Hng dn x l v kim sot s liu

quan trc mi trng

Hunh Trung Hi
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng
X l s liu v lp bo co quan trc mi trng
Ni dung
Mc tiu
Gii hn pht hin (IDL, MDL)
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Kim sot s liu thng qua bin bn hin
trng
X l s liu
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mi quan h
gia cc thng s
Mc tiu
X l v kim sot s liu quan trc nhm:
m bo mc tiu cht lng s liu,
Phn nh c hin trng cht lng mi trng
xung quanh/c trng nhim ca ngun thi,
To ra s tin tng, s an tm rng nhng thng
tin v mi trng thu nhn c l p ng y
cc yu cu v cht lng m chnh c s
thc hin vic quan trc cam kt, tuyn b hay
tha thun vi khch hng.
Gii hn pht hin
Gii hn pht hin (LOD: limit of
detection):
L mt i lng c lin quan n tnh n
nh ca php o. LOD ph thuc vo:
Cp hin i, iu kin vn hnh thit b
(dao ng nhit , p sut, in p...),
Phng php phn tch (x l mu, mt mt, nhim
bn mu, nhiu nn),
Tay ngh ca phn tch vin.
Gii hn pht hin
Trong thc t thng gp: LOD ca thit b (gii hn
pht hin ca thit b - IDL: instrumental detection
limit) v LOD ca phng php (Gii hn pht hin
ca phng php - MDL: method detection limit):
Gii hn pht hin ca thit b (IDL: instrumental detection
limit) l gi tr nng ca cu t cn phn tch c th to tn
hiu 5 ln tn hiu nhiu ca thit b hoc 3 ln lch chun
(3o) ca mc nhiu trung bnh. IDL cho php nh gi thit
b vn hnh c n nh hay khng, n bao gm cc loi nhiu
t linh kin c - in t ca thit b, iu kin vn hnh my
v iu kin mi trng xung quanh v thng c c
lng qua cc dung dch chun. IDL c xc nh bng
thc nghim.
Gii hn pht hin
Gii hn pht hin ca phng php (MDL: method
detection limit) l gi tr nng ca thnh phn cn phn
tch c tin hnh phn tch theo mt phng php, to ra
mt tn hiu vi xc sut 99% khc bit vi mu trng.
Quan h gia IDL:MDL xp x 1:4
Xc nh theo quy tc 3o:
y = y
b
+ 3o
b
hay y = y
b
+ 3S
b
y- tn hiu tng ng vi LOD
y
b
tn hiu mu trng
o
b
, S
b
lch chun ca tn hiu mu trng
C 2 cch xc nh y
b
v S
b
:
Cch 1: Tin hnh n (n tng i ln) th nghim
xc nh nng mu trng, thu c cc gi tr
y
bi
(i = 1n). T , tnh y
b
v S
b
theo cc cng
thc:
y
b
= Ey
bi
/ n v
Gii hn pht hin
1
) (
2

=
n
y
S
bi
b
Xc nh theo quy tc 3o:
Cch 2: Thit lp phng trnh ng chun:
y = a + b*C
Chp nhn gn ng: y
b
= a
Trong : y
i
- l cc gi tr thc nghim ca y
Y
i
- l cc gi tr tnh t phng trnh ng
chun
Gii hn pht hin
1
) (
2

=
n
Y y
S
i i
b
Xc nh theo quy tc 3o
V d: Xy dng c ng chun:
y = 0,0489*C - 0,0004
y
b
= - 0,0004; tnh S
b
= 0,0052; => y= y
b
+ 3 S
b
= 0,0152
Thay vo: y = 0,0489*C - 0,0004 => LOD = C = 0,3190 mM
Gii hn pht hin
C(mM) y
i
Y
i
0 0,0005 -0,0004
5 0,2483 0,2444
10 0,4800 0,4891
15 0,7368 0,7339
20 0,9801 0,9786
Gii hn pht hin
Theo di LOD hng ngy:
LOD bin thin vi chc %: chp nhn c
LOD bin thin vi trm %: cn xem xt tng
th thit b, iu kin lm vic, tay ngh nhn
vin,
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Hot ng quan trc (manual):
o, th ti
hin trng
Ly mu X l mu
Bo qun
mu
Vn chuyn
mu
Phn tch
mu trong
PTN
Mi trng
S liu
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng o, th ti hin trng:
Mu QC thit b o, th ti hin trng:
Mu trng thit b: l mu nh vt liu sch, c cho trc tip vo
thit b o s nhim bn do thit b gy ra. Mu ny thng dng
nh gi n nh v nhiu ca thit b.
Mu chun kim sot: l dung dch chun ca i lng cn o, th c
gi tr ca i lng nm trong khong o (ng chun) ca thit
b. Mu chun kim sot c s dng sau khi hiu chun thit b,
dng kim tra qu trnh hiu chun ca thit b.
Chun thm tra: l dung dch chun ca i lng cn o, th c gi
tr ca i lng nm trong khong o (ng chun) ca thit b.
Mu chun thm tra c s dng cng vi qu trnh o mu theo mt
khong thi gian o mu nht nh, chng hn, sau 10 ln o th o li
mu chun thm tra theo di n nh ca thit b trong qu trnh
o.
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng o, th ti hin trng:
Mu QC phng php o, th ti hin trng:
- Mu trng phng php: l mu nh vt liu sch, c tri qua cc bc x
l ging nh vi mu o, th. Mu ny c dng nh gi s nhim bn
to ra trong ton b mt th tc o, th.
- Mu lp: hai hoc nhiu hn cc phn ca cng mt mu c chun b v o,
th c lp vi cng mt phng php. Mu ny dng nh gi tp
trung ca kt qu phn tch, o th ti hin trng.
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng o, th ti hin trng:
Mu QC phng php o, th ti hin trng:
- Mu vt liu tham kho c chng nhn: l vt liu hoc cht c mt hay
nhiu gi tr v tnh cht ca n c xc nh ng nht v tt hiu
chun mt thit b, nh gi mt phng php phn tch. Vt liu tham kho
c chng nhn l nhng vt liu c km theo giy chng nhn do t chc
c thm quyn cung cp, trong mt hay nhiu gi tr v tnh cht ca n
c xc nh theo mt th tc nhm m bo s lin kt vi vic th hin
chnh xc n v m theo tnh cht c biu th v mi gi tr c km
theo khng m bo tng ng mc tin cy quy nh ( ).
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng ly mu, x l mu, bo qun mu, vn
chuyn mu:
Mu trng thit b ly mu: l mu nh vt liu sch c ly nh mu
tht t thit b ly mu, c bo qun v phn tch cc thng s nh
mu tht. Mu QC loi ny c s dng kim sot s nhim bn ca
thit b ly mu.
Mu trng dng c cha mu: l mu nh vt liu sch c ng trong
dng c cha mu (thc hin ngay ti phng th nghim trc khi thc
hin ly mu ngoi hin trng), c bo qun v phn tch cc thng
s trong phng th nghim tng t nh mu tht. Mu QC loi ny c
s dng kim sot s nhim bn ca dng c cha mu.
Mu trng thit b x l mu: l mu nh vt liu sch c x l nh mu tht
bng thit b x l mu (thc hin ngay ti phng th nghim trc khi thc hin
ly mu ngoi hin trng), c bo qun v phn tch cc thng s nh mu
tht. Mu QC loi ny c s dng kim sot s nhim bn ca thit b x
l mu.
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng ly mu, x l mu, bo qun mu, vn
chuyn mu:
Mu trng hin trng: l mu nh vt liu sch c x l v tri
qua tt c cc iu kin ca vic ly mu ngoi hin trng, c
x l, bo qun, vn chuyn v phn tch cc thng s trong phng
th nghim tng t nh mu tht. Mu QC loi ny c s dng
kim sot s nhim bn trong qu trnh ly mu.
Mu lp hin trng: hai (hoc nhiu hn) mu c ly ti cng
mt v tr, s dng cng mt thit b ly mu v c cng mt
ngi tin hnh, c x l, bo qun, vn chuyn v phn tch cc
thng s trong phng th nghim tng t nh mu tht. Mu QC
loi ny c s dng kim sot tp trung ca vic ly mu
ngoi hin trng.
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng ly mu, x l mu, bo qun mu, vn
chuyn mu:
Mu thm cht phn tch hin trng: mu, vt liu sch hoc thuc th c
cho thm vo mu tht vi mt lng bit ca mt hay nhiu yu t phn
tch, c x l, bo qun, vn chuyn v phn tch cc thng s nh mu tht.
Mu QC loi ny c s dng nh gi s phn hu, mt mt hoc hp th
ca yu t phn tch trong khong thi gian t lc ly mu n khi phn tch.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng loi mu QC ny nhm nh gi thu hi ca
kim loi nng, cc cht c c tnh cao nh ha cht bo v thc vt.
Mu trng vn chuyn: mt mu nh vt liu sch ca i tng nghin
cu c vn chuyn cng vi mu tht trong cng mt mi trng, c
bo qun, phn tch cc thng s trong phng th nghim nh mu tht.
Mu QC loi ny c s dng kim sot s nhim bn trong qu trnh
vn chuyn mu.
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng phn tch mu trong PTN:
Mu QC thit b:
Mu trng thit b: l mu nh vt liu sch, c cho trc tip vo thit b
o s nhim bn do thit b gy ra. Mu ny thng dng nh gi
n nh v nhiu ca thit b.
Mu chun kim sot: l dung dch chun ca cht cn phn tch c nng
nm trong khong o ca thit b hay khong lm vic ca ng chun.
Mu chun kim sot dng kim tra cc chun dng chun ha thit
b.
Chun thm tra: l dung dch chun ca cht cn phn tch c nng nm
trong khong o ca thit b hay khong lm vic ca ng chun. Mu
chun thm tra c s dng cng vi qu trnh o mu theo mt khong
thi gian o mu nht nh, chng hn, sau ti a 10 ln o mu th o li
mu chun thm tra theo di n nh ca thit b trong qu trnh o.
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng phn tch mu trong PTN:
Mu QC phng php:
Mu trng phng php: l mu nh bng vt liu sch, thng l nc ct hai
ln, c tri qua cc bc x l v o, th ging nh vi mu phn tch. Mu
ny c dng nh gi s nhim bn to ra trong ton b mt quy trnh
phn tch.
Mu thm phng php: mu vt liu sch hoc thuc th c cho thm vo
mt lng bit ca mt hay nhiu yu t cn phn tch v c x l ging
nh khi phn tch, o, th. Mu thm nh gi mc sai lch gy ra do
nh hng ca nn v sai s ca phng th nghim, cc sai s hiu chun, sai
s chun b mu v.v...Loi mu ny thng c s dng khi phn tch thng
s dinh dng (nit v pht pho), kim loi nng hay cc c t khc.
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc mu QC
Cc loi mu QC trong quan trc mi trng:
Hot ng phn tch mu trong PTN:
Mu QC phng php:
Mu lp phng th nghim: hai hoc nhiu hn cc phn ca cng mt mu
c chun b v phn tch c lp vi cng mt phng php. Mu ny
dng nh gi tp trung ca kt qu phn tch, o th trong phng th
nghim.
Mu vt liu tham kho c chng nhn: l vt liu hoc cht c mt
hay nhiu gi tr v tnh cht ca n c xc nh ng nht v tt
hiu chun mt thit b, nh gi mt phng php phn tch. Vt liu tham
kho c chng nhn l nhng vt liu c km theo giy chng nhn do t
chc c thm quyn cung cp, trong mt hay nhiu gi tr v tnh cht ca
n c xc nh theo mt th tc nhm m bo s lin kt vi vic th
hin chnh xc n v m theo tnh cht c biu th v mi gi tr c
km theo khng m bo tng ng mc tin cy quy nh.
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Mu trng:
Mu trng thit b IDL: thit b tt.
Cc mu trng khc MDL: Kt qu quan
trc m bo tin cy
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Mu chun kim sot, chun thm tra, mu vt
liu tham kho c chng nhn:
Kt qu c nh gi qua sai s tng i (S) ca chng vi sai
s tng i m t chc thc hin quan trc a ra mc tiu v cht
lng quan trc (A):
S- sai s tng i
x gi tr phn tch, o c ca mu
- gi tr thc ca mu
A - sai s tng i m t chc thc hin quan trc a ra trong mc
tiu v cht lng
A s

= % 100 .

x
S
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Mu lp:
Kt qu c nh gi qua hiu s phn trm tng i ca mu lp
vi hai ln sai s tng i m t chc thc hin quan trc a ra
mc tiu v cht lng quan trc (A):
RPD hiu s phn trm tng i
x
1
, x
2
gi tr phn tch, o c ca mu lp th nht, th hai
- gi tr nh nht gia hai gi tr x
1
v x
2
A - sai s tng i m t chc thc hin quan trc a ra trong mc
tiu v cht lng
Mu thm:
thu hi ca php th c tnh v c nh gi thng qua gii
hn chp nhn.
A s

= 2 % 100 .
min
2 1
X
x x
RPD
min X
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Biu kim sot cht lng
Tiu ch chp nhn ca QC v bin php khc
phc
QC c thc hin thng qua vic phn tch, o hoc th
nghim mt s loi mu QC nu trn nhn dng cc
ngun sai s xc nh.
Tuy nhin kt qu phn tch, o, th cc mu QC s ch c
ngha khi a ra c cc gii hn so snh vi chng.
V d khi phn tch mu trng phng php, mu trng thit
b... cn c cc gi tr nh mc thch hp bit mc
nhim gy ra trong qu trnh phn tch mu trong phng th
nghim, hoc do thit b gy ra cn chp nhn c hay
ti mc nguy him, cn truy tm nguyn nhn loi b n.
Hoc khi hiu chun thit b bng cch so snh vi chun, s
xc nh c sai s ca thit b ny. Nhng cng vi n
phi bit sai s cho php ln nht ca thit b l bao nhiu
quyt nh xem c cn hiu chnh a sai s v phm vi
cho php hay khng v.v...
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Biu kim sot cht lng: s dng cc "gii hn
cnh bo" v "gii hn kim sot".
UCL 3o
UWL 2o
Nn
LWL
-2o
LCL
-3o
K hoch khc phc cc sai st ca QC:
A. Cc gi thit:
Trung bnh c 1 trong 20 im o vt qu gii hn
cnh bo (WL) 2 lch chun (2SD) v 1 trong
300 im o vt qu gii hn kim sot (CL) 3
lch chun (3SD).
ng trung tm l x ln gii hn pht hin ca
phng php (MDL) vi x t nht l 20 ln MDL.
Tiu chun v cc hnh ng x l p dng cho cc
im o nm trn v di gii hn ca tham s v
khng p dng nu cc im o nm trn hai cn
ca tham s.
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Tiu ch chp nhn ca QC v bin php khc
phc
K hoch khc phc cc sai st ca QC
B. Bin php khc phc
Tham s thng k Tiu chun Hnh ng
Gii hn kim sot
(CL) l 3SD (3o)
1. Mt im o vt qu CL
2.a. Cc php phn tch lp li < CL
2.b. Cc php phn tch lp li > CL
1. Lp li php phn tch
2.a. Tip tc phn tch
2. b. Dng li v hiu chnh
Gii hn cnh bo
(WL) l 2SD (2o)
1. 2 hoc 3 im o > WL
2.a. im o tip theo < WL
2. b. im o tip theo > WL
1. Tip tc phn tch
2. a. Phn tch mu khc
2. b. Dng liv hiu chnh
lch chun (SD) 1. 4 hoc 5 im o > 1 SD
2.a. im o tip theo < 1SD
2.b. im o tip theo > 1SD
1. Phn tch mu khc
2. a. Tip tc phn tch
2. b.Dng li v hiu chnh
ng trung tm
(CTL)
1. im o trn CTL
2.a. im o tip theo di CTL
2.b. im o tip theo trn CTL
1. Phn tch mu khc
2. a. Tip tc phn tch
2. b. Dng li v hiu chnh
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Tiu ch chp nhn ca QC v bin php
khc phc
K hoch khc phc cc sai st ca QC
C. Sau khi tin hnh cc hot ng khc phc
Phn tch li mt na s mu nm gia im cui
cng trong gii hn kim sot v im ngoi cng
ngoi gii hn kim sot.
nh gi v chp nhn mu QC
Kim sot s liu thng qua bin bn
hin trng
Cn ghi chp nhng quan st hin trng vo bin
bn ly mu, nhng thng tin ny gip cho vic x l
v gii thch kt qu quan trc.
V d: mu nc c ly trong h c nhiu rong to
(mu xanh ca nc), thi tit khi ly mu nhiu
nng, nn DO ca nc cao (c khi cao hn gi tr
bo ha ca nc sch) nhng BOD v COD c th
rt ln (nc b nhim).
Cn phi ghi vo bin bn ly mu: tri nng, nc
h xanh (rong to),
Kim sot s liu thng qua bin bn
hin trng
X l s liu
Quy i v iu kin chun:
i vi mu kh: Quy i th tch kh v 25
o
C (298 K):
V
25
= 298.V
t
/ [273 + t(
o
C)]
Quy i n v o:
i vi mu kh: tn ti 02 n v o: ppm (theo th tch) v mg/m
3
mg/m
3
= [ppm . M. 273] / [22,4 . 298]
Trong : M trng lng phn t, chng hn, M
CO
=28
i vi nc, t v cht thi rn: ppm tng ng mg/L,
mg/kg.
Khng c php xc nh gi tr trung bnh
ca pH
X L S LIU
Lm trn s
Nu k tip con s cui cng cn li khi quy trn l cc con s nh hn 5 th khi quy
trn, con s cui cng s khng thay i (quy trn xung hay gim): 2,12 ~ 2,1; 6,343 ~
6,34.
Nu k tip con s cui cng cn li khi quy trn l cc con s ln hn 5 th khi quy
trn, con s cui cng s tng thm 1 (quy trn ln hay quy trn tng): 3,14159 ~ 3,1416;
8,248 ~ 8,25.
Nu k tip con s cui cng cn li khi quy trn l con s 5 v sau con s 5 c t nht
mt con s khc khng th khi quy trn con s cui cng s tng thm 1 (quy trn
tng): 4,3501 ~ 4,4.
Nu k tip con s cui cng cn li khi quy trn l con s 5 v bit r con s 5 ny
c quy trn nh th no th con s 5 s c quy trn xung theo quy tc a nu
nh n c quy trn ln v s c quy trn ln theo quy tc b nu nh n c
quy trn xung: 6,3149 c quy trn thnh 6,315 nu tip tc s c quy trn
thnh 6,31; 4,1852 quy trn thnh 4,185, nu tip tc s quy thnh 4,19.
Nu k tip con s cui cng cn li khi quy trn l con s ng 5 (sau n ch ton l
s 0) th c th tu quy trn ln hay quy trn xung. Nhng nu cn s dng s quy trn
trong khi tnh ton th nn quy trn nh th no con s cui cng l con s chn.
Da vo con s c ngha, v d: cn 10
-4
g, gi tr ca SS vi n v mg/l khng th c
hai s l
Da vo gi tr ca cc thng s trong QCVN
X L S LIU
Hip phng sai v s tng quan
(i vi thnh phn mi trng quan trc t thay i)
Hip phng sai
Cc bin ngu nhin trong QTMT l cc thng s cht lng mi
trng- c th c mi quan h vi nhau.
V d: COD&BOD, dn in & TDS, pH & KL ha tan trong nc,
...
Q? Nh vy, lm th no xc nh hai bin ngu nhin X, Y c
quan h vi nhau khng?
A: - Hoc tnh xc sut trc tip:
X,Y c lp nu P(Xsx v Ysy)=P(Xsx)P(Ysy) kh thc hin
- Hoc dng hip phng sai: l i lng thng k dng
xc nh mc ph thuc ca hai bin ngu nhin.
Cov(X,Y)= E(XY)-E(X)E(Y)
Cov(X,Y) = 0, X, Y khng ph thuc, c lp
X L S LIU
Hip phng sai v s tng quan
(i vi thnh phn mi trng quan trc t thay i)
H s tng quan (dng chun ha ca hip phng
sai)
o H s tng quan Pearson: l dng chun ha ca hip phng sai
o Gi tr h s tng quan b chn -1s s1. Nu = 1; X, Y tuyn tnh.
o H s tng quan Pearson l thc o mc mi quan h tuyn tnh
ca hai bin.
X L S LIU
Hip phng sai v s tng quan
(i vi thnh phn mi trng quan trc t thay i
Hip phng sai ca mu quan trc
o Tnh ton hip phng sai t hip phng sai ca b s liu quan trc
Khi S
xy
~ 0: hai bin ngu nhin c lp vi nhau hay khng c quan
h ph thuc ln nhau
Khi S
xy
= 0: hai bin ngu nhin c mi quan h ph thuc ln nhau
S
xy
>0: hai bin ngu nhin c tng quan dng
S
xy
<0: hai bin ngu nhin c tng m
Hip phng sai ch cho bit hai (hay nhiu bin ngu nhin) c lp
hay ph thuc nhau m khng cho bit mc ph thuc nh th no:
tng quan cht hay khng cht
X L S LIU
Hip phng sai v s tng quan
(i vi thnh phn mi trng quan trc t thay i
Hip phng sai ca mu quan trc
o Dng chun ha ca hip phng sai ca mu quan trc: h s tng
quan
o Gi tr h s tng quan b chn -1s r s1. Nu r = 1; X, Y tuyn tnh.
o H s tng quan r l thc o mc mi quan h tuyn tnh ca hai
bin.
| r|=1 th X,Y hon ton ph thuc tuyn tnh
| r| cng gn gi tr 1, tng quan cng cht
| r| ~ 0 X,Y l hai bin c lp
X L S LIU
Hip phng sai v s tng quan
(i vi thnh phn mi trng quan trc t thay i)
Xy dng phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh: s dng Excel
y = a + bx
V d: BOD = a + b. COD
T s liu quan trc, tnh s tng quan (r), xy dng
phng trnh tng quan.
S dng phng trnh tnh gi tr nghi ng t gi tr
tng quan tng ng.
X L S LIU
Hip phng sai v s tng quan
(i vi thnh phn mi trng quan trc t thay i)
V d: quan trc nc mt 12 ln trong nm ti mt v tr thu
c cc gi tr:
TT COD, mg/L BOD, mg/L
1
30 18
2
28 15
3
26 14
4
33 23
5
31 21
6
30 20
7
34 24
8
25 10
9
34 22
10
35 21
11
25 15
12
29 19
TB 30
19
X L S LIU
Hip phng sai v s tng quan
(i vi thnh phn mi trng quan trc t thay i)
Kim tra gi tr BOD ca t quan trc th 8:
Tnh Scod, Sbod, Scodbod
Kim sot s liu thng qua cc
mi quan h gia cc thng s
Quan h DO nhit :
p sut [kPa (atm)
1
]
Nhit
C
115,5
(1,1)
101,3
(1,0)
91,2
(0,9)
81,1
(0,8)
70,9
(0,7)
60,8
(0,6)
50,7
(0,5)
tan, (O), mg/l
0,0 16,09 14,62 13,14 11,69 10,21 8,74 7,27
5,0 14,06 12,77 11,48 10,20 8,91 7,62 6,34
10,0 12,43 11,29 10,15 9,00 7,86 8,71 5,58
15,0 11,10 10,08 9,05 8,03 7,01 5,98 4,96
20,0 10,02 9,09 8,14 7,23 6,30 5,37 4,44
25,0 9,12 8,26 7,40 6,56 5,70 4,84 4,00
30,0 8,35 7,56 6,76 5,99 5,19 4,60 3,82
35,0 7,69 6,95 6,22 5,47 4,75 4,01 3,28
40,0 7,10 6,41 5,72 5,03 4,34 3,65 2,96
1) n v ti p sut tiu chun (p sut kh quyn bnh thng ti mc
nc bin): 101,325 kPa = 101,325 kN/m
2
= 1atm = 760 mmHg
Kim sot s liu thng qua mi quan h
gia cc thng s
Quan h hm lng S
2-
hm lng kim loi
nng:
2Me
n+
+ nS
2-
<=> Me
2
(S)
n
+
T = [Me
n+
]
2
.[S
2-
]
n
V d: PbS c T = 7.10
-28
Kim sot s liu thng qua mi quan h
gia cc thng s
Quan h pH hm lng kim loi nng:
Me
n+
+ nOH
-
<=> Me(OH)
n
+
T = [Me
n+
].[OH
-
]
n
V d: Fe(OH)
3
c T = 4.10
-38
Kim sot s liu thng qua mi quan h
gia cc thng s
Quan h dn in - TDS:
TDS/EC = 0.55 0.7
Quan h c SS: t l thun vi nhau
Quan h DO BOD
5
:
DO ln => BOD
5
nh
Quan h COD BOD
Gi tr ca NO
2
-
trong nc mt bao gi cng
nh hn NO
3
-
Khi o pH, DO, dn in: bt buc phi
xc nh nhit
Quan trc mi trng bao gm nhiu
cng on, u ra ca cng on ny l
u vo ca cng on khc. Do , cn
loi b sai s trong tng cng on
m bo mc tiu cht lng s liu.
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