedcommander.
Step 4. Determine threat COAs. The i nformati on gai ned from the fi rst
threestepsi ntheI PBprocessal l owsthePSYOPpl annertodetermi ne
whatthethreatspropagandaobjecti vesare,whatpropagandaCOAsare
avai l abl e to the threat, whi ch COA i s most l i kel y to occur wi thi n the
gi venenvi ronment,andafeasi bl emethodofcounteri ngthatpropaganda.
8-12. Al though the PSYOP I PB bui l ds on the I PB of the hi gher HQ, i t i s
ori entedonthehumanaspectsofthesi tuati onandthecapabi l i ti esofaudi ences
torecei veandbei nfl uencedbyi nformati on.Theprocessl ooksatTAswi thi nand
outsi detheAORthatcanaffectthesupportedcommandersobjecti ves.PSYOP
I PB i s research-i ntensi ve and requi res that attenti on be gi ven to areas of the
battl espace that are not hi stori cal l y consi dered.PSYOPI PBmustconsi dernot
onl yopposi ngforcesbutal soneutral andfri endl yaudi encesthatmayal soi mpact
themi ssi on.
PROPAGANDAANALYSISANDCOUNTERPROPAGANDA
8-13. The process by whi ch U.S. mi l i tary personnel determi newhen,i f,and
howtoaddresspropagandacanbedi vi dedi ntotwobasi ctaskswi thsubordi nate
tasks. Propaganda anal ysi s encompasses col l ecti ng, processi ng and anal yzi ng;
counterpropagandaencompassesadvi si ngandexecuti ng.
PLANNING
8-14. Counterpropaganda pl anni ng i s not a separate step, but i s embedded
throughoutthePSYOPprocess.I nthei ni ti al PSYOPtab/annex,pl annersand
anal ystsbegi ntoi denti fyPSYOPobjecti ves,SPOs,andpotenti al TAsthatwi l l
reducetheeffecti venessofanopponentspropagandacampai gn.
8-15. As the operati on commences and pl ans are real i zed, pl anners and
anal ysts attempt to i denti fy i ndi cators of any potenti al propaganda campai gn
devel opi ng. As i ndi cators arri ve, they are i ntegrated i nto the i ntel l i gence and
TAA process. Anal ysts attempt to confi rm or deny thei r i ni ti al anti ci pated
opponentpl anandfi l l i nanyhol es.
8-16. PSYOP seri es are pl anned and devel oped. Pl anners, anal ysts, and
product devel opers begi n to embed potenti al counterpropaganda l i nes of
persuasi oni ntoTAAWsandul ti matel yi ntoseri es.Thi sproacti vemeasurewi l l
assi sti nsetti ngthestageforanyl atercounterpropagandaoperati ons.
15April2005 8-4
FM3-05.30
COLLECTING
8-17. PSYOPpersonnel mustuseal l avai l abl eassetstocol l ectthewi devari ety
ofi nformati onandpropagandaexi sti ngi nanarea.Duetothesheervol umeof
i nformati onandpotenti al sources,PSYOPforcesdonothavetheorgani cabi l i ty
tocol l ectal l avai l abl ei nformati on.I naddi ti on,PSYOPpersonnel maybel uredby
theobvi ouspropagandaappeari ngi ntheAOandmi sscol l ecti ngthemoresubtl e
andpotenti al l yeffecti vepropagandabei ngdi ssemi natedthroughthel ocal medi a.
Adversari esawareofPSYOPcapabi l i ti esi nthesupportedforcemaydel i beratel y
di ssemi nate obvi ous propaganda to draw PSYOP personnel away from other
eventsori nformati on.
8-18. Medi a anal ysi s i s the structured, del i berate tracki ng and anal ysi s of
opponent and neutral medi a (TV, radi o, I nternet, and pri nt). Properl y
performedmedi aanal ysi s,al thoughti me-consumi ngandl i ngui st-i ntensi ve,can
i denti fy trends and become predi cti ve when the supported force consi ders a
potenti al l y unpopul ar acti vi ty. To be trul y effecti ve, medi a anal ysi s must be
conducted on a dai l y basi s. PSYOP uni ts usual l y do not have the organi c
personnel suffi ci ent to accompl i sh thi s task. The TAAD of the PDC i s best
sui tedforconducti ngmedi aanal ysi s.Someorgani zati onscapabl eofconducti ng
medi aanal ysi sorsourcesare
I ntelligence organizations. The J/G/S-2 secti ons have access to hosti l e
medi areporti ngandcanassi sti ntheanal ysi s.
PA.PApersonnel anduni tsfrequentl yrevi ewandanal yzemedi areports
atthei nternati onal andl ocal l evel s.Theseanal ysesareoftenproduced
forthesupportedcommanderonaregul arbasi s.
DOS.MostU.S.Embassi eshavei nformati onoffi cers(formerl yknownas
Uni ted States I nformati on Servi ce [USI S] personnel ) who col l ect and
anal yzei nternati onal andl ocal medi areports.
Foreign Broadcast I nformation Service (FBI S).FBI Sreportsaredetai l ed
and methodi cal i n thei r anal ysi s; however, there i s usual l y a 24-hour
del ayi ntherecei ptofthedetai l edreports.FBI Si sanexcel l entresource,
butmaynotcoveral l medi ai ntheAO;oftentheywi l l reportonl yonthe
l argermedi aoutl ets.
I nternational organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
Many of these organi zati ons conduct medi a-moni tori ng acti vi ti es. I n
certai n peacekeepi ng mi ssi ons, some of these organi zati ons are
chartered wi th the task of medi a moni tori ng. Frequentl y, these
organi zati ons have si gni fi cant experti se i n the area and can provi de
val uabl ei nformati onandanal ysi s.
Local media. PSYOP personnel often work wi th the l ocal medi a on a
regul ar basi s. I n the courseofrouti nebusi ness,PSYOPpersonnel can
acqui reval uabl ei nformati onconcerni ngmedi areporti ngi ntheAO.
I nternet.Manymedi aoutl etsmai ntai nWebsi tesontheI nternet.These
si tesfrequentl yhavethemostrecentedi ti onsofthei rreportspostedi n
boththel ocal l anguageandi notherl anguages.
8-19. The col l ecti on task presents several si gni fi cant chal l enges: ti me,
personnel , and i ntegrati on. Ti me i s a chal l enge because the anal ysi s of
propaganda and i nformati on often requi res transl ati on and careful studyi ng.
15April2005 8-5
FM3-05.30
Theuseofoutsi desourcescanassi sti novercomi ngthi schal l enge.Personnel
shortages and mul ti pl e requi rements wi thi n the PSYOP forces present
chal l engesforl eadersi ntermsofpri ori ti zati onoftasks.Agai n,theeffecti veuse
ofoutsi depersonnel andorgani zati onswi l l assi stPSYOPforcesi novercomi ng
theshortageofpersonnel .PSYOPpersonnel musti denti fyandcoordi natewi th
al l avai l abl ecol l ecti onassetsandi ntegratethei rcapabi l i ti es.
PROCESSING
8-20. Processi ngopponenti nformati onandpropagandareferstothemovement
ofthei nformati onthroughnon-PSYOPandPSYOPchannel s.PSYOPpersonnel
must ensure that thei r supported uni t HQ and al l of i ts subordi nate uni ts
understandwheresuspectedopponentpropagandaandi nformati oni ssent.Al l
col l ecti onagenci esmustknowthatPSYOPuni tshavethemi ssi onofanal yzi ng
opponent propaganda and i nformati on. Once i n the PSYOP force, the G-2 or
i ntel l i gence representati ve l ogs the i tem and keeps a copy, i f necessary. The
propagandaori nformati onshoul dpasstothePDCi nthePOTFortheTPDDi na
TPC.Al thoughthepl ansandprogramssecti onordetachmenti ni ti al l yrecei ves
thesuspectedpropaganda,ul ti matel ytheTAADortargetaudi enceanal ysi steam
(TAAT)recei vestheproductandbegi nsthedetai l edanal ysi sofi t.
ANALYZING
8-21. When anal yzi ng propaganda, PSYOP personnel work wi th two l evel s of
anal ysi s:theanal ysi sofi ndi vi dual i temsofpropagandaandpropagandaprogram
anal ysi s.
8-22. I ndi vi dual i temanal ysi si sconductedbyPSYOPSol di ersusi ngthesource,
content, audi ence, medi a, effects (SCAME) approach. The SCAME process i s
di scussedi ndetai l i nFM3-05.301.
PROGRAMANALYSIS
8-23. Anal ysi s of an opponents propaganda program begi ns wi th what the
PSYOPuni tanti ci pateswi l l happen.Thecol l ecti onofi nformati onconfi rmsor
deni es the presence of such a program and enabl es the PSYOP anal yst to
i denti fy the opponents pl an. Thi s anal ysi s i nvol ves searches i n the
i nternati onal and l ocal medi a, detai l ed propaganda anal ysi s as i tems arri ve,
and TA acti ons and reacti ons. The l i nes of persuasi on, TA and objecti ves al l
bui l dtocompl eteapi ctureforthePSYOPanal yst.
8-24. OncePSYOPpersonnel suspectthatapropagandaprogrami spresenti n
the AO, they must begi n to anal yze and anti ci pate the program. I ndi vi dual
product anal ysi s feeds the program anal ysi s and can cl ari fy mi ssi ng
i nformati on. Program anal ysi s i s cri ti cal to the PSYOP uni t because thi s
anal ysi s wi l l serve as the basi s for deci di ng when, i f, and how to execute
counterpropagandaoperati ons.
8-25. PSYOPanal yststhentrytofi tthesepi ecestogethertoformapi ctureof
theopponentspl an.Oncetheopponentspl ani sveri fi ed,PSYOPpersonnel can
begi n to counter i t by anti ci pati ng acti ons and reacti ons and di ssemi nati ng
seri esi nadvanceofexpectedopponentpropaganda.
15April2005 8-6
FM3-05.30
ADVISING
8-26. PSYOP personnel advi se the supported commander and coordi nati ng
staff of the current si tuati on regardi ng the use or anti ci pated use of
propaganda i n the AO. PSYOP personnel advi se commanders on the
recommended defense agai nst propaganda and recommend the appropri ate
materi al to be i ncl uded i n command i nformati on programs. Thi s task al so
i ncl udesadvi ceonavai l abl eopti onsforuseofcounterpropagandabasedon
Propagandaanal ysi s.
Currenti ntel l i gence.
Pl anni ng consi derati ons (di scussed i n the fol l owi ng secti on on
counterpropaganda).
I mpactofpropaganda.
COUNTERING
8-27. Partofthechal l engeofcounterpropagandai sdeci di ngwhetherornotto
execute a counterpropaganda program i n an acti ve sense. Due to constrai nts,
si l ence may be an opti on. I t may be far more damagi ng to i ni ti ate a weak
counterpropagandapl anandhavei tfai l thantoempl oythesi l entopti on.
ORGANICCAPABILITIES
8-28. PSYOP forces possess l i mi ted capabi l i ti es to col l ect, process, i ntegrate,
anal yze, eval uate, and i nterpret PSYOP-rel evant i nformati on for use by
supported geographi c combatant command, JTFs, component commands, other
OGAs,andotheri ntel l i genceorgani zati ons.
RESEARCHANDANALYSISDIVISION
8-29. TheDCO/RACAmanagestheResearchandAnal ysi s(R&A)Di vi si onof
theActi veArmyPOGthatsupportsal l PSYOPgroupsandthei rsubordi nate
el ements. The DCO/RACA represents the commander i n the i ntel l i gence
producti oncycl e,di rectsspeci al projectsandanal ysestosupportconti ngenci es
and speci al acti ons, and supervi ses Department of Army ci vi l i an i ntel l i gence
anal ystsassi gnedtotheSSD.
STRATEGICSTUDIESDETACHMENT
8-30. A SSD, organi c to the R&A Di vi si on, supports each regi onal PSYOP
battal i on.TheSSDsprovi decomprehensi veanal ysi softhePSYOPenvi ronment.
SSDanal ysts,possessi ngadvancedacademi cdegreesandl anguageski l l s.They
areresponsi bl eforthePSYOPporti onoftheDepartmentofDefenseI ntel l i gence
Producti onProgram(DODI PP)byproduci nghi gh-qual i tySPSsandSPAsandby
wri ti ng the PSYOP appendi x to the mi l i tary capabi l i ti es study. The anal ysts
conductthoroughresearchandanal ysi softargetcountri es,regi ons,groups,and
i ssues to devel op effecti ve PSYOP. The detachments provi de ti mel y pol i ti cal ,
cul tural , soci al , pol i ti cal -mi l i tary, economi c, and pol i cy anal yses to PSYOP
commandersandthei rstaffs,aswel l astootheragenci es.
8-31. SSD anal ysts al so assi st i n del i berate and conti ngency pl anni ng and
depl oy to support operati ons. The PSYOP studi es and other SSD-generated
15April2005 8-7
FM3-05.30
anal yti cal products are accessi bl e through the POAS, whi ch al so provi des the
PSYOPcommuni tywi thaccesstovari ouscl assi fi edanduncl assi fi eddatabases.
Commanders can access POAS through I NTELI NK and the sensi ti ve
compartmentedi nformati on(SCI )I NTELI NKsystems.
BATTALIONS-2
8-32. Uponrecei ptofani mpendi ngPSYOPmi ssi on,theS-2accessesexi sti ng
databases and avai l abl e i ntel l i gence products to support the mi ssi on. Al l
avai l abl e sources i ncl udi ng the theater SOC J-2, the theater JI C, as wel l as
nati onal ,coal i ti on,HN,andsupporteduni tsresources.TheS-2al soreferstothe
perti nent PSYOP studi es produced by the SSD. These resourcesare processed
andi ntegratedaspartofthePSYOPpl anni ngcycl e.ThePSYOPS-2
Accesses avai l abl e i ntel l i gence to answer the commanders PI R and
i ntel l i gencerequi rements.
Ensures access to the i ntel l i gence assets and products requi red to
supportthecommander.
Ensuresthatthespeci al i zedproductsproducedbyPSYOPpersonnel are
i ncl udedi ni ntel l i gencedatabases.
Tasks organi c and attached i ntel l i gence assets and forwards I Rs to
hi gherHQ.
I ntegratesPSYOPi ntel l i genceeffortswi thotheruni tsandagenci es.
Mai ntai ns the current si tuati on and envi ronmental el ements of the
commonoperati ngpi cture.
I denti fi es,confi rms,andcoordi natespri ori ti esforuni tgeographi carea
requi rements for geospati al i nformati on and servi ces (GI &S) products
andservi cestosupportOPLANsandCONPLANs.
TAANALYSISDETACHMENT
8-33. TheTAAD,anel ementoftheregi onal PSYOPbattal i on,i denti fi esTAs
and anal yzes thei r condi ti ons, vul nerabi l i ti es, suscepti bi l i ti es, accessi bi l i ti es,
and effecti veness.TAAD and SSDpersonnel combi nethei reffortstomoni tor
and anal yze i ntel l i gence and prepare i n-depth TA anal yses i n the form of a
TAAW. The TAAD al so anal yzes propaganda, mi si nformati on, and opposi ng
i nformati on agai nst the Uni ted States or i ts forces to recommend
countermeasures.
TESTINGANDEVALUATIONDETACHMENT
8-34. El ements of the TED conduct surveys, i ntervi ews, and panel s to col l ect
PSYOP-rel evant i nformati on. These acti vi ti es are di fferent from tacti cal
i ntel l i gencecol l ecti on.Theyusetechni quesdevel opedformarketanal ysi s,survey
research,andhumani ntel l i gence(HUMI NT).Thedetachmentsgoal i stoobtai n
speci fi c i nformati on regardi ng a TAs demography, soci oeconomi c status, and
condi ti ons.
8-35. PSYOPseri esaresubjectedtoanal ysi sorscruti nybyopposi ngforces.I ti s
i mportanttohaveaccesstoi ntel l i genceontheopposi ngforcespropaganda.Thi s
i nformati onmaybeobtai nedthroughacombi nati onoforderofbattl e(OB)data,
mul ti di sci pl i ne counteri ntel l i gence (MDCI ) anal ysi s, and i nformati on and
15April2005 8-8
FM3-05.30
anal ysesi nPSYOPdatabases.PSYOPcanal soprovi dei ntel l i genceforusebythe
MDCI anal ysi s and decepti on pl anni ng el ements. Thi s i ntel l i gence pertai ns to
soci ol ogi cal prejudi ces or predi l ecti ons of a targeted force that coul d be
mani pul atedorexpl oi tedbyadecepti oneffort.
TACTICALPSYOPBATTALION
8-36. Thetacti cal POBprovi desdi rectPSYOPsupporttocorps-l evel uni tsand
bel ow.Tacti cal POBsdevel op,produce,anddi ssemi nateseri esassi gnedbythe
PSE or POTF. TPTs di ssemi nate PSYOP products (for exampl e, l oudspeaker
scri pts, l eafl ets, handbi l l s, and posters) i n l ocal areas and conduct face-to-face
communi cati ons wi th the TAs. Tacti cal PSYOP uni ts are abl e to col l ect
i nformati ononthegroundastheyhavedi rectaccesstothel ocal popul aceand
threatforceswhendi ssemi nati ngproducts.TPTsprovi dethetacti cal POBand
PSEorPOTFwi thcri ti cal i nformati ononTAcondi ti ons.
8-37. Atacti cal PSYOPbattal i onal sosupportsI /Roperati ons.Duri ngconfl i ct,
detai neesareconti nuoussourcesofcurrenti nformati onofval ueforbothPSYOP
andi ntel l i genceoperati ons.Thi sbattal i onconductstasksthatsupporttheoveral l
PSYOPmi ssi on,toi ncl ude
Screeni ngthedetai neefaci l i typopul ati on.
I ntervi ewi ngandsurveyi ngthecamppopul ati on.
Col l ecti ngPSYOPi nformati on.
Di ssemi nati ngreportsofthi si nformati on.
Recordi ngdetai neesurrenderappeal s.
PSYOPSUPPORTTOINTELLIGENCE
8-38. PSYOP uni ts al so produce speci al i zedi ntel l i genceproductstosupporta
vari etyofothercombatandi ntel l i gencemi ssi onsandoperati ons.PSYOPuni ts
devel op thesei ntel l i genceproductsbymoni tori ngandassessi ngsi tuati onsand
eval uati ng thei r i mpact on speci fi ed target groups and nati onal objecti ves.
Fi nal l y, thi s i nformati on i s combi ned wi th addi ti onal research on speci fi c
targetgroups.
8-39. Themai nfocusofthi sproducti onefforti sonsoci oeconomi c,pol i ti cal ,and
di pl omati cfactors.I tal sofocusesonthemi l i taryaspectsofaregi on,si tuati on,or
group.Theseproductsi ncl ude,butarenotl i mi tedto
Strategi c-l evel documentssuchasSPSsandSPAs.
Operati onal -ortacti cal -l evel anal ysesonspeci fi ctargetgroups.
PSYOPreportsandesti mates.
8-40. Al though PSYOP uni ts pri mari l y use these products to conduct thei r
operati ons,theproductsal socontai ni nformati onandi ntel l i gencethati suseful to
other agenci es. These products contai n di verse i nformati on on soci al customs,
enemymoral e,andkeynodes.
8-41. Through thei r speci al i zed trai ni ng and cl ose contact wi th fri endl y and
threatpersons,PSYOPuni tscanprovi dei nformati onofval uetothePSYOPand
i ntel l i gence efforts. PSYOP S-2s and other i ntel l i gence personnel must ensure
thi s i nformati on i s pl aced i n i ntel l i gence channel s. PSYOP uni ts can conduct
15April2005 8-9
FM3-05.30
PSYOP assessments ofI /Roperati ons,coordi natetheI /Ri ntel l i gencecol l ecti on
acti vi ti es,orotherwi sesupportthei nformati onfl owfromthreatareas.
NONORGANICINTELLIGENCESUPPORT
8-42. Organi c i ntel l i gence support rarel y provi des al l of the necessary
i nformati on requi red for PSYOP uni ts to pl an, produce, di ssemi nate, and
eval uatethePSYOPeffort.Therefore,PSYOPS-2smustl everagetheavai l abl e
i ntel l i genceassetsthatareexternal tothePSYOPcommuni ty.PSYOPdependon
HUMI NT, si gnal i ntel l i gence (SI GI NT), i magery i ntel l i gence (I MI NT), open-
source i ntel l i gence (OSI NT), techni cal i ntel l i gence (TECHI NT), and
counteri ntel l i gence (CI ) support to pl an thei r mi ssi ons. These i ntel l i gence
di sci pl i nesaredi scussedi nthefol l owi ngparagraphs.
HUMANINTELLIGENCESUPPORT
8-43. I ntel l i genceandi nformati ongatheredfromdetai nees,refugees,captured
documents, and publ i shed materi al s often provi de PSYOP el ements wi th
si gni fi canti nsi ghtsi ntothepsychol ogi cal si tuati oni naspeci fi careaorwi thi na
targetgroup.Wi thconsentandproperauthori ty,thesesourcesmaybeusedto
devel op and test PSYOP products. I n addi ti on to organi c HUMI NT col l ectors,
HUMI NT support for PSYOP uni ts i s avai l abl e from the supported theaters
i ntel l i gence assets. Otherwi se, HUMI NT col l ectors are col l ocated at detai nee
col l ecti on poi nts and hol di ng faci l i ti es at di vi si on l evel and echel ons above.
I nterrogati oni nformati oni stheni ncorporatedi ntotheal l -sourceproduct.When
PSYOP uni ts need i nformati on for mi ssi on pl anni ng that onl y HUMI NT
col l ectors mi ght provi de, the PSYOP uni ts must coordi nate thei r requi rements
wi ththecommandthathasHUMI NTcol l ectors.
SIGNALSINTELLIGENCESUPPORT
8-44. SI GI NT assets support PSYOP by provi di ng SI GI NT and EW products
extractedfroml ocati ng,moni tori ng,andtranscri bi ngthreatcommuni cati ons.EW
assets support PSYOP by l ocati ng and jammi ng threat PSYOP transmi tters.
These assets provi de i nformati on and i ntel l i gence that hel p reveal enemy
acti vi ti esorpl anssothatPSYOPcandevel opeffecti vecountermeasures.
IMAGERYINTELLIGENCESUPPORT
8-45. PSYOP uni ts request I MI NT support from the supported command.
PSYOP anal ysts use I MI NT to l ocate and determi ne the capabi l i ti es and
operati onal status of transmi tters or pri nti ng pl ants. PSYOP anal ysts al so use
I MI NTtol ocatemobi l etargetgroups.Byanal yzi ngi mageryofthel ocati onand
archi tecture of key structures, anal ysts can determi ne the ethni c or rel i gi ous
makeupofatownorvi l l age.OtherusesforI MI NTproductsi ncl udei denti fyi ng
andeval uati ngoperati onal capabi l i ti esoftransportati onnetworks,factori es,and
other publ i c structures or systems. PSYOP anal ysts use I MI NT to confi rm or
denyactsofri oti ng,actsofsabotage,demonstrati ons,andworksl owdownsthat
are ei ther the ori gi nal PSYOP objecti ve or an i mpact i ndi cator of a PSYOP
programorspeci fi cproduct.
8-10 15April2005
FM3-05.30
OPEN-SOURCEINTELLIGENCESUPPORT
8-46. OSI NTthrough publ i cati ons, academi cs, andmassmedi acanprovi de
i nformati on on natural di sasters, bi ographi c i nformati on, cul ture, hi stori cal
context, weather, and even BDA. Open-source data can al so be purchased for
geospati al and mappi ng data. Less obvi ous i s the use ofopen-sourcemateri al s
suchasgraffi ti andtaggi ngstoi denti fygangturfortogaugepubl i copi ni on.
TECHNICALINTELLIGENCESUPPORT
8-47. PSYOPuni tscanuseTECHI NTtofocusthei reffortsoncri ti cal ,hi ghl y
techni cal threat uni ts and i nstal l ati ons. They can al so i denti fy al ternati ve
methods of PSYOP product di ssemi nati on through the anal ysi s of the target
popul ati ons i nformati on i nfrastructure. The Captured Materi el Expl oi tati on
Center (CMEC) or a battl efi el d TECHI NT team at corps producesTECHI NT
products. TECHI NT i s i ncorporated i nto al l -source i ntel l i gence products.
Speci fi crequestsforTECHI NTsupportarecoordi natedthroughtheSOCJ-2to
corpsHQorabove.
COUNTERINTELLIGENCESUPPORT
8-48. CI detects, eval uates, counteracts, or prevents forei gn i ntel l i gence
col l ecti on, subversi on, sabotage, and terrori sm. I t determi nes securi ty
vul nerabi l i ti es and recommends countermeasures. CI operati ons support
OPSEC,decepti on,PSYOPandforceprotecti on(FP).
OTHERNONORGANICSUPPORT
8-49. PSYOP pl anners must have access to the l atest GI &S and weather
i nformati ontopl anandconductthei rassi gnedmi ssi ons.Thi ssupporti sreadi l y
avai l abl e from the outsi de sources descri bed bel ow. Addi ti onal l y, PSYOP
pl anners must i ntegrate thei r requi rements wi th supported uni ts to benefi t
from the col l ecti on of other i ntel l i gence, such as measurement and si gnature
i ntel l i gence(MASI NT).
WEATHER
8-50. Weather and other envi ronmental factors affect al most al l PSYOP
mi ssi ons.SevereweathermaydegradePSYOPdi ssemi nati onefforts,asi nthe
case of ai rborne l eafl et drops. Sunspot acti vi ty can di srupt radi o and TV
broadcastsi ntoaTA.Severeweathermayal soenhancePSYOPprogramsi fi t
affects threat moral e. Therefore, PSYOP uni ts need accurate weather and
envi ronmental i nformati on.Requi redweathersupporti ncl udes
Forecasts of general weather condi ti ons and speci fi c el ements of
meteorol ogi cal data,asdescri bedi nthe24-hourforecast.
Sol ar,geophysi cal i nformati on,andcl i mati cstudi esandanal ysi s.
Weather advi sori es, warni ngs, and speci al i zed weather products, as
requi red.
8-51. Thepri marysourceforrequi redweatheri ntel l i gencesupport,toi ncl ude
speci al i zed products, i s the USAF 10th Combat Weather Squadron. Thi s
squadroni sacomponentoftheAFSOCthatprovi desspeci al operati onsweather
detachments(SOWDs)forattachmenttoARSOFuni ts.
15April2005 8-11
FM3-05.30
GI&SANDOTHERINTELLIGENCEPRODUCTS
8-52. PSYOPuni ts,usi ngthei rDepartmentofDefenseacti vi tyaddresscode
(DODAAC),mayrequi si ti onstandardNati onal I mageryandMappi ngAgency
(NI MA) products through the Army suppl y system di rectl y from Defense
Logi sti cs Agency (DLA). I ntel l i gence products and servi ces may al so be
requested from DI A. USASOC hel ps uni ts obtai n speci al GI &S products
andservi ces.
INTELLIGENCESUPPORTFROMHIGHERECHELONS
8-53. PSYOPmi ssi onsoftenrequi rei ntel l i gencesupportfromhi gherechel ons.
Nati onal -andtheater-l evel supporti sdi scussedi nthefol l owi ngparagraphs.
NATIONALSUPPORT
8-54. The majori ty of PSYOP mi ssi ons, parti cul arl y at the strategi c and
operati onal l evel s, requi re access to i ntel l i gence i nformati on and materi al s
producedatthenati onal l evel .Atthenati onal l evel ,non-DODagenci essuchas
theCI AandtheDOScol l ectandproduceval uabl ePSYOP-rel atedi ntel l i gence.
Theseagenci esmoni toral l regi onsandaresancti onedtoprovi dei ntel l i gence
support to PSYOP. Wi thi n the DOD, the Nati onal Mi l i taryJoi ntI ntel l i gence
Center (NMJI C), the Nati onal Ground I ntel l i gence Center (NGI C), and the
Nati onal Securi ty Agency (NSA) provi de worthwhi l e i ntel l i gence reports and
products.Theseagenci eshaveextensi veknowl edgeofpotenti al TA,andhave
databases and wel l -establ i shed col l ecti on frameworks that can support
PSYOPefforts.
THEATERSUPPORT
8-55. The pri mary concern of the SOC J-2 i s i n-theater i ntel l i gence pol i cy
formul ati on, pl anni ng, and coordi nati on for al l depl oyed ARSOF, i ncl udi ng
PSYOP.TheSOCJ2
Ensuresthatsuffi ci enti ntel l i gencesupporti savai l abl eforeachmi ssi on
taskedbytheSOC.
Rel i es on the theater Servi ce i ntel l i gence organi zati ons to col l ect,
produce,anddi ssemi natei ntel l i gencetomeetPSYOPrequi rements.
Taskssubordi nateSOFuni tsandcoordi nateswi thhi gherandadjacent
uni tstocol l ectandreporti nformati oni nsupportofPSYOPi ntel l i gence
requi rements.
8-56. Theater OPORDs, OPLANs, campai gn pl ans, and supporti ng PSYOP
and i ntel l i gence annexes contai n speci fi c PSYOP i ntel l i gence requi rements.
Most of these requi rements are val i dated and i ncorporated i nto PSYOP
col l ecti on pl ans. (FM 34-1 and FM 34-2, Collection Management and
Synchronization Planning,contai naddi ti onal i nformati ononthi ssubject.)
8-57. To meet some of these requi rements, SI Os may need to rei nforce or
refocus avai l abl e i ntel l i gence assets. Often, the PSYOP SI O must enter the
i ntel l i gence system to access i nformati on or i ntel l i gence from other uni ts,
i ntel l i gence agenci es, or sources at hi gher, l ower, and adjacent echel ons.
8-12 15April2005
Chapter9
SupportandSustainment
I t i s the l ogi sti ci ans enduri ng chal l enge to synchroni ze combat servi ce
support(CSS)acti vi ti eswi thoperati onal empl oymentconcepts.Neverhas
thi sstatementbeentruerthanforthePSYOPl ogi sti ci antaskedtopl ana
concept of l ogi sti cs support for PSYOP forces operati ng i n a joi nt,
i nternati onal , or mul ti nati onal envi ronment. PSYOP forces operate from
mul ti pl e bases rangi ng from CONUS through the communi cati ons zone
(COMMZ)totheJOA.Thi staski smademorecompl exbythei ncreasei n
operati ons bei ng conducted i n geographi c l ocati ons outsi de a theater
supportsystem.
Thi s chapter outl i nes the pri mary tasks for l ogi sti cs support to PSYOP
forces, the concept for l ogi sti cs support, responsi bi l i ti es for support, and
pl anni ngconsi derati ons.
CONCEPT
9-1. PSYOP uni ts deri ve l ogi sti cs support for operati onal el ements from the
ASCC.TheASCC,asprescri bedbyTi tl e10,USC164,andTi tl e10,USC167,
statesthattheparentservi ceretai nsresponsi bi l i tyforsupportofARSOF.The
ASCCdevel opsthetheatersupportpl anthati ncl udessustai nmentofPSYOP
bytheaterl ogi sti csorgani zati ons.
9-2. The ASCC i s responsi bl e for recepti on, stagi ng, onward movement, and
i ntegrati on(RSOI )andfol l ow-onsupportandsustai nmentofi n-theaterArmy
forces, i ncl udi ng PSYOP. The ASCC al so provi des support to Army forces i n
I SBs.PSYOPhavesomekeydi fferencesthataffectthetypeofsupportrequi red
for RSOI and sustai nment. The fol l owi ng condi ti ons occur often enough that
theymustrecei vespeci al consi derati onduri ngl ogi sti cspl anni ng:
I ti snotunusual forforward-depl oyedPSYOPuni tstobei sol atedandi n
austerel ocati ons.Suppl ydi stri buti oni sakeyconsi derati on.
PSYOPuni tshavesi gni fi cantamountsofuni queequi pmentthatrequi re
supportthroughSOl ogi sti cschannel s.
PSYOPuni tshaveextensi veanduni quecontractual requi rements.
PSYOP uni ts have extensi ve and uni que requi rements for fi nanci al
support.
9-3. Support for PSYOP-speci fi c i tems i scoordi natedthroughtheSOTSEa
staffpl anni ng,coordi nati ng,andfaci l i tati ngel ement.Thi sel ementi sassi gnedto
SOSCOM and attached by USASOC to the ASCC for duty wi thi n the ASCC
G-3/G-4stafftocoordi natel ogi sti cssupportforal l depl oyedARSOF.
FM3-05.30 15April2005 9-1
FM3-05.30
UNITEDSTATESARMYSPECIALOPERATIONSCOMMAND
9-4. USASOC moni tors ongoi ng l ogi sti cs support to PSYOP forces and
provi des the i ni ti al support that may not be avai l abl e from the ASCC. The
organi zati onsthatperformthesefuncti onsare
Special Operations Support Command. TheSOSCOMpl ans,coordi nates,
andwhenrequi red,executesCSSforPSYOPforcesthroughi tsforward-
depl oyedSOTSEandorgani cspeci al operati onssupportbattal i on(SOSB).
The SOSCOM may al so attach l ogi sti cs LNOs to the POTF when i ts
sustai nmentoperati onsareexpectedtorequi recompl exjoi nt,i nteragency
andmul ti nati onal ,andcontractual support.
Special Operations Theater Support Element. The SOTSE has a
coordi nati oncel l wi ththeASCCstaff.I tprovi desspeci al operati onsstaff
experti seandcoordi natesaccesstothesupporti nfrastructure.I tensures
PSYOPrequi rementsarei ncl udedi nthesupportpl an.I tal soprovi des
thecapabi l i tyfordepl oyi ngPSYOPtogai naccesstothetheaterArmy
supportstructuresonarri val i n-theater.
Special Operations Support Battalion. When requi red, the 528th SOSB
provi desl i mi tedDStoPSYOP.I tprovi dessupportfromtheearl yarri val
and empl oyment of PSYOP forces unti l the theater support structure
capabi l i ty can take over. The SOSB provi des suppl y and mai ntenance
supportsi mi l artothatprovi dedtoconventi onal uni ts.I tal soprovi desl ow-
densi tyandPSYOP-speci fi ci temsupport.Theuni ti scapabl eofdepl oyi ng
anywherei ntheworl dtoprovi deearl ysupport.I tprovi dessupportonl y
unti l thetheatersupportstructurei sestabl i shedandcapabl eofmeeti ng
PSYOPrequi rements.Oncethatoccurs,theSOSBpreparestoredepl oyfor
anotherconti ngency.
THEATERSPECIALOPERATIONSCOMPONENT
9-5. The theater SOC supports PSYOP forces for any PSYOP-speci fi c
requi rementstheASCCi denti fi esasashortfal l .ThetheaterSOCval i datesthe
SOR of PSYOP forces, and works cl osel y wi th the uni fi ed command staff, the
theaterASCC,andPSYOPl ogi sti ci anstoconveythePSYOPrequi rements.
9-6. The TSOC and PSYOP l ogi sti ci ans coordi nate wi th the ASCC to devel op
pl ans and subsequent orders to i mpl ement di recti ves the ASCC wi l l i ssue to
support the PSYOP forces assi gned to the uni fi ed command. The TSOC, i n
conjuncti onwi ththePOTFS-4,advi sestheASCCcommanderontheappropri ate
commandandsupportrel ati onshi psforeachPSYOPmi ssi on.TheSOTSEkeeps
theSOSCOMandUSASOCi nformedofthestatusofASCCsupporti ngpl ans.
9-7. Thegrouporregi onal POBS-4hasthestaffl eadforl ogi sti cspl anni ngand
executi on.Whennottask-organi zedforanoperati onal mi ssi on,thePOGS-4i s
the seni or l ogi sti cs offi cer, and the USACAPOC G-4 i s the hi gher l ogi sti cs
authori ty. When task-organi zed for an operati onal mi ssi on, the POG S-4 wi l l
coordi natewi ththeHQhavi ngcontrol toestabl i shthel ogi sti csrel ati onshi p;for
exampl e, a POTF that i s COCOM to a theater combatant commander and i n
recei pt of a JCS execute order i n a CONUS garri son l ocati on, or one that i s
depl oyed OCONUS. The S-4 must arrange for conti nui ty of l ogi sti cs support
duri ngthetransi ti onbetweenUSASOCandtheatercontrol .
15April2005 9-2
FM3-05.30
PLANNING
9-8. Pl anni ngcantaketwoformsdel i beratepl anni ngandCAP.Thefol l owi ng
paragraphsprovi demoredetai l onthesetwoformsofpl anni ng.
DELIBERATEPLANNING
9-9. PSYOP uni ts and the ASCC can ful l y i denti fy support requi rements i n
OPLANsandCONPLANsfromabarebaseSOR,downtotheuserl evel basedon
anestabl i shedsetofpl anni ngassumpti ons.I nthi sway,theASCCcoordi nates
theful fi l l mentofrequi rementsfromthesupportstructurei nthetheaterArmy.
CRISISACTIONPLANNING
9-10. I n CAP, the requi rements anti ci pated at the combatant command l evel
di ctate the amount of responsi veness and i mprovi sati on requi red to provi de
reacti ve, no-noti ce support and sustai nment. Actual ci rcumstancesmay di ctate
thatprepl annedrequi rementsaremodi fi edormaygeneratenewrequi rements
thatwereunanti ci patedduri ngthedel i beratepl anni ngprocess.
STATEMENTOFREQUIREMENT
9-11. The SOR i s the key to securi ng responsi ve support. SOR devel opment
begi nswi threcei ptofaWARNOfromthesupportedTSOCthroughUSSOCOM,
USASOC,andUSACAPOC,and/orduri ngthedel i beratepl anni ngprocess.Li ke
the joi nt i ntegrated pri ori ti zed target l i st (JI PTL) i n the operati onal pl anni ng
process,theSORi srecogni zedbyArmyandsi sterServi cel ogi sti ci ans.TheSOR
i sapowerful tool thatPSYOPl ogi sti ci ansmustmasteranduse.
9-12. The i ntent of the SOR process i s to i denti fy l ogi sti cs needs earl y i n the
pl anni ngcycl e(Fi gure9-1,page9-4).Theuni tortaskforcecoordi natesthrough
i tshi gherHQoperati onsandl ogi sti csstafftoprovi detheUSASOCDeputyChi ef
ofStaffforOperati onsandPl ans(DCSOPS)(throughUSACAPOC)ani ni ti al l i st
ofrequi rements.USASOCDCSOPStaskstheDeputyChi efofStaffforLogi sti cs
(DCSLOG)tosourceal l requi rements.
9-13. Acri ti cal sourceofi nformati ontheASCCandtheSOTSEneedi nthei r
coordi nati onandfaci l i tati onfuncti onsi sthePSYOPSOR.TheTSOCJ-4usesthe
ASCC OPLAN i n prepari ng hi s CONPLAN for i ncl usi on i n the mi ssi on order.
Thi s approach al l ows the SOTSE ti me to revi ew requi red support before the
PSYOPmi ssi onuni tsubmi tstheSOR.Thi srevi ewi sespeci al l ycri ti cal i nCAP
andshort-noti cemi ssi onchanges.
9-14. The SOR i s a l i vi ng document that requi res peri odi c reeval uati on and
updati ngasrequi rementschange.WhenaPSYOPuni trecei vesami ssi on,i t
updates the standi ng SOR devel oped duri ng the del i berate-pl anni ng process.
The PSYOP commander uses thi s SOR to cross-l evel suppl i es needed at the
assi gnedmi ssi onuni tl evel .TheSORi denti fi es,consol i dates,andpri ori ti zesi n
pri ori tyal l uni trequi rementsthatexceedorgani ccapabi l i ti es.Themi ssi onuni t
forwardsi ttothenext-hi gherorgani zati on.
15April2005 9-3
FM3-05.30
Figure9-1.StatementofRequirementProcess
9-15. At the next-hi gher l evel (group), the SOR starts the process i nto the
operati onal channel s(S-3/G-3).Theoperati onsandl ogi sti cssecti onsrevi ewthe
SORanddi rectorassi stcross-l evel i ngandtransferofneededi temsi nthemost
expedi ti ouswaypossi bl e.Thi sstaffl evel thenforwardstheSORtothenext-
hi gherl evel foranysuppl i esandservi cessti l l remai ni ngontheSOR.
9-16. Anysuppl i esandservi cesthatarenotyetresourcedontheSORareagai n
passedupthechai n(USACAPOC).Thi sl evel forwardsaSORrequesti ngonl ythe
suppl i esandservi cesnotprevi ousl yobtai ned.
9-17. Atthenextl evel (USASOC),therequi rementsthatcanbeobtai nedwi thi n
USASOC are coordi nated and transferred. USASOC coordi nates wi th
DepartmentoftheArmyHQ,ArmyMateri el Command(subordi natecommands),
otheragenci es,andmajorcommandstosourceal l requi rements.
9-18. Thedevel opmentandcoordi nati onofauni tSORi sadynami cprocessthat
occurs at mul ti pl e echel ons concurrentl y. PSYOP l ogi sti ci ans devel op a formal
SORtosupporttheaterdel i beratepl anni ngandconti ngencyoperati onsandthen
forwardthedocumenttothetheaterSOCforval i dati on.Gi venthefl ui dnatureof
theater pl anni ng, the theater SOC and ASCC may begi n coordi nati ng new
ARSOFrequi rementsbeforerecei ptofaval i datedrevi si onoftheSOR.
15April2005 9-4
FM3-05.30
9-19. A compl ete SOR addresses i n detai l al l aspects of combat support (CS)
andCSS.
SUPPORTRELATIONSHIPS
9-20. Support rel ati onshi ps must be devel oped before and duri ng real -worl d
operati ons, trai ni ng exerci ses, mobi l e trai ni ng teams (MTTs), and pl anni ng
conferences. Support rel ati onshi ps i denti fi ed i n the theater support pl an are a
basi sforhabi tual supportrel ati onshi psbetweenPSYOPandthesupporteduni t.
THEATERLOGISTICS
9-21. The fol l owi ng i nformati on expl ai ns how l ogi sti cs (suppl y, fi el d servi ces,
mai ntenance, and transportati on) i s provi ded to PSYOP forces i n a
devel opedtheater.
Supply
9-22. Nonstandard/PSYOP-unique items. PSYOP forces make uni t
requi si ti ons and recei ve nonstandard PSYOPuni que equi pment and i tems
throughtheSOSBorthesuppl yandtransportati onsecti onforthesupported
uni ti nthecaseofsupporti ngconventi onal forces.TheSOSBfi l l stherequest
fromthetheateror(i nthecaseofcertai nnon-DODi tems)obtai nsthei tems
throughtheSOCJ-4.
9-23. Classes I, II, III, IV, VI, and VII. The supported uni ts suppl y and
transportati onsecti onrequi si ti ons,recei ves,andstoresstandardsuppl i esfrom
thesupporti ngDSsuppl yandservi cecompanyi nthetacti cal supportcenter
(TSC),areasupportgroup(ASG),orSOSB.Al l thesecl assesofsuppl i es(except
bul kCl assI I I )aredemandi tems.ThePSYOPuni tsubmi tsarequestthrough
thesupporteduni tsservi cedetachmenttothedi rectsupportuni t(DSU).
9-24. Bulk Class III. These are schedul ed i tem. The group or regi onal S-4
forecastsuni trequi rementsthroughl ogi sti cschannel stotheTSCorASGbased
on i nput from the battal i ons, compani es, or PSEs. The TSC DCSLOG and
theaterArmymateri al managementcommand(TAMMC)devel opadi stri buti on
pl an to al l ocate fuel to subordi nate uni ts based on fuel avai l abi l i ty (I AW
theaterOPLANs)anduni tpri ori ti es.
9-25. Class V. The supported uni ts suppl y and transportati on secti on
requests,draws,andstoresconventi onal Cl assVsuppl i esfromthesupporti ng
ammuni ti on suppl y poi nt (ASP). A conventi onal ordnance ammuni ti on
companyoftheTSCammuni ti ongroupoperatestheASPandusessuppl ypoi nt
di stri buti on.Cl assVsuppl yi sschedul ed,notdemanded.Basedoni nputfrom
PSYOP forces (PSE, POTF, and TPTs), the group S-3 must determi ne the
groups operati onal requi rements, pri mari l y the uni t basi c l oad (UBL) and
requi red suppl y rate. The S-3 then submi ts the requi rements through
operati onal channel sforapproval andal l ocati onbytheTSCDCSOPS.TheTSC
DCSLOGandTAMMCal l ocatescarceCl assVi temsbycomputi ngacontrol l ed
suppl y rate based on gui dance from the ASCC DCSOPS. Once the group
commander recei ves hi s Cl ass V al l ocati on, he al l ocates i t among hi s
subordi nate el ements. Consi deri ng these al l ocati ons, the group and battal i on
S-3sapproveuni tCl assVrequestsbeforetheS-4scanfi l l them.
15April2005 9-5
FM3-05.30
9-26. Class VIII.The group requi si ti ons and recei ves i ts normal Cl ass VI I I
suppl i es from the supporti ng DS medi cal treatment faci l i ty of the TSC U.S.
ArmyMedi cal Command(MEDCOM).Themedi cal faci l i tyusesacombi nati on
ofuni tandsuppl ypoi ntdi stri buti on.Cl assVI I I resuppl yi sondemand.PSYOP
forces,usual l ytheTPTs,submi tarequestthroughthei rchai nofcommandto
the supported uni ts medi cal suppl y sergeant, who forwards the request
through medi cal channel s to the medi cal faci l i ty. The faci l i ty ei ther fi l l s the
request from i ts exi sti ng stocks or forwards the request to i ts supporti ng
medi cal l ogi sti cs(MEDLOG)uni t.Forbul ki ssueofCl assVI I I suppl i estofi l l
PSYOP operati onal requi rements, the MEDCOM normal l y authori zes di rect
requi si ti oni ngfromtheMEDLOGuni t.
9-27. Class IX. The supported uni ts mechani cal mai ntenance secti on
requi si ti ons, recei ves, and stores Cl ass I X suppl i es from the thei r supporti ng
DSmai ntenancecompanyi ntheASG.TheDSUusessuppl ypoi ntdi stri buti on.
Cl assI Xresuppl yi sondemand.Theusi nguni t,throughi tschannel s,submi ts
i ts request to the mechani cal mai ntenance secti on. The mechani cal
mai ntenance secti on forwards the request to the DSU. The DSU fi l l s the
requestfromi tsexi sti ngstocksorforwardstherequesttotheTAMMC.
9-28. ClassX.Thesupporteduni tssuppl yandtransportati onsecti onrecei ves
and stores Cl ass X suppl i es from the supporti ng TSC. The TSC uses a
combi nati onofuni t,suppl ypoi nt,andthroughputdi stri buti on.Theusi nguni t
submi ts i ts request through the base S-5. The base S-5 forwards therequest
throughl ogi sti cschannel s.
9-29. Water.Thesupporteduni tssuppl yandtransportati onsecti onobtai ns
potabl e and nonpotabl e water from l ocal sources usi ng organi c equi pment.
Whenwaterrequi rementsexceedthel ocal suppl y,thesecti onrequi si ti onsand
drawswaterfromawatersuppl ypoi ntsetupbythesupporti ngDSsuppl yand
servi cecompany.TheDSUusessuppl ypoi ntdi stri buti on.
9-30. Maps. The supported uni ts suppl y and transportati on secti on al so
requi si ti onsandrecei vesuncl assi fi edmapsfromthesupporti ngDSsuppl yand
servi cecompany.TheDSUobtai nsi tsuncl assi fi edmapsfromtheappropri ate
TA map depot. Usi ng uni ts submi t thei r requests to the S-2, who then
consol i datesthemandforwardstherequeststhroughsuppl ychannel s.TheS-2
requi si ti ons and recei ves cl assi fi ed maps and other cl assi fi ed i ntel l i gence
productsthroughi ntel l i gencechannel s.
FIELDSERVICES
9-31. Fi el d servi ces i ncl ude mortuary affai rs, ai rdrop, cl othi ng exchange and
bath, l aundry, bread baki ng, texti l e and cl othi ng renovati on, and sal vage.
Mortuaryaffai rsandai rdroparepri maryfi el dservi cesbecausetheyareessenti al
tothesustai nmentofcombatoperati ons.Al l othersaresecondaryfi el dservi ces.
9-32. PSYOP forces that sustai n fatal casual ti es i denti fy the human remai ns
whenever possi bl e, and pl ace them i n human-remai ns pouches. They then
evacuate the remai ns through thei r supported uni ts servi ce detachment for
further evacuati on to the supporti ng mortuary affai rs col l ecti on poi nt. I f the
remai ns are NBC-contami nated, they and the pouches shoul d be so marked.
When a PSE cannot evacuate i ts dead, i t conducts an emergency buri al and
15April2005 9-6
FM3-05.30
reports the ten-di gi t gri d of the buri al to the supported uni t and the group or
battal i on. The group or battal i on S-4 submi ts a record of i nterment through
mortuary affai rs channel s. Whenever possi bl e, a uni t chapl ai n, or the PSYOP
commanderconductsanappropri ateservi cetohonorthedead.
MAINTENANCE
9-33. PSYOPforcesnormal l ydepl oywi thal i mi tedorgani zati onal mai ntenance
capabi l i ty. They obtai n DS and GS mai ntenance from the ASCC for Army
commonequi pment.PSYOPforcesobtai nDSandGSmai ntenanceforPSYOP-
uni que equi pment from the USSOCOM Store Front System through the
supporti ng SOTSE. The Store Front Systemi sauni queandfocusedmeansto
evacuate,repai r,andrepl aceSOF-uni queequi pment.
9-34. Tacti cal PSYOP forces are attached to the forces they support and
therefore,recei veal l mai ntenancesupportfromtheforcetheyaresupporti ng.
NAWCAD,anaddi ti onal suppl i er,provi desDSandGSmai ntenanceforsome
PSYOP-uni que equi pment (upon request) di rectl y to the user. I t may al so
attachforcestoaPOTFforthi spurpose.
TRANSPORTATION
9-35. Theuni tS-4coordi natesfortransportati onsupportthroughtheregi onal
transportati on movement offi ce (TMO) of the theater Army movement control
agency (TAMCA). The SOSB al so may resol ve transportati on requi rements.
Tacti cal PSYOPforcessubmi trequeststhroughthei rsupporti nguni t.
PERSONNELSERVICESUPPORT
9-36. PSSconsi stsoffi verel atedareaspersonnel management,publ i caffai rs,
l egal servi ces, fi nance servi ces, and rel i gi ous support. PSYOP uni ts pl an and
conduct most PSS acti vi ti es usi ng standard Army systems and procedures.
PSYOPforcesdeal di rectl ywi ththesupporteduni tspersonnel servi cecompany
(PSC). Communi cati ons wi th the POTF or parent uni t i s key i f support and
servi cesarenotavai l abl e.
CRITICALPERSONNELACTIVITIES
9-37. Three cri ti cal mi l i tary personnel acti vi ti es di rectl y support PSYOP
operati ons. They are strength management, casual ty management, and
repl acementoperati ons.
StrengthManagement
9-38. Strength management determi nes personnel repl acement requi rements
and i nfl uences personnel cross-l evel i ng and repl acement-di stri buti on deci si ons.
POGandPOBS-1susethedel i berateArmypersonnel accounti ngandstrength
reporti ngsystemtomai ntai ntheuni tspersonnel database.Theyforwardthei r
dai l ypersonnel summari esandpersonnel requi rementreportstothesupporti ng
PSC.Thebattal i onS-1sprovi decopi esofthei rreportstothegroupS-1sohecan
prepareaconsol i datedreportforthegroupcommanderandforwardi nformati on
copi es to the SOC J-1 and ASCC. The supporti ng PSCs use these reports to
15April2005 9-7
FM3-05.30
submi trequi si ti onsfori ndi vi dual repl acementstotheTAPersonnel Command
(PERSCOM).
CasualtyManagement
9-39. The Armys casual ty management system furni shes i nformati on to HQ,
Department of the Army, for noti fyi ng next ofki nandforsupporti ngcasual ty
andsurvi vorassi stanceprograms.Byname,casual tyreporti nghasfar-reachi ng
effectsonthemoral eandthei mageoftheArmy.Casual tyreporti ngmustbe100
percentaccurate,evenattheexpenseofspeedyreporti ng.Sti l l ,reporti ngshoul d
beasrapi daspossi bl e.Thel osi nguni tsubmi tscasual tyfeederreportsand,i f
requi red,wi tnessstatementstothesupporteduni tsS-1andcourtesycopi esto
thePOTF.TheS-1forwardsthemtothesupporti ngPSC.ThePSCmanagesopen
cases(forexampl e,Sol di ersmi ssi ngi nacti on)unti l fi nal di sposi ti oni smade.I t
prepares l etters of sympathy for the commanders si gnature. I t veri fi es the
i nformati onbeforesendi ngaformal i ndi vi dual casual tyreport.Thebattal i onS-1
provi descopi esofal l by-namecasual tyreportstothegroupS-1.
ReplacementOperations
9-40. PSYOPrepl acementoperati onsaretherecei pt,processi ng,andal l ocati on
of i ndi vi dual and smal l -uni t (PSE or TPTs) repl acements. Group obtai ns i ts
repl acementsfromPERSCOMusi ngnormal repl acementprocedures.TheSOC
commander coordi nates wi th USSOCOM, USASOC, and the ASCC to set
pri ori ti esofpersonnel fi l l .TheS-1andCSMdi stri butesrepl acementsbasedon
thecommanderspri ori ti es.
9-41. TheASCCcanpl ayakeyrol ei nrequesti ngsmal l -uni trepl acements.The
ASCCarrangesani ntratheatertransferofPSYOPforcesorcoordi natestoobtai n
PSYOPforcesfromCONUS.
OTHERPSSACTIVITIES
9-42. Postal operations move,del i ver,andcol l ectpersonal andoffi ci al mai l .A
DSpostal pl atoonnormal l ycol l ocateswi ththePSCsupporti ngthesupported
uni t. The group and battal i on S-1s set up i nternal procedures to col l ect and
del i vermai l .Theseproceduresmusti ncl udeprovi si onsforredi recti ngthemai l
of deceased, mi ssi ng, and evacuated personnel . The S-1s must al so make
provi si ons for depl oyed personnel who cannot, due to operati onal reasons,
recei veorsendmai l .
9-43. Finance operations provi de normal fi nance support and operati onal
fundsPSYOPforces(mai nl ythetacti cal forcesattachedtoSOF)mayneedto
execute thei r mi ssi ons. A fi nance support uni t normal l y col l ocates wi th the
supporti ngPSC.Thegroupandbattal i onS-1scanappoi ntCl assAagentsand
set up i nternal procedures to meet the personal fi nanci al needs of thei r
Sol di ers.Thegroupbudgetoffi cersetsupproceduresfortheuni tstoobtai nand
accountfor operati onal funds.I nmostcases,i fthegrouporbattal i ondonot
appoi nt Cl ass A agents but the supported uni t has operati onal fundi ng
(OPFUND) requi rements, the supported uni t wi l l appoi nt the Cl ass A agent.
Regardl ess of appoi ntment authori ty, each i ndi vi dual who i s appoi nted as a
Cl assAagentmustful l yunderstandwhi chpaymentsareauthori zedandhow
toaccountforeachtransacti on.
15April2005 9-8
FM3-05.30
COMBATHEALTHSUPPORT
9-44. WhenattachedtoSOF,PSYOPforcesmayhaveaccesstodi spensari es,set
up by the SF group and battal i on surgeon, whi ch provi de preventi ve medi ci ne
servi cessuchaspestcontrol ,waterqual i tysurvei l l ance,i mmuni zati on,anddrug
prophyl axi sacti vi ti es.Theycanal soconductthegeneral survei l l anceofmi l i tary
envi ronments to i denti fy actual or potenti al heal th hazards. SF preventi ve
medi ci ne speci al i sts trai n and provi de techni cal supervi si on of uni t fi el d
sani tati onteams.Theycanal soparti ci patei nmi l i taryci vi cacti onprograms.
9-45. TheSpeci al Forcesoperati onal base(SFOB)andforwardoperati onal base
(FOB) di spensari es provi de veteri nary servi ces, such as food qual i ty assurance
i nspecti ons, di ni ng faci l i ty sani tary i nspecti ons, and heal th servi cestomi l i tary
ani mal s.SFveteri naryspeci al i stsassi sti ntheuni tpreventi vemedi ci neprogram.
Theycanal soparti ci patei nmi l i taryci vi cacti onprograms.
HOST-NATIONSUPPORT
9-46. ThePSYOPl ogi sti ci anmustbefami l i arwi thconventi onal Army,ARSOF,
and joi nt l ogi sti cs. He must al so be knowl edgeabl e i n securi ng support from
mul ti nati onal orHNsources.Host-nati onsupport(HNS)i sanaddi ti onal means
ofmeeti ngnonresourcedCSSrequi rementsduri ngPSYOPoperati ons.I tshoul d
not, however, be the preferred means. HNS refers to support provi ded by a
fri endl ycountryforU.S.mi l i taryoperati onsconductedwi thi ni tsbordersbased
on mutual l y concl uded agreements. I t i ncl udes pl anni ng, negoti ati ng for, and
acqui ri ng such support. HNS can i ncl ude al most every aspect of CSS. HN
personnel andorgani zati onscanperformmanyCSSfuncti onsaswel l asorbetter
thanthei rU.S.counterparts.ThegrouporPOTFcommander,wi ththeASCC,
must determi ne the functi onal types and l evel s of HNS he can acceptwi thout
undul y jeopardi zi ng OPSEC and mi ssi on accompl i shment. The SOTSE can
furni shthegroupS-4wi thPOCsofspeci fi cHNagenci esororgani zati onsthat
provi desupporti nthetheater.Asi mi l arsourceofCSSi sforei gnnati onsupport
(FNS). FNS i ncl udes the i denti fi cati on, coordi nati on, and acqui si ti on of forei gn
nati onresources,suchassuppl i es,materi el ,andl abortosupportU.S.forcesand
operati ons. The di fference between HNS and FNS i s that FNS CSS i s from a
thi rd country, not from the Uni ted States or the country i n whi ch the U.S.
operati onsaretaki ngpl ace.Al l aspectsforacqui ri ngforei gnnati onCSSarethe
sameasthoseprovi dedforHNS.
UNDEVELOPEDTHEATERCOMBATSERVICESUPPORT
9-47. An undevel oped theater does not have a si gni fi cant U.S. theater
sustai nmentbase.FNSagreementsaremi ni mal ornonexi stent.WhenaPSYOP
uni t depl oys i nto an undevel oped theater, i t must bri ng suffi ci ent resources to
survi veandoperateunti l thesupporteduni tJ/G/S-4makesarrangementsforHN
andthi rd-countrysupport.
COMBATSERVICESUPPORTOPTIONS
9-48. Depl oyedPSYOPuni tsi nanundevel opedtheaterrequestCSSfromthe
supporteduni tormaycontactthePOTFforPSYOP-speci fi cresuppl y.Theymay
al sorequestatai l oredsupportpackagefromtheSOSBtoaccompanythemi nto
the theater. The SOSB can then request di rectl y from the CONUS whol esal e
l ogi sti cs system (through the SOSB) and provi de l i mi ted support and
15April2005 9-9
FM3-05.30
sustai nment.Theymayal sorel yontheASCCscontracti ngexperti setoobtai n
supportandsustai nment.I npracti ce,thesol uti onmaybesomecombi nati onof
al l fouropti ons.
RECONSTITUTION
9-49. Regardl essofthemethodusedtoreconsti tutePSYOPforces,therequest
foraddi ti onal personnel andequi pmenti ssentul ti matel ytothePOTFforacti on.
Reconsti tuti on operati ons are the acti ons taken to restore uni ts to a combat-
effecti vel evel .Theyi nvol vemorethanasurgei nnormal sustai nmentoperati ons.
Uni t and i ndi vi dual trai ni ng, uni t organi zati on, and human factors heavi l y
i nfl uence the reconsti tuti on deci si on. The PSYOP commander two l evel s above
the nonmi ssi on capabl e (NMC) uni t makes the reconsti tuti on deci si on. For
exampl e,theTPCcommanderadvi sesthesupportedcommanderonhow,ori f,to
reconsti tuteanNMCTPT.Commandershavetworeconsti tuti onopti ons:
Reorganization refers to the measures taken wi thi n an NMC uni t to
restorei tsowncombateffecti veness,suchasrestori ngC2,cross-l evel i ng
resources,andcombi ni ngtwoormoreNMCsubordi nateuni tstoforma
composi temi ssi on-capabl ePSE.Theseni orsurvi vi ngmemberoftheuni t
assumescommandandqui ckl ybegi nsreorgani zati on.
Regenerationrebui l dsanattri teduni tthroughthewhol esal erepl acement
of personnel and materi el and mi ssi on-essenti al trai ni ng. Repl acement
personnel andmateri el maycomefromredi stri butedresources,reserves,
or the resources of hi gher or supporti ng echel ons. A commander can
execute the opti ons separatel y, but he most often executes them i n
combi nati on. When a commander determi nes he cannot obtai n the
resourcestorestoreanNMCuni ttocombateffecti veness,hemayresortto
redi stri buti onasanal ternati vetoreconsti tuti on.
NOTE:Redi stri buti onreducesanNMCuni ttozerostrengthandtransfersi ts
remai ni ngresourcestootheruni ts.Redi stri buti oni sthel eastdesi rabl eopti on.
9-10 15April2005
AppendixA
CategoriesofProductsbySource
Whi te,gray,andbl ackproductsdonotrefertoanythi ngi nherenti nthe
content of the product i tsel f, but i ndi cate the source of the product.
General l ythecontentofaproducti susual l yl esstruthful orcompl etel y
fabri cated when the source i s mi srepresented because the i ntent i s to
confuse or decei ve the TA. Gray and bl ack products are al ways covert
because secrecy i s key to thei r success. Credi bi l i ty i s key to successful
products because the use and di scovery of untruthful i nformati on
i rrevocabl ydamagesordestroysthei randthei rori gi natorscredi bi l i ty.
OVERTPRODUCTS
A-1. Aproductthatopenl yi denti fi esi tssourcei sknownasanovertproduct.
Overt products are di ssemi nated and acknowl edged by the ori gi nator or by an
accredi tedagencythereof.Theyaredi ssemi natedwi thouti ntenti ontodecei vethe
targetaudi enceastowheretheyori gi nated.
WHITEPRODUCTS
A-2. Whi te products are overt products. DOD forces use overt products i n
supportofthei roperati ons.
Advantages
A-3. Theadvantagesofwhi teproductsareasfol l ows:
Addcredi bi l i tybecausetheyareconsi deredtobetruthful .
Conveymessagesthatcaneasi l ybecorroborated.
Carrynori skofopponentdi scoveri nghi ddenmeani ng.Verydi ffi cul tfor
opponenttocompromi se.
Establ i shtrustbyopenl ygi vi ngthesourceofthei nformati on.
Areeasi l ycoordi nated,supported,andapproved.
Are based on factual i nformati on, thereby maki ngopponentrefutati on
di ffi cul t.
Carryacknowl edgementofthesource;forexampl e,USGaddscredi bi l i ty
to the product based on percepti on of power, whether that power i s
di pl omati c,i nformati onal ,mi l i tary,oreconomi c.
Disadvantages
A-4. Thedi sadvantagesofwhi teproductsareasfol l ows:
The opponent knows who the source i sandcanthereforeeasi l ydi rect
thei rrefutati on.
Thereareconstrai ntsonthetypesofi nformati onthatcanbei ncl uded.
Mi ti gati ngcri ti ci smofmi stakesi smoredi ffi cul t.
FM3-05.30 15April2005 A-1
FM3-05.30
COVERTPRODUCTS
A-5. Covert products requi re excepti onal coordi nati on, i ntegrati on, and
oversi ght.Theoperati onsarepl annedandconductedi nsuchamannerthatthe
responsi bl eagencyorgovernmenti snotevi dent,andi funcovered,thesponsor
canpl ausi bl ydi scl ai manyi nvol vement.Grayandbl ackproductsareempl oyedi n
covertoperati ons.
GRAYPRODUCTS
A-6. Productsthatconceal and/ordonoti denti fyasourceareknownasgray
products.Grayproductsarebestusedtosupportoperati onal pl ans.
Advantages
A-7. Theadvantagesofgrayproductsareasfol l ows:
Overcome any exi sti ng negati ve ori entati on of the TA toward the
ori gi nator.
Useunusual themeswi thoutrefl ecti ngonthepresti geoftheori gi nator.
I ntroduce new themesbasedonvul nerabi l i ti eswi thouti denti fyi ngthe
truesource.Theycan,therefore,beusedfortri al purposes.
Disadvantages
A-8. Thedi sadvantagesofgrayproductsareasfol l ows:
Theyarel i mi tedbythedi ffi cul tyofkeepi ngthei rori gi nsunknownyet
authori tati ve.
Theymaybevul nerabl etocri ti cal anal ysi s,therebyl osi ngeffecti veness
andmaki ngthemhi ghl ysuscepti bl etoopponentcounterpropaganda.
BLACKPRODUCTS
A-9. Productsthatpurporttoemanatefromasourceotherthanthetrueone
are known as bl ack products. Bl ack products are best used to support
strategi cpl ans.
Advantages
A-10. Advantagesofbl ackproductsareasfol l ows:
Purporttoori gi nateorori gi natewi thi norneartheopponenthomel and,
or opponent-hel d terri tory, and may provi de i mmedi ate messages
toaTA.
Thepresumpti onofemanati ngfromwi thi nanopponentcountryl ends
credi bi l i ty and hel ps to demoral i ze the opponent by suggesti ng that
therearedi ssi dentanddi sl oyal el ementswi thi nthei rranks.
Throughtheski l l ful useoftermi nol ogy,format,andmedi a,appeartobe
a part of the opponents own propaganda effort, maki ng the opponent
appear to contradi ct hi msel f, and forci ng hi m to mount an expensi ve,
di ffi cul t, and expl oi tabl e campai gn that hi ghl i ghts the ori gi nal bl ack
message.
A-2 15April2005
FM3-05.30
Thei r covert nature and the di ffi cul ty of i denti fyi ng the true source
hi ndertheopponentsabi l i tytomi ti gatethei reffects.
Disadvantages
A-11. Thedi sadvantagesofbl ackproductsareasfol l ows:
Stri ngentandcompartmentedOPSECprecauti onsarerequi redtokeep
thetruei denti tyofthesourcehi dden.
As they sel dom use regul ar communi cati ons channel s and must copy
opponent characteri sti cs, they are di ffi cul t to coordi nate wi thi n the
overal l psychol ogi cal objecti ve.
Thei r use may be di ffi cul t to control because ori gi nati ng agenci es are
decentral i zed.
Stri ngent securi ty requi rements and l ong-term campai gn pl ans l i mi t
fl exi bi l i ty.
Operati ons that use them are extremel y vul nerabl e to di scovery,
mani pul ati on, and el i mi nati on (of equi pment and personnel ) when
operati ngwi thi nopponentterri tory.
Operati ons requi re stri ngent oversi ght procedures and extensi ve
pl anni ng that general l y precl ude ti mel y use bel ow the strategi c l evel .
15April2005 A-3
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AppendixB
PSYOPSupporttoInternment/ResettlementOperations
I/RPROGRAMS
B-1. UnderU.S.nati onal pol i cyandi nternati onal l aws,theUSGmustcarefor
and safeguard EPWs, CI s, and DCs captured or taken by U.S. troops. The
mi l i tary pol i ce (MP) I /R command or bri gade evacuates, processes, i nterns,
control s,empl oys,andrel easesEPWs,CI s,andDCswi thi ntheArmy.
B-2. Duri ngstabi l i tyandsupportI Roperati ons,PSYOPcanassi stpeaceti me
programs by pretesti ng and posttesti ng products to determi ne thei r
effecti veness wi thi n the HN. Al so, they can provi de demographi c profi l e
i nformati ontoappropri ateU.S.agenci es,aswel l asotherPSYOPpersonnel .
B-3. Duri ng a confl i ct, detai ned persons are conti nuous sources of current
i nformati onaccessi bl etothePSYOPcommuni ty.I funderU.S.control ,PSYOP
el ementsmayusethesei ndi vi dual s,wi ththei rconsent,topretestandposttest
products.
B-4. Tacti cal POBssupportI /Roperati onswhi l eworki ngwi thMPsatcorps-
l evel hol di ngareas.OneTPCshoul dbeattachedtotheMPbri gade(I /R).Thi s
wi l l al l owforsupportofoneTPDperbattal i on(I /R)thati sresponsi bl eforan
I /Rcamp.ThenumberofTPDsi nvol vedwi l l dependuponthenumberandsi ze
of I /R camps. Corps-l evel hol di ng areas provi de the fi rst semi permanent
stoppi ng poi nt for detai nees after capture. Access to the corps hol di ng areas
al l owstacti cal PSYOPel ementstousesupporttotheI /Rmi ssi oni norderto
provi de ti mel y PSYOP-rel evant i nformati on. The tacti cal PSYOP detachment
i nthecampcanal sopretestPSYOPproducts.Al so,detai neescomi ngi ntothe
corpshol di ngareasprovi dei mmedi atefeedbackontheeffecti venessofcurrent
PSYOPprograms.Thi sfeedbackfromthecorpshol di ngareas,whi chhol deach
detai neefrom24to48hours,i sahi ghl yval uabl esourceforPSYOP-rel evant
i ntel l i gence. The tacti cal POB under OPCON to the MP I /R command or
bri gade supports the POTF. The fol l owi ng paragraphs expl ai n the functi ons
ofanI /RPSE.
COLLECTPSYOPINFORMATION
B-5. PSYOPpersonnel obtai ni nformati onthroughi ntervi ews,i nterrogati ons,
surveys,andmateri al theygetfromdetai nees.Theycol l ectthi sdataforusei n
thePSYOPprocessandreporti ttothePOTForPSE.TheTPDqui ckl ytransmi ts
peri shabl etacti cal PSYOPi nformati oncol l ectedattheI /Rfaci l i ti estothePOTF
fordi stri buti ontoal l PSYOPuni ts.
FM3-05.30 15April2005 B-1
FM3-05.30
DISSEMINATEREPORTS
B-6. Thetacti cal POBsupporti ngI /Roperati onsdi stri butesrecurri ngreportsto
thePOTForPSE.Thesereportscontai ndataonthenumbers,nati onal i ti es,and
ethni ccomposi ti onofthefaci l i typopul ati on.Thesereportsl etthePOTForPSE
determi nei ftherearesui tabl eTAsi nthefaci l i typopul ati oncamptheycanuseto
pretestandposttestproducts.
SCREENTHEI/RFACILITYPOPULATION
B-7. PSYOP personnel screen the faci l i ty popul ati onforsui tabl ei nterpreters
andtransl ators.Wi l l i ngandcapabl edetai neescanprovi deavari etyofl anguage
ski l l stothePSYOPI /Rsupportteamandthefaci l i tystaff.
INTERVIEWANDSURVEYTHEFACILITYPOPULATION
B-8. PSYOP personnel can i ntervi ew and survey detai nees to assess the
effecti veness of ongoi ng and previ ous programs. PSYOP personnel try to
determi ne how and to what extent thei r messages i nfl uenced the EPW to
surrender and i mpacted on thei r moral e or combat effecti veness. PSYOP
personnel al sotrytol earnthenature,extent,targets,andgoal softheenemys
propagandatorai sethetroopsmoral eandi nfl uencetheci vi l i anpopul acei n
the hosti l e theater. I n addi ti on, i ntervi ewers try to di scover the goal s and
pri ori ty TAs of the enemys propaganda di rected at U.S. and al l i ed
mi l i taryuni ts.
PSYOPSUPPORTTOI/RFACILITIES
B-9. Large detai nee EPW popul ati ons represent a mi l i tary-trai ned and
potenti al l yhosti l epopul acel ocatedi nthereararea.Thepopul acei nthecustody
ofawel l -trai nedandarmedMPforcethusreducesthethreati tpresentstoU.S.
combat operati ons. Thi sMPforcecanbeastrai nonal readyscarcemanpower
resources.
B-10. The tacti cal POB has two mi ssi ons that reduce the need to di vert MP
assetstoi ncreasesecuri tyi ntheI /Rfaci l i ty.Thebattal i on
Supports the MP force i n control l i ng detai nees through the use of
PSYOP.
Exposesdetai neestoU.S.andal l i edpol i cy.
B-11. PSYOPpersonnel al sosupporttheMPcustodi al mi ssi oni nthefaci l i ty.
Thei rtasksi ncl ude
Devel opi ng and executi ng supporti ng PSYOP programs to condi ti on
detai nees to accept faci l i ty authori ty and regul ati ons duri ng the
detai nmentperi od.
Gai ni ngthedetai neescooperati ontoreduceMPguardneeds.
I denti fyi ng mal contents, trai ned agi tators, and pol i ti cal offi cers wi thi n
thefaci l i tywhomaytrytoorgani zearesi stanceorcreatedi sturbances
wi thi nthefaci l i ty.
Devel opi ngandexecuti ngi ndoctri nati onprogramstoreduceorremove
pro-enemysupportforpost-detai nment.
B-2 15April2005
FM3-05.30
Recogni zi ngpol i ti cal acti vi sts(EPWandCI ).
Hel pi ng the MP faci l i ty commander control the I /R popul ace duri ng
emergenci es.
Executi ng comprehensi ve i nformati on, reori entati on, educati onal , and
vocati onal programstopreparethedetai neesforrepatri ati on.
Advi si ng the MP faci l i ty commander on the psychol ogi cal i mpact of
acti onstopreventmi sunderstandi ngsanddi sturbancesbythedetai nees.
The di fference i n cul ture, custom, l anguage, rel i gi ous practi ces, and
di etary habi ts can be so great that mi sunderstandi ngs are not al ways
avoi dabl e. However, i nvesti gati on and proper handl i ng can mi ni mi ze
mi sunderstandi ngs.
B-12. Thetacti cal POBal soperformsaddi ti onal tasks.Toassi sti ncontrol l i ng
thefaci l i typopul ati on,POBpersonnel reactby
I mprovi ng rel ati ons wi th the l ocal popul ace to reduce the faci l i tys
i mpact on the l ocal popul ace, thereby reduci ng any potenti al negati ve
i mpactonfaci l i tyoperati ons.
Devel opi ng and executi ngPSYOPprogramsagai nstopponentparti san
forcesoperati ngi nthereararea.
B-13. PSYOPsupportofsuchacti vi ti esmustbecoordi natedwi thotherPSYOP
uni tshavi ngdi rectresponsi bi l i tyforthatarea.PSYOPuni tsal socoordi natewi th
U.S.andal l i edrearforcesoperati ngwi thi nthearea.Thesupporti ngPSYOPuni t
commanderi nformsthefaci l i tycommanderofongoi ngPSYOPacti vi ti esi nthe
areathatcoul dpossi bl yi mpactonhi si nternmentprograms.
B-14. ThePSYOPsupportteamusual l yhasdi rect,unescortedaccesstotheI /R
compounds and encl osures. Access to smal l groups or i ndi vi dual detai nees i s
usual l yl i mi tedtoMP/mi l i taryi ntel l i gence(MI )escort.Face-to-facePSYOPare
conti nuous to di smi ss potenti al l y di srupti ve rumors and screen detai nee
compl ai nts.
B-15. PSYOPpersonnel cannotcoercedetai neecontri buti ontoPSYOPproducts
(prepari ng si gned statements or maki ng tape recordi ngs). Pri soners may
vol untari l ycooperatewi thPSYOPpersonnel i nthedevel opment,eval uati on,or
di ssemi nati on of PSYOP messages or products (Army regul ati on [AR] 190-8,
Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian I nternees, and Other
Detainees).Thi srul ei sI AWthel awsofl andwarfarederi vedfromcustomsand
treati esi ncl udi ngtheGenevaConventi onof12August1949,paragraph1,Arti cl e
3: The Hague Conventi ons and AR 190-8. FM 3-19.40, Military Police
I nternment/ Resettlement Operations,andFM27-10,The Law of Land Warfare,
contai nfurtheri nformati onaboutdetai neeri ghtsandtreatment.
STABILITYANDSUPPORTOPERATIONS
B-16. I /R operati ons duri ng stabi l i ty and support operati ons do not change.
Thei r i mportance i ncreases i n a counteri nsurgency operati on. Tacti cal POB
personnel contri butei nformati onthatmayrefi neTAsforPSYOPprograms.
Duri ngstabi l i tyandsupportoperati ons,I /Rfaci l i tysupportteamscanperform
thefol l owi ngtasks:
15April2005 B-3
FM3-05.30
Pretest and posttest products on captured i nsurgents and ci vi l i an
i nterneestodetermi neprobabl esuccessratesi npaci fyi ngtheHNTA.
Determi nethroughi ntervi ewori nterrogati onthedemographi cprofi l eof
thei nsurgents.Asami ni mum,I /RPSYOPpersonnel obtai ni nformati on
onthefol l owi ng:
Race.
Sex.
Rel i gi ousaffi l i ati on.
Pol i ti cal affi l i ati on.
Geographi cori gi n.
Educati onl evel s.
Length,depth,andtypeofi nvol vement.
Previ ousorcurrentoccupati on.
Standardofl i vi ngandpersonal fi nances.
Previ ousmi l i tarytrai ni ng.
Determi ne and eval uate the effecti veness of the l evel of pol i ti cal and
mi l i taryi ndoctri nati onthei nsurgentshaverecei vedtodate.
Cooperate wi th counteri ntel l i gence personnel to i denti fy potenti al
i nternedi nsurgentstobeusedasi nformants.Thesei nformantsprovi de
i nformati ononacti vei nsurgentswi thi ntheHNspopul ati onandi tsfi el d
l ocati on. I n addi ti on, these i nformants provi de i nformati on about
i nsurgentacti vi ti eswi thi nthefaci l i tyforcontrol purposes.
B-4 15April2005
AppendixC
RulesofEngagement
The ROE refl ect the requi rements pl aced on the mi l i tarybythel awof
war,operati onal concerns,andpol i ti cal consi derati onswhenthesi tuati on
shi fts throughout the ful l spectrum of confl i ct. ROE are the pri mary
meansbywhi chthecommanderconveysl egal ,pol i ti cal ,di pl omati c,and
mi l i tarygui del i nestohi sforces.
Operati onal requi rements, pol i cy, and l aw defi ne ROE. ROE al ways
recogni zetheri ghtofsel f-defense,thecommandersri ghtandobl i gati on
to protect assi gned personnel , and the nati onal ri ght to defend U.S.
forces, al l i es, and coal i ti on parti ci pants agai nst armed attack. Wel l -
defi ned ROE are enforceabl e, understandabl e, tacti cal l y sound, and
l egal l y suffi ci ent. Furthermore, expl i ci t ROE are responsi ve to the
mi ssi onandpermi tsubordi natecommanderstoexerci sei ni ti ati vewhen
confrontedbyanopportuni tyorunforeseenci rcumstances.
PSYOPSUPPORTTOROE
C-1. PSYOPoftenhel pmi ni mi zeROEvi ol ati onsbyensuri ngthatHNci vi l i ans
are aware of what behavi ors are or are not acceptabl e to U.S./coal i ti on forces.
Vi ol ati ons of the ROE can cause the TA to devel op ani mosi ty and negati vi ty
towardU.S.forces.TAshosti l etoU.S.forcesmayattempttouseROEvi ol ati ons
to further thei r cause. PSYOP Sol di ers shoul d be prepared to mi ni mi ze
repercussi ons through careful l y coordi nated supporti ng PSYOP programs.
Rei nforci ngprevi ousaccompl i shmentsandassi stanceprovi dedbyU.S.forcesare
exampl es of the types of supporti ng programs that can hel p sustai n a posi ti ve
atti tudeoftheTAs.
C-2. ThetypeofROEwi l l dependonthetypeofmi ssi on.Duri ngwarti me,the
ROEareusual l yl ethal i nnature.I nMOOTW,theROEareusual l ynonl ethal i n
natureandshoul dcl osel yresembl ethestandi ngrul esofengagement(SROE).
WARTIMEROE
C-3. I ngeneral ,ROEduri ngwarti mepermi tU.S.forcestoengageal l i denti fi ed
enemy targets, regardl ess of whether those targets represent an actual or
i mmedi ate threat. Warti me ROE are fami l i ar to uni ts and Sol di ers because
battl e-focusedtrai ni ngconcentratesoncombattasks.
FM3-05.30 15April2005 C-1
FM3-05.30
MOOTWROE
C-4. Duri ng MOOTW, the SROE merel y permi t engagement i n i ndi vi dual ,
uni t, or nati onal sel f-defense. The ROE i n MOOTW are general l y more
restri cti ve, detai l ed, and sensi ti ve to pol i ti cal concerns than i n warti me.
Restrai ned, judi ci ous use of force i s necessary; excessi ve force undermi nes the
l egi ti macy of the operati on and jeopardi zes pol i ti cal objecti ves. MOOTW ROE
consi derati ons may i ncl ude bal anci ng force protecti on and harm to i nnocent
ci vi l i ans or nonmi l i taryareas,bal anci ngmi ssi onaccompl i shmentwi thpol i ti cal
consi derati ons, protecti ng evacuees whi l e not havi ng the authori ty to preempt
hosti l e acti ons by proacti ve mi l i tary measures, enabl i ng Sol di ers to properl y
bal ance i ni ti ati ve and restrai nt, determi ni ng the extent to whi ch sol di ers may
protectHNorthi rd-nati onci vi l i ans,theuseofri otcontrol agents,andtheuseof
PSYOP. I n mul ti nati onal operati ons, devel opi ng ROE acceptabl e to al l troop-
contri buti ngnati onsi si mportant.Responsi venesstochangi ngROErequi rements
i sal soi mportant.
C-5. Thepri nci pl esofnecessi tyandproporti onal i tyhel pdefi nethepeaceti me
justi fi cati on to use force i n sel f-defense and are thus fundamental to
understandi ng ROE for MOOTW. The pri nci pl e of necessi ty permi ts fri endl y
forces to engage onl y those forces commi tti ng hosti l e acts or cl earl y
demonstrati nghosti l ei ntent.Thi sformul ati onarestri cti verul efortheuseof
forcecapturestheessenceofpeaceti menecessi tyunderi nternati onal l aw.The
rul eofnecessi tyappl i estoi ndi vi dual saswel l astomi l i taryuni tsorsoverei gn
states.I n1840,SecretaryofStateDani el Websterdescri bedtheessenceofthe
necessi tyrul eastheuseofforcei nsel f-defensei sjusti fi edonl yi ncasesi nwhi ch
thenecessi tyofthatsel f-defensei si nstant,overwhel mi ngandl eavi ngnochoi ce
ofmeansandnomomentfordel i berati on.
Ahostile acti sanattackorotheruseofforce.
Hostile intent i s the threat of i mmi nent use of force. ROE take i nto
consi derati on the i mportant di sti ncti on between a hosti l e act and a
hosti l ei ntent.ROEdescri bespeci fi cbehavi orsashosti l eactsorequate
parti cul arobjecti vecharacteri sti cswi thhosti l ei ntent.Fori nstance,the
ROE mi ght defi ne a forei gn uni formed Sol di er ai mi ng a machi ne-gun
from behi nd a prepared fi ri ng posi ti on as a cl ear demonstrati on of
hosti l ei ntent,regardl essofwhetherthatSol di ertrul yi ntendstoharm
U.S.forces.
C-6. The pri nci pl e of proporti onal i ty requi res that the force i s reasonabl e i n
i ntensi ty, durati on, and magni tude. The type of force shoul d be based on al l
avai l abl e facts known to the commander at the ti me, deci si vel y counter the
hosti l eactorhosti l ei ntent,andensuretheconti nuedsafetyofU.S.forces.As
wi th necessi ty, the proporti onal i ty pri nci pl e refl ects an anci ent i nternati onal
l egal norm.
PSYCHOLOGICALIMPACT
C-7. ROE are l egal , pol i ti cal , and di pl omati c i n nature. These fundamental
i deascanhaveapsychol ogi cal effectwhentheROEareobservedandwhenthey
arenot.ThePSYOPSol di erneedstoful l yunderstandtheROEandtheeffects
the ROEs executi on has on the vari ous TAs wi thi n the operati onal area. The
PSYOPSol di ershoul dassi sttheSJAandthecommandertodevel optheROEby
C-2 15April2005
FM3-05.30
advi si ng them on the psychol ogi cal i mpact of certai n acti ons based on cul ture,
tradi ti ons,andsoon.
C-8. Successful compl i ancewi ththeROEbyU.S.forcescanbeusedasabasi s
for furtheri ng acceptance and trust by the TAs. The PSYOP Sol di er can
emphasi ze respect for protected si tes such as rel i gi ous shri nes, hospi tal s, and
school s.ThePSYOPSol di ercanal soemphasi zerespectfortheTA,thei rcul ture,
hi story,andfuture.
RULESOFINTERACTION
C-9. Rul esofi nteracti on(ROI )appl ytothehumandi mensi onofSOSO.They
spel l outwi thwhom,underwhatci rcumstances,andtowhatextentSol di ersmay
i nteractwi thotherforcesandtheci vi l i anpopul ace.ROI ,whenappl i edwi thgood
i nterpersonal communi cati on (I PC) ski l l s, i mprove the Sol di ers abi l i ty to
accompl i shthemi ssi onwhi l ereduci ngpossi bl ehosti l econfrontati ons.ROI and
I PC, by enhanci ng the Sol di ers persuasi on, negoti ati on, and communi cati on
ski l l s, al so i mprove hi s survi vabi l i ty. ROI founded on fi rm ROE provi de the
Sol di erwi ththetool stoaddressunconventi onal threats,suchaspol i ti cal fri cti on,
i deol ogi es,cul tural i di osyncrasi es,andrel i gi ousbel i efsandri tual s.ROI mustbe
regi onal l y and cul tural l y speci fi c. They l ay the foundati on for successful
rel ati onshi pswi ththemyri adoffacti onsandi ndi vi dual sthatpl aycri ti cal rol esi n
operati ons.ROI encompassanarrayofi nterpersonal communi cati onsski l l s,such
aspersuasi onandnegoti ati on.
C-10. ROI enhance the Sol di ers survi vabi l i ty and, therefore, thei r
rei nforcementi scri ti cal .PSYOPpl annerscontri butetothedevel opmentofROI
by provi di ng cul tural and TA speci fi c experti se. Parti ci pati on i n the ROI
devel opment process can mi ti gate the potenti al negati ve i mpact of Sol di ers
vi ol ati ngtheacceptedstandardsofbehavi or,dress,orspeechi nthegi venAO.
C-11. Restri cti onsi mposedbyROI mayhavesi gni fi canti mpactonPSYOP.ROI
maydi ctateTAormedi asel ecti on,aswel l asti meandmannerofdi ssemi nati on.
I nputonthepl anni ngofproposedROI wi l l ensurethatrestri cti onsonPSYOPs
abi l i tytoaccessTAsi smi ni mi zed.
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AppendixD
DigitizationofPSYOPAssets
COMMANDANDCONTROL
D-1. Whenfi el ded,PSYOPforcesatal l l evel susedi gi tal tool stoexerci seC2of
subordi nateuni ts.PSYOPforcesuseManeuverControl System(MCS)andGCCS
toperformthefol l owi ngC2functi ons:
Parti ci patei ntheMDMP.
Transmi t and recei ve PSYOP orders, annexes, overl ays, FRAGOs,
CONPLANs,andotheri nstructi onstosubordi nateandhi gheruni ts.
Submi tSI TREPstohi gherPSYOPHQ.
Coordi nate for hi gher-l evel PSYOP supportfor exampl e, EC-130E/J
COMMANDOSOLO.
ARMYBATTLECOMMANDSYSTEM
D-2. The ABCS i s the i ntegrati on of C2 systems at al l echel ons. The ABCS
i ntegratesbattl espaceautomati onsystemsandcommuni cati onsthatfuncti onal l y
l i nki nstal l ati onsandmobi l enetworks.TheABCSi si nteroperabl ewi thjoi ntand
mul ti nati onal C2 systems at upper echel ons, across the ful l range of C2
functi onal i ty. At the tacti cal and operati onal l evel s, i ntegrati on i s verti cal and
hori zontal .TheABCSconsi stsofthreemajorcomponents:
Gl obal CommandandControl SystemArmy(GCCS-A).
ArmyTacti cal CommandandControl System.
ForceXXI Battl eCommand,Bri gadeandBel ow(FBCB2).
GLOBALCOMMANDANDCONTROLSYSTEMARMY
D-3. TheGCCS-Ai sasystembui l tfromappl i cati onprogramsofthefol l owi ng
systems:
Army Worl dwi de Mi l i tary Command and Control System (WWMCS)
I nformati onSystem(AWI S).
Strategi cTheaterCommandandControl System(STCCS).
EACporti onoftheCombatServi ceSupportControl System(CSSCS).
D-4. The pri mary scope of the GCCS-A effort i s to evol ve the stand-al one
systems i nto a sui te of modul ar appl i cati ons that operate wi thi n the defense
i nformati oni nfrastructure(DI I )commonoperati ngenvi ronment(COE).GCCS-A
modul esi nterfacewi thcommonappl i cati onsandothersharedcomponentsofthe
ABCSandwi ththejoi ntC2mi ssi onappl i cati onsprovi dedbytheGCCS.
D-5. TheGCCS-Ai stheArmyl i nkforABCStotheGCCS.GCCS-Aprovi des
i nformati on and deci si on support toArmystrategi c-,operati onal -,andtheater-
l evel pl anni ngandoperati onal ortheateroperati onsandsustai nment.GCCS-A
FM3-05.30 15April2005 D-1
FM3-05.30
supports the apporti onment, al l ocati on, l ogi sti cal support, and depl oyment of
Armyforcestothecombatantcommands.Functi onal i tyi ncl udesforcetracki ng,
HN and CAO support, theater ai r defense, targeti ng, PSYOP, C2, l ogi sti cs,
medi cal ,provostmarshal (PM),CD,andpersonnel status.GCCS-Ai sdepl oyed
fromtheaterEACel ementstodi vi si on.
ARMYTACTICALCOMMANDANDCONTROLSYSTEM
D-6. TheArmyTacti cal CommandandControl System(ATCCS)consi stsoffi ve
majorsubsystems.Thesesubsystemsareexpl ai nedi nthefol l owi ngparagraphs.
MANEUVERCONTROLSYSTEM
D-7. TheMCSi sthepri marybattl ecommand(BC)source.TheMCSprovi des
the COP, deci si on ai ds, and overl ay capabi l i ti es to support the tacti cal
commander and the staff through i nterface wi th the force-l evel i nformati on
databasepopul atedfromtheBattl efi el dAutomatedSystems(BASs).TheMCS
provi des the functi onal common appl i cati ons necessary to access and
mani pul ate the Joi nt Common Database (JCDB). The MCS sati sfi es
i nformati onrequi rementsforaspeci fi coperati on.TheMCStracksresources,
di spl ays si tuati onal awareness, provi des ti mel y control of current combat
operati ons (offense, defense, stabi l i ty, and support), and effecti vel y devel ops
and di stri butes pl ans, orders, and esti mates i n support of future operati ons.
The MCS supports the MDMP and i s depl oyed from corps to the
maneuverbattal i ons.
ALL-SOURCEANALYSISSYSTEM
D-8. TheAl l -SourceAnal ysi sSystem(ASAS)i sthei ntel l i genceandel ectroni c
warfare(I EW)componentfromEACtobattal i on.TheASASi samobi l e,tacti cal l y
depl oyabl e,computer-assi stedI EWprocessi ng,anal ysi s,reporti ng,andtechni cal
control system.TheASASrecei vesandrapi dl yprocessesl argevol umesofcombat
i nformati onandsensorreportsfromal l sourcestoprovi deti mel yandaccurate
targeti ngi nformati on,i ntel l i genceproducts,andthreatal erts.TheASASconsi sts
ofevol uti onarymodul esthatperformsystemsoperati onsmanagement,systems
securi ty, col l ecti on management, i ntel l i gence processi ng and reporti ng, hi gh-
val ue or hi gh-payoff target processi ng and nomi nati ons, and communi cati ons
processi ngandi nterfaci ng.
D-9. TheASASremoteworkstati on(RWS)provi desautomatedsupporttothe
doctri nal functi ons of i ntel l i gence staff offi cersdi vi si on or hi gher G-2 and
battal i on or bri gade S-2from EAC to battal i on, i ncl udi ng SOF. The ASAS
RWSal sooperatesasthetechni cal control porti onofthei ntel l i gencenodeof
ABCStoprovi decurrentI EWandenemysi tuati on(ENSI T)i nformati ontothe
JCDB for access and use by ABCS users. The ASAS produces the ENSI T
porti on of the COP of the battl efi el d di ssemi nated by means of the
ABCSnetwork.
D-2 15April2005
FM3-05.30
COMBATSERVICESUPPORTCONTROLSYSTEM
D-10. CSSCSprovi descri ti cal ,ti mel y,i ntegrated,andaccurateautomatedCSS
i nformati on,i ncl udi ngal l cl assesofsuppl i es,fi el dservi ces,mai ntenance,medi cal ,
personnel , and movements to CSS, maneuver and theater commanders, and
l ogi sti csandspeci al staffs.Cri ti cal resourcei nformati oni sdrawnfrommanual
resources and the standard Army mul ti command management i nformati on
system(STAMMI S)ateachechel on,whi chevol vetotheGl obal CombatServi ce
SupportArmy (GCSS-A) (the uncl assi fi ed l ogi sti cs whol esal e and resal e
busi ness end connecti vi ty). The CSSCS processes, anal yzes, and i ntegrates
resource i nformati on to support eval uati on of current and projected force-
sustai nmentcapabi l i ti es.Thechapl ai ncyi sanacti veparti ci panti nCSSCSandi s
i ncl udedi nthedevel opmentofCSSservi ces.CSSCSprovi desCSSi nformati on
forthecommandersandstaffandi sdepl oyedfromEACtobattal i on.
AIRANDMISSILEDEFENSEPLANNINGANDCONTROLSYSTEM
D-11. The Ai r and Mi ssi l e DefensePl anni ngandControl System(AMDPCS)
i ntegratesai rdefensefi reuni ts,sensors,andC2centersi ntoacoherentsystem
capabl e of defeati ng or denyi ng the aeri al threat, such as unmanned aeri al
vehi cl es, hel i copters, and fi xed-wi ng ai rcraft. The AMDPCS provi des for
automated,seaml essC2andForceXXI verti cal andhori zontal i nteroperabi l i ty
wi th joi nt and coal i ti on forces for Uni ted States Army (USA) ai r and mi ssi l e
defense (AMD) uni ts. The system provi des common hardware and software
modul es, at al l echel ons of command, whi ch provi de for hi ghl y effecti ve
empl oymentofArmyAMDweaponsystemsaspartofthejoi ntforce.AMDPCS
provi des the thi rd di mensi on si tuati onal awareness component of the COP.
I ni ti al l y,theAi randMi ssi l eDefenseWorkstati on(AMDWS)provi desel ements
fromEACtobattal i onthecapabi l i tytotracktheai randmi ssi l edefensebattl e
(forceoperati ons[FO]).
ADVANCEDFIELDARTILLERYTACTICALDATASYSTEM
D-12. The Advanced Fi el d Arti l l ery Tacti cal Data System (AFATDS) provi des
automated deci si on support for the fi re support (FS) functi onal subsystem,
i ncl udi ng joi nt and combi ned fi resfor exampl e, naval gunfi re and cl ose ai r
support. AFATDS provi des a ful l y i ntegrated FS C2 system, gi vi ng the fi re
supportcoordi nator(FSCOORD)automatedsupportforpl anni ng,coordi nati ng,
control l i ng,andexecuti ngcl osesupport,counterfi re,i nterdi cti on,andai rdefense
suppressi onfi res.AFATDSperformsal l oftheFSoperati onal functi ons,i ncl udi ng
automated al l ocati on and di stri buti on of fi res based on target-val ue anal ysi s.
AFATDSi sdepl oyedfromEACtothefi ri ngpl atoons.AFATDSprovi destheFS
overl ayi nformati ontotheABCScommondatabase.AFATDSi nteroperateswi th
the USAF theater battl e management core system (TBMCS) and the Uni ted
StatesNavy(USN)andUni tedStatesMari neCorps(USMC)JMCI S.AFATDS
al so i nteroperates wi th the FS C2 systems wi th al l i ed countri es, i ncl udi ng the
Uni tedKi ngdom,Germany,andFrance.
15April2005 D-3
FM3-05.30
FORCEXXIBATTLECOMMAND,BRIGADEANDBELOW
D-13. FBCB2 i s a sui te of di gi tal l y i nteroperabl e appl i cati ons and pl atform
hardware. FBCB2 provi des on-the-move, real -ti me, and near-real -ti me
si tuati onal awarenessandC2i nformati ontocombat,CS,andCSSl eadersfrom
bri gade to the pl atform and Sol di er l evel s. FBCB2 i s a mi ssi on-essenti al
subel ementandakeycomponentoftheABCS.FBCB2feedstheABCScommon
database wi th automated posi ti onal fri endl y i nformati on and current tacti cal
battl efi el dgeometryforfri endl yandknownorsuspectedenemyforces.Thegoal
i stofi el dFBCB2tothetankandBradl eyfi ghti ngvehi cl eandotherpl atforms
wi th a common-l ook-and-feel screen. Common hardware and software desi gn
faci l i tates trai ni ng and SOP. When fi el ded tacti cal PSYOP uni ts (Acti ve Army
andRC)andotherABCSsusetheFBCB2extensi vel y.
OTHERARMYBATTLECOMMANDSYSTEMS
D-14. PSYOPforcesuseseveral otherABCSs.Thefol l owi ngparagraphsdi scuss
eachofthesesystems.
WARFIGHTERINFORMATIONNETWORK
D-15. TheWarfi ghterI nformati onNetwork(WI N)i sani ntegratedcommand,
control , communi cati ons, and computers (C4) network that consi sts of
commerci al l y based hi gh-technol ogy communi cati ons network systems. The
WI Nenabl esi nformati ondomi nancebyi ncreasi ngthesecuri ty,capaci ty,and
vel oci ty(speedofservi cetotheuser)ofi nformati ondi stri buti onthroughoutthe
battl espace.Acommon-sensemi xofterrestri al andsatel l i tecommuni cati onsi s
requi red for a robust ABCS. The WI N supports the warfi ghter i n the 21st
century wi th the means to provi de i nformati on servi ces from the sustai ni ng
basetodepl oyeduni tsworl dwi de.
WIN-TERRESTRIALTRANSPORT
D-16. The Warfi ghter I nformati on Network-Terrestri al Transport (WI N-T)
porti on of the WI N focuses on the terrestri al (nonsatel l i te) transmi ssi on and
networki ngsegmentoftheWI N.TheWI N-Ti sthebackbonei nfrastructureofthe
WI N archi tecture, as wel l as the LANi nsupportoftheABCS-capabl etacti cal
operati ons center (TOC). The WI N-T provi des si mul taneous secure-voi ce, data,
i magery,andvi deo-communi cati onsservi ces.
TACTICALINTERNET
D-17. Thetacti cal I nternet(TI )enhanceswarfi ghteroperati onsbyprovi di ngan
i mproved, i ntegrated data communi cati ons network for mobi l e users. The TI
passesC4I i nformati on,extendi ngtacti cal automati ontotheSol di erorweapons
pl atform. The TI focuses on bri gade and bel ow to provi de the parameters i n
defi ni ngatacti cal automateddatacommuni cati onsnetwork.
LOGISTICS
D-18. PSYOPpersonnel useCSSCStoprocess,anal yze,andi ntegratePSYOP-
speci fi c resource i nformati on to support current and projected PSYOP force
sustai nment l ogi sti cal l y. Suppl y personnel use CSSCS to track, moni tor, and
D-4 15April2005
FM3-05.30
requi si ti on PSYOP-speci fi c equi pment and al l cl asses of suppl y needed by
subordi natePSYOPuni ts.PSYOPpersonnel al souseCSSCStoevacuateand
transferdamagedorbrokenequi pmentandtorecei veneworrepai redPSYOP-
speci fi ci tems.
ANALYSIS
D-19. PSYOP personnel use the numerous i ntel l i gence databases and l i nks
wi thi nABCStoaccessal l -sourcei ntel l i genceproductsandservi ces.TheABCS
suppl ements PSYOP-speci fi c DOD and non-DOD i ntel l i gence sources. I ntel -
l i gencesourcesavai l abl ethroughABCSenhancetheabi l i tyofPSYOPforcesto
ConductTAanal ysi s.
Counterhosti l epropaganda.
Tracki mpacti ndi cators.
SupportI /Roperati ons.
Conductpretesti ngandposttesti ngofproducts.
Submi tandtrackrequestsfori nformati on(RFI s).
Provi dei nputtotheCCI R.
Managefrequencydeconfl i cti on.
TheASASprovi desPSYOPi ntel l i gencepersonnel thetool stoperform
Systemsoperati onsmanagement.
Systemssecuri ty.
Col l ecti onmanagement.
I ntel l i genceprocessi ngandreporti ng.
Hi gh-val ueandhi gh-payoffPSYOPtargetprocessi ngandnomi nati ons.
Communi cati onsprocessi ngandi nterfaci ng.
D-20. The ASAS provi des PSYOP personnel wi th current I EW and enemy
si tuati on by means of the JCDB, al l owi ng PSYOP i ntel l i gence personnel to
moni tor current tacti cal , operati onal , and strategi csi tuati ons.Thi scapabi l i ty
enhances the abi l i ty of the G-2 and S-2 to recommend modi fi cati on or
expl oi tati on of exi sti ng l i nes of persuasi on, symbol s, products, seri es,
supporti ngprograms,orprograms.
INFORMATIONMANAGEMENT
D-21. PSYOP personnel use the ABCS to conduct i nformati on management.
Through thi s process, PSYOP personnel can share PSYOP i nformati on wi th
al l I O di sci pl i nes for the purpose of synchroni zati on, coordi nati on, and
deconfl i cti on.Speci fi ci nformati onmanagementfuncti onsi ncl ude
Posti ng PSYOP SI TREPs, PSYOP-speci fi c i ntel l i gence reports, and
PSYOPproductstofi l esorfol dersaccessi bl ebyal l ABCSusers.
Managi ngmessagetraffi c.
15April2005 D-5
FM3-05.30
Managi ngOPORDs,OPLANs,FRAGOs,CONPLANS,andbranchpl ans
andsequel s.
Managi ng RFI s, I Rs, PI R, CSS requests, and admi ni strati ve
supportrequests.
PSYOPPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANDEQUIPMENT
D-22. Therearemanysystemsthatareusedi nordertoproduceproducts.The
systemthati susedi sbasedonthetypeofproducttobeproduced(audi o,vi sual ,
oraudi ovi sual ).Anunderstandi ngofthecapabi l i ti esofeachavai l abl esystemi s
vi tal to properl y pl anfor and ti mel i neouttheproducti onaspartoftheseri es
executi on.Thefol l owi ngparagraphsprovi deabri efdescri pti onofthesepi ecesof
equi pment.
DEPLOYABLEAUDIOPRODUCTIONSYSTEM
D-23. DAPS enabl es producti on of professi onal -qual i ty audi o broadcast spots,
programs,orPSYOPmessages.Thesystemi nterfaceswi ththeMOCi ngarri son.
Capabi l i ti es i ncl ude audi o recordi ng and pl ayback of compact di scs (CDs),
cassettetapes,andmi ni -di scs.
DEPLOYABLEVIDEONONLINEAREDITINGSYSTEM
D-24. The depl oyabl e vi deo nonl i near edi ti ng (DNLE) system i s capabl e of
recei vi ng vi deo i nputs vi a VHS, Beta, or Hi -8 format. Uti l i zi ng the Avi d
MCXpresssoftware,thi ssystemi sabl etoproduce,edi t,andrecordPSYOPvi deo
productstoVHS,Beta,orHi -8format.Addi ti onal l y,theFl yawayAvi di scapabl e
ofconverti ngvi deobetweenanyofthethreestandardscurrentl yusedworl dwi de:
PAL,SECAM,orNTSC.
MEDIAPRODUCTIONCENTER
D-25. TheMPCi sastrategi cPSYOPassetwi ththecapabi l i tyofcapturi ngraw
audi o,vi deoandvi sual materi al sforusei ntheproducti onofPSYOPproducts.
Thi s i s a nondepl oyabl e asset l ocated at FortBragg,NorthCarol i na.Depl oyed
PSYOPuni tsareabl etotransmi tandrecei veproductsandproducti nformati on
throughvari ousreachbacksystems.
THEATERMEDIAPRODUCTIONCENTER
D-26. The TMPC i s a transportabl e modul ar system wi th the capabi l i ty to
produce, edi t, di stri bute, and di ssemi nate broadcast-qual i ty audi o, vi sual ,
audi ovi sual ,anddi gi tal mul ti medi aproducts.I ti sequi ppedtodi rectl ysupporta
major theater war (MTW), a smal l -scal e conti ngency(SSC),peaceti mePSYOP,
andtheaterengagementstrategi esi nanyregi onoftheworl d.
FLYAWAYBROADCASTSYSTEM
D-27. The FABS i s a transportabl e, modul ar, i nteroperabl e system wi th the
capabi l i tytodi ssemi natebroadcast-qual i tyaudi oandaudi ovi sual products.Thi s
system i s al so capabl e of l i mi ted audi o and vi deo producti on, faci l i tati ng the
PSYOPai msofsupporteddi vi si on-l evel commanders.
D-6 15April2005
FM3-05.30
PSYOPDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM
D-28. The PSYOP di stri buti on system i s a state-of-the art, satel l i te-based
PSYOP di stri buti on system consi sti ng of commerci al , off-the-shel f (COTS) and
base-bandequi pment.I tprovi desPSYOPforcesthecapabi l i tytouseworl dwi de
secure, ful l y i nteroperabl e, l ong-haul di stri buti on systems to l i nk al l PSYOP
pl anners wi th revi ew and approval authori ti es, producti on faci l i ti es, and
di ssemi nati on el ements. PDS has appl i cati ons across the joi nt arena and i s
i nteroperabl e wi th the SOMS-B, USAF 193d SOW (EC-130E/J COMMANDO
SOLO), the MOC at Fort Bragg, North Carol i na, the U.S. Navys FI WC, and
fl y-awaypackages.ThePDSrecei vesandtransmi tsbroadcast-qual i tyaudi oand
vi deo between PSYOP producti on and di ssemi nati on si tes and to approval
authori ti es as requi red. The PDS i s compati bl e wi th commerci al broadcasti ng
standards.ThePDSprovi destheuni tsthecapabi l i tytodevel op,gai napproval
for,anddi stri butePSYOPproductsrapi dl yandeffi ci entl yi nsupportofatheater
combatant commander, CJTF, or l and component commander. I t al so provi des
the capabi l i ty to network PSYOP news-gatheri ng, devel opment, desi gn,
producti on, di stri buti on, and di ssemi nati on assets from the tacti cal PSYOP
company l evel through the operati onal or JTF l evel (JPOTF). PDS l i nks key
deci si on makers and approval authori ti es to enabl e the del i very of ti mel y,
appropri ate,andconsi stentPSYOPproductstosel ectedTAsusi ngavari etyof
medi a.
PSYOPPRODUCTDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSANDEQUIPMENT
D-29. These systems serve to di stri bute PSYOP products to depl oyed PSYOP
forcesworl dwi devi asatel l i teanddi gi tal communi cati ons:
ProductDi stri buti onFaci l i ty.
I NMARSAT-B.
SI PRNET/NI PRNET.
I mprovedSpeci al Operati onsCommuni cati onsAssembl age(I SOCA)Ki t.
TACSATCommuni cati ons.
PRODUCTDISTRIBUTIONFACILITY
D-30. The PDF i s a faci l i ty dedi cated to house product di stri buti on hardware
that enabl es PSYOP uni ts to di stri bute products throughout the worl d vi a
SI PRNET.
INMARSAT-BEARTHSTATION
D-31. TheI NMARSAT-Bi satransportabl ecommerci al communi cati ontermi nal
used to transmi t secure voi ce anddata.I thasasel f-contai nedantennaandi s
securetel ephoneuni tI I I (STU-I I I )andfacsi mi l e(FAX)supportabl e.
SIPRNET/NIPRNET
D-32. TheSI PRNET/NI PRNETi sacommerci al off-the-shel fMi crosoftWi ndows-
compati bl e computer system wi th network adapter. I t i s used for
secure/nonsecureresearchanddi stri buti on.
15April2005 D-7
FM3-05.30
IMPROVEDSPECIALOPERATIONSCOMMUNICATIONSASSEMBLAGE
D-33. TheI SOCAi sanassembl ageofdepl oyabl ecommuni cati onsequi pment.I t
i ncl udesI NMARSAT-B,AN/PSC-5radi o,AN/PRC-150hi ghfrequency(HF)radi o,
scanner,computer,pri nter,andvi deocamera.I ti susedasthecommuni cati ons
centeri nabasestati onconfi gurati onandi ssecuretel ephoneequi pment(STE)
compati bl e.
TACTICALSATELLITECOMMUNICATIONS
D-34. TACSAT provi des PSYOP forces wi th compact, l i ghtwei ght, secure,
depl oyabl e tacti cal communi cati ons. TACSAT i s used i n ei ther a base stati on
confi gurati on or man-packedforvoi ce,ci pher,data,andbeacon(LST-5Conl y).
TACSATmodel si ncl udeLST-5C,AN/PSC-5,AN/URC-110,andMST-20.
PSYOPPRODUCTDISSEMINATIONSYSTEMSANDEQUIPMENT
D-35. These systems are PSYOP di ssemi nati on pl atforms. They are used to
di ssemi natePSYOPproductstoTAswi thi nanAORorJOA:
SOMS-B.
Portabl eAMtransmi tter,400watt(PAMT-400).
Transportabl eAMtransmi tter,10kW(TAMT-10).
Transportabl eAMtransmi tter50kW(AN/TRQ-44).
Portabl e frequency modul ati on (FM) transmi tter, 1000 watt
(PFMT-1000).
Portabl eFMtransmi tter,2000watt(PFMT-2000).
Transportabl eTVtransmi tter,5kW(AN/TSQ171).
SPECIALOPERATIONSMEDIASYSTEMS-B
D-36. TheSOMS-Bi saPSYOPsystemconsi sti ngofthemobi l eradi obroadcast
system(MRBS)andthemobi l etel evi si onbroadcastsystem(MTBS).TheSOMS-B
has both anal og-to-di gi tal audi o and vi deo conversi on capabi l i ty, and both the
MTBS and the MRBS can be depl oyed separatel y. The SOMS-B i s capabl e of
produci nghi gh-qual i tyaudi oandvi deoproductsforPSYOPrequi rements,and
thendi ssemi nati ngthoseproductsoncommerci al AM,FM,andSWfrequenci es,
andoncommerci al tel evi si onchannel susi ngPAL,SECAM,orNTSCstandards.
Extremel yshortrangewhenempl oyedi nthetacti cal envi ronment;therefore,the
SOMS-Bi smostuseful asaproducti onstudi o.
PAMT-400
D-37. The PAMT-400 i s a 100400 watt commerci al band medi um-wave
ampl i tude-modul ated(MW-AM)broadcastsystemwi thl i mi tedaudi oproducti on
capabi l i ti es.Thetransmi tterandantennacanberetunedtoadi fferentfrequency
i n30mi nutes.Thesystemcanbroadcastprerecordedtapes,CDs,mi ni -di scs,and
l i vetal ent,orbeusedasaretransmi ssi onstati on.
D-8 15April2005
FM3-05.30
TAMT-10
D-38. TheTAMT-10i satransportabl ecommerci al AMtransmi ttersystem.The
systemal soi ncl udesl i mi tedaudi oproducti oncapabi l i ti es.Thetransmi ttercanbe
retunedtoadi fferentfrequencyi n3hours.TheTAMT-10broadcastsprerecorded
tapes (reel , cassette, or cartri dge), and l i ve tal ent, or can be used as a
retransmi ssi onstati on.
AN/TRQ-44
D-39. The AN/TRQ-44 i s a transportabl e commerci al AM transmi tter. The
system al so i ncl udes l i mi ted audi o producti on. The AN/TRQ-44 broadcasts
prerecorded tapes (reel or cartri dge), and l i ve tal ent, or can be used as a
retransmi ssi onstati on.
PFMT-1000ANDPFMT2000
D-40. ThePFMT-1000andPFMT2000arefl yawaycommerci al FMtransmi tters
wi th l i mi ted audi o producti on capabi l i ti es. The PFMT-1000/2000 can broadcast
prerecordedcassettetapes,compactdi scs,mi ni -di scs,andl i vetal ent.Themai n
di fferencebetweenthePFMT-1000andthePFMT2000i sthatthePFMT-2000
has2000wattsofpower,conformi ngtoEuropeanspeci fi cati ons.
15April2005 D-9
Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
Glossary
A ai rborne
ABCS ArmyBattl efi el dControl System
AC al ternati ngcurrent(NOTE:Obsol etetermforActi veComponent.
Thenewtermi sActi veArmy.)
ACC ai rcomponentcommander
ADCON admi ni strati vecontrol
adversary Anyonewhocontendswi th,opposes,oractsagai nstonesi nterest.
Anadversaryi snotnecessari l yanenemy.
ADVON advancedechel on
AEF Ameri canExpedi ti onaryForce
AFATDS AdvancedFi el dArti l l eryTacti cal DataSystem
AFB Ai rForceBase
AFIWC Ai rForceI nformati onWarfareCenter
AFSOC Ai rForcespeci al operati onscomponent
AIA Ai rI ntel l i genceAgency
AM ampl i tudemodul ati on
AMD ai randmi ssi l edefense
AMDPCS Ai randMi ssi l eDefensePl anni ngandControl System
AMDWS Ai randMi ssi l eDefenseWorkstati on
AO areaofoperati ons
AOR areaofresponsibilityThegeographi cal areaassoci atedwi tha
combatant command wi thi n whi ch a combatant commander has
authori tytopl anandconductoperati ons.(JP1-02)
AR Armyregul ati on
ARSOF Armyspeci al operati onsforces
ARSOLL AutomatedReposi toryforSpeci al Operati onsLessonsLearned
ARTEP ArmyTrai ni ngandEval uati onProgram
ASAS Al l -SourceAnal ysi sSystem
ASCC Armyservi cecomponentcommands
ASD(SO/LIC) Assi stant Secretary of Defense (Speci al Operati ons and Low
I ntensi tyConfl i ct)
ASG areasupportgroup
FM3-05.30 15April2005 Glossary-1
FM3-05.30
ASOC
asset(intelligence)
assign
ASP
ATCCS
ATO
attach
AUTODIN
auxiliary
Avid
AVU
AWIS
BAS
BC
BC2A
BDA
Beta
bn
BOS
ai rsupportoperati onscenter
Anyresourceperson,group,rel ati onshi p,i nstrument,i nstal l ati on,
orsuppl yatthedi sposi ti onofani ntel l i genceorgani zati onforuse
i nanoperati onal orsupportrol e.Oftenusedwi thaqual i fyi ngterm
suchasagentassetorpropagandaasset.(JP1-02)
To detai l i ndi vi dual s to speci fi c duti es or functi ons where such
duti es or functi ons are pri mary and/or rel ati vel y permanent.
(JP1-02)
ammuni ti onsuppl ypoi nt
ArmyTacti cal CommandandControl System
ai rtaski ngorder
The detai l i ng of i ndi vi dual s to speci fi c functi ons where such
functi ons are secondary or rel ati vel y temporary, e.g., attached for
quartersandrati ons;attachedforfl yi ngduty.(JP1-02)
automati cdi gi tal network
I n unconventi onal warfare, that el ement of the resi stance force
establ i shed to provi de the organi zed ci vi l i an support of the
resi stancemovement.(AR310-24)
Trade name of a speci fi c commerci al edi ti ng system used for
nonl i neardi gi tal edi ti ngofaudi ovi sual producti ons.
audi ovi sual uni t
ArmyWWMCSI nformati onSystem
Battl efi el dAutomatedSystem
battl ecommand
Bosni acommandandcontrol augmentati on
battledamageassessmentTheti mel yandaccurateesti mateof
damage resul ti ng from the appl i cati on of mi l i tary force, ei ther
l ethal or non-l ethal , agai nst a predetermi ned objecti ve. Battl e
damageassessmentcanbeappl i edtotheempl oymentofal l typesof
weapon systems (ai r, ground, naval , and speci al forces weapon
systems) throughout the range of mi l i tary operati ons. Battl e
damageassessmenti spri mari l yani ntel l i genceresponsi bi l i tywi th
requi redi nputsandcoordi nati onfromtheoperators.Battl edamage
assessmenti scomposedofphysi cal damageassessment,functi onal
damage assessment, and target system assessment.
(JP1-02)
Tradenameforacommerci al vi deotapeformatusi nghal f-i nch-wi de
vi deotape housed i n a cassette, normal l y used for recordi ng and
masteri ngdi gi tal /anal ogproducti ons.
battal i on
baseoperati ngsupport
Glossary-2 15April2005
FM3-05.30
C2 commandandcontrol
C4 command,control ,communi cati ons,andcomputers
C4I command,control ,communi cati ons,computers,andi ntel l i gence
CA Civil AffairsDesi gnated Acti ve and Reserve component forces
and uni ts organi zed, trai ned, andequi ppedspeci fi cal l ytoconduct
ci vi l affai rs acti vi ti es and to support ci vi l -mi l i tary operati ons.
(JP1-02)
campaign A seri es of rel ated mi l i tary operati ons ai med at accompl i shi ng a
strategi c or operati onal objecti ve wi thi n a gi ven ti me and space.
(JP1-02)
campaignplan A pl an for a seri es of rel ated mi l i tary operati ons ai med at
accompl i shi ng a strategi c or operati onal objecti ve wi thi n a gi ven
ti meandspace.(JP1-02)
CAO Ci vi l Affai rsoperati ons
CAP cri si sacti onpl anni ng
CAT cri si sacti onteam
CCIR commanderscri ti cal i nformati onrequi rements
CD counterdrug;compactdi sc
CDR commander
CDRUSSOCOM Commander,Uni tedStatesSpeci al Operati onsCommand
chainofcommand The successi on of commandi ng offi cers from a superi or to a
subordi nate through whi ch command i s exerci sed. Al so cal l ed
commandchannel .(JP1-02)
CI ci vi l i ani nternee;counteri ntel l i gence
CIA Central I ntel l i genceAgency
CivilAffairsactivities Acti vi ti esperformedorsupportedbyci vi l affai rsthat(1)enhance
the rel ati onshi p between mi l i tary forces and ci vi l authori ti es i n
areaswheremi l i taryforcesarepresent;and(2)i nvol veappl i cati on
of ci vi l affai rs functi onal speci al ty ski l l s, i n areas normal l y the
responsi bi l i ty of ci vi l government, to enhance conduct of ci vi l -
mi l i taryoperati ons.(JP1-02)
CJ 3 combi nedJ-3
CJ CS Chai rmanoftheJoi ntChi efsofStaff
CJ ICTF Combi nedJoi ntI nformati onCampai gnTaskForce
CJ IICTF Combi nedJoi ntI FORI nformati onCampai gnTaskForce
CJ POTF combi nedjoi ntPsychol ogi cal Operati onstaskforce
CJ TF commander,joi nttaskforce
CMEC CapturedMateri al Expl oi tati onCenter
CMO ci vi l -mi l i taryoperati ons
15April2005 Glossary-3
FM3-05.30
COA
coalition
COCOM
COE
COLISEUM
combatantcommand
COMMZ
conditions
CONOPS
CONPLAN
contingency
CONUS
conventionalforces
coord
COP
COS
COTS
counterinsurgency
counterpropaganda
crisis
Glossary-4
courseofacti on
Anadhocarrangementbetweentwoormorenati onsforcommon
acti on.(JP1-02)
combatantcommand(commandauthori ty)
commonoperati ngenvi ronment
Communi ty On-Li ne I ntel l i gence System for End-Users and
Managers
A uni fi ed or speci fi ed command wi th a broad conti nui ng mi ssi on
under a si ngl e commander establ i shed and so desi gnated by the
Presi dent, through the Secretary of Defense and wi th the advi ce
and assi stance of the Chai rman of the Joi nt Chi efs of Staff.
Combatant commands typi cal l y have geographi c or functi onal
responsi bi l i ti es.(JP1-02)
communi cati onszone
Those external el ements that affect a target audi ence over whi ch
they have l i ttl e or no control . Contai ns three parts: sti mul us,
ori entati on,andbehavi or.
conceptofoperati ons
conceptplanoperati onpl ani nconceptformat
Anemergencyi nvol vi ngmi l i taryforcescausedbynatural di sasters,
terrori sts, subversi ves, or by requi red mi l i tary operati ons. Due to
theuncertai ntyofthesi tuati on,conti ngenci esrequi repl ans,rapi d
response,andspeci al procedurestoensurethesafetyandreadi ness
ofpersonnel ,i nstal l ati ons,andequi pment.(JP1-02)
conti nental Uni tedStates
Those forces capabl e of conducti ng operati ons usi ng nonnucl ear
weapons.(JP1-02)
coordi nati on
commonoperati onal pi cture
chi efofstaff
commerci al ,off-the-shel f
Thosemi l i tary,parami l i tary,pol i ti cal ,economi c,psychol ogi cal ,and
ci vi cacti onstakenbyagovernmenttodefeati nsurgency.(JP1-02)
Acti onsori nacti onstakentomi ti gatetheeffectsofpropaganda.
Ani nci dentorsi tuati oni nvol vi ngathreattotheUni tedStates,i ts
terri tori es, ci ti zens, mi l i tary forces, possessi ons, or vi tal i nterests
that devel ops rapi dl y and creates a condi ti on of such di pl omati c,
economi c,pol i ti cal ,ormi l i taryi mportancethatcommi tmentofU.S.
mi l i tary forces and resources i s contempl ated i n order to achi eve
nati onal objecti ves.(JP1-02)
15April2005
FM3-05.30
criticalinformation Speci fi c facts about fri endl y i ntenti ons, capabi l i ti es, and acti vi ti es
vi tal l yneededbyadversari esforthemtopl anandacteffecti vel yso
as to guarantee fai l ure or unacceptabl e consequences for fri endl y
mi ssi onaccompl i shment.
CS combatsupport
CSE communi cati onssupportel ement
CSM commandsergeantmajor
CSS combatservi cesupport
CSSCS CombatServi ceSupportControl System
CT counterterrori sm
DAO defenseattachoffi cer
DAPS Depl oyabl eAudi oProducti onSystem
data Representati on of facts, concepts, or i nstructi ons i n a formal i zed
manner sui tabl e for communi cati on, i nterpretati on, or processi ng
by humans or by automati c means. Any representati ons such as
characters or anal og quanti ti es to whi ch meani ng i s or mi ght be
assi gned.
DC di sl ocatedci vi l i an
DCM deputychi efofmi ssi on
DCO deputycommandi ngoffi cer
DCO/RACA deputycommandi ngoffi cer/research,anal ysi s,andci vi l i anaffai rs
DCS DeputyChi efofStaff
DCSLOG DeputyChi efofStaffforLogi sti cs
DCSOPS DeputyChi efofStaffforOperati onsandPl ans
DEA DrugEnforcementAgency
deception Those measures desi gned to mi sl ead the enemy by mani pul ati on,
di storti on,orfal si fi cati onofevi dencetoi nducetheenemytoreact
i namannerprejudi ci al totheenemysi nterests.
DIA DefenseI ntel l i genceAgency
DII defensei nformati oni nfrastructure
DIME di pl omati c,i nformati onal ,mi l i tary,andeconomi c
DISN DefenseI nformati onSystemsNetwork
dissem disseminationThedel i veryofPSYOPseri esdi rectl ytotheTA.
distribution Themovementofcompl etedproductsfromtheproducti onsourceto
the poi nt of di ssemi nati on. Thi s task may i ncl ude the temporary
physi cal or el ectroni c storage of PSYOP products at i ntermedi ate
l ocati ons.
15April2005 Glossary-5
FM3-05.30
diversion
DNLE
DLA
DOD
DODAAC
DODIPP
DOS
DPPC
DS
DSN
DSU
ENSIT
EPW
EW
executiveorder
FABS
FAX
FBCB2
FBIS
FID
FIWC
FM
FNS
FO
FOB
forcemultiplier
Glossary-6
Theactofdrawi ngtheattenti onandforcesofanenemyfromthe
poi nt of the pri nci pal operati on; an attack, al arm, or fei nt that
di vertsattenti on.(JP1-02)
Depl oyabl eVi deoNonl i nearEdi ti ngsystem
DefenseLogi sti csAgency
DepartmentofDefense
DepartmentofDefenseacti vi tyaddresscode
DepartmentofDefenseI ntel l i genceProducti onProgram
DepartmentofState
Depl oyabl ePri ntProducti onCenter
di rectsupport
DefenseSwi tchedNetwork
di rectsupportuni t
enemysi tuati on
enemypri sonerofwar
el ectroni cwarfare
Orderi ssuedbythePresi dentbyvi rtueoftheauthori tyvestedi n
hi mbytheConsti tuti onorbyanactofCongress.I thastheforceof
l aw.(AR310-25)
fl yawaybroadcastsystem
facsi mi l e
ForceXXI Battl eCommand,Bri gadeandBel ow
Forei gnBroadcastI nformati onServi ce
foreigninternaldefenseParti ci pati onbyci vi l i anandmi l i tary
agenci es of a government i n any of the acti on programs takenby
anothergovernmenttofreeandprotecti tssoci etyfromsubversi on,
l awl essness,andi nsurgency.(JP1-02)
fl eeti nformati onwarfarecenter
fi el dmanual ;frequencymodul ati on
forei gnnati onsupport
forceoperati ons
forwardoperati onal base
Acapabi l i tythat,whenaddedtoandempl oyedbyacombatforce,
si gni fi cantl yi ncreasesthecombatpotenti al ofthatforceandthus
enhances the probabi l i ty of successful mi ssi on accompl i shment.
(JP1-02)
15April2005
FM3-05.30
FP
FRAGO
FS
FSCOORD
FST
functionalcomponent
command
G-1
G-2
G-3
G-4
G-6
G-7
GCC
GCCS
GCCS-A
GCSS-A
GENSER
GI&S
GRIS
GS
GSORT
HA
HF
HFAC
HHC
HMA
force protectionSecuri ty program desi gned to protect Servi ce
members, ci vi l i an empl oyees, fami l y members, faci l i ti es, and
equi pment, i n al l l ocati ons and si tuati ons, accompl i shed through
pl anned and i ntegrated appl i cati on of combatti ng terrori sm,
physi cal securi ty, operati ons securi ty, and personal protecti ve
servi ces, and supported by i ntel l i gence, counteri ntel l i gence, and
othersecuri typrograms.(JP1-02)
fragmentaryorder
fi resupport
fi resupportcoordi nator
fi el dsupportteam
A command normal l y, but not necessari l y, composed of forces of
two or more mi l i tary departments that may be establ i shedacross
the range of mi l i tary operati ons to perform parti cul aroperati onal
mi ssi onsthatmaybeofshortdurati onormayextendoveraperi od
ofti me.(JP1-02)
DeputyChi efofStaffforManpowerorPersonnel
DeputyChi efofStaffforI ntel l i gence
DeputyChi efofStaffforOperati onsandPl ans
DeputyChi efofStaffforLogi sti cs
Chi ef I nformati on Offi cer/Di rector, I nformati on Systems for
Command,Control ,Communi cati ons,andComputers
DeputyChi efofStaffforI nformati onOperati ons
geographi ccombatantcommander
Gl obal CommandandControl System
Gl obal CommandandControl SystemArmy
Gl obal CombatSupportSystemArmy
general servi ce
geospati al i nformati onandservi ces
Gl obal Reconnai ssanceI nformati onSystem
general support
Gl obal StatusofResourcesandTrai ni ng
humani tari anassi stance
hi ghfrequency
HumanFactorsAnal ysi sCenter
headquartersandheadquarterscompany
humani tari anmi neacti on
15April2005 Glossary-7
FM3-05.30
HN hostnationAnati onthatrecei vestheforcesand/orsuppl i esof
al l i ednati ons,coal i ti onpartners,and/orNATOorgani zati onstobe
l ocated on, to operate i n, or to transi t through i ts terri tory.
(JP1-02)
HNS host-nati onsupport
HQ headquarters
HSC headquartersandsupportcompany
HUMINT human intelligenceA category of i ntel l i gence deri ved from
i nformati oncol l ectedandprovi dedbyhumansources.(JP1-02)
IAW i naccordancewi th
IDAD i nternal defenseanddevel opment
IDC I nformati onDomi nanceCenter
IEW i ntel l i genceandel ectroni cwarfare
IFOR I mpl ementati onForce
IIP i nternati onal i nformati onprograms
IMI i nternati onal mi l i taryi nformati on
IMINT i mageryi ntel l i gence
IMPACTS i nformati on warfare mi ssi on pl anni ng, anal ysi s, and command
andcontrol targeti ngsystem
info i nformati on
INFOSYS i nformati onsystems
INMARSAT-B i nternati onal mari ti mesatel l i te-B
insurgency An organi zed movement ai med at the overthrow of a consti tuted
governmentthroughuseofsubversi onandarmedconfl i ct.(JP1-02)
INTELINK i ntel l i gencel i nk
IO i nformati onoperati ons
IOC i nformati onoperati onscel l
IPB i ntel l i gencepreparati onofthebattl espace
IPC i nterpersonal communi cati ons
IPI i nternati onal publ i ci nformati on
IPIC I nternati onal Publ i cI nformati onCommi ttee
I/R i nternment/resettl ement
IR i nformati onrequi rement
ISB i ntermedi atestagi ngbase
ISOCA I mprovedSpeci al Operati onsCommuni cati onsAssembl age
Glossary-8 15April2005
FM3-05.30
ISR i ntel l i gence,survei l l ance,andreconnai ssance
IW i nformati onwarfare
J -1 ManpowerandPersonnel Di rectorate
J -2 I ntel l i genceDi rectorate
J -3 Operati onsDi rectorate
J -4 Logi sti csDi rectorate
J -6 Command, Control , Communi cati ons, and Computer Systems
Di rectorate
J AG JudgeAdvocateGeneral
J CCC Joi ntCombatCameraCenter
J CDB Joi ntCommonDatabase
J CET joi ntcombi nedexerci sefortrai ni ng
J CMA Joi ntCommuni cati onsSecuri tyMoni torActi vi ty
J CMOTF Joi ntCi vi l -Mi l i taryOperati onsTaskForce
J CS Joi ntChi efsofStaff
J CSE Joi ntCommuni cati onsSupportEl ement
J DISS Joi ntDepl oyabl eI ntel l i genceSupportSystem
J FACC joi ntforceai rcomponentcommander
J FC joi ntforcecommander
J FCOM Joi ntForcesCommand
J FLCC Joi ntForceLandComponentCommander
J FMCC Joi ntForceMari ti meComponentCommander
J FSOCC Joi ntForceSpeci al Operati onsComponentCommander
J IC Joi ntI ntel l i genceCenter
J IOC Joi ntI nformati onOperati onsCenter
J IPTL joi nti ntegratedpri ori ti zedtargetl i st
J MCIS joi ntmari ti mecommandi nformati onsystem
J OA joi ntoperati onsarea
joint Connotes acti vi ti es, operati ons, organi zati ons, etc., i n whi ch
el ementsoftwoormoremi l i tarydepartmentsparti ci pate.(JP1-02)
jointdoctrine Fundamental pri nci pl esthatgui detheempl oymentofforcesoftwo
or more mi l i tary departments i n coordi nated acti on toward a
commonobjecti ve.I ti sauthori tati ve;assuch,joi ntdoctri newi l l be
fol l owed except when, i n the judgment of the commander,
excepti onal ci rcumstancesdi ctateotherwi se.I twi l l bepromul gated
byorfortheChai rmanoftheJoi ntChi efsofStaff,i ncoordi nati on
wi ththecombatantcommandsandServi ces.(JP1-02)
15April2005 Glossary-9
FM3-05.30
jointforce Ageneral termappl i edtoaforcecomposedofsi gni fi cantel ements,
assi gned or attached, of two or more mi l i tary departments
operati ngunderasi ngl ejoi ntforcecommander.(JP1-02)
jointoperations Ageneral termtodescri bemi l i taryacti onsconductedbyjoi ntforces
or by Servi ce forces i n rel ati onshi ps (e.g., support, coordi nati ng
authori ty)whi ch,ofthemsel ves,donotcreatejoi ntforces.(JP1-02)
J OPES Joi ntOperati onPl anni ngandExecuti onSystem
J P joi ntpubl i cati on
J PEC joi ntpl anni ngandexecuti oncommuni ty
J POSTC Joi ntProgramOffi ceforSpeci al Techni cal Countermeasures
J POTF joint Psychological Operations task forceA joi nt speci al
operati ons task force composed of headquarters and operati onal
assets.I tassi ststhejoi ntforcecommanderi ndevel opi ngstrategi c,
operati onal ,andtacti cal psychol ogi cal operati onpl ansforatheater
campai gnorotheroperati ons.Mi ssi onrequi rementswi l l determi ne
i tscomposi ti onandassi gnedorattacheduni tstosupportthejoi nt
taskforcecommander.Al socal l edJPOTF.(JP1-02)
J RFL Joi ntRestri ctedFrequencyLi st
J SC Joi ntSpectrumCenter
J SCP Joi ntStrategi cCapabi l i ti esPl an
J SOA Joi ntSpeci al Operati onsArea
J SOACC joi ntspeci al operati onsai rcomponentcommander
J SOC joi ntspeci al operati onscommand
J SOTF joi ntspeci al operati onstaskforce
J TF joint task forceA joi nt force that i s consti tuted and so
desi gnatedbytheSecretaryofDefense,acombatantcommander,a
subuni fi edcommander,oranexi sti ngjoi nttaskforcecommander.
(JP1-02)
J ULLS Joi ntUni versal LessonsLearnedSystem
J USPAO Joi ntUni tedStatesPubl i cAffai rsOffi ce
J WAC Joi ntWarfareAnal ysi sCenter
J WICS Joi ntWorl dwi deI ntel l i genceCommuni cati onsSystem
KFOR KosovoPeacekeepi ngOperati on
kW ki l owatt
L l and
Glossary-10 15April2005
FM3-05.30
LAN l ocal areanetwork
LANTCOM Atl anti cCommand
lineofpersuasion Anargumentusedtoobtai nadesi redbehavi ororatti tudefromthe
TA. Contai ns four parts: mai n argument, supporti ng arguments,
appeal ,andtechni que.
LIWA LandI nformati onWarfareActi vi ty
LNO l i ai sonoffi cer
MACOM majorArmycommand
MASINT measurementandsi gnaturei ntel l i gence
MCS ManeuverControl System
MDCI mul ti di sci pl i necounteri ntel l i gence
MDMP mi l i tarydeci si on-maki ngprocess
MEB Mari neexpedi ti onarybri gade
MEDCOM U.S.ArmyMedi cal Command
media Transmi ttersofi nformati onandpsychol ogi cal operati onsproducts.
MEDLOG medi cal l ogi sti cs
MEF Mari neexpedi ti onaryforce
METT-TC mi ssi on,enemy,terrai nandweather,troopsandsupportavai l abl e,
ti meavai l abl e,ci vi l consi derati ons
MEU Mari neexpedi ti onaryuni t
MFP11 MajorForceProgram11
MI mi l i taryi ntel l i gence
MIO mari ti mei nterdi cti onoperati ons
MOA memorandumofagreement
MOC medi aoperati onscompl ex
MOE measure of effectivenessTool s used to measure resul ts
achi eved i n the overal l mi ssi on and executi on of assi gned tasks.
Measuresofeffecti venessareaprerequi si tetotheperformanceof
combatassessment.Al socal l edMOE.(JP1-02)
MOOTW mi l i taryoperati onsotherthanwar
MOS mi l i taryoccupati onal speci al ty
MP mi l i tarypol i ce
MPC Medi aProducti onCenter
MPEG Moti onPi cturesExpertGroup
MRBS mobi l eradi obroadcastsystem
15April2005 Glossary-11
FM3-05.30
MSPD
MTBS
MTT
MTW
multinationaljoint
Psychological
Operationstaskforce
multinationaloperations
MW-AM
nationalobjectives
NATO
NAVSPECWARCOM
NAWCAD
NBC
NC
NCO
NEO
NGIC
NGO
NIMA
NIPRNET
NIWA
NLT
NMC
mi l i tary support to publ i c di pl omacyThose acti vi ti es and
measurestakenbytheDODcomponentstosupportandfaci l i tate
publ i cdi pl omacy.
mobi l etel evi si onbroadcastsystem
mobi l etrai ni ngteam
majortheaterwar
A task force composed of PSYOP uni ts from one or more forei gn
countri es formed to carry out a speci fi c PSYOP mi ssi on or
prosecute PSYOP i n support of a theater campai gn or other
operati on. The mul ti nati onal joi nt POTF may have conventi onal
non-PSYOP uni ts assi gned or attached to support the conduct of
speci fi cmi ssi ons.
Acol l ecti vetermtodescri bemi l i taryacti onsconductedbyforcesof
twoormorenati ons,usual l yundertakenwi thi nthestructureofa
coal i ti onoral l i ance.(JP1-02)
medi um-waveampl i tude-modul ated
Theai ms,deri vedfromnati onal goal sandi nterests,towardwhi cha
nati onal pol i cyorstrategyi sdi rectedandeffortsandresourcesof
thenati onareappl i ed.(JP1-02)
NorthAtl anti cTreatyOrgani zati on
Naval Speci al WarfareCommand
Naval Ai rWarfareCenter
nucl ear,bi ol ogi cal ,andchemi cal
NorthCarol i na
noncommi ssi onedoffi cer
noncombatantevacuati onoperati on
Nati onal GroundI ntel l i genceCenter
nongovernmentalorganizationTransnati onal organi zati onsof
pri vate ci ti zens that mai ntai n a consul tati ve status wi th the
Economi c and Soci al Counci l of the Uni ted Nati ons.
Nongovernmental organi zati ons may be professi onal associ ati ons,
foundati ons, mul ti nati onal busi nesses, or si mpl y groups wi th a
common i nterest i n humani tari an assi stance acti vi ti es
(devel opment and rel i ef). Nongovernmental organi zati ons i s a
termnormal l yusedbynon-Uni tedStatesorgani zati ons.(JP1-02)
Nati onal I mageryandMappi ngAgency
NonsecureI nternetProtocol RouterNetwork
naval i nformati onwarfareagency
nol aterthan
nonmi ssi oncapabl e
Glossary-12 15April2005
FM3-05.30
NMJ IC Nati onal Mi l i taryJoi ntI ntel l i genceCenter
NMS nati onal mi l i tarystrategy
NSA Nati onal Securi tyAgency
NSC Nati onal Securi tyCounci l
NSDD Nati onal Securi tyDeci si onDi recti ve
NSN Nati onal StockNumber
NSS nati onal securi tystrategy
NTSC A type of vi deo output, establ i shed by the Nati onal Tel evi si on
Standards Commi ttee of Ameri ca, i n whi ch pi cture i nformati on i s
del i veredasasi ngl eel ectroni csi gnal .(NOTE:NTSCandPALare
notcompati bl eori nterchangeabl e.)
OB orderofbattl e
OCONUS outsi detheconti nental Uni tedStates
OGA othergovernmentagency
OIF Operati onI RAQI FREEDOM
OPCON operationalcontrolTransferabl ecommandauthori tythatmay
beexerci sedbycommandersatanyechel onatorbel owthel evel of
combatantcommand.Operati onal control i si nherenti ncombatant
command (command authori ty). Operati onal control may be
del egated and i s the authori ty to perform those functi ons of
command over subordi nate forces i nvol vi ng organi zi ng and
empl oyi ng commands and forces, assi gni ng tasks, desi gnati ng
objecti ves, and gi vi ng authori tati ve di recti on necessary to
accompl i shthemi ssi on.Operati onal control i ncl udesauthori tati ve
di recti on over al l aspectsofmi l i taryoperati onsandjoi nttrai ni ng
necessary to accompl i sh mi ssi ons assi gned to the command.
Operati onal control shoul dbeexerci sedthroughthecommandersof
subordi nate organi zati ons. Normal l y thi s authori ty i s exerci sed
through subordi nate joi nt force commanders and Servi ce and/or
functi onal component commands. Operati onal control normal l y
provi des ful l authori ty to organi ze commands and forces and to
empl oy those forces as the commander i n operati onal control
consi ders necessary to accompl i sh assi gned mi ssi ons. Operati onal
control doesnot,i nandofi tsel f,i ncl udeauthori tati vedi recti onfor
l ogi sti cs or matters of admi ni strati on, di sci pl i ne, i nternal
organi zati on,oruni ttrai ni ng.(JP1-02)
OPFUND operati onal fundi ng
OPLAN operati onpl an
OPORD operati onorder
opponent An antagoni sti c force or organi zati on that counters mi ssi on
accompl i shmentbymi l i tarymeans.
15April2005 Glossary-13
FM3-05.30
OPSEC
OSINT
OSD
PA
PAL
PAO
PAW
PDC
PDD
PDF
PDS
peacekeeping
peacemaking
peaceoperations
PERSCOM
PFMT
Glossary-14
operationssecurityAprocessofi denti fyi ngcri ti cal i nformati on
and subsequentl y anal yzi ng fri endl y acti ons attendant to mi l i tary
operati onsandotheracti vi ti esto:a.i denti fythoseacti onsthatcan
be observed by adversary i ntel l i gence systems; b. determi ne
i ndi catorsthathosti l ei ntel l i gencesystemsmi ghtobtai nthatcoul d
be i nterpreted or pi eced together to deri ve cri ti cal i nformati on i n
ti metobeuseful toadversari es;andc.sel ectandexecutemeasures
thatel i mi nateorreducetoanacceptabl el evel thevul nerabi l i ti esof
fri endl yacti onstoadversaryexpl oi tati on.(JP1-02)
open-sourcei ntel l i gence
Offi ceoftheSecretaryofDefense
publ i caffai rs
phase alternating lineA type of vi deo output used OCONUS,
establ i shedtomeetEuropeantel evi si onstandards,i nwhi chpi cture
i nformati oni sdel i vered.(NOTE:NTSCandPALarenotcompati bl e
ori nterchangeabl e.)
publ i caffai rsoffi cer
product/acti onworksheet
Psychological Operations development centerThe PDC i s
thecentral coreofaPOTFandmai nl yresponsi bl eforconducti ng
thePSYOPprocess.ThePDCconsi stsofatargetaudi enceanal ysi s
detachment, a pl ans and programs detachment, a product
devel opmentdetachment,andatestandeval uati ondetachment.
Psychol ogi cal Operati ons product devel opment detachment;
Presi denti al Deci si onDi recti ve
productdi stri buti onfaci l i ty
productdi stri buti onsystem
Mi l i tary operati ons undertaken wi th the consent of al l major
parti es to a di spute, desi gned to moni tor and faci l i tate
i mpl ementati on of an agreement (ceasefi re, truce, or other such
agreement) and support di pl omati c efforts to reach a l ong-term
pol i ti cal settl ement.(JP1-02)
Theprocessofdi pl omacy,medi ati on,negoti ati on,orotherformsof
peaceful settl ementsthatarrangesanendtoadi sputeandresol ves
i ssuesthatl edtoi t.(JP1-02)
Abroadtermthatencompassespeacekeepi ngoperati onsandpeace
enforcementoperati onsconductedi nsupportofdi pl omati ceffortsto
establ i shandmai ntai npeace.(JP1-02)
personnel command
portabl efrequencymodul ati ontransmi tter
15April2005
FM3-05.30
PIR priority intelligence requirementsThose i ntel l i gence
requi rementsforwhi chacommanderhasananti ci patedandstated
pri ori tyi nthetaskofpl anni nganddeci si onmaki ng.(JP1-02)
PM provostmarshal
PO Psychological Operations objectiveA statement of a
measurabl eresponsethatrefl ectsthedesi redbehavi oral changeof
asel ectedTAsasaresul tofPSYOP.
POAS Psychol ogi cal Operati onsautomatedsystem
POAT PsychologicalOperationsassessmentteamAsmal l ,tai l ored
team (approxi matel y 4 to 12 personnel ) that consi sts of PSYOP
pl anners and product di stri buti on/di ssemi nati on and l ogi sti cs
speci al i sts. The team i s depl oyed to theater at the request of the
combatant commander to assess the si tuati on, devel op PSYOP
objecti ves and recommend the appropri ate l evel of support to
accompl i shthemi ssi on.
POB Psychol ogi cal Operati onsbattal i on
POC Psychol ogi cal Operati onscompany;poi ntofcontact
POE portofembarkati on;portofentry
POG Psychol ogi cal Operati onsgroup
POG(A) Psychol ogi cal Operati onsgroup(ai rborne)
POTF PsychologicalOperationstaskforceAtaskforcecomposedof
PSYOP uni ts formed to carry out a speci fi c PSYOP or prosecute
PSYOPi nsupportofatheatercampai gnorotheroperati ons.The
POTF may have conventi onal non-PSYOP uni ts assi gned or
attached to support the conduct of speci fi c mi ssi ons. The POTF
commanderi susual l yaJTFcomponentcommander.
POW pri sonerofwar
PPBS Pl anni ng,Programmi ng,andBudgeti ngSystem
PPD pl ansandprogramsdetachment
production The transformati on of approved PSYOP product prototypes i nto
vari ous medi a forms that are compati bl e wi th the way forei gn
popul ati onsareaccustomedtorecei vi ngi nformati on.
propaganda Any form of communi cati on i n support of nati onal objecti ves,
desi gnedtoi nfl uencetheopi ni ons,emoti ons,atti tudes,orbehavi or
of any group i n order to benefi t the sponsor, ei ther di rectl y or
i ndi rectl y. By pol i cy and practi ce, ARSOF forces use the term to
i ndi catePSYOPconductedbyenemyorhosti l eforces,el ements,or
groupsagai nstU.S.orcoal i ti onforces.
PSC personnel servi cecompany
PSE Psychological Operations support elementA tai l ored
el ement that can provi de l i mi ted PSYOP support. PSEs do not
contai n organi c command and control capabi l i ty; therefore,
15April2005 Glossary-15
FM3-05.30
PSS
PSYACT
PSYOP
PSYOP-enablingaction
PSYOPimpactindicators
PSYOPOPLAN/OPORD
PSYOPprocess
PSYOPproduct
PSYOPprogram
PSYOPtab/appendix
command rel ati onshi ps must be cl earl y defi ned. The si ze,
composi ti on and capabi l i ty of the PSE are determi ned by the
requi rementsofthesupportedcommander.APSEi snotdesi gned
toprovi deful l -spectrumPSYOPcapabi l i ty;reachbacki scri ti cal for
i tsmi ssi onsuccess.
personnel servi cesupport
PsychologicalOperationsactionAnacti onconductedbynon-
PSYOPpersonnel ,thati spl annedpri mari l ytoaffectthebehavi or
ofaTA.
Psychological OperationsPl anned operati ons to convey
sel ected i nformati on and i ndi cators to forei gn audi ences to
i nfl uence thei r emoti ons, moti ves, objecti ve reasoni ng, and
ul ti matel y the behavi or of forei gn governments, organi zati ons,
groups,andi ndi vi dual s.ThepurposeofPsychol ogi cal Operati onsi s
to i nduce or rei nforce forei gn atti tudes and behavi or favorabl e to
theori gi natorsobjecti ves.(JP1-02)
Acti onrequi redofnon-PSYOPuni tsornon-DODagenci esi norder
to faci l i tate or enabl e executi on of a PSYOP pl an devel oped to
supportacommander,aJTF,aregi onal commander,orothernon-
DODagency.
Observabl eeventsori ntel l i gencerel atedtothePSYOPeffortthat
ai d i n determi ni ng the degree to whi ch SPOs are bei ng achi eved.
Al l i mpacti ndi catorsareei therposi ti veornegati veandcontai na
di rectori ndi rectori entati on.
Psychological Operations operation plan/operation order
The POTF/PSE OPLAN/OPORD arti cul ates how the PSYOP
objecti ves are goi ng to be accompl i shed by al l the subordi nate
el ements(eventhosedetachedfromthePOTF/PSEandattachedto
amaneuveruni t).TheOPLAN/OPORDi smorecompl etethanthe
annex or tab wri tten as part of the supported uni ts
OPLA/ORPORD. Thi s pl an must be central l y control l ed and
promul gatedtoal l PSYOPuni tsi nvol vedi ntheoperati oni norder
toensurethatthepl ani sbei ngexecutedatal l l evel s.
Asevenphaseprocessthatmustbecompl etedtoconductPSYOP.I t
consi stsofpl anni ng,targetaudi enceanal ysi s,seri esdevel opment,
productdevel opmentanddesi gn,approval ,producti on,di stri buti on,
di ssemi nati on,andeval uati on.
Any audi o, vi sual , or audi ovi sual communi cati on i ntended to
changethebehavi orofforei gnTAs.
Al l the supporti ng PSYOP programs and thei r subordi nate seri es
(PSYOPproductsandacti ons)thatsupporttheaccompl i shmentof
onePSYOPobjecti ve.
Consi st of PSYOP objecti ves supporti ng PSYOP objecti ves, PTAL,
and MOE devel oped to ai d the supported commander wi th
accompl i shi nghi smi ssi on.
Glossary-16 15April2005
FM3-05.30
PTA potenti al targetaudi ence
PTAL potenti al targetaudi encel i st
publicdiplomacy Thoseoverti nternati onal publ i ci nformati onacti vi ti esoftheUni ted
Statesgovernmentdesi gnedtopromoteUni tedStatesforei gnpol i cy
objecti vesbyseeki ngtounderstand,i nform,andi nfl uenceforei gn
audi ences and opi ni on makers, and by broadeni ng the di al ogue
betweenAmeri canci ti zensandi nsti tuti onsandthei rcounterparts
abroad.
R&A researchandanal ysi s
RC ReserveComponent
RFI request for informationAny speci fi c ti me-sensi ti ve ad hoc
requi rementfori ntel l i gencei nformati onorproductstosupportan
ongoi ng cri si s or operati on not necessari l y rel ated to standi ng
requi rementsorschedul edi ntel l i genceproducti on.(JP1-02)
RGR Ranger
RMO resourcemanagementoffi cer
ROE rul esofengagement
ROI rules of interactionArti cul ate wi th whom, under what
ci rcumstances,andtowhatextentSol di ersmayi nteractwi thother
forcesandtheci vi l i anpopul ace.
RSC regi onal supportcompany
RSOI recepti on,stagi ng,onwardmovement,andi ntegrati on
RWS remoteworkstati on
S-1 personnel offi cer
S-2 i ntel l i genceoffi cer
S-3 operati onsandtrai ni ngoffi cer
S-4 l ogi sti csoffi cer
S-5 ci vi l -mi l i taryoperati onsoffi cer
S-6 si gnal offi cer
SACEUR SupremeAl l i edCommand,Europe
SAO securi tyassi stanceoffi ce
SATCOM satel l i tecommuni cati ons
SCAME Acronym used to remember the steps i n anal yzi ng opponent
propaganda.Thel ettersstandforsource,content,audi ence,medi a,
effects.
SCI sensi ti vecompartmentedi nformati on
SCIF sensi ti vecompartmentedi nformati onfaci l i ty
SCW seri esconceptworksheet
15April2005 Glossary-17
FM3-05.30
SDW seri esdi ssemi nati onworksheet
SECAM SequentialCouleuravecMemoireThevi deoandbroadcasti ng
standardusedi nFrance,easternEurope,Russi a,andmostofAsi a
andAfri ca.SECAMhasthesamescreenresol uti onof625l i nesand
50-HzrefreshrateasPAL.
SecDef SecretaryofDefense
SEG seri eseval uati ongri d
SEM seri esexecuti onmatri x
series Al l PSYOPproductsandacti onsdi rectedatasi ngl eTAi nsupport
ofaspeci fi cSPO.
Servicecomponent A command consi sti ng of the Servi ce component commander and
command al l those Servi ce forces, such as i ndi vi dual s, uni ts,
detachments,organi zati ons,andi nstal l ati onsunderthatcommand,
i ncl udi ngthesupportforcesthathavebeenassi gnedtoacombatant
commandorfurtherassi gnedtoasubordi nateuni fi edcommandor
joi nttaskforce.(JP1-02)
SF Speci al Forces
SFG Speci al Forcesgroup
SFOB Speci al Forcesoperati onal base
SFOD Speci al Forcesoperati onal detachment
SFODA Speci al Forcesoperati onal detachmentA
SFOR Stabi l i zati onForce
SIAM Si tuati onal I nfl uenceAssessmentModel
SIGINT si gnal si ntel l i gence
SIO seni ori ntel l i genceoffi cer
SIPRNET SECRETI nternetProtocol RouterNetwork
SITREP si tuati onreport
SJ A StaffJudgeAdvocate
SO speci al operati ons
SOAR speci al operati onsavi ati onregi ment
SOC speci al operati onscommand
SOCRATES Speci al Operati onsCommandResearch,Anal ysi s,andThreat
Eval uati onSystem
SOF speci al operati onsforces
SOFA status-of-forcesagreement
SO/LIC speci al operati onsandl owi ntensi tyconfl i ct
SOMS-B Speci al Operati onsMedi aSystem-Broadcast
Glossary-18 15April2005
FM3-05.30
SOP standi ngoperati ngprocedure
SOR statementofrequi rement
SOSB speci al operati onssupportbattal i on
SOSCOM Speci al Operati onsSupportCommand
SOSO stabi l i tyoperati onsandsupportoperati ons
SOTSE speci al operati onstheatersupportel ement
SOW speci al operati onswi ng
SOWD speci al operati onsweatherdetachment
specialPsychological A PSYOP i ntel l i gence document that focuses on any of a vari ety
Operationsassessment of di fferent subjects perti nent to PSYOP, such as a parti cul ar
target group, si gni fi cant soci al i nsti tuti on, or medi a anal ysi s. A
SPA can serve as an i mmedi ate reference for the pl anni ng and
conductofPSYOP.
SPO supporti ngPsychol ogi cal Operati onsobjecti ve
SPS speci al Psychol ogi cal Operati onsstudy
SROE standi ngrul esofengagement
SSC smal l -scal econti ngency
SSD strategi cstudi esdetachment
STAMMIS standardArmymul ti commandmanagementi nformati onsystem
STCCS Strategi cTheaterCommandandControl System
STE securetel ephoneequi pment
STP Sol di ertrai ni ngpubl i cati on
STU-III securetel ephoneuni tI I I
supportedcommander The commander havi ng pri mary responsi bi l i ty for al l aspects of a
taskassi gnedbytheJoi ntStrategi cCapabi l i ti esPl anorotherjoi nt
operati on pl anni ng authori ty. I n the context of joi nt operati on
pl anni ng, thi s term refers to the commander who prepares
operati onpl ansoroperati onordersi nresponsetorequi rementsof
theChai rmanoftheJoi ntChi efsofStaff.(JP1-02)
supportingcommander Acommanderwhoprovi desaugmentati onforcesorothersupportto
a supported commander or who devel ops a supporti ng pl an.
I ncl udes the desi gnated combatant commands and Defense
agenci esasappropri ate.(JP1-02)
supportingPSYOP Al l acti ons and products devel oped i n support of a si ngl e
program supporti ngobjecti ve.
SW shortwave
symbol Avi sual ,audi o,oraudi ovi sual means,havi ngcul tural orcontextual
si gni fi cancetotheTA,usedtoconveyal i neofpersuasi on.
TA targetaudi ence
15April2005 Glossary-19
FM3-05.30
TAA
TAAD
TAAP
TAAT
TAAW
TACON
TACSAT
TAMCA
TAMMC
TARBS
TASOSC
TBMCS
TECHINT
TED
TEP
terrorism
theme
threat
TI
TMO
TMOC
TMPC
TOC
target audience analysisDetai l ed, systemati c exami nati on of
PSYOP-rel evant i nformati on to sel ect TAs that can accompl i sh a
gi venSPO.
targetaudi enceanal ysi sdetachment
targetaudi enceanal ysi sprocess
targetaudi enceanal ysi steam
targetaudi enceanal ysi sworksheet
tactical controlCommand authori ty over assi gned or attached
forcesorcommands,ormi l i tarycapabi l i tyorforcesmadeavai l abl e
for taski ng, that i s l i mi ted to the detai l ed, and usual l y, l ocal
di recti on and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to
accompl i shmi ssi onsortasksassi gned.Tacti cal control i si nherent
i n operati onal control . Tacti cal control may be del egated to, and
exerci sedatanyl evel atorbel owthel evel ofcombatantcommand.
(JP1-02)
tacti cal satel l i te
theaterArmymovementcontrol agency
theaterArmymateri al managementcommand
transportabl eampl i tudemodul ati on/frequencymodul ati onradi o
broadcastsystem
theaterArmyspeci al operati onssupportcommand
theaterbattl emanagementcoresystem
techni cal i ntel l i gence
testi ngandeval uati ondetachment
theaterengagementpl an
The cal cul ated use of unl awful vi ol ence or threat of unl awful
vi ol ence to i ncul cate fear; i ntended to coerce or to i nti mi date
governmentsorsoci eti esi nthepursui tofgoal sthataregeneral l y
pol i ti cal ,rel i gi ous,ori deol ogi cal .(JP1-02)
An overarchi ng subject, topi c, or i dea. Often comes from pol i cy-
makersandestabl i shestheparametersforconducti ngPSYOP.
The abi l i ty of an enemy to l i mi t, neutral i ze, or destroy the
effecti venessofacurrentorprojectedmi ssi onorgani zati onori tem
ofequi pment.(TRADOCRegul ati on381-1)
tacti cal I nternet
transportati onmovementoffi ce
theatermedi aoperati onscenter
TheaterMedi aProducti onCenter
tacti cal operati onscenter
Glossary-20 15April2005
FM3-05.30
tacticalPsychological PSYOP uni t that normal l y provi des tacti cal and operati onal l evel
Operationsbattalion PSYOPsupporttoanArmycorps,aMari neexpedi ti onaryuni t,or
aNavyfl eet,al thoughi tcoul dal soprovi desupportatanArmyor
equi val entheadquarters.
TPC tacticalPsychologicalOperationscompanyPSYOPuni tthat
normal l y provi des PSYOP support to a di vi si on (hi gh i ntensi ty
confl i ct)orcansupportabri gade-si zedel ement(SOSO).
TPD tacti cal Psychol ogi cal Operati onsdetachment
TPDD tacti cal Psychol ogi cal Operati onsdevel opmentdetachment
TPFDD ti me-phasedforcedepl oymentdata
TPT tactical Psychological Operations teamPSYOP uni t that
normal l y provi des PSYOP support to a battal i on (combat
operati ons) or can support a company/SFODA team-si zed uni t
(SOSO).
TSC tacti cal supportcenter
TSCP theatersecuri tycooperati onpl an
TSOC theaterspeci al operati onscommand
TS-SCI topsecret-sensi ti vecompartmentedi nformati on
TTP tacti cs,techni ques,andprocedures
TV tel evi si on
UAV unmannedaeri al vehi cl e
UBL uni tbasi cl oad
UCP Uni fi edCommandPl an
UHF ul trahi ghfrequency
UN Uni tedNati ons
UNAAF Uni fi edActi onArmedForces
UNICEF Uni tedNati onsChi l drensFund
unifiedcommand A command wi th a broad conti nui ng mi ssi on under a si ngl e
commander and composed of si gni fi cant assi gned components of
two or more mi l i tary departments, that i s establ i shed and so
desi gnatedbythePresi dentthroughtheSecretaryofDefensewi th
the advi ce and assi stance of the Chai rman of the Joi nt Chi efs of
Staff.(JP1-02)
UnifiedCommandPlan The document, approved by the Presi dent, that sets forth basi c
gui dance to al l uni fi ed combatant commanders; establ i shes thei r
mi ssi ons, responsi bi l i ti es, and force structure; del i neates the
general geographi cal area of responsi bi l i ty for geographi c
combatantcommanders;andspeci fi esfuncti onal responsi bi l i ti esfor
functi onal combatantcommanders.(JP1-02)
UNITAF Uni fi edTaskForce
15April2005 Glossary-21
FM3-05.30
UPI Uni tedPressI nternati onal
U.S. Uni tedStates
USA Uni tedStatesArmy
USACAPOC Uni ted States Army Ci vi l Affai rs and Psychol ogi cal Operati ons
Command
USAF Uni tedStatesAi rForce
USAJ FKSWCS Uni tedStatesArmyJohnF.KennedySpeci al WarfareCenterand
School
USAR Uni tedStatesArmyReserve
USASFC(A) Uni tedStatesArmySpeci al ForcesCommand(Ai rborne)
USASOC Uni tedStatesArmySpeci al Operati onsCommand
USC Uni tedStatesCode
USCENTCOM Uni tedStatesCentral Command
USCINCCENT Obsol ete term for Commander i n Chi ef, Uni ted States Central
Command(NOTE:Termi snowCommander,Uni tedStatesCentral
Command.)
USG U.S.Government
USIS Uni tedStatesI nformati onServi ce
USMC Uni tedStatesMari neCorps
USMILGP Uni tedStatesmi l i tarygroup
USN Uni tedStatesNavy
USSOCOM Uni tedStatesSpeci al Operati onsCommand
USSTRATCOM Uni tedStatesStrategi cCommand
UW unconventional warfareA broad spectrum of mi l i tary and
parami l i taryoperati ons,predomi nantl yconductedthrough,wi th,or
by i ndi genous or surrogate forces organi zed, trai ned, equi pped,
supported,anddi rectedi nvaryi ngdegreesbyanexternal source.
UW i ncl udes, but i s not l i mi ted to, guerri l l a warfare, subversi on,
sabotage, i ntel l i gence acti vi ti es, and unconventi onal assi sted
recovery.
UXO unexpl odedordnance
VHF veryhi ghfrequency
VHS video home systemTrade name for a commerci al vi deotape
format usi ng hal f-i nch-wi de vi deotape housed i n a cassette,
normal l yusedfordi stri buti on.
WARNO warni ngorder
WIN Warfi ghterI nformati onNetwork
WIN-T Warfi ghterI nformati onNetwork-Terrestri al Transport
Glossary-22 15April2005
FM3-05.30
WSADS wi ndsupportedaeri al del i verysystem
WWMCS Worl dwi deMi l i taryCommandandControl System
XO executive officer
15April2005 Glossary-23
Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
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Bibliography-2 15April2005
A
advancedechelon,6-5
aircomponentcommander
(ACC),5-13
AirForceInformationWarfare
Center(AFIWC),5-19,7-7
ArmyBattleCommandSystem
(ABCS),6-16,8-2,D-1
throughD-5
ArmyServiceComponent
Command(ASCC),7-3,9-1
through9-10
ArmyTacticalCommandand
ControlSystem(ATCCS),
D-2
assessmentteam,5-13,6-4
AssistantSecretaryofDefense
(SpecialOperationsand
LowIntensityConflict)
(ASD[SO/LIC]),4-3,5-21,
6-7
B
blackproducts,1-8,A-1
throughA-3
broadcastPSYOPcompany
(POC),3-11
C
campaignplanning,5-3
casualtymanagement,9-8
CivilAffairsoperations(CAO),
7-2,D-2
civil-militaryoperations(CMO),
1-3,7-1,7-2,7-4
commandandcontrol(C2)
structure,4-1,4-9,6-6
commandauthority(COCOM),
1-6,4-3through4-5,4-7,
4-9,9-2
commandrelationships,1-6,
4-1,4-2,4-4,6-6,6-12
Index
CommanderoftheJointChiefs
ofStaff(CJCS),1-2,1-6,
4-3,4-5,5-2
commanderscritical
informationrequirements
(CCIR),5-7,8-2,8-3,D-5
communicationssupport
element(CSE),6-15
coordinatingauthority,4-2,4-3,
6-11,6-12
coretasks,1-5
counterintelligence(CI),8-10,
8-11,B-1
counterpropaganda,1-5,7-2,
8-4,8-6,8-7,A-2
counterterrorism(CT),1-4,2-3,
2-4,
courseofaction(COA)
analysis,5-9,5-14,8-3
approval,5-14
comparison,5-9
development,5-10
D
deliberateandcrisisaction
planning,5-4
diplomacy,public,2-1,2-2
diplomatic,informational,
military,economic(DIME),
1-1,1-4,1-6
disseminationPSYOPbattalion
(POB),3-1,3-4,3-6,3-10
through3-13,6-12,6-15
F
FleetInformationWarfare
Center(FIWC),1-6,7-7,D-7
ForeignBroadcastInformation
Service(FBIS),8-5
foreigninternaldefense(FID),
2-3,2-4
G
GenevaConvention,1-12,B-3
grayproducts,1-8,A-2
H
HagueConvention,1-12
Headquartersand
HeadquartersCompany
(HHC),3-1,3-2
HeadquartersandSupport
Company(HSC),3-4,3-7,
3-11
HumanFactorsAnalysis
Center(HFAC),5-19,7-8
humanitarianassistance(HA),
2-3through2-4,5-2
humanintelligence(HUMINT),
8-8,8-10
I
imageryintelligence(IMINT),
8-10
impactindicators,1-6,2-4,5-5,
6-4,7-5,7-8,8-2,D-5
imperatives,specialoperations
(SO),1-9,6-1
informationoperations(IO),
1-2,1-6,5-18,6-4,6-14,
6-15,6-16,7-1through7-7,
D-5
cell,1-6,6-14,6-16,7-1
through7-4,7-7
insurgents,B-4
intelligence
PSYOP-specific,8-2,D-5
requirements,5-21,8-1,8-2,
8-8,8-12
intelligencepreparationofthe
battlespace(IPB),5-7,5-15,
5-20,8-1,8-3,8-4
FM3-05.30 15April2005 Index-1
FM3-05.30
internationalmilitary
informationteam(IMI),2-2,
6-7
internment/resettlement(I/R),
1-12,3-7through3-9,5-13,
6-8,6-11,8-9,8-10,B-1
throughB-4,D-5
J
JointChiefsofStaff(JCS),1-6,
1-8,4-7,9-2,A-3,C-1
JointCommunicationsSecurity
MonitoringAgency(JCMA),
7-8
JointCommunicationsSupport
Element(JCSE),5-19,6-15,
6-16,7-8
JointInformationOperations
Center(JIOC),5-19,6-15,
7-6
JointOperationPlanningand
ExecutionSystem(JOPES),
5-2through5-4
JointPlanningandExecution
Community(JPEC),5-2,5-3
JointProgramOfficefor
SpecialTechnical
Countermeasures
(JPOSTC),7-7
JointPSYOPtaskforce,6-11
JointSpectrumCenter(JSC),
5-19,7-8
JointStrategicCapabilities
Plan(JSCP),1-6,1-8,4-2,
5-2,5-4,5-19
JointWarfareAnalysisCenter
(JWAC),5-19,6-15,7-7
L
legalaspectsofPSYOP,1-12,
1-13
levelsofPSYOP
operational,1-2,1-4,1-5,3-6,
6-17,8-12,D-1
strategic,1-4,3-1,4-2,6-10,
8-9,A-3
tactical,1-2,1-5,2-3,3-1,
3-6,4-1,4-2,5-16,5-19,
5-21,6-10,8-9
Index-2
logistics,1-1,3-3,4-3,4-7,4-9,
4-10,5-21,5-22,6-5,6-7,
6-16,9-1through9-6,9-9,
9-10,D-2throughD-4
M
measuresofeffectiveness
(MOEs),5-5,5-16,6-2,6-4,
7-5
militarycapabilitiesstudy,8-7
militarydecision-making
process(MDMP),5-2,5-5
through5-7,5-15through
5-19,6-1,6-2,8-2,8-3,D-1,
D-2
N
NationalMilitaryStrategy
(NMS),5-2
NationalSecurityStrategy
(NSS),5-2
NavalInformationWarfare
Agency(NIWA),5-19,7-6
noncombatantevacuation
operation(NEO),1-12,2-3,
2-4
nongovernmental
organizations(NGO),8-5
O
opensourceintelligence
(OSINT),8-10,8-11
operationorder(OPORD),3-9,
5-2,5-3,6-3,6-10,8-12,D-5
operationplan(OPLAN),3-9,
5-2through5-4,5-16,8-8,
8-12,9-3,9-5,D-5,
P
planning
considerations,4-10,5-13,
5-18,5-19,9-1
documents,5-20
interagency,5-2
multinational,5-4,5-5
process,5-2through5-5,
5-15,5-16,5-18,6-4,6-6,
9-3
15April2005
plansandprograms
detachment(PPD),3-5,8-3
PrintCompany,3-8,3-12
priorityintelligence
requirements(PIR),5-21,
8-8,D-6
processofinteraction,8-2
product
approvalauthority,1-6
development,1-5,3-5,3-6,
3-8,3-9,5-13,6-3,6-5,
6-8,6-9,6-17,7-8
dissemination,8-11,D-8
distribution,3-6,3-10,3-11,
3-13,6-15,D-7
productdevelopment
detachment(PDD),3-6,8-3
ProductDistributionSystem
(PDS),3-6,3-7,6-15,6-16,
D-7
psychologicaloperations
company(POC),3-11
detachment,3-8,7-3
estimate,5-7through5-9,
6-5
group(POG),1-11,3-1
through3-4,3-7,3-11,
3-13,4-7,4-8,6-16,7-8,
8-7,9-2,9-7
objectives,1-2,1-7,1-8,5-1,
8-4
roles,1-3,6-16,7-2,C-3
supportcompany,3-4,3-5,
3-7,3-11
supportelement(PSE),1-2,
1-6,2-1,3-8,3-10through
3-13,4-2,5-13,5-21,
5-22,6-1,6-6,6-7,7-3
through7-5,7-6through
7-8,8-3,8-9,9-5,9-8
through9-10,B-1,B-2
taskforce(POTF),1-2,1-6,
1-9,1-12,3-1,3-2,3-4
through3-6,3-8,3-13,
4-2,4-3,4-7,4-9,5-5,
5-10,5-12through5-14,
5-21,5-22,6-1,6-3,6-6
through6-13,6-15through
6-17,7-2through7-8,8-3,
9-5
FM3-05.30
8-4,8-6,8-9,9-2,9-5,9-7
through9-10,B-1,B-2
R
reachback,5-12,5-22,6-5
through6-7,6-14through
6-17,D-6
regionalPSYOPbattalion
(POB),3-3through3-7,
3-11,6-4,6-16,9-2
regionalsupportcompany
(RSC),3-5
rulesofengagement(ROE),
1-13,5-19,C-1throughC-3
S
signalintelligence(SIGINT),
8-10
specialPSYOPstudy(SPS),
5-21,8-7,8-9
stabilityoperationsandsupport
operations(SOSO),1-13,
2-3,3-7,3-9,3-10,C-3
statementofrequirement
(SOR),5-22,9-2through
strategicstudiesdetachment
(SSD),1-11,3-1,3-4
through3-6,6-4,6-11,7-8,
8-1,8-2,8-7,8-8
support,
planning,6-4
relationships,9-2,9-5
synchronizationmatrix,5-11,
5-21
T
tacticalPSYOP
battalion,3-1,3-6,3-7,8-9,
B-1throughB-4
company(TPC),3-7through
3-9,8-6,9-10,B-1
developmentdetachment
(TPDD),1-9,3-8,3-9,6-3,
8-6
detachment(TPD),3-8,3-9,
3-10,B-1
team(TPT),1-12,3-9,3-10,
9-10
targetaudienceanalysis
(TAA),1-5,2-4,6-2,6-9,
8-2,8-4
targetaudienceanalysis
detachment(TAAD),3-5,
8-3through8-5,8-8
targeting,1-3,1-6,5-16,6-14,
7-4,D-2
testingandevaluation
detachment(TED),3-6,8-8
theaterengagementplan
(TEP),5-2
TheaterSpecialOperations
Command(TSOC),4-7,9-2,
9-3
U
unconventionalwarfare(UW),
2-3,2-4
W
whiteproducts,1-8,A-1
15April2005 Index-3
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FM3-05.30
15 April2005
ByOrderoftheSecretaryoftheArmy:
PETERJ.SCHOOMAKER
General,UnitedStatesArmy
ChiefofStaff
Official:
SANDRAR.RILEY
AdministrativeAssistanttothe
SecretaryoftheArmy
0508401

DISTRIBUTION:
ActiveArmy,ArmyNationalGuard,andU.S.ArmyReserve:Tobedistributed
in accordance with initial distribution number 111116, requirements for
FM3-05.30.
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PIN:078361-000