Dieu Khien Tan Sac

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
KHOA QUC T V O TO SAU I HC

-----------oOo----------
N MN HC
THNG TIN QUANG NNG CAO

H CAO HC
NGNH IN T - VIN THNG
CHUYN
IU KHIN TN SC
GVHD:
HVTH:
Lp:
TS. L Quc Cng

Nguyn Trn Anh Tun
Phm Minh T
CH09T2
TP.H CH MINH, NM 2010
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KHOA QUC T V O TO SAU I HC
-----------oOo----------
N MN HC
THNG TIN QUANG NNG CAO

H CAO HC
NGNH IN T - VIN THNG
CHUYN
IU KHIN TN SC
GV hng dn:
TS. L Quc Cng
Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn Trn Anh Tun
Phm Minh T
Lp:
CH09T2
TP.H CH MINH, NM 2010
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
K thut iu khin tn sc
MC LC
DANH MC HNH V........................................................................................................ 2
DANH MC T VIT TT................................................................................................ 3
IU KHIN TN SC...................................................................................................... 6
1. CN THIT PHI IU KHIN TN SC .......................................................... 6
2. M HNH B TRC (PRECOMPENSATION) ................................................... 9
2.1 K thut Prechirp ................................................................................................ 9
2.2 K thut m ha Novel: .................................................................................... 12
2.3 K thut Prechirp phi tuyn:.............................................................................14
3. K THUT B SAU .............................................................................................. 16
4. SI QUANG B TN SC ................................................................................... 17
5. B LC QUANG .................................................................................................... 19
6.
CCH T SI QUANG BRAGG (Fiber Bragg Gratings).................................... 22

6.1 Chu k cch t ng nht (Uniform-Period Gratings) ..................................... 23
6.2 Chirped Fiber Gratings: (Cch t si quang Chirped) ..................................... 26
6.3
B ghp mode Chirped (chirped mode couplers) ............................................ 29
7. LIN HP PHA QUANG OPC .............................................................................. 30

7.1 Nguyn l hot ng:........................................................................................30
7.2
B tn sc bng t iu ch pha (Compensation of SelfPhase Modulation ) .. 31
7.3 Tn hiu lin hp pha (Phase-conjugated Signal):.............................................

33
8. H THNG QUANG NG DI:......................................................................
37
8.1 L thuyt c s:.................................................................................................
39
8.2
Hiu ng tng tc phi tuyn ng knh (Intrachannel

Nonlinear Effects):.... 41
9. H THNG QUANG DUNG LNG CAO..........................................................

43
9.1 B tn sc bng rng :........................................................................................

43
9.2 B tn sc iu khin c (Tunable Dispersion
Compensation)............................................................................................................
46
Trang 1
K thut iu khin tn
sc
9.3 iu khin tn sc bng thnh phn tn sc bc cao :.....................................48

9.4 B tn sc phn cc mode PMD........................................................................50
TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................................54
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: th quan h tc truyn theo chiu di si quang tng ng vi b rng
ph ca ngun i-t pht quang bng 0, 1 v 5 nm.............................................................7
Hnh 2.1: th m t gin rng xung theo khong cch truyn vi xung u vo l
xung chirp Gauss trong trng hp 2>0.........................................................................10
Hnh 2.2: M hnh k thut prechirp dng b tn sc.................................................11
Hnh 2.3: B tn sc s dng m ha FSK.......................................................................12
Hnh 2.4: th cng sng theo thi gian tn hiu 16 Gbps khong cch truyn 70km
s dng si quang tiu chun c v khng c s dng k thut nn tn sc...................14

Hnh 2.5: th quan h gia khong cch truyn b gii hn do tn sc GVD v mc
cng sut truyn trung bnh................................................................................................15
Hnh 4.1: M hnh si DCF hai mode s dng cch t chu k di..................................19
Hnh 5.1: M hnh kt hp gia b lc quang v khuych i quang............................20
Hnh 5.2 : M hnh b lc quang s dng giao thoa Mach-Zehnder................................21
Hnh 6.1 : ln(a) v pha(b) ca h s phn x cch t si quang ng nht vi Lg
=2 v Lg =3........................................................................................................................23
Hnh 6.2: Tn sc vn tc nhm GVD . M t hm 2g theo thng s tng ng vi
cc gi tr ca h s trong khong 1-10..........................................................................24
Hnh 6.3: Tn hiu pht (ng lin nt) v tr( ng chm) , hm ca bc sng cho
cch t ng nht (z) thay i t 0-6
cm 1
trn chiu di cch t 11cm.....................25
Hnh 6.4 Cch t quang Chirped dng b tn sc a/ chit sut n(z) theo chiu di cch t
b/ h s phn x tn s thp v cao ti nhng vng khc nhau trong cch t.............27
Hnh 6.5: H s phn x v thi gian tr trong cch t quang Chirped tuyn tnh.........27
Trang 2
K thut iu khin tn
sc
vi bng thng 0.12nm.......................................................................................................27

Hnh 6.6: S b tn sc bng cch dng 2 b lc pht fiber base transmission filter . 29
Hnh 7.1: Th nghim b tn sc trong o khong gia ph trn 21 km chiu di si

quang...................................................................................................................................34
Hnh 8.1: Vng lp quang dng pht tn hiu tc 10 Gb/s trn khong cch
10.000 km si quang chun s dng SCF.........................................................................37
Hnh 9.1 : M hnh ghp tng cch t b tn sc trong h thng WDM....................44
Hnh 9.2 : Ph phn x v th tn sc theo in p t ca phng php gradient nhit
47
Hnh 9.3 : Dng xung ng ra khi truyn vi khong cch 300km khi khng..................49
v c dng si dch tn sc.................................................................................................49
Hnh 9.4: M hnh b tn sc PMD quang v in...........................................................51
Hnh 9.5: B tn sc iu chnh c s dng cch t quang chirp khc x kp..........52
Hnh 9.6: th quan h gia h s m rng xung v gi tr DGD trung bnh...............53
DANH MC T VIT TT
ASE
ADM
BER
CW
DBR
DCF
DDF
DGP
DM
DWDM
Bc x t pht khuch i
EDFA
Amplifier Spontaneous Emission

Add Drop Multiplexer
Bit Error Ratio
Continuous Wave
Distributed Bragg Reflector
Dispersion-Compensating Fiber
Dispersion-Decreasing Fiber
Differential Group Delay
Dispersion-managed
Dense Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
FM
FP
Frequency Modulation
FabryPerot
iu ch tn s
FRASL
Fiber Raman Soliton Laser
Thit b xen r
T l li bt
Sng lin tc
Phn x phn b Bragg
Si quang b tn sc
Si quang gim tn sc
Tr nhm
Qun l tn sc
Ghp knh phn chia theo
bc sng mt cao
B khuych i quang pha

trn Erbium
Mt loi khoang cng
hng
Laser quang Raman Soliton
FWHM
FWM
GVD
LED
MZ
NTE
NLS
NOLM
Full-Width at Half-Maximum
Four-Wave Mixing
Group-Velocity Dispersion
Light Emitted Diode
MachZehnder
Network Terminal Equipment
Nonlinear Schrodinger
Nonlinear Optical-Loop Mirror
NRZ
NSE
NSDSF
OA
OAT
OADM
OBA
OAR
OC
ODM
OF
OFC
OM
OMUX
OPA
OPU
ORX
OSC
OTX
PIM
PMD
RZ
SAGCM
SNR
SOA
Nonreturn to Zero
Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation
Nonzero-Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
Optical Amplifier
Optically amplified transmitter
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
Optical Booster Amplifier
Optically amplified receiver
Optical Channel
Optical Demultiplexer
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber Cable
Optical Multiplexer
Optical MUX
Optical Preamplifier
Optical Preamplification Unit
Optical Receiver
Optical Transmission Section
Optical Transmitter
Polarization-Interleaved multiplexing
Polarization-Mode Dispersion
Return to Zero
Separate Absorption, Grading,
Charge, and Multiplication
Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
SPM
SRS
SSFS
TOD
TW
Self-Phase Modulation
Stimulated Raman Scattering
Soliton Self-frequency Shift
Third-Order Dispersion
Traveling Wave
Trang 3
rng ti na cc i
Trn 4 bc sng
Tn sc vn tc nhm
Ngun pht dng LED
Mt loi b lc
Thit b u cui mng
Schrodinger phi tuyn
Gng quang vng phi
tuyn
M NRZ
Phng trnh Schrodinger
Si quang dch tn sc
Khuch i quang
B pht khuch i quang
B r bc sng quang
B khuch i m quang
B thu khuch i quang
Knh quang
Tch bc sng quang
Si quang
Cp si quang
Ghp bc sng quang
B ghp knh quang
B tin khuch i quang
Khi tin khuch i quang
B thu quang
Knh gim st quang
B pht quang
Ghp xen knh phn cc
Tn sc phn cc mode
M RZ
S hp th, pha trn, ph tn
v khuch i ring bit
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
B khuch i quang bn
dn
T iu ch pha
Tn x kch thch Raman
Dch tn s Soliton
Tn sc bc 3
Sng Traveling
Trang 4
WDM
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
WADM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Access
XPM
Cross-Phase Modulation
Ghp knh phn chia theo

bc sng
Mng s dng k thut a
truy nhp ghp knh theo
bc sng
iu ch xuyn pha
http://www.eboo k.edu.vn
Trang 5
K thut iu khin tn
sc
IU KHIN TN SC
Suy hao quang khng cn l gii hn ln nht trong cc h thng thng tin quang, thay
vo trong cc h thng thng tin quang hin i gii hn thng gp nht l do tn
sc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn gy nn. Suy hao quang c gii quyt mt cch d
dng bng cc b khuych i quang tuy nhin i km vi n li lm gia tng tn sc,
tri ngc vi cc b ti to (Regenerator) in t, mt b khuych i quang khng
khi phc li tn hiu c khuych i thnh tn hiu gc ban u. Kt qu l, tn sc
tch ly qua cc b khuych i lm gim kh nng truyn tn hiu. Chnh v l do ny,
c nhiu m hnh iu khin tn sc c nghin cu sut thp nin 1990 hn
ch tc ng ca tn sc trong cc h thng thng tin quang. Trong bi bo co ny s
gii thiu mt s k thut c bit da vo l tnh ca hin tng truyn dn quang
ci thin tn sc trong thc t. mc 1 gii thch s cn thit phi iu khin tn sc.
Mc 2 v 3 dnh ton b cho cc phng thc c dng u pht v u thu
iu khin tn sc. mc 1.4 n mc 1.6 gii thiu phng php s dng cc phn
t quang tn sc cao trn ng cp quang. K thut s dng tn hiu quang pha kt
hp hay cn c gi l k thut o khong gia ph (midspan spectral inversion) s
c gii thiu mc 7. Mc 8 gii thiu v iu khin tn sc trong cc h thng
ng di. Mc 9 tp trung vo cc h thng dung lng cao nh cc h thng bng
rng. K thut b tn sc phn cc mt (PMD) cng s c cp trong mc ny.
1. CN THIT PHI IU KHIN TN SC

Tn sc lm gin b rng xung nh sng truyn trong si quang lm gii hn hot ng ca
h thng truyn dn quang. Nh ta bit hiu ng tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD) c th
c ti thiu ha bng la-de c rng ph hp (xem hnh 1.1 quan h gia tc truyn
theo chiu di si quang tng ng vi b rng ph ca ngun i-t pht quang bng 0, 1
nm v 5 nm) v khng b tn sc bc sng tn sc khng ZD . Tuy nhin, trong thc t,
h thng truyn dn quang thng hot ng bc sng khc vi bc sng tn sc
khng ZD . Mt v d trong thc t l h thng thng tin quang trn b hot ng bc
sng 1,55 m s dng la-de pht DFB, cc h thng ny s dng cp si
Trang 6
K thut iu khin tn
sc
quang n mt tiu chun vi bc sng tn sc khng ZD l 1,31 m h thng ny

c xy dng trong sut thp nin 1980 Hoa K v c chiu di khong 50 triu km.
Do c tn sc 16 / ti vng bc sng 1,55 m, nn tn sc GVD hn ch hot ng
ca h thng tc 2Gbps.
Hnh 1.1: th quan h t c truyn theo chiu di si quang tng ng vi b

rng ph ca ngun i-t pht quang bng 0, 1 v 5 nm
i vi la-de pht DFB iu ch trc tip, chng ta c th s dng phng trnh 1.1
c lng khong cch truyn ti a
L <(4B
D s )1
Vi s l gi tr cn trung bnh bnh phng (RMS) b rng ca ph xung b m rng do

tn s chirp (s thay i tn s theo thi gian). H thng c h s tn sc D=16 ps/(kmnm) v s = 0,15nm hot ng tc B = 2,5 Gbps theo cng thc 1.1 ta c th tnh ra
c L 42 km. V th, i vi cc h thng s dng thit b ti to tn hiu bng in
t, khong cch gia cc b ti to tn hiu vo khong 40km. Hn na vic s dng
cc b ti to tn hiu lm hn ch kh nng tng tc truyn dn ca h thng, bi
nu mun tng tc truyn phi thu nh khong cch gia cc b ti to tn hiu dn
n chi ph u t s tng cao.
Trang 7
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Hot ng ca h thng c th c ci thin ng k bng vic s dng mt b iu

ch ngoi trnh c vic m rng ph do tn s chirp. La chn ny c ng
dng vo thc t bng cc b pht s dng la-de DFB vi b iu ch ngoi tch hp.
Trong trng hp s =0, khong cch truyn gii hn theo cng thc
2 B2 )1
L < (16
Vi 2 l h s tn sc vn tc nhm GVD. Nu ta s dng gi tr thng dng ca h s tn
2
sc vn tc nhm GVD 2= -20ps /km bc sng 1,55 m, p dng cng thc 1.2 ta tnh
c khong cch truyn L<500 km tc 2,5 Gbps. Ta thy vic s dng la-de DFB ci
thin rt nhiu khong cch truyn ca h thng, tuy nhin khong cch do gii hn tn sc
ny vn cha tng ng vi khong cch cc b khuych i trn ng dy (in-line)
thng c dng b suy hao. Hn na, nu tng tc truyn d liu ln 10 Gbps,
tn sc vn tc nhm GVD s lm gii hn khong cch truyn xung cn 30 km. Da vo
biu thc 1.2 m t mi quan h gia gii hn khong cch truyn v tn sc vn tc nhm
GVD si n mt tiu chun, ta c th d dng tnh ra c gii hn khong cch ca
h thng hot ng bc sng 1,55 m tc 10 Gbps hoc cao hn.
Nhiu m hnh iu khin tn sc c nghin cu tm cch gii quyt vn

thc tin v khong cch truyn nu trn. tng c bn ca tt c cc m hnh c
xy dng da trn phng trnh truyn xung
i 2 A
2
2 t 2
3 A
3
=0
6 t3
Vi A l bin hnh bao ca xung, tc ng ca thnh phn tc sc khc tn sc vn

tc nhm GVD c m t qua thng s 3. Trong thc t gi tr 2 thng c gii
2
hn khng qu 0,1 ps /km. Phng trnh 1.3 c gii ra trong trng hp 3=0 l
1 +
2
A(z,t) =
i
2
A(0,)exp 2 z
i t d
Hm A(0,) l bin i Fourier ca A(0,t)

Tn sc lm nh hng n tn hiu quang truyn i trong h thng nguyn nhn gy ra
l do phn t pha exp (i 2 z2 / 2) , xut hin trong qu trnh truyn nh sng trong si
quang. Tt c cc m hnh iu khin tn sc u tm cch trit tiu phn t pha ny
tn hiu ng vo c th khi phc c u thu.
Trang 8
K thut iu khin tn
sc
2. M HNH B TRC (PRECOMPENSATION)

tng thc hin phng php ny l thc hin iu khin tn sc bng cch iu
chnh cc c tnh ca cc xung ng vo b pht trc khi truyn i trong si quang.
tng ny c thc hin da vo phng trnh 1.4. Phng trnh ny s ch cn
thnh phn bin ph bin thin A(0,) trong trng hp tn sc GVD c loi b.
R rng, thc hin iu ny bin ph u pht phi c b thm mt thnh
phn theo biu thc 2.1 trit tiu tc ng do GVD gy nn:
A(0, ) A(0, )exp(i 2 L / 2)

2
Vi L l chiu di si quang, GVD s c b mt cch chnh xc v xung vn s gi

c hnh dng ca n u ra ca si quang. Tuy nhin, khng d dng gii quyt
vn ny bng vic thay i bin ph u pht theo nh biu thc 2.1 trong thc
t. Mt cch n gin hn, ngi ta s dng hiu ng chirp xung ng vo lm ti
thiu ha tc ng gin rng xung ca tn sc GVD. Do tn s chirp c a vo b
pht trc khi truyn xung, nn k thut ny c gi l k Prechirp.
2.1 K thut Prechirp
Cch n gin hiu c nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut Prechirp l da vo l
thuyt truyn xung chirp Gauss trong si quang. Bin ng vo di tc ng ca
hiu ng chirp c biu din bng cng thc 2.2
A(0,t) = A0
1+iC
exp
2
t
T
Vi C l h s chirp, da vo hnh 2.1 ta thy rng vi gi tr C m 2C<0 th xung ng vo

s b nn li khi truyn i trong si quang. V th vi xung chirp thch hp ta c th truyn
c vi khong cch di hn trc khi xung truyn b gin rng n mc khng cn thu
c na. Ta s th nh gi s ci thin ny vi gin rng xung cho php l 2 ngha l
chu k xung thu c chia cho chu k xung ban u T1/T0= 2 , khong cch
truyn s c xc nh theo cng thc:

2
L = C + 1+C L
1+C2
D
Vi L =T
Do
(1.3)
/ l chiu di tn sc, trong trng hp khng s dng xung chirp Gauss

2
C=0 khi L=LD. Tuy nhin khong cch L s tng khong 36% khi C=1. Ch rng L<LD
trong trng hp qu c nhiu gi tr ca C. Thc ra, mc ci thin khong cch
Trang 9
K thut iu khin tn
sc
ti a ca h thng l 2 ln khi C=1/ 2 . Do k thut prechirp cn c ti u mt cch
k lng c c gi tr C hp l nht. Trong thc t hnh dng xung ch xp x xung
Gauss, nn k thut prechirp c th gip ci thin c n 2 ln khong cch truyn nu
ti u hp l. Vo khong cui nm 1986, m hnh Super-Gaussian cho vic truyn tn hiu
NRZ c a ra nhm nng ci thin hn na khong cch truyn dn quang.
Hnh 2.1: th m t gin rng xung theo khong cch truyn vi xung u vo
l xung chirp Gauss trong trng hp 2>0
K thut prechirp c xem xt trong sut thp nin 1980 s dng cc la-de iu ch trc
tip. Xung chirp do cc la-de ny to ra l do s thay i ch s cm ng sng mang (carrierinduced index) c m t bng h s tng b rng ph C. Khng may l h s chirp C
m (C= - C) i vi cc la-de iu ch trc tip. Do h s 2 ca si quang tiu chun
hot ng bc sng 1,55 m cng m, v th iu kin 2.C<0 khng tha mn. Nh
trong hnh 2.1 ta thy khi hin tng chirp xut hin trong qu trnh iu ch trc tip m
2.C>0 s lm tng thm gin xung do GVD gy ra, v th lm gim khong cch truyn.
V th c mt s m hnh c a ra vo thp nin 1980 da vo vic tm hnh dng
xung pht khc ph hp hn nhm ci thin khong cch truyn .
Trong trng hp s dng b iu ch ngoi, cc xung quang gn nh khng b hin tng
chirp, v th to ra tn hiu chirp ngi ta s dng cc b iu tn FM. K thut
prechirp trong trng hp ny to ra tn s chirp vi h s chirp C dng nhm tha iu
kin 2.C<0. c nhiu m hnh c a ra nhm thc hin iu ny, hnh 2.2 l mt
Trang 10
K thut iu khin tn
sc
m hnh c bn, tn s ca la-de DFB to ra u tin c iu tn FM sau c a
vo b iu ch ngoi iu ch bin AM. Kt qu l tn hiu quang truyn i c
iu ch c AM v FM. Trn thc t, sng mang quang s dng trong iu ch FM c th
c thc hin bng cch a dng in nh khong 1mA vo la-de DFB.
Hnh 2.2: M hnh k thut prechirp dng b tn sc

hnh 2.2 khi c tn hiu FM s dng sng mang quang theo sau s to ra tn hiu
AM pht ra ngoi, tn hiu ny cha cc xung chirp. Mt s cc chirp c hn ch nh
sau. Gi rng hnh dng xung l Gauss, tn hiu quang c th c vit
E (0, t ) = A0 exp( t 2 / T02 )exp [i0 (1 + sin mt )t]
Vi tn s
(1.4)
0 ca xung c iu ch hnh sin ti tn s m vi qu iu ch l
. gn trung tm ca xung sin(m t ) mt khi phng trnh 2.4 s tr thnh

E(0,t) A0 exp 1 +iC
2
t2
T
exp(i0t)
(1.5)
H s chirp C l:
C = 2 T 2
m
(1.6)
0 0
Ta thy rng h s chirp c th iu khin c bng cc thng s iu tn FM l v m.
iu ch pha ca sng mang quang cng lm cho chirp dng, phng trnh 2.4 c th
c vit li thnh:
Trang 11
K thut iu khin tn
sc
E (0, t ) = A0 exp( t 2 / T02 )exp [i0 t + i cos(mt)]
(1
Do s dng cosx 1-x /2. u im ca k thut iu pha l bn thn b iu ch ngoi

c th t iu chnh pha ca n. Phng php n gin nht thc hin l s dng
b iu ch ngoi c chit sut iu chnh c bng in t, bng cch ny s to ra
tn s chirp vi C>0. Vo cui nhng nm 1991 tn hiu 5 Gbps truyn i c 256
km khi s dng b iu ch LiNbO3 cho gi tr C trong khong 0,6 n 0,8. Cc gi tr
thc nghim ny tng ng vi phng trnh 2.3 ca l thuyt truyn xung Gauss.
Nhng dng khc ca cc b iu ch bn dn nh b iu ch hp th in
(Electroabsorption Modulator) hoc b iu ch Mach-Zehnder (MZ) cng to ra cc
xung quang c h s chirp C>0, v th ci thin c kh nng truyn dn tn hiu
quang do hn ch c tc ng ca tn sc. Vi s pht trin ca cc la-de DFB cha
cc phn t Li n (monoLithically) tch hp trong cc b iu ch hp th in
(Electroabsorption Modulator) tip tc lm ci thin rt nhiu k thut Prechirp trong
thc t. Vo nm 1996 tn hiu NRZ 10Gbps truyn i c khong 100km s dng
si quang tiu chun vi nhng b iu ch ngoi ny lm b pht.
2.2 K thut m ha Novel:
Hnh 2.3: B tn sc s dng m ha FSK

S dng kt hp iu ch AM v FM cho tn hiu quang khng phi l phng php duy
nht b tn sc. Mt phng thc khc c s dng b tn sc l s dng iu
ch kha dch tn FSK truyn dn tn hiu. Tn hiu FSK c to ra bng cch chuyn
i bc sng ca la-de bng mt khong gia cc bit 0 v bit 1 trong khi cng sut pht
khng i. Trong sut qu trnh truyn dc theo si quang, hai bc sng ny truyn i
Trang 12
K thut iu khin tn
sc
vi tc khc nhau. Khong thi gian tr gia bit 0 v bit 1 c xc nh da trn

khong bc sng dch v bng T = DL . dch bc sng c chn sao
cho T =1/ B . Hnh 2.3 ch lm th no mt bit b tr to ra c ba mc tn hiu quang
ti b thu. Xt v mt bn cht, do tn sc trong si quang, tn hiu FSK b chuyn
thnh tn hiu b iu ch c bin . Tn hiu c gii m ti u thu bng cch s
dng b tch phn in kt hp vi mch quyt nh.
Nhiu thc nghim c thc hin nh gi k thut b tn sc nu trn. Tt c
cc th nghim ny nhm n vic tng khong cch truyn bc sng 1,55m tc
10 Gbps hoc cao hn s dng si quang tiu chun. Vo nm 1994, vic truyn tn
hiu 10 Gbps qua mt khong cch 253km s dng si quang tiu chun thc hin
c. Cho n nm 1998, trn si quang tiu chun ngi ta truyn i c tn
hiu 40 Gbps vi khong cch truyn l 86km. R rng so snh vi mc trc, khong
cch truyn c ci thin ng k hn nhiu khi s dng k thut FSK.
Mt cch khc tng khong cch truyn da vo vic truyn tn hiu quang c bng
thng nh hn tc truyn chng hn nh k thut s dng m tt m (On-Off). Mt m
hnh thc hin vic to ra tn hiu quang c bng thng nh hn tc truyn l s
dng m ha nh phn kp (duobinary coding), k thut ny c th lm gim bng thng n
50%. M hnh n gin nht to m nh phn kp l s dng hai bit lin tip trong chui
bit cng li vi nhau, kt qu l to ra c m nh phn kp ba mc bn tc. Do tc ng
ca GVD ph thuc vo bng thng tn hiu, nn khong cch truyn cng c th c ci
thin do gim bng thng. iu ny c chng t trong thc nghim.
Thc nghim vo nm 1994 so snh hai m hnh nh phn v nh phn kp, mt tn hiu
10 Gbps c th truyn c khong cch 30 n 40 km bng cch thay th m nh phn
thng thng bng m nh phn kp. K thut s dng m nh phn kp c th kt hp vi
k thut Prechirp. Tn hiu 10 Gbps truyn i c 160km trn si quang tiu chun khi
kt hp m nh phn kp vi mt b iu ch ngoi to tn s chirp c C>0. Trong thc t,
xut hin hin tng o pha khi tn hiu nh phn kp c to ra, hin tng ny gip
ci thin hot ng ca h thng khi s dng m nh phn kp. Mt m hnh iu khin tn
sc mi c gi l m hnh to dng pha nh phn (phase-shaped binary), tn dng
nhng u im ca hin tng o pha. S dng phng thc truyn nh phn kp yu
cu phi tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N v phi c b gii m u thu. Mc d c
nhng hn ch nh th nhng li ch do n em li gp phn ci thin ng k hot ng
cho cc h thng tc 10Gbps v cao hn.
Trang 13
K thut iu khin tn
sc
2.3 K thut Prechirp phi tuyn:

Mt k thut b tn khc c gi l k thut prechirp phi tuyn c a ra vo nm
1989 bng cch khuych i ng ra b pht bng b khuych i bn dn quang SOA
hot ng ch c li bo ha. ch c li bo ha xy ra cc bin i
ph thuc thi gian ca mt sng mang, do xut hin hiu ng chirp bn cnh
vic khuych i xung truyn. Hiu ng chirp ph thuc vo dng xung ng vo, v gn
nh l tuyn tnh vi hu ht cc xung. SOA khng nhng khuych i n thun xung
truyn m cn lm cho chirp c thng s C>0. Do xut hin hiu ng chirp ny, xung
ng vo c th b nn li trong si quang c 2<0. Hin tng nn xung ny c
kim chng bng thc nghim vi cc xung 40ps kt qu l cc xung ny b nn li cn
23ps khi truyn i 18km trong si quang tiu chun.
Hnh 2.4: th cng sng theo thi gian tn hiu 16 Gbps khong cch truyn
70km s dng si quang tiu chun c v khng c s dng k thut chirp SOA
Kh nng nn tn sc ca k thut ny c thc nghim vo nm 1989 bng vic truyn
tn hiu 16 Gbps s dng la-de bn dn ch kha l ngoi (mode-locked external-cavity
semiconductor laser) khong cch truyn 70km. Hnh 2.4 so snh th cng sng
ca tn hiu theo thi gian ca tn hiu nh sng c s dng v khng s dng k thut nn
tn sc. T phng trnh 1.2, khi khng xt n nh hng ca chirp khong cch truyn
tn hiu 16Gbps b gii hn bi GVD vo khong 14km vi si quang c D=15ps/(km-nm).
S dng b khch i vng c li bo ha lm tng khong cch truyn gp nm ln,
chnh v u im ny lm cho k thut b tn sc ny c quan tm rt nhiu. Ngoi ra
k thut ny cng b suy hao ghp v suy hao chn b pht bng cch khuych i tn
hiu trc khi a n vo si quang. V th, k thut s dng la-de SOA
Trang 14
K thut iu khin tn
sc
nh mt phn t khuych i ng dy c th dng b ng thi suy hao si

quang v tn sc GVD.
mi trng phi tuyn cng c th s dng k thut prechirp cho cc xung truyn.
mi trng c chit sut ph thuc cng quang (Intensity-dependent refractive
index) s gy ra hiu ng chirp cho cc xung quang thng qua hin tng t iu pha
SPM. Do mt k thut prechirp phi tuyn n gin da trn hin tng ny l s
dng ng ra b pht mt si quang c chit sut ph thuc cng quang vi chiu
di ph hp trc khi a tn hiu quang vo tuyn quang cn truyn. Tn hiu
quang si quang thm vo l:
A(0, t ) = P ( t ) exp [i Lm P ( t )]
Vi P(t) l cng sut ca xung, Lm l chiu di ca mi trng phi tuyn v l h s

phi tuyn. Trong trng hp cc xung Gauss c cng thc P (t ) = P0 exp( t 2 / T02 ) ,
hiu ng chirp khi gn nh l tuyn tnh, khi phng trnh 2.8 s xp x bng
A(0,t)
1 +iC
P0 exp
2
t
T
(1.9)
exp(i Lm P0 )
Vi thng s chirp C=2 LmP0 , thng s phi tuyn
th c th thc hin c vic b tn sc.
>0 th thng s chirp C s dng v
Hnh 2.5: th quan h gia khong cch truyn b gii hn do tn sc GVD v

mc cng sut truyn trung bnh
Trang 15
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Do >0 i vi cc si quang silica, v th bn thn si quang c th c dng gy
ra hiu ng chirp ln xung. tng ny c a ra vo nm 1986. Bng vic s

dng cc soliton th t cao i qua tng nn u em li nhiu ci thin ng k.
Hnh 2.5 th quan h gia khong cch truyn b gii hn do tn sc GVD v mc
cng sut truyn trung bnh h thng 4 v 8 Gbps. th ny ch ra rng hon ton c
th tng gp i khong cch truyn bng cch ti u li mc cng sut trung bnh ca
tn hiu ng vo mc khong 3 mW.
3. K THUT B SAU
Cc k thut in t c th c dng b tn sc GVD ti b thu. tng ca
phng php ny l mc d tn hiu quang c th b suy bin do GVD, nhng ta c th
cn bng in t tn sc ny ca si quang bng hm truyn tng ng nhm trit tiu
thnh phn tn sc 2. N c th d dng b tn sc nu s dng b thu Heterodyne
nhn dng tn hiu. B thu Heterodyne u tin s chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu
vi sng tn s trung tn IF vi y thng tin v bin v pha. B lc thng di
(bandpass) vi sng c p ng xung theo hm truyn:
H () = exp i (
2
) L/2
IF
Vi L l chiu di si quang. Tn hiu s c khi phc li u thu tn hiu, kt

lun ny tun theo l thuyt chun ca cc h thng tuyn tnh bng cch s dng
phng trnh 1.4 vi z=L. Thc nghim vo nm 1992 s dng ng dy microstrip
chiu di 31,5 cm cn bng tn sc, thc nghim ny truyn tn hiu 8 Gbps i
mt khong cch 188 km vi si quang tiu chun c tn sc D=18,5 ps/(km-nm). Th
nghim vo nm 1993, s dng k thut pht hin homodyne truyn tn di bn n
(single sideband), v kt qu l tn hiu 6 Gbps c th khi phc c ti u thu cch
270 km s dng si quang tiu chun. ng truyn vi di (microstrip) c th c
thit k b tn sc GVD trn si quang c chiu di 4900km tc 2,5Gbps.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng b cn bng tn sc in t trong thc t nh mt b tch
sng thu trc tip (direct-detection receiver). Mt mch in t tuyn tnh khng th b tn
sc GVD, cc thng tin v pha hon ton b mt trong sut qu trnh tch sng trc tip. p
ng ca tch sng quang ch n thun nhn bit cng tn hiu quang. Kt qu l
khng mt k thut tuyn tnh no c th khi phc li tn hiu b gin rng. Tuy vy, mt
vi k thut cn bng phi tuyn c pht trin cho php khi phc li tn hiu ban u
t tn hiu thu b tc ng bi tn sc. phng php u tin "ngng quyt nh"
(Decision threshold) s c gi c nh trung tm ca gin mt (eye
Trang 16
K thut iu khin tn
sc
diagram), y l gin ph thuc nhiu vo cc bit trc . Mt phng php khc, b
thu s quyt nh bit thu c sau qu trnh kim tra dng tn hiu tng t trn ng bao
bit khong thi gian gia cc bit. Kh khn chnh ca tt c cc k thut ny l cc mch
in t logic phi hot ng tc bit cao v phc tp ca n tng theo hm s m
vi s lng cc bit c xung quang b gin rng do GVD. Do , cn bng in t thng
b gii hn l hot ng tc thp v khong cch truyn khng cao.
K thut cn bng quang in t da vo si quang ngang (transversal fiber) c gii
thiu. k thut ny, mt b chia cng sut u thu chua tn hiu quang nhn c
thnh nhiu nhnh. tr ng dy trn cc nhnh s khc nhau, tn hiu quang trn mi
nhnh ny c chuyn thnh dng quang in bng cc b tch sng quang nhy thay
i v cc dng quang in ny s c cng li vi nhau sau a vo mch quyt
nh. K thut ny c th tng khong cch truyn thm 3 ln i vi cc h thng 5Gbps
4. SI QUANG B TN SC
K thut b trc c th tng khong cch truyn ln 2 ln, tuy nhin n li khng ph hp
vi cc h thng ng di, h thng ny yu cu GVD phi c b lin tc theo chu k
dc theo ng truyn. c bit trong cc h thng ton quang vic s dng cc b b tn
sc quang in t l khng ph hp. V th ngi ta ngh ra mt si quang c bit gi
l si quang b tn sc (DCF : Dispersion Compensating Fiber). Vic s dng si DCF cho
cc h thng ton quang c th b GVD mt cch ng k nu cng sut quang trung bnh
c gi nh th cc hiu ng phi tuyn bn trong si l khng ng k.
hiu bn cht vt l ca k thut iu khin tn sc ny, ta nh gi xung quang

truyn i trong hai si quang trong si th hai l si DCF. S dng cng thc 1.4
phng trnh truyn nh sng quang :
1 +
A(L,t) =
A(0,
)exp ( 21 L1 + 22 L2 ) i t d
(3.1)
2
2
Vi L=L1+L2 v 2j l thng s GVD ca si quang c chiu di Lj (j=1,2). Nu s dng
2
si DCF s kh thnh phn pha , xung truyn s c khi phc v hnh dng ban u
pha cui ca si DCF. iu kin b tn sc tt nht l 21 L1 + 22 L2 = 0 hoc
D1 L1 + D2 L2 = 0
Phng trnh 4.2 ch ra rng si quang DCF phi c h s tn sc GVD 1,55m l
D2<0 cn trong si quang thng thng D1>0. Hn na chiu di si quang cng c
la chn tha iu kin :
Trang 17
L2 = ( D1 / D2 )L1
(3.3)
Trong thc t ngi ta c gng chn L2 nh nht nu c th, trng hp ny xy

khi si DCF c gi tr m D2 rt nh (hay D2 rt ln).
Mc d tng s dng si DCF c a ra vo nhng nm 1980, nhng cho mi
sau ny khi xut hin cc b khuych i quang vo nhng nm 1990 th vic ng dng
si DCF mi c pht trin. C hai hng c bn thit k si DCF. u tin si
DCF h tr n mode, nhng n c thit k vi tn s chun ha V nh. Mode c
bn c gii hn quanh mc V 1. Phn nh cc mode cn li c truyn lp bc
(cladding), l ni chit sut nh, ng dn sng lm gia tng thm GVD v kt qu l h
s tn sc c gi tr D 100 ps / ( km nm) . Thit k lm gim lp bc thng c
s dng trong thc t sn xut si DCF. Tuy nhin, si DCF li c suy hao ln do s
gia tng suy hao do un cong ( = 0,4 0,6dB / km ). H s D / thng c s dng
v gi l h s phm cht M ca si DCF. Vo nm 1997, si DCF vi M > 250 ps / (
nm dB) c th ch to c.
Cng vi s xut hin ca si DCF mt gii php thc t ci thin cc h thng
quang mt t l thm vo tuyn si quang tiu chun hin c cc module DCF (vi
khong 6-8km si DCF) kt hp vi cc b khuych i quang cc khong 60-80km.
Si DCF b tn sc GVD trong khi cc b khuch i b li phn suy hao ca si
quang. M hnh ny cn tn ti hai vn . u tin l suy hao chn ca cc module
DCF thng thng khong 5dB. Suy hao chn c th c b bng cch tng li
ca cc b khuych i tuy nhin vic tng li li lm tng nhiu ASE (nhiu do
khuych i bc x t pht). Vn th hai, lin quan bn knh trng mode nh ca
2
si DCF, n ch xp x ~20 m . Khi cng sut quang ln a vo DCF nh cng sut

ng vo, cc hiu ng phi tuyn s tng ng k.
Cc vn lin quan n si DCF c th c gii quyt bng cch s dng si quang
hai mode c thit k vi tn s chun ha V ca mode c th t cao hn gn
im cutoff hn (V 2, 5 ). Chng hn nh cc si quang c cng suy hao nh si
quang n mode, nhng c thit k h s tn sc D ca mode c th t cao c
gi tr m nh v bng khong -770ps/(km-nm). 1km chiu di ca si DCF c th b
GVD cho khong 40km tuyn cp quang, vic thm vo si DCF chiu di nh th cng
lm tng ng k suy hao quang trn ton tuyn.
Vic s dng si DCF hai mode yu cu mt thit b chuyn i mode c kh nng chuyn
i nng lng t mode c bn sang mode c th t cao hn. c mt s thit b
Trang 18
K thut iu khin tn
sc
chuyn i mode ton quang c pht trin. Thit b chuyn i mode ton quang
c da trn quan im v tnh tng thch trong mng ton quang, v gim suy hao
chn. Mt yu cu na i vi thit b chuyn i mode l n phi c phn cc
mnh v hot ng vi bng thng rng. Hu ht cc b chuyn i mode trong thc t
s dng si quang hai mode vi mt cch t quang ghp ni gia hai mode. Chu k
cch t c chn sao cho sai khc h s mode gia hai mode l n tha = /
n v thng thng n xp x 100 m. V cc cch t c gi l cch t quang chu k
di. Hnh 4.1 ch ra m hnh si DCF hai mode vi cch t chu k di.
Hnh 4.1: M hnh si DCF hai mode s dng cch t chu k di

Cc c tnh tn sc o c ca si DCF c ch ra hnh 4.1b. H s tn sc D c
gi tr 420ps / (km nm) bc bc sng 1550nm v thay i nhiu cc bc
sng khc. y l mt c tnh quan trng cho php b tn sc bng rng. Ni mt cch
tng qut si DCF c thit k D tng theo bc sng. S ph thuc vo bc
sng ca h s tn sc D l mt c tnh quan trng DCF c th hot ng trong cc
h thng WDM. Phn ny s c cp mc 9.
5. B LC QUANG
Nh phn trc cp nu s dng si DCF c chiu di ln hn 5km c th b tn
sc GVD cho khong 50km si quang. Vic thm vo si DCF ny lm gia tng ng k
suy hao ca tuyn quang, iu ny gy nh hng i vi cc ng dng ng di.
Chnh v l do ny, mt vi m hnh quang khc c nghin cu iu khin tc
ng ca tn sc. Hu ht trong s nghin cu mi ny l cc b lc cn bng quang
(Optical Equalizing Filter) . Cc b lc giao thoa (Interferometric Filter) s c gii
thiu trong mc ny, mc tip theo s trnh by v cc cch t quang.
Chc nng ca b lc quang c th c din t qua cng thc 1.4. Tc ng ca GVD ln
tn hiu quang c biu hin thng qua phn t pha exp(i 2 z2 / 2) , hin nhin l b
Trang 19
K thut iu khin tn
sc
lc quang c hm truyn s trit tiu phn t pha ny khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
Tuy nhin, khng c b lc quang no c hm truyn ph hp hon ton b tn sc
GVD mt cch chnh xc. Mt s b lc quang c kh nng b tn sc ring bng cch
bt chc hm truyn l tng. Nu b lc c t sau si quang c chiu di L, tn
hiu quang s c lc v c th c vit li bng cch s dng biu thc 1.4
A(L,t) =
1 +
2
i
A(0,)H ( )exp 2
H ( ) = H ( ) expi ( )
[
i t d
bng khai truyn Taylor n bc 2 ta c : (5.1)
Bng cch khai trin thnh phn pha H(
2 L
Vi
H ( ) exp i( + +
0
2 )
(5.2)
= d m / dm (m = 0,1,...) c nh gi tn s sng mang quang
0.
Hng s pha
qua. Xung pha
v thi gian tr
1 khng tc ng vo hnh dng xung v c th c b
to ra bi si quang c th c b bng cch chn b lc c2 = 2 L . Xung s c
0
khi phc hon ton ch khi H () =1 v phn t th 3 trong khai trin Taylor phng
trnh 5.2 phi m. Hnh 5.1 m t m hnh kt hp gia b lc quang v khuych i quang
b ng thi tn sc GVD v suy hao. Hn na, b lc quang c th gim nhiu
khuych i nu bng thng b lc nh hn bng thng b khuych i.
Hnh 5.1: M hnh kt hp gia b lc quang v khuych i quang.

Cc b lc quang hot ng da trn nguyn l giao thoa, y l nguyn l t nhin ca nh
sng v n rt nhy vi tn s nh sng ng vo v c ng dng trong cc b lc
quang do cc c tnh truyn dn ph thuc vo tn s ca n. Mt v d n gin ca b
lc quang l s dng giao thoa Fabry-Perot. Thc ra ph truyn HFP 2 ca giao thoa FabryPerot c th c xc nh thng qua h s khuych i Fabry-Perot phng trnh 5.2b
vi G=1 . b tn sc, chng ta cn mt tn s c lp v pha ca hm truyn H(),
c xc nh bng vic nh gi cc thnh phn nh sng truyn gia hai gng.
Trang 20
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Giao thoa Fabry-Perot phn chiu c gi l giao thoa Gires-Tournois, c thit k

c th phn x 100%. Hm truyn t phng trnh 5.3.
(5.2b)
(5.3) Vi hng s H0 c trng
cho suy hao tng cng, r 2 l h s phn x trc gng v T l thi gian truyn i v
(round-trip) bn trong hc FP. Do HFP () l c lp tn s, ch c ph pha c thay
i bi b lc FP. Tuy nhin, thnh phn pha ( )ca HFP ()c nhiu im khc
bit hn. y l hm tun hon c cc cc ti cc gi tr cng hng FP. Ti vng ln
cn ca mi cc, tn ti mt vng ph m ti s thay i v pha gn nh l hm
bc 2. Bng cch khai trin ( ) bng chui Taylor, biu thc 2 s l
= 2T 2 r (1 r ) / (1 +r)3
2
V d vi mt hc FP 2cm vi r=0,8 v2 2200 ps , b lc quang c th b tn sc GVD

cho khong 110km tuyn quang tiu chun. Thc nghim vo nm 1991 s dng cc thit
b ton quang c th truyn tn hiu 8Gbps qua mt khong 130km s dng si quang tiu
chun. Cc h thng ny c suy hao chn khong 8dB v c b bng vic s dng cc b
khuych i quang. Suy hao 6dB l do b ghp quang 3dB s dng chia tn hiu phn x
t cc tn hiu ti. Lng suy hao ny c th rt gim xung cn khong 1dB nu s dng
b truyn vng quang (optical circulator), y l mt thit b c ba cng dng truyn cng
sut t mt port n cc port cn li theo vng. Tuy nhin do suy hao cao v bng thng hp
ca cc b lc FP lm gii hn chng trong cc h thng quang thc t.
Hnh 5.2 : M hnh b lc quang s dng giao thoa Mach-Zehnder.

Trang 21
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Giao thoa Mach-Zehnder cng c th c ng dng ch to cc b lc quang. Giao

thoa MZ trong si quang c th c to ra bng cch kt ni hai b ghp ni c
hng (directional coupler) mc ni tip nh trong hnh 5.2b. B ghp u tin chia tn
hiu ng vo thnh hai phn bng nhau, hai thnh phn ny s c s sai pha nu c s
sai khc v chiu di nhnh ca b ghp. Tn hiu c th thot ra khi mt trong hai
cng ng ra ph thuc vo tn s nh sng v chiu di nhnh ca b ghp. Hm truyn
i ti port ng ra b ghp s l
H
Vi l tr gia hai nhnh ca b ghp to giao thoa MZ.
() = 1 1 + exp( i )
2 [
MZ
Mt b giao thoa MZ n khng th s dng lm b lc quang m phi c mt chui

nhiu b to giao thoa ghp tng vi nhau to thnh b lc cn bng. B lc nh th
c th c ch to theo kiu mch sng quang phng (planar lightwave ccuit) bng
cch s dng cc ng dn sng thy tinh. Hnh 5.2 a m t cu trc thit b nu trn.
2
Thit b vi kch thc 52x71mm c suy hao l 8dB. N bao gm 12 b ghp ni vi

chiu di nhnh khng ng b ghp tng ni tip vi nhau. Mt u t bng Crm
c s dng mt nhnh ca mi b giao thoa MZ to ra quang nhit nhm iu
khin xung quang. u im chnh ca thit b ny l c tnh cn bng tn sc c th
c iu khin bng chiu di nhnh v s lng b giao thoa MZ.
Hot ng ca b lc MZ c th c biu din qua hnh 5.2b. Thit b c thit k
cc thnh phn tn s cao s c truyn i nhnh c chiu di ln hn ca b
giao thoa MZ. Kt qu l, chng s tr hn cc thnh phn tn s thp do c truyn
cc nhnh ngn. Hm truyn H() c th c xc nh c qua phn tch mch v
c dng ti u thit k cng nh hot ng ca thit b. Thc nghim vo nm
1994 vi mt mch sng quang phng c nm b giao thoa MZ to ra tr 836 ps/nm.
Thit b ny ch c vi cm chiu di nhng li c kh nng b tn sc cho khong 50km
si quang tiu chun. Hn ch chnh ca thit b ny chnh l bng thng hp (
10GHz ) v nhy vi phn cc ng vo. Tuy nhin, vi mt b lc quang lp trnh

c th tn sc GVD v bc sng hot ng c kh nng iu chnh. thit b ny,
GVD c th thay i t -1006 n 834ps/nm.
6. CCH T SI QUANG BRAGG (Fiber Bragg Gratings)

Cch t Bragg hot ng nh 1 b lc quang ,da trn hin tng bng chn
(stopband), vng tn s m hu ht tt c nhng nh sng ti b phn x li.
Trang 22
Bng chn ny c tp trung ch yu ti bc sng Bragg B = 2n
Vi l chu k cch t, n l chit sut trung bnh. Sng truyn hng ti v hng v
c bc sng gn vi bc sng Bragg v kt qu l to ra 1 h s phn x c lp
tn s cho tia ti trn ton bng thng
Thc cht cch t quang si hot ng nh 1 b lc phn x, c s dng b
tn sc v c xut thc hin t thp nin 80.
6.1 Chu k cch t ng nht (Uniform-Period Gratings)
Xt 1 cch t n gin nht khi n l 1 hm bin i tun hon n( z ) = n + ng cos(2z / )
Vi ng l su iu ch. Cch t Bragg c phn tch da trn vic s dng phng

trnh lng mode (coupled-mode equations) m n m t sng truyn hng ti v sng
truyn hng v dA f / dz = i A f +iAb (6.1)
dAb / dz = i Ab iAf
Vi Af v Ab l bin ph ca 2 sng v :
(6.2)
2
ng
, =
B
B
0
(6.3)
l h s kt hp
Phng trnh kt hp c th c gii da trn bn cht tuyn tnh.
A (0) i sin(qLg )
Hm truyn t ca cch t:
H ( w) = r ( w) =
=
Af (0)
B
(6.4)
Hnh 6.1 : ln(a) v pha(b) ca h s phn x cch t si quang ng nht

vi Lg =2 v Lg =3
Vi L l di cch t. q2 = 2 2
g
Hnh 6.1 trn cho thy ln v pha ca h s phn x tng ng vi Lg =2 v Lg =3.

H s phn x cch t gn t 100% khi Lg =3
Trang 23
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Tuy nhin khi pha gn nh trong vng tuyn tnh, cch t lm cho s tn sc ch tn ti
bn ngoi stop band (bng chn)
Lu rng hng s lan truyn = B q
Thng s tn sc ca cch t quang si c cho bi:
sgn( ) 2 / vg2 g
3 2 / vg3
g
(6.5)
2= ( 2
2
)
3/ 2
, 3 =
2 ) 5/ 2
Vi vg l vn tc nhm( Group velocity) ca xung, tn s sng mang
w0 = 2 / 0
Hnh 6.2: Tn sc vn tc nhm GVD . M t hm 2g theo thng s tng ng vi
cc gi tr ca h s trong khong 1-10

Tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD) ca cch t ty thuc vo thng s GVD bt thng
tn s cao hoc vng blue ca bng chn (stop band) khi l tuyt i v tn s sng
mang vt qu tn s Bragg. Ngc li GVD tr li bnh thng ( 2g >0) vng tn
s thp hoc vng red ca bng chn. Vng red ny c th dng b cho vng
bt thng ca GVD ca si quang tiu chun. V 2g c th vt qu 1000
p s 2 / cm
Mt cch t n di 2 cm c th c dng b GVD cho si quang di 100km. Tuy

nhin tn sc bc 3 ca cch t b suy hao v bin i nhanh . Dng cch t si quang
ng nht b tn sc.
Vn c th gii quyt bng cch s dng k thut lm mn (apodization) ti
ni chit sut khng ng nht ca cch t. Kt qu l z ph thuc vo . Trong thc
t k thut lm mn apodization xy ra 1 cch t nhin khi m tia Gaussian s dng cho
Trang 24
K thut iu khin tn
sc
php chp nh giao thoa. (khi dng chm tia cc tm phn b Gauss ghi nh cch t.
Vi cc cch t nh trn, h s
ln nht gia si v gim dn v 2 u ca si.
Phng php ch to cch t tt hn l lm cho h s k thay i tuyn tnh dc theo

ton chiu di cch t si quang.)
Mt cuc th nghim vo 1996 cho thy 1 cch t di 11cm c th b tn sc t c tc
10Gb/s ca tn hiu truyn trn chiu di si quang 100km. H s (z) thay
1
cm
0-6
i t
trn chiu di cch t.
Hnh 6.3: Tn hiu pht (ng lin nt) v tr( ng chm) , hm ca bc sng
cm 1
cho cch t ng nht (z) thay i t 0-6
trn chiu di cch t 11cm
c tnh truyn dn ca cch t c tnh ton bng cch gii phng trnh lng
mode bng phng php s hc.
ng cong lin nt ch ra mi lin h gia tr nhm vi o hm ca pha trong phng
2
trnh H ( ) = H ( ) expi ( ) ] H ( ) expi( + + 1 )

2
Trong vng bc sng 0.1nm gn vi bc sng 1544.2nm, tr nhm bin i gn nh
[
tuyn tnh ti t s 2000 ps/nm. iu ny ch ra rng cch t c th b tn sc cho GVD

trn 100 km si quang chun .
Thc vy, cch t b tn sc GVD trn 100km chiu di si quang vi tc tn hiu
10
10Gb/s ch suy gim 2% cng sut v t c t l li bit BER = 9 . Ni khng c
cch t s c suy hao rt ln.
S dng cch t b tn sc khi bc sng tn hiu trong phm vi vng stop band v
bc sng cch t nh 1 b lc phn x. S lng trng thi ca phng trnh cho chu k
Trang 25
K thut iu khin tn
sc
cch t ng nht khi (z) bin i tuyn tnh t 0 n 12
cm 1
trn 12 cm chiu di.
iu ny ch ra rng tc tr nhm, tp trung bc sng Bragg , c th c s

dng cho b tn sc nu bc sng ca tn hiu ti trong vng trung tm ca stop band
ph tn hiu bin i tuyn tnh. 1 cch t di 8.1 cm c kh nng b tn sc GVD
trn chiu di 257 km si quang chun vi tc 10 Gb/s.
Mc d cch t ng nht c s dng cho b tn sc nhng n chu ng c
vng hp ca stop band (nhng vng bng chn ca chng l tng i hp (tiu
chun<0.1nm) v do vy, khng th s dng ti tc bit cao.
6.2 Chirped Fiber Gratings: (Cch t si quang Chirped)
Cch t Chirped c vng bng chn tng i rng (broad stop band) v c xut
b tn sc vo khong u nm 1987
Chu k quang n trong cch t chirped khng phi l hng s v thay i theo
chiu di ca cch t. Bc sng Bragg cng bin i sut chiu di ca cch t, nhng
thnh phn tn s khc ca tia ti c phn x ti nhng im khc nhau, ty thuc vo
iu kin Bragg c tha mn. iu quan trng l, vng bng chn ca cch t quang
chirped c chng chp t nhiu bng chn con (mini stop band) , trong mi bng
chn con to ra s mt s thay i bc sng Bragg dc theo cch t (ging nh bc
sng ca cch t Bragg) . Kt qu l stop band c th rng n vi nm.
Trong hnh 6.4 ta thy thnh phn tn s thp th xung s b tr bi v chu k quang s
tng ln.
Theo hnh v, thng s tn sc Dg ca mt cch t chiu di Lg c th c xc nh
bng cch s dng quan h TR = Dg Lg
vi TR l chu k cch t v khc vi bc sng Bragg ti 2 im cui ca cch
t. Do TR = 2 nLg / c nn tn sc cch t c cho bi:
Dg = 2 n / c( )
V d: Dg ~5x
107
ps/(km-nm) cho 1 cch t c bng thng =0.2nm
Bi v gi tr ca Dg ln, cch t chirped di 10 cm c th b tn sc vn tc nhm GVD

chiu di ln n 300km (si quang chun)
Trang 26
Hnh 6.4 Cch t quang Chirped dng b tn sc a/ chit sut n(z) theo chiu di cch
t b/ h s phn x tn s thp v cao ti nhng vng khc nhau trong cch t
thc hin cch t chirped c th dng nhiu phng php khc nhau.
n thay i dc theo cch t ( trc z), v do s
iu quan trng l chu k quang
thay theo z.
i c th l hoc chit sut n
Mt s k thut c cp: Dual-beam holographic.Double-exposure technique,

Phase-mask technique.
ng dng ca cch t quang Chirped vo vic b tn sc c chng minh trong
thp nin 90 vi nhiu th nghim truyn tn hiu.
Hnh 6.5: H s phn x v thi gian tr trong cch t quang Chirped tuyn
tnh vi bng thng 0.12nm
Nm 1994 B tn sc GVD cho chiu di 160 km v tc 10-20Gb/s
Trang 27
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Nm 1995 cch t chirped di 12 cm dng b tn sc cho GVD chiu di270 km

Tc 10Gb/s. Sau khong cch truyn tng ln 400 km ch s dng cch t chirped
di 10cm. iu ny c 1 s cch bit so vi khong cch 20km khi khng dng cch t
b tn sc.
Trong hnh 6.5 ch ra h s phn x v tr nhm (quan h vi o hm ca pha
d /
dw
) theo 1 hm ca bc sng cho cch t 10cm vi =0.12nm , tc 10 Gb/s Tn

hiu c b trong vng bng chn ca cch t. Chu k cch t thay i ch 0.008%
trn sut chiu di ca n
d / dw
S b tn sc hon ton xy ra trong vng ph m o hm pha
l tuyn tnh.
dc ca tr nhm( khong 5000 ps/nm) l 1 i lng b tn sc ca cch t.
C th b tn sc GVD cho 400 km vi tc 10Gb/s.
Cch t chu k gim dn cn c lm mn theo cch cc h s ghp to nh khong
gia cch t nhng gim dn v cui. Qu trnh lm mn l cn thit loi b cc gn
sng xy ra trong cch t c h s .
Cch t Dg b gii hn bi bng thng m b tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD)
yu cu vi tc bit B. Hn na khi khong cch truyn tng ti cng 1 tc bit th
bng thng tn hiu gim v k thut prechirp c s dng ti u pht. Trong 1 th
nghim h thng vo 1996 cho thy k thut prechirp ca tn hiu quang 10Gb/s c
kt hp vi 2 cch t quang chirped, ghp ni tip tng khong cch truyn ln n
537 km. K thut thu hp bng thng cng c kt hp vi cch t. M hnh m ha
nh phn i (duobinary) thu hp bng thng n 50%. Trong 1 th nghim 1996. khong
cch truyn tc Gb/s c m rng n 700 km bng cch s dng cch t
chirped kt hp vi m hnh m nh phn i pha lun phin ( phase-alternating
duobinary ). Bng thng cch t b thu hp xung 0.073 nm, qu hp tc tn hiu
10 Gb/s nhng rng cho tn hiu nh phn i bng thng hp.
Hn ch chnh ca cch t si quang chu k thay i l chng hot ng ging
nh mt b lc phn x (hot ng da trn nguyn l phn x cc tia sng). Mt b
ghp quang 3-dB thng c s dng cch ly gia sng phn x v sng ti. Tuy
nhin, phi mt 6-dB cho cc suy hao xen (ngha l cc suy hao xen trong b ghp quang
3-dB). Thng trong thc t ngi ta dng b cch ly quang vng (circulator) do n c
th gim suy hao xen xung di mc 2dB.
Trang 28
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Vi k thut khc cng c s dng. 2 hoc nhiu hn cch t quang c th kt hp

vi b lc pht b tn sc vi mc suy hao tng i thp. Hai hoc nhiu hn
cch t quang c th c kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt b lc pht c bin
i thnh 1 b lc pht bng cch to ra dch pha gia cch t
Cch t Moier c to thnh bng cch t chng 2 cch t chirped trn cng 1 on
ca si quang, do n cng s t gi tr nh trong vng bng chn ca n. Bng
thng ca b lc pht ny th tng i hp.
Hnh 6.6: S b tn sc bng cch dng 2 b lc pht fiber base transmission filter
6.3 B ghp mode Chirped (chirped mode couplers)
Phn ny tp trung vo 2 linh kin quang hot ng nh mt b lc ph hp cho vic
b tn sc. Mt b ghp mode chu k thay i l mt linh kin ton quang c thit k
da trn nguyn l ghp cng hng phn b chu k thay i. tng pha sau b ghp
cng hng phn b chu k thay i tht n gin. Khc vi cch ghp cc sng ti v
sng phn x trong cng mt mode (nh trong cch lm ca cch t si quang), cch t
chu k thay i ghp hai mode sng trong cng mt si quang hai mode. Linh kin ny
tng t nh b i mode sng cp trong mc 4 lin quan n si DCF (si b
tn sc) ngoi tr chu k cch t bin i tuyn tnh dc theo chiu di si quang.
Tn hiu c chuyn t mode c s sang mode bc cao hn bi cch t, nhng
cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau s di chuyn vi cc qung ng khc nhau trc khi
c chuyn i mode nh vo c tnh chu k thay i ca cch t v iu dn n
vic ghp hai mode sng li vi nhau (ie. tr thnh mode cao hn). Nu chu k cch t
tng dn dc theo chiu di ca b ghp, b ghp c th b c GVD (tn sc vn tc
nhm). Tn hiu vn lan truyn theo hng ti cho n khi c chuyn sang mode cao
Trang 29
K thut iu khin tn
sc
hn ca b ghp. Mt b chuyn i mode cch t chu k u c dng chuyn

tn hiu tr li mode c s.
Cch lm khc cho cng tng trn l ghp cc mode c s ca si quang hai
li vi hai li ny l khc nhau. Nu hai li l gn (v khong cch), sng suy bin
gia cc mode sng s dn n vic chuyn nng lng t li ny sang li kia, tng
t nh b ghp c hng. Khi khong cch gia hai li gim tuyn tnh, s chuyn
nng lng xy ra ti nhiu im khc nhau dc theo si quang, ph thuc vo tn s
ca tn hiu lan truyn. Do vy, mt si quang 2 li vi khong cch ca cc li gim
tuyn tnh c th b c GVD. Linh kin da trn nguyn l ny gi tn hiu lan
truyn theo hng ti, mc d v mt vt l c s chuyn nng lng sang li k cn.
Cch thit k ny c th c tch hp vo cng mt linh kin bng cch dng cc ng
dn sng bn dn do cc siu mode (supermode) sinh ra t vic ghp hai ng dn sng
c th iu chnh c mt lng ln GVD.
7. LIN HP PHA QUANG OPC

Mc d s dng k thut lin hp pha quang (OPC) cho b tn sc c ngh t
1979 nhng n 1993 k thut ny mi c a vo th nghim. N gy s ch rt
ln t . Ngc li vi nhng g cp trong chng ny, k thut OPC l mt k
thut quang phi tuyn. Trong mc ny s m t ngun gc v tp trung vo ng dng h
thng quang trong thc t
7.1 Nguyn l hot ng:
Cc n gin nht hiu mt OPC c th b tn sc vn tc nhm GVD l gii
phng trnh lin hp phc
1
i
2
2
A(z,t) = A(0, w)exp( 2 2 zw iwt)dw
(7.1.1)
Thu c:
A* i2 2 A* 3 3 A* = 0
z
2 t2
6 t3
(7.1.2)
So snh pt (7.1.1) v (7.1.2) cho thy vng pha kt hp A* lan truyn vi h s truyn 2 ca
GVD c o du. Nhn thy 1 iu rng, nu min quang c kt hp pha gia lin
kt si quang , s tn sc trn na u v na sau ca lin kt l b nhau. V s hng 3

khng i du khi lin hp pha, OPC khng th b cho tn sc bc 3. y, d dng thy
rng, bng cch gi cc thnh phn bc cao hn trong khai trin Taylor phng trnh
Trang 30
+ ( w) + 2 ( w) 2 + 3 ( w)3
( w) = n ( w)
(7.1.3)
0
1
c
2
3
khi OPC c th b cho tt c cc thnh phn tn sc bc chn m khng nh hng
n cc thnh phn bc l.
Tnh hiu qu ca lin hp pha quang khong gia ph trong vic b tn sc c th
c kim chng bng cch s dng phng trnh
1 +
A( z , t ) =
A (0, ) exp
2 z
i t d
2
Min quang (optical field) trc OPC tm c bng cch s dng z = L/2 phng
2
trnh ny. S lan truyn ca vng sng kt hp pha A* trong phn sau OPC nh sau:
*
2
A (L,t) = A ( 2 , w)exp( 4 2 Lw iwt)dw
Vi A* (L/2,) l bin i Fourier ca A* ( L/2,t) v c tnh bi:
A* ( L / 2, w) = A* (0, w) exp( iw 2 2 L / 4)
(7.1.5)
(7.1.6)
Thay phng trnh (7.1.6) vo (7.1.5), ta c A(L,t)=A*(0,t).

V vy, ngoi tr o pha do OPC, vng u vo c phc hi mt cch hon ton, v
dng sng c phc hi nh ban u. V ph ca tn hiu sau OPC tr thnh i xng
vi ph ban u, k thut OPC c cp nh k thut o ph khong gia.
7.2 B tn sc bng t iu ch pha (Compensation of Self-Phase Modulation )
Hin tng phi tuyn SPM lm cho si quang sinh ra hin tng chirp i vi tn hiu
truyn trn si quang
Phn 3 ch ra rng hin tng chirp do SPM c th mang li li ch vi mt thit k
thch hp S thay i ny thng s dng vi vi mt thit k ring bit. Soliton
quang hc cng s dng SPM (Truyn dn quang soliton cng dng hin tng SPM
c c mt s u im) Tuy nhin, phn ln h thng thng tin quang , cc hiu
ng phi tuyn do SPM gy ra lm gim cht lng r rt, c bt l khi cc tn hiu
truyn i trn khong cch di phi s dng nhiu b khuych i quang.
Cng ngh OPC khc vi cc m hnh b tn sc khc mt iu quan trng: Trong
nhng iu kin nht nh, n c th b ng thi cho c GVD v SPM. Tnh nng ny
ca OPC c lu vo u nhng nm 1980 v c nghin cu rng ri sau 1993 .
D dng thy l c GVD v SPM u c b mt cch tuyt i m khng c s
suy hao quang no. S lan truyn xung trong si quang c suy hao cho bi phng trnh
(7.1.4)
Trang 31
i
A 2 2 A
+
= i A 2 A A
(7.2.1)
2
z
2 t
2
Vi thnh phn 3 b b qua v l suy hao ca si quang. Khi =0, A* tho cc
phng trnh ging nhau khi ta tnh lin hp phc ca pt (7.1.4). v i z thnh z. Kt
qu l OPC khong gia ph c th b ng thi cho SPM v GVD.
S suy hao c th ph hu 1 thuc tnh quan trng ca khong gia ph OPC. L
do rt d thy l nu chng ta lu rng s thay i pha ca SPM ph thuc vo cng
sut. th pha thay i ln na u ng dn quang hn l na th 2, v OPC khng
th b cho cc hiu ng phi tuyn. Phng trnh (7.2.1) c th dng nghin cu tc
ng ca s suy hao. Bng cch thay:
A( z , t ) = B( z , t )exp( z / 2)
(7.2.2)
Phng trnh. (7.2.1) c th vit li

i
B 2 2 B
+
= i ( z ) B 2 B
2
z
2 t
(7.2.3)
Vi ( z ) = exp( z) . Hiu ng ca suy hao quang c th tng ng vi trng

hp khng li nhng vi tham s phi tuyn ph thuc z. Bng cch tnh lin hip phc
ca Eq (7.2.3) v thay i z thnh z, d dng thy s b tn sc ton phn SPM xy
ra khi v ch khi ( z ) = ( L z) iu kin ny khng th c tho mn khi 0
Mt cch na c th gii quyt vn l khuych i tn hiu sau OPC cng
sut tn hiu tr nn bng vi mc cng sut u vo trc khi n n na th 2 ca
ng dn quang. Mc d cch ny lm gim s tc ng ca SPM, nhng n vn
khng th b tn sc ton phn c.
Nguyn nhn c th c hiu rng: s truyn dn ca tn hiu pha kt hp
tng ng vi vic truyn mt tn hiu time-reseverd . V vy. s b SPM ton phn
xy ra khi v ch khi bin thin cng sut i xng quanh im gia ph , v th, ( z )
= ( L z) phng trnh (7.2.3). S khuych i quang khng uc tho mn

trng hp ny. N tng t vi s b SPM nu cc tn hiu c khuch i
cng sut khng thay i trong 1 khong ln trong mi trng thi khuch i. Tuy
nhin, iu ny khng thc t bi n i hi cc b khuch khong cch gn nhau.
S b tn sc ton phn cho c GVD v SPM c th c tm c bi cch s
dng cc si quang gim tn sc (dispersion decreasing fibers) cho 2 gim trn chiu
di si quang. xem mt m hnh c thc hin nh th no, gi thit rng 2
phng trnh (7.2.3) l mt hm ca z Bng cch bin i:
Trang 32
= z ( z )dz
(7.2.4)
Pt (7.2.3) c th vit li
2 B =
2
+ b ( ) 2 i B B
t
2
B
(7.2.5)
Vi b( ) = 2 ( ) / ( ) C GVD v SPM u c b nu b ( ) = b( L ) , L l gi
tr ca khi z=L. iu kiu ny c tho mn t ng th s gim tn sc ging nh
( z) , 2 ( ) = ( ) v b( ) =1.
V suy hao quang lm ( z) gim theo hm m exp( z) c GVD v SPM c th b
chnh xc cc si quang gim tn sc m c GVD gim theo hm m exp( z) Cch
tip cn ny ph bin v c s dng khi cc b khuych i quang c s dng.
7.3 Tn hiu lin hp pha (Phase-conjugated Signal):
K thut OPC( Optical phase conjugation) lin hp pha quang i hi 1 phn t
quang phi tuyn m c th to ra tn hiu pha lin hp . Thng thng ngi ta dng
phng php trn 4 bc sng (FWM- Four wave mixing) trong vng phi tuyn, v bn
thn si quang t n l mt mi trng phi tuyn, (cch n gin l dng mt si
quang di vi km c thit k mt cch c bit ti a hiu ng FWM)
K thut FWM trong si quang c nghin cu v ng dng rng ri
dng hin tng FWM cn mt ngun bm ti tn s wp c dch t tn s ca
tn hiu ws mt lng nh (~0.5THz) . Si quang phi tuyn to ra tn hiu lin hp pha
quang ti tn s wc =2wp +ws . Min l tha mn iu kin ph hp pha. kc = 2k p ks
Vi kj =n(wj )wc / c l s lng xung quang ti tn s wj
iu kin ph hp gc pha tha mn nu bc sng tn sc khng
ZD
ca si quang
c chn (trng vi bc sng bm) ng thi vi bc sng bm.

iu ny c thng qua trong 1 cuc th nghim 1993 Ln u tin chng
minh c rng tim nng ca k thut OPC trong vic b tn sc. Trong 1 th nghim
khc 1 tn hiu ( bc sng 1546nm) c kt hp gc pha bng cch s dng FWM
cho 23 km si quang vi bc sng pump bm l 1549 nm . Tn hiu tc bit 6Gb/s c pht trn 152 km si quang tiu chun vi iu ch FSK. Mt th nghim
khc na l 1 tn hiu 10 Gb/s c th pht trn 360 km.
Trang 33
K thut iu khin tn
sc
K thut OPC khong gia ph c thc hin cho 21 km si quang bng cch
s dng tia pump laser m bc sng ca n c cn chnh mt cch chnh xc vi
bc sng tn sc khng. Bc sng tn hiu v pump lch nhau 3.8 nm.
Hnh 7.1: Th nghim b tn sc trong o khong gia ph trn 21 km chiu di

si quang
Cch thc hin to ra tn hiu pha lin hp hp. 1 b lc di thng bandpass c
s dng to ra tn hiu pha lin hp .
Nhiu nhn t cn phi c xem xt trong k thut pha kt hp khong gia ph
trong thc t. Trc ht v bc sng tn hiu thay i t ws thnh wc = 2 wp ws ti b to
pha lin hp. Thng s tn sc vn tc nhm GVD 2 b thay i. Kt qu l , xy ra b tn
sc ton phn ch khi b kt hp gc quang lch rt nh so vi im gia ca ng
quang. V tr chnh xc Lp c th c xc nh bng cch s dng iu kin
2(ws )Lp =2(wc )(LLp ) Vi L l tng chiu di .

Khai trin 2 ( wc ) thnh chui Taylor ti tn s
ws , Lp th tm c:
= 2 + c 3
L
2 +
(7.3)
c 3
Vi c = w c ws khong dch tn s ca tn hiu bng k thut OPC.

i vi khong dch bc sng chun 6nm, gc pha thay i khong 1%.
Mt nhn t th 2 cn ch l qu trnh trn 4 bc sng (FWM) trong si quang l
nhy phn cc v phn cc ca tn hiu khng c iu khin bi si quang, n thay
i ti b to pha kt hp theo cch thc ngu nhin. nh hng ca bin i ngu
Trang 34
K thut iu khin tn
sc
nhin ny tc ng n hiu sut FWM v lm cho k thut FWM khng ph hp vi

mc ch thc t. Tuy nhin s phi hp c th gim bt nhy phn cc. 2 tia
pump trc giao ti bc sng khc nhau v tr i xng ca bc sng tn x
khng ca si quang c s dng. S sp xp ny c 1 thun li khc l sng kt hp
gc quang c th c to ra ti tn s ca bn thn tn hiu bng cch chn lc bc
sng tn x khng ZD trng vi tn s tn hiu
T mi quan h: wc = wp 1 + wp 2 ws
vi .w p 1 w p 2
nhy phn cc ca OPC cng thu c bng cch s dng mt ngun bm

(pump) n kt hp vi cch t si quang v mt thit b i xng kt hp trc giao
(orthoconjugate mirror) nhng thit b ny lm vic trong mode phn x v cn cc sng
kt hp ring bit t tn hiu bng cch dng b ghp 3-dB hoc b cch ly vng. Hiu
sut tng i thp ca qu trnh OPC trong si quang cng c li. in hnh l hiu
sut chuyn i c di 1% khin n phi khuch i tn hiu pha kt hp .
Thc t suy hao ca pha kt hp vt qu 20 dB. Tuy nhin, qu trnh FWM th
khng phi l 1 qu trnh hiu sut thp. Thc vy, phn tch phng trnh FWM cho
thy rng c tng ln ng k bng cch tng cng sut pupm v gim cng sut tn
hiu. N c th vt qu 100 % mc cng sut v khc bit bc sng pump (bm) .
(Cn trnh s dng ngun bm cng sut cao do nh hng ca hin tng pht x
kch thch Brillouin)
Cng sut (ngun bm) pump cao thng c hn ch v SBS. Tuy nhin c
th loi b SBS bng cch iu ch ngun bm ti tn s ~100Mz. Trong 1 th nghim
1994, 35 % hiu sut chuyn i c to ra bng k thut ny.
Qu trnh FWM trong 1 b khuch i quang bn dn (SOA) cng c s dng
to ra tn hiu pha kt hp dng vo vic b tn sc. Cng trnh ny c thc hin
trong 1 cuc th nghim 1993 v chng minh c rng tn hiu truyn tc 2.5 Gb/s.
c iu ch bng bng cc laser bn dn truyn trn 100 km chiu di si quang chun.
Sau trong 1 th nghim 1995, tng t truyn c tn hiu vi tc ln n 40
Gb/s trn chiu di 200 km si quang chun. Kh nng duy tr FWM trong SOA c
xut vo nm 1987v k thut ny c s dng trong chuyn i bc sng. u im
chnh l tn hiu kt hp gc c th c to ra trong 1 thit b di 1 nm. Hiu sut chuyn
i cao hn so vi FWM trong si quang v n c khuch i.
Trang 35
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Bng cch la chn chnh xc sng bm - iu hng tn hiu, thu c hiu

sut chuyn i ln hn 100% ( li thu c cho tn hiu kt hp gc quang) cho
k thut FWM trong SOAs.
ng dn sng phn cc tun hon LiNbO3 c s dng to ra cc b
chuyn i ph bng rng, tn hiu pha kt hp c to ra bng cch s dng cc qu
trnh phi tuyn bc hai lin tip. Cc qu trnh ny l cc qu trnh ph hp pha (quasiphase-matched) nh vo chu k cc ca tinh th. i vi thit b OPC ch b suy hao 7
dB v c kh nng b tn sc cho 4 knh tn hiu tc 10 Gb/s trn chiu di 150 km
si quang chun. Tim nng ca k thut OPC c chng minh mt th nghim
1999 vi 1 b kt hp c bn FWM c s dng b tn sc vn tc nhm GVD tc
40 Gb/s trn chiu di 140 km si quang tiu chun
Hu ht cc cuc th nghim v b tn sc c nghin cu trn khong cch tuyn
l vi trm km. i vi ng truyn di hn n t ra vn k thut OPC c th b tn
sc vn tc nhm GVD cho chiu di ln n hng ngn km si quang m c dng cc
b khuch i b suy hao c hay khng. Trong 1 th nghim m phng, tn hiu tc
10 Gb/s c th truyn trn 6000 km trong khi ch s dng cng sut trung bnh di mc 3
mW gim hiu ng phi tuyn si quang. Trong 1 nghin cu khc cho thy b khuch
i ng 1 vai tr quan trng. Vi khong cch truyn trn 9000 km c th thc hin c
bng cch gi cc b khuch i cho mi on 40 km. S la chn bc sng hot ng ,
c bit l bc sng tn sc khng c ngha then cht. Trong vng tn sc d thng
<0, Cng sut ca tn hiu bin i tun hon dc chiu di si quang . iu ny c th dn

ti vic to ra cc (di bin) sideband do hin tng bt n iu ch
Tnh khng n nh ny c th c trnh nu thng s tn sc tng i ln

(D>10 ps/(km-nm)). y l trng hp i vi si quang chun bc sng gn 1.55
. Hin nhin rng khong cch truyn ti a lun l vn quan trng i vi
nhiu hng sn xut, nh k thut trn 4 bc sng FWM, khong cch dng b
khuch i c th gim xung di 3000 km.
S dng k thut OPC cho h thng quang ng di (long haul lightwave system)
i hi s dng cc b khuch i quang v b pha kt hp. 2 phn t quang ny c th
ghp li thnh 1 bng cch s dng cc b khuch i tham s (parametric amplifiers) Mch khuch i thng dng linh kin diod bin i in dung, trong in dung thay
i theo chu k ca tn hiu, n khng ch to ra tn hiu pha kt hp trong sut tin trnh
FWM m cn khuch i tn hiu. Phn tch cho h thng quang ng di cho thy tn
hiu vo (20 n 30 ps) c th truyn dc chiu di ln n hng ngn km si quang mc
Trang 36
K thut iu khin tn
sc
d tn sc vn tc nhm GVD cao. Tng khong cch truyn c th vt qu 15.000 km
cho si quang tn sc thay i. vi 2 = 2 ps 2 / km gn vi bc sng 1,55

. K thut
pha kt hp khng c s dng trong thc t khi cc b khuch i tham s cha thng
dng trong thng mi. Phn k tip tp trung vo k thut thng dng s dng
iu khin tn sc trong h thng quang ng di.
8. H THNG QUANG NG DI:

Chng ny tp trung vo h thng quang ng di, vic iu khin tn sc s gip
cho vic m rng khong cch truyn t 10km cho n vi trm km. Vn quan trng
L iu khin tn sc nh th no c th s dng c cho h thng ng di vi
Khong cch c th ln n hng ngn km. Nu tn hiu quang c lp li mi 100200 km. Tt c cc k thut c cp trong chng ny s hot ng tt v hiu
ng phi tuyn khng c tch ly trong h thng ng di. Ngc li nu tn hiu
c duy tr Trong min quang bng cch s dng cc b khuch i chu k th cc
hiu ng phi tuyn nh SPM, XPM(cross phase modulation) v FWM s c gii hn.
Do tc ng ca hiu ng phi tuyn ln ch hot ng ca h thng iu khin
tn sc c nghin cu 1 cch su sc Trong chng ny s tp trung vo h thng
quang ng di m bn iu khin tn sc v suy hao c s dng ng
thiPeriodic Dispersion Maps ( Bn tn sc tun hon)
Hnh 8.1: Vng lp quang dng pht tn hiu t c 10 Gb/s trn khong
cch 10.000 km si quang chun s dng SCF.
Trang 37
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Khi khng c hiu ng phi tuyn, tng tn sc vn tc nhm GVD tch ly trn chiu
di hng ngn km c th c b ti u thu cui cng ca h thng. L do l mi xung
quang c ti to li nh gc trong thi bit ca h thng tuyn tnh, ngay c khi n
c tri rng trn vi thi bit trc khi GVD c b.
S tng tc phi tuyn xung quang cng knh (intrachannel effects), v trn cc knh ln
cn trong h thng WDM lm gim cht lng tn hiu n mc m vic b tn sc
GVD ti pha thu cng khng th thc hin c trong mng ng di.
Mt gii php n gin l k thut periodic dispersion management (iu khin tn sc
tun hon) . tng c bn kh n gin l dng b trn quang vi tn sc vn tc
nhm GVD dng v m trong 1 chu k tng tn sc trn mi chu k gn bng 0.
M hnh n gin nht ch s dng 2 si quang c tn sc ngc nhau v chiu di
tn sc trung bnh:
D=(D1L1+D2L2)/Lm
(8.1)
Vi Dj l tn sc si quang c chiu di Lj (j=1,2) v Lm = L1 + L2 l chu k ca bn

tn sc. Nu D~0 th tn sc c b trn mi chu k. Chiu di Lm l 1 thng s thit k
t do m c th c chn ph hp vi yu cu lm vic ca h thng. Thc t,
thng thng chn Lm bng vi khong khuch i amplifier spacing LA . in hnh Lm
= LA = 80Km cho h thng quang mt t nhng s gim xung cn khong 5 km cho
h thng di mt bin.
Do s cn nhc v chi ph, cc cuc th nghim s dng 1 vng lp quang lm tn hiu
quay vng nhiu ln ti to cho h thng quang ng di.
Hnh 8.1 ch ra s vng lp quang. N c s dng vi tc 10 Gb/s khong
cch truyn 10.000 km si quang chun vi suy hao chu k v iu khin tn sc . 2 b
chuyn mch quang quyt nh vng tun hon. Chiu di vng lp v s vng xc nh
tng khong cch truyn.Chiu di vng lp chun in hnh l 300-500 km. Chiu di
ca DCF c chn tha mn pt 8.1 v c thit lp L2 = D1 L1 / D2 cho b tn sc
ton phn (D=0)
Mt b lc bandpass quang cng c thm vo bn trong vng lp gim nh
hng ca nhiu khuch i.
Trang 38
8.1 L thuyt c s:
nh hng chnh ca hin tng phi tuyn ln ch lm vic ca h thng n knh l
SPM. Nh trnh by trc y s truyn tia quang ca m chui bit quang bn trong
mt h thng qun l iu khin tn sc c khng ch bng phng trnh Schrodinger

2
phi tuyn. pt (7.2.1) i dA 2 A + A 2 A = i A
(8.2)
2
2 t
2
dz
Vi s khc bit chnh 2 ,
v l hm chu k hin ti theo z bi v gi tr khc bit
ca chng gia 2 hoc nhiu on si quang c dng to bn tn sc.
B suy hao ti cc b khuch i c th c bao gm bi vic thay i thng s suy
hao hp l ti nhng vng khuch i
Phng trnh 8.2 lm r nh lng xem xt nghin cu h thng iu khin tn sc.
N v cng hu ch c lng gii hn cui cng trong phng trnh ny
1z
A(z ,t) = B ( z,t)exp
(8
(z)dz
Thay vo Phng trnh 8.2

B 2 ( z) 2 B + ( z ) B 2 B = 0
(8.4)
z
2 t2
Vi s thay i cng sut dc si quang iu khin tn sc c bao gm 1 tham s phi
i
tuyn thay i theo ch k ( z ) = exp( z ( z ) dz)

0
Phn tch chi tit vic thit k mt h thng iu khin tn sc c th t c bng

cch gii phng trnh 8.4 bng phng php bin phn (variational approach). iu
ny da trn nhn xt l mt xung Gauss chirped vn duy tr c dng tuyn tnh mc
d bin , rng v chirp ca n thay i trong khi lan truyn. Do cc hiu ng phi
tuyn l tng i yu so vi tn sc ti mi on si quang, dng xung c khuynh
hng duy tr dng Gauss. Do ta c th gi s rng xung lan truyn dc theo si
quang c dng xung Gauss chirped sao cho:
B ( z , t ) = a exp[ (1 + iC )t 2 / 2T 2 +i]
(8.5)
Vi a l bin , T l rng, l phase. 4 tham s ny thay i theo z. 1 phng php

khc rt hu dng tm s ph thuc z ca cc tham s ny.
Phng trnh 8.4 c th c suy ra t phng trnh Euler-Lagrange :
(8.6)
Trang 39
Theo nhng phng php khc nhau chng ta c th gii phng trnh tm 4 thng s
a,T,C v . Phng trnh phase c th b qua nu n khng kt hp c vi 3 phng
a T
trnh kia. Phng trnh bin c th kt hp thy rng t hp 2 khng thay i theo z
v lin h vi xung u vo Eo : a 2T = E0 . Do Cn phi gii 2 phng trnh sau:
(8.7)
(8.8)
Bng cch t = 0 . Lu rng t s (1 +C 2 ) /T 2 lin quan n rng ph ca xung l
hng s trong mi trng truyn dn tuyn tnh
Ta c th thay n bng 1 gi tr ban u (1 +C 2 ) /T 2
0
Vi To v Co l rng v h s
chirp ca xung vo trc khi n c a vo h thng iu khin tn sc ca si quang.
Hai phng trnh trn c th c gii bng phng php gii tch v theo phng
php tng hp sau:
(8.9)
Phng php ny c v phc tp nhng n d dng cho vic tnh tch phn. Thc t gi
tr ca T v C ti cui ca chu k u tin ( z=Lm) c cho bi:
(8.10)
Vi d = 2 Lm / T02 v 2 l gi tr GVD trung bnh.
D dng thy rng khi 2 = 0 th c T v C tr thnh gi tr ban u ti mi chu k ca
bn tn sc
Ging nh chc nng nh 1 b pht tuyn tnh. Khi GVD trung bnh khc 0, T v C thay
i sau mi chu k bn v s pht xung th khng tun hon.
Khi phn phi tuyn khng ng k, cc thng s ca xung khng th tr v gi tr ban u
ca n trong b tn sc ton phn (d=0). Trong nhiu cuc th nghim, h thng phi tuyn
lm vic tt nht khi b GVD ch l 90-95% phn tn sc cn li c gi li sau mi
chu k bn . Trn thc t, nu xung vo sao cho 2 <0 , th xung ti cui si quang c th
ngn hn xung u vo. Hot ng ny c th xy ra trong h thng tuyn tnh v theo
phng trnh 8.10 C0 d < 0 . N cng vn tn ti 1 phn trong h thng phi tuyn.
Trang 40
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Nhn xt ny dn n vic chp nhn dng xung trn cc lin kt si quang c iu

khin tn sc.
Nu bn tn sc c to ra lm gin xung trong phn u v c nn trong phn
th 2 th tc ng ca hiu ng phi tuyn c th c gim ng k. L do nh sau: Cng
sut nh ca xung c hn ch ng k trong phn u bi v s m rng (gin) nhanh
chng ca xung chirped trong khi phn th 2 th chm hn bi v suy hao si quang tch
ly. Nhng lin kt si quang iu khin tn sc nh th c gi l nhng chng truyn
dn ta-tuyn tnh (tc l ch tuyn tnh trn mt on ngn). Kt qu cho trong cng thc
8.9 cng p dng c cho nhng lin kt nh vy. Do cc xung quang tri rng mt cch
ng k ra khi khe bit ca chng vt qua (ln hn) h s ca mi chu k bn , s
chng chp c th lm gim hiu sut h thng khi hiu ng phi tuyn ng k.
Cc hiu ng ny s c xem xt trong mc k tip.

Nu cng sut nh qu ln n mc khng cn duy tr c tnh ta-tuyn tnh, ta
phi gii cc cng thc 8.7 v 8.8 vi s c mt ca cc s hng phi tuyn.
Khng c phng n gii tch no c dng trong trng hp ny. Tuy nhin c th tm
T ( Lm ) = T0
,
C ( Lm ) = C0
Phi m bo rng xung c khi phc v dng ban u ti mi chu k bn tn
sc. Cc xung truyn qua h thng iu khin tn sc trong h thng tun hon v
c gi l dispersion-managed solitons s c trnh by trong chng 9.
8.2 Hiu ng tng tc phi tuyn ng knh (Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects):
Vic xem xt hiu ng phi tuyn rt quan trng trong h thng iu khin tn sc bi v n
c tng ln trong si quang b tn sc DCF v hiu ng gim vng li. S sp xp cc
b khuch i sau DCF l c li v tn hiu yu hiu ng phi tuyn t nh hng .
S nh gi 1 cch lc quan v hiu sut ca h thng s dng nhng bn tn sc

khc nhau c nghin cu rt k. Trong 1 th nghim 1994, Mt vng quang di 1000
km bao gm 31 b khuch i c s dng 3 bn tn sc khc nhau. Khong cch
ti a truyn ln n 12.000 km c thc hin trong trng hp si quang c
GVD bnh thng c b tn sc trong si quang c GVD bt thng ca si quang
ng di. Trong 1 th nghim 1995 , tn hiu 80 Gb/s bao gm 8 knh ghp 10 Gb/s vi
khong knh (channel spacing) c truyn bn trong vng lp quang. Tng khong
cch truyn gii hn 1171 km bi v nhng hiu ng phi tuyn khc nhau.
Trang 41
B tn sc GVD ton phn trong mi chu k bn tn sc khng phi l gii php tt
nht khi c s hin din ca hiu ng phi tuyn. Phng php s thng c s
dng ti u vic thit k h thng iu khin tn sc. Ni chung vng tn sc vn
tc nhm GVD nn gi tng i ln trit hiu ng phi tuyn, v phi cc tiu tn
sc trung bnh trn tt c cc knh. Trong 1 th nghim vo 1998, tn hiu vn tc 40
Gb/s c truyn trn khong cch 2000 km si quang chun s dng 1 bn tn sc
novel. Sau khong cch c tng ln 16.500 km ti tc thp hn( 10Gb/s) bng
cch t 1 b khuch i quang ngay sau DCF trong vng lp quang.
V hiu ng phi tuyn l 1 nhn t quan trng. Gii hn ch yu xut pht t vic gin
xung trong si quang chun ca bn tn sc, kt qu l s tc ng ln nhau gia
xung chng chp gn nhau. Nhng hiu ng phi tuyn ny c nghin cu su hn v
c lin h vi hiu ng
Hiu ng Intrachannel (hiu ng tng tc ng knh) phn bit n vi hiu ng
phi tuyn xuyn knh.(Interchannel nonlinear effect) xy ra khi xung 2 knh ln cn c
bc sng khc nhau chng chp min thi gian.
Ngun gc ca hiu ng phi tuyn ng knh c th thy t phng trnh:
i
B ( z) 2 B
2
2
+(z)B B=0
z 2 t2
Bng cch a 3 xung ln cn , B = B1 + B2 + B3
Thay vo ta c:
(8.12)
(8.13)
(8.14)
S hng phi tuyn u tin tng ng vi SPM. Hai s hng k tip l kt qu t hiu
ng XPM sinh ra bi hai xung khc nhau. S hng cui cng ging nh FWM.
Mc d thng thng n c xem l hiu ng FWM trong knh (intrachannel) nhng
iu c mt cht thiu chnh xc v c 3 xung c cng bc sng.Tuy nhin thnh
phn ny c th to ra 1 xung mi trong min thi gian. Nhng xung ny xut hin nh
1 xung ghost. Xung ny c th tc ng n hiu sut h thng ng k nu chng ri
vo thi bit 0 (the 0-bit time slots)
Trang 42
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Hiu ng XPM tng tc ng knh ch phase tn hiu nhng lch pha th ph

thuc vo thi gian.
Tc ng ca hiu ng XPM v FWM ln h thng ty thuc vo s la chn bn tn
sc. Ni chung nh gi h thng iu khin tn sc ty thuc vo nhiu thng s thit k
nh cng sut, khong cch khuch i v v tr ca DCF. Trong 1 th nghim vo nm
2000. mt tn hiu 40 Gb/s c truyn vt i dng, mc d n ch s dng si quang
chun, s dng phng php iu ch ng b ng dy c ngh u tin.
Truyn gi tuyn tnh tc 320 Gb/s cng c xc nhn khong cch truyn 200
km m tn sc ca n l 5.7 ps(km-nm) c b bng cch s dng DCF
9. H THNG QUANG DUNG LNG CAO

Cc h thng thng tin quang WDM hin i s dng mt s lng ln cc knh
truyn lu lng ln n 1Tbps. Vi h thng nh th ny, k thut iu khin tn sc
phi c kh nng hot ng trn bng rng vi tn hiu a knh. mc ny chng ta s
bn v k thut iu khin tn sc trong cc h thng dung lng cao.
9.1 B tn sc bng rng :
Thng thng tn hiu WDM s dng bng thng khong 30nm hoc cao hn, n l
bng thng tng cng t cc knh n c bng thng khong 0,1nm (ph thuc vo tc
bit ca tng knh) ca cc knh n. Vi cc knh 10Gbps, thnh phn tn sc th
ba khng ng vai tr ch cht nh i vi cc xung c b rng >10ps. Tuy nhin v cc
bc sng l c lp vi cc gi tr 2 v h s tn sc D nn tn sc s c s khc
nhau gia cc knh. Do b tn sc trong cc h thng WDM th m hnh b tn
sc phi c th thc hin c vic b tn sc GVD trn tt c cc knh ng thi.
Phng php u tin s dng mt cch t quang bng rng hoc nhiu cch t quang
c bng chn (stop band) tng ng b tn sc cho cc knh. Mt phng php khc
da vo ph WDM bng cch s dng mt b lc quang vi cc nh chu k truyn
tng ng. Mt phng php khc s dng si DCF cho cc h thng WDM bng cc
si quang b tn sc DCF c thit k ph hp cho vic truyn a knh bng rng.
phng php u tin s dng cch t quang. Mt cch t quang b chirp c th c mt
bng thng dng b rng khong 10nm tng ng vi chiu di cch t. V th cch t
ny c th c s dng trong h thng WDM nu s lng knh nh (thng thng l
<10) khi th bng thng tng cng ca tn hiu s va vi bng thng chn ca cch t.
Thc nghim vo nm 1999, cch t b chirp bng thng 6nm c dng trong h thng
Trang 43
K thut iu khin tn
sc
WDM bn knh, mi knh c tc 40Gbps. Khi bng thng tn hiu WDM ln hn, c th
s dng nhiu cch t chirp ghp tng ni tip vi nhau mi cch t phn x mt knh
v b tn sc cho knh . u im ca phng php ny l cc cch t c th c bin
i tng ng vi tn sc GVD trn mi knh. Hnh 9.1 m t m hnh ghp tng cch
t trong h thng WDM bn knh. C mi 80km, mt b b tn sc gm 4 cch t c s
dng b tn sc cho tt c cc knh trong khi hai b khuych i quang c dng
b suy hao. Vic m rng s cch t c lm trong thc t. Vo nm 2000, h thng
WDM c m rng ln 32 knh vi bng thng 18nm. Su cch t chirp vi 6nm bng
chn c ghp tng b tn sc GVD cho tt c cc knh.
Hnh 9.1 : M hnh ghp tng cch t b tn sc trong h thng WDM

S dng nhiu cch t lm tng tnh cng knh ca b b tn sc khi s lng knh ln
vi bng thng tn hiu khong 30nm . B lc FP vi nhiu nh truyn vi cc nh ph
truyn ca b lc cch nhau theo chu k. B lc nh th c th b tn sc GVD ca tt c
cc knh nu tt c cc knh c phn chia khong cch bng nhau v di ph t do ca
b lc tng ng vi khong cch knh. Khi phi lm vic vi mt lng tn sc ln vic
thit k b lc FP l rt kh khn. Mt loi cch t mi c gi l cch t quang mu
(sampled fiber grating) c pht trin gii quyt vn ny. Cch t ny c nhiu
bng chn v d ch to. Thay v l lm mt cch t n di, ngi ta lm nhiu cch t
ngn kt hp li vi nhau v c khong cch ph hp (mi mt cch t ngn ny c gi
l mt mu nn cch t loi ny c gi l cch t quang mu). Khong cch bc sng
gia cc nh phn x c xc nh qua cc chu k mu v c iu khin trong qu
trnh ch to. Hn na nu "mu" b chirp, th c tnh tn sc ca mi nh phn x cng
b nh hng bi lng chirp ny. Cch t u tin c s dng vo nm 1995 b tn
sc ng thi cho hai knh 10 Gbps vi khong cch truyn 240km. Thc nghim vo
Trang 44
K thut iu khin tn
sc
nm 1999 s dng cch t quang mu cho h thng WDM bn knh. Khi s lng knh
tng, n tr nn cng kh hn trong vic b tn sc GVD tt c cc knh ng thi.
Vic s dng si DCF dc tn sc m c a ra nh mt gii php n gin
nht iu khin tn sc trong cc h thng WDM dung lng cao vi s lng knh
ln. Si DCF loi ny c pht trin v thng mi ha vo nhng nm 1990 v
c s dng trong trong cc h thng WDM dung lng cao. S cn thit ca dc
sc m c th c hiu qua phng trnh 4.2 mc 4 cho knh n. iu kin ny
cng phi tha cho tt c cc knh
D1 (n ) L1 + D2 (n ) L2 = 0
Vi n l bc sng ca knh th n. V gi tr gii hn dng ca ng tn sc S
hoc thnh phn tn sc th ba 3, D1 tng theo bc sng c si quang thng v
si quang dch tn sc. Kt qu l tn sc tch ly D1L1 khc nhau gia cc knh. Nu
s dng cng si DCF cho tt c cc knh, dc tn sc ca n s m v c gi tr
tha phng trnh 9.1.
Gi tr D j (n ) = D j + S j (n c ) vi Dj (j=1,2) l gi tr tn sc knh trung tm,
dc tn sc ca si DCF l :
S 2 = S1 ( L1 / L2 ) = S1 ( D2 / D1)
Ta c th s dng phng trnh 4.2 cho knh trung tm. Phng trnh ny ch ra rng h
s S/D c gi l ng dc quan h tn sc (Relative Dispersion Slope), v ging
nhau c hai si quang . i vi si quang tiu chun h s tn sc D 16 ps / ( km
-1
nm) v dc tn sc S 0,05 ps / ( km nm2 ) , h s S/D s vo khong 0,003 nm .
Do , vi si DCF c D 100 ps / ( km nm) , dc tn sc s vo khong

2
-1
-0,3ps(km-nm ). i vi si quang dch tn sc, h s S/D c th vo khong 0,02 nm .

Vic sn xut si DCF c dc tn sc ln rt kh khn, si DCF hai mode ch c th
-1
c gi tr khong 0,01nm nh trong hnh 4.1. Si quang nh th ny cn c gi l

si quang o tn sc (Reverse-Dispersion Fiber) l si quang c gi tr D v S c gi tr
o m so vi si quang thng thng.
Nhiu thc nghim vo nhng nm 1990 nh gi vic s dng si DCF trong h thng
WDM. Thc nghim vo nm 1995, 8 knh vi khong cch knh l 1,6nm, mi knh hot
ng tc 20Gbps truyn i c khong cch 232km trn si quang tiu chun
bng nhiu si DCF. Gi tr tn sc ca mi knh nh v vo khong xp x 100ps/nm, ngoi
ra ton b cc knh cng c b tn sc ng thi bi si DCF. Thc
Trang 45
K thut iu khin tn
sc
nghim vo nm 2001, si DCF bng rng c s dng truyn tn hiu quang WDM
1-Tbps (bao gm 101 knh) vi mi knh tc 10Gbps khong cch 9000km. Tc
cao nht c th nghim l 11 Tbps vi 273 knh mi knh c tc 40Gbps trn ng
thi cc bng C, L, S (do bng thng tng cng vo khong hn 100nm).
9.2 B tn sc iu khin c (Tunable Dispersion Compensation)

Kh c th b tn sc hon ton trn tt c cc knh trong h thng WDM. Vn cn mt
lng nh tn sc tn ti trong cc h thng quang ng di. Trong nhiu th nghim
thc t, k thut b sau c thc hin bng cch thm vo si DCF (hoc cch t
quang) b thu. K thut ny khng ph hp cho cc h thng WDM thng mi v
mt s l do. u tin, lng tn sc khng phi lc no cng c th xc nh mt cch
chnh xc do nhng thay i khng iu khin c trn cc phn ca tuyn quang.
Th hai, vic thay i chiu di tuyn li lin quan n c vic phi cu hnh li mng
quang. Th ba, khi tc mt knh n tng ln khong 40Gbps, gi tr tn sc m h
thng c th chu ng c tr nn nh v dn n d b tc ng ngay c khi c s
thay i nh v mi trng chng hn nh nhit lm bin ng gi tr tn sc GVD.
V nhng l do ny, m hnh b tn sc iu khin c c a ra cho php iu
khin vic b tn sc mi knh mt cch linh hot.
Mt vi k thut b tn sc iu khin c c pht trin v th nghim trong thc
t. Hu ht trong s chng u s dng cch t Bragg l loi cch t m tn sc c th iu
chnh bng cch thay i chu k cch t n . mt m hnh, cch t c ch to vi
hiu ng chirp phi tuyn (bc sng Bragg tng phi tuyn dc theo chiu di cch t), cch
t ny c th thay i bng cch ko di cch t bng bin thin in p. Mt m hnh khc,
cch t c ch to khng c c hiu ng chirp tuyn tnh v phi tuyn m s dng
Gradient nhit to ra cc chirp iu khin. Trong c hai trng hp, bng cch thay
i nhit hoc chiu di cch t lm cho h s mode n cng thay i theo dn n
bc sng Bragg cng thay i v bng B ( z ) = 2 n ( z )( z) . H s tn sc ca cch t

theo cng thc 6.6 c thay th thnh :
2 d
dg
() =
D
g
Lg
c d
n( z )dz
(9.3)
Vi g l tr nhm Lg l chiu di cch t. Gi tr Dg bt k bc sng no c th

c thay i bng cch thay i h s mode n (thng qua t nng hoc thay i
chiu di), kt qu l c tnh tn sc c th iu chnh c trong cch t Bragg.
Trang 46
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Phn b qu trnh t ca cch t Bragg yu cu u t rt mng c t ngoi b mt
si quang trong li ca cch t. mng ca u t thay i dc theo chiu di cch t
to ra gradient nhit thng qua qu trnh t khng ng b. Hnh 9.2 biu din ph phn x
v th quan h gia tn sc tng DgLg v in p t ca cch t di 8cm. Cch t ban
khng xy ra hiu ng chirp v c ph chn hp nhng n c th dch v m rng ph chn
khi cch t b chirp qua qu trnh t nng khng
ng b. Bc sng
n(z)
Bragg B thay i dc theo cch t v chu k quang
tr nn c lp vi z khi qu
trnh gradient nhit c thit lp dc theo cch t. Tn sc tng cng DgLg c th

c thay i trong di -500 n -2200 ps/nm. Cch t loi ny c th c dng
iu khin tc sc cho cc h thng 10 Gbps.
Hnh 9.2 : Ph phn x v th tn sc theo in p t ca phng php gradient nhit

Khi tc ln n 40 Gbps hoc cao hn, cn thit phi gy hiu ng chirp ln cch t
bng chn m rng cho ton b ph tn hiu i qua. Vic s dng qu trnh chirp phi
tuyn c s dng tng kh nng iu khin trn loi thit b c tc cao ny. Cch
t chirp c ch to v s dng cho k thut b tn sc iu chnh c tc
160Gbps. Hnh 9.3 th quan h gia nhy thu v tn sc tc 160Gbps khi dng v
khng dng cch t chirp Bragg iu chnh c. Khi khng s dng cch t, nhy nh
nht mc tn sc 91ps/nm do si DCF c gi tr tn sc c nh. nhy thu gim n
4dB khi gi tr tn sc thay i quanh mc 91ps/nm khong 8ps/nm. Tuy nhin n ch thay
i khong 0,5dB nu s dng k thut b tn sc iu chnh c. Gin mt mc
tn sc 110ps/nm ch ra rng h thng s tr nn khng th hot ng c nu khng c
cch t chirp Bragg bng qu trnh b tn sc iu khin c duy tr mt vn
Trang 47
K thut iu khin tn
sc
m trong gin . Thc nghim s dng xung quang 2ps vi khe bit 6,25ps v tc
truyn l 160Gbps. Tc ng ca thnh phn tn sc th ba tr nn rt quan trng i
vi cc xung ngn. Chng ta s tho lun phn tip theo.
9.3 iu khin tn sc bng thnh phn tn sc bc cao :
Khi tc ca mt knh n ln n 40Gbps, thnh phn tn sc bc ba hoc cao hn
tc ng gy nh hng cho tn hiu quang. Mt v d, mt bit tc 100Gbps ch c
b rng 10ps cn nu l xung quang RZ th b rng xung ch <5ps. Khong cch truyn
ti a gii hn bi thnh phn tn sc th ba c tnh theo cng thc 9.4.
L 0,034(
B3 )1
3
Vi B l tc truyn. tc 200Gbps, L b gii hn khong cch 50km v gim

xung ch cn 3,4km vi tc truyn 500Gbps vi gi tr 3 thng dng l 0,08
3
ps /km. R rng, cn phi c k thut b ng thi c thnh phn tn sc bc hai v

bc ba khi tc mt knh ln n 100Gbps.
Gii php n gin nht b thnh phn tn sc bc ba l s dng si DCF c dc tn
sc m v c c hai thnh phn 2 v 3 l u ngc li so vi 2 v 3 ca si quang tiu
chun. iu kin cn cho vic thit k si quang loi ny l si quang c c bng cch
gii phng trnh 1.3 s dng bin i Fourier. i vi tuyn quang s dng hai si quang
khc nhau c chiu di L1 v L2 iu kin b tn sc c l :
21 L1 + 22 L2 = 0 v 31 L1 + 32 L2 = 0
Vi 2j v 3j l cc thng s tn sc bc hai v bc ba ca si quang c chiu di Lj. iu
kin u tin tng t nh phng trnh 4.2. Bng cch s dng biu thc 4.3 kt hp vi
iu kin th hai c th xc nh c thng s tn sc bc ba ca si DCF nh sau :
32 = ( 22 / 21 ) / 31 = ( L1 / L2 )31
iu kin ny gn ging vi phng trnh 9.2 xc nh mc trc cho si DCF
trong h thng WDM v 3 lin quan n dc tn sc S.
Vi h thng n knh, bng thng tn hiu nh khong 4nm tc c th t
500Gbps v tha iu kin 9.5. Yu cu ny cng c th c p ng d dng cc b
lc quang v cch t chirp quang. Trong trng hp b lc quang. Mch sng quang phng
da trn nhiu b lc giao thoa MZ d dng p ng c yu cu nu trn do kh nng c
th lp trnh c vn c ca cc b lc. Mt thc nghim vi b lc c thit
Trang 48
K thut iu khin tn
sc
k c dc tn sc -15,8 ps/nm trn bng thng 170 GHz. B cn bng hn ch bin
ng ln ca tn hiu pha cui v gim rng ca nh chnh t 4,6 n 3,8ps.
Hnh 9.3 : Dng xung ng ra khi truyn vi khong cch 300km khi
khng v c dng si dch tn sc
Cc cch t quang chirp thng c s dng trong thc t v tnh ton quang ca mng.
Cc cch t quang di (~1m) c pht trin vo nm 1997. Vo nm 1998, cch t quang
chirp phi tuyn 6nm c s dng b tn sc bc ba khong cch 60km. Vic ghp
tng cc cch t quang c th to ra mt b b tn sc c c tnh tn sc ty v c kh
nng b cc tn sc bc cao. Cch t quang mng ng dn sng (Arrayed-Waveguide
Grating) hoc cch t quang mu cng c th b tn sc cho cc thnh phn tn sc bc hai
v bc ba ng thi. Mc d cch t quang mu chirp phi tuyn c th b tn sc iu
khin c cho nhiu knh ng thi, nhng bng thng ca n b gii hn. Cch t quang
mng ng dn sng kt hp vi b lc pha theo khng gian c th b dc tn sc trn
mt bng thng ln n 8THz vi cc h thng knh 40Gbps. Vic truyn tn hiu tn
hiu 100Gbps vi khong cch 10.000km c kho st bng vic s dng k thut
quang pha kt hp gia (midway optical phase conjugation) kt hp vi b tn sc bc ba.
Mt vi th nghim trong vic truyn knh n vi tc hn 200Gbps c thc
hin. Ngi ta cng tin hnh th nghim vi chu k bit 2ps, nu s dng m RZ th b
rng xung ch c 1ps tng ng vi tc truyn 500Gbps s dng si DCF hoc cch t
quang chirp b tn sc 3 trn bng thng 4nm. Thc nghim vo nm 1996 tn hiu
400Gbps c truyn s dng k thut b tn sc kt hp vi xung pht 0,98ps trong khe
thi gian 2,5ps. Nu khng b thnh phn tn sc bc ba, xung s m rng ra 2,3ps sau
40km truyn v rng chn xung m rng ra n 5-6ps . Vi vic b tn sc tng phn
thnh phn tn sc bc ba s khc phc vic chn xung b m rng v b rng xung gim
Trang 49
K thut iu khin tn
sc
xung cn 1,6ps do tn hiu 400Gbps s d dng khi phc u thu. Xung nh sng
hp 0,4ps c dng vo nm 1998 truyn tc 640Gbps. Thc nghim vo nm
2001 nng tc truyn ln 1,28 Tbps bng cch truyn xung c rng 380fs trn
chiu di 70km. Vic truyn thng tin vi xung hp yu cu phi thc hin b ng
thi thnh phn tn sc bc hai, ba v bc bn. Nu thc hin iu ch sin pha ph hp
cc xung chirp trc khi truyn i qua si quang b tn sc GVD, n c th b c c
tn sc bc ba v bc bn.
9.4 B tn sc phn cc mode PMD
PMD l tc ng m rng xung quang do cc bin i ngu nhin ca hin tng
lng chit/khc x kp dc theo chiu di si quang. Vic m rng ny cng lm xung
b m rng hn na bn cnh vic dn rng xung do GVD. Cc k thut iu khin tn
sc gp phn tc ng ln GVD nhng gn nh khng ng g n nh hng ca
PMD. Chnh v l do ny PMD l mt trong nhng i tng quan tm c bit trong
cc h thng iu khin hin i.
Trc khi xem xt cc k thut s dng cho b tn sc PMD, chng ta tin hnh c
lng cc thng s trong cc h thng khng b tn sc. Gi tr RMS (cn bnh phng
trung bnh) m rng ca xung vi chiu di L c tnh theo cng thc
2
L vi Dp l h s PMD v T l tr tng i theo hai nguyn
( T
1/2 = D
P
)
lT trng thi
phn c c (PSP). K hiu
biu th
gi tr trung bnh. Gi tr tc thi ca
T dao ng trong mt di rng theo thi gian do nhit v cc thng s mi trng

khc. Nu T ln hn khe bit (bit slot) h thng s ngng hon ton hot ng.
Hot ng ca h thng b gii hn bi PMD c phn loi da trn khi nim xc sut
ngng t xut, xc sut ny phi di gi tr qui nh (thng l 10
-5
hay 5 pht/nm).
Xc sut ny c tnh theo T da trn phn b Maxwell. Mt cch tng qut, gi tr RMS
T phi nh hn khe bit TB vi tc bit l B=1/TB. Gi tr nh ca nm trong khong 0,1
n 0,15 ty theo loi iu ch (RZ, CRZ hoc NRZ) v cc thng s ca xung ng vo.
Vi m hnh 10%, chiu du h thng v tc bit phi tha iu kin
B 2 L < (10 DP )2
(9.7)
Trong cc tuyn quang c s dng si quang tiu chun, iu kin 9.7 tr thnh
B 2 L < 10 4 (Gbps )2 km nu s dng DP =1 ps / km . Do si quang yu cu phi b tn
sc PMD tc 10Gbps v khong cch truyn 100km, do trong cc si quang hin
i thng thng h s tn sc PMD DP <0,1ps / km . Vi h thng c thit k s
Trang 50
K thut iu khin tn
sc
2
dng si quang ny th B L phi mc 10 (Gbps) -km. Kt qu l, b tn sc PMD

khng cn phi thc hin tc 10Gbps nhng cn phi thc hin tc 40Gbps
vi khong cch truyn 600km. Cc c lng chnh xc hn da vo l thuyt PMD
c pht trin trong nhiu nm gn y.
Hnh 9.4: M hnh b tn sc PMD quang v in

Nh cp trn tn sc phn cc mode hn ch hot ng ca knh n khi tc
bit ln vt xa 10Gbps. b tn sc phn cc mode c nhiu k thut c pht
trin c th phn chia thnh k thut b PMD quang v b PMD in. Hnh 9.4 s b
tn sc PMD quang v b tn sc PMD in. B cn bng PMD in u thu dng
sa cc tc ng ca PMD s dng m hnh lc ngang. Cc b lc chia tn hiu in x(
t) thnh nhiu nhnh dy r tr v cng kt hp chng ng ra
N1
y(t ) = cm x(t m)
m=0
Vi N l tng s nhnh r, l thi gian tr v cm l trng s r ca nhnh th m. Trng s

r c th iu chnh c bng cc thut ton iu khin p ng nng cao cht lng
h thng. Tn hiu li a vo mch in t iu khin thng c da vo trng thi
ng ca mt trong gin mt ti u thu. Do k thut in t khng th hn ch PMD
mt cch hon ton nn n t c nghin cu tip gim tr PMD so vi phng php
nguyn l trng thi phn cc PSP (Principle state of Polarization). K thut ny c th hiu
chnh c tt c cc ngun gy thoi ha dn n mt b ng ti u thu.
B b tn sc quang cng s dng dy tr, n c th c chn vo theo chu k dc theo
chiu di tuyn quang hoc ch chn vo u thu. Thng thng qu trnh b PMD quang
c chia ra lm hai giai on, u tin tn hiu quang c chia thnh cc nhnh PSP bng
cch s dng b iu khin phn cc kt hp theo sau l b chia tia phn cc; giai on
th hai tin hnh kt hp tn hiu cc nhnh PSP trong c tn hiu c iu chnh tr
mt nhnh bng dy tr (hnh 9.4). Vng hi tip dng xc nh tn hiu li hiu chnh
b iu khin phn cc p ng vi cc thay i ca mi trng dc
Trang 51
K thut iu khin tn
sc
ln si quang PSP. Thnh cng ca k thut ny da vo t s L/LPMD vi L l chiu di

si quang, v LPMD =
( T0 / DP )2 l chiu di PMD, T0 l b rng ca xung. Ci thin
ng k c mong ch l a khong cch truyn c di nht c th v t s ny

khng vt qu 4. Do chiu di LPMD vo khong 10.000km vi DP 0,1ps / km v
T0=10ps nn cc b b tn sc PMD c th s dng cho cc h thng truyn dn quang
xuyn bin vi tc truyn 10Gbps.
Mt vi k thut quang khc c th c dng b tn sc PMD. Chng hn nh b b
tn sc LiNBO3 based Soleil Babinet hot ng da trn vic iu khin phn cc cui
ng truyn. Cc thit b khc nh tinh th st 2 v 3 khng bn, si quang duy tr phn
cc kp, b lc quang all-pass v cch t quang chirp khc x kp. Hnh 9.5 ch ra nguyn
tc hot ng ca b b tn sc PMD s dng cch t. Do c mt lng ln khc x kp,
hai trng phn cc dc theo hai trc nhanh v chm, n khc so vi bc sng Bragg v
gn dch n bng chn. Kt qu l, n phn x ti v tr khc nhau dc theo cch t do
nhn c gi tr tr nhm khc v v th c th b tn sc PMD, gim tr nhm.
tr ph thuc vo bc sng bi v qu trnh chirp xy ra t nhin trong cch t. Hn na,
n c th iu chnh c thng qua dch chuyn nm khong cch cch t. Cc b b tn
sc PMD iu chnh c rt ph hp cho cc h thng WDM.
Hnh 9.5: B tn sc iu chnh c s dng cch t quang chirp khc x kp

Cc b b tn sc PMD hnh 9.4 v 9.5 ch loi b thnh phn tn sc PMD bc 1.
tc cao, xung quang ngn ph ca chng tr nn rng cc thng s PSP
khng th l hng s trn ton b ph xung. Lc ny cc thnh phn tn sc PMD bc
cao bt u c tc ng n h thng, thng cc h thng t 40Gbps cn phi xem
xt nh hng cc ca cc thnh phn tn sc PMD bc cao. Do c nhiu k thut b
tn sc c nghin cu gii quyt vn ny.
Trang 52
K thut iu khin tn
sc
Cc b b tn sc bc 1 c th c nh gi qua vic xung b m rng c hn ch

nh th no. Phn tch l thuyt qu trnh b tn sc PMD ch ra rng gi tr trung bnh
hoc gi tr k vng ca h s m rng c nh ngha l b2 = 2 / 02 c biu din
bi biu thc sau, vi T0 l b rng xung Gaussian khng chirp:
b2 = b2 + 2x /3 4 (1 + 2 x /3)1/2
c
(9.9)
Vi x = ( T )2 / 4T02 ,
T l sai khc tr nhm dc theo cc PSP v bu l gi tr
PMD:
trc khi b tn sc
bu2 = 1 + x 2 (1 + 4 x / 3)1/2 1
(9.10)
Hnh 9.6 m t h s m rng bu (ng lin nt) v bc (ng chm nt) theo t s T
/T0 . Vic b tn sc, trong trng hp tt nht v xu nht tng ng khi chn trng
thi phn cc (SOP) ng vo cng c biu din trong hnh 9.6. Hnh 9.6 c th c
dng c lng nhm ci thin b b tn sc PMD bc 1.
Hnh 9.6: th quan h gia h s m rng xung v gi tr DGD trung bnh.

Nh cp phn trc, gi tr DGD trung bnh phi khng vt qu 10% khe bit ca
-5
h thng m bo xc sut li xy ra thp hn 10 . Gi tr m ng ti a gy ra bi

PMD vo khong b=1,02. T phng trnh 9.9 v 9.10 ta thy rng gi tr c th duy tr
c cc h thng b tn sc PMD hot ng l T ln n 30%. B b tn sc bc mt c
th tng gi tr chu ng ca DGD ln nhiu hn 3. Kt qu l khong cch truyn c
tng mt cch ng k trong cc h thng b tn sc PMD. Mt lu rng b b tn sc
Trang 53
K thut iu khin tn
sc
PMD n khng th dng cho tt c cc knh WDM, trong khi yu cu t ra l c th

dng chung b b tn sc ny cho tt c cc knh. iu ny lm cho vic s dng cc b
b tn sc PMD ng dy tr nn t . B b tn sc bng quang tch hp trong b
thu hoc cn bng PMD in tch hp trong b thu l mt gii php thc t hn v c
hai c a vo thng mi ha vo nm 2001.
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] TS. L Quc Cng, ThS. Vit Em, ThS. Phm Quc Hp, ThS. Nguyn Hunh
Minh Tm, H Thng Thng Tin Quang Tp 1 v tp 2 , nm 2009, Nh xut bn
Thng Tin v Truyn Thng.
[2] Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks A Practical Perspective,
Second Edition, Morgan KaufMann Publishers.
[3] Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communications Systems, Third Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc,2002.
Trang 54

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KHOA QUC T V O TO SAU I HC

THNG TIN QUANG NNG CAO

TS. L Quc Cng

TP.H CH MINH, NM 2010

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

THNG TIN QUANG NNG CAO

TP.H CH MINH, NM 2010

CCH T SI QUANG BRAGG (Fiber Bragg Gratings).................................... 22

B ghp mode Chirped (chirped mode couplers) ............................................ 29

7. LIN HP PHA QUANG OPC .............................................................................. 30

B tn sc bng t iu ch pha (Compensation of SelfPhase Modulation ) .. 31

7.3 Tn hiu lin hp pha (Phase-conjugated Signal):.............................................

Hiu ng tng tc phi tuyn ng knh (Intrachannel

9. H THNG QUANG DUNG LNG CAO..........................................................

9.1 B tn sc bng rng :........................................................................................

9.3 iu khin tn sc bng thnh phn tn sc bc cao :.....................................48

s dng si quang tiu chun c v khng c s dng k thut nn tn sc...................14

trn chiu di cch t 11cm.....................25

vi bng thng 0.12nm.......................................................................................................27

Hnh 7.1: Th nghim b tn sc trong o khong gia ph trn 21 km chiu di si

Amplifier Spontaneous Emission

Fiber Raman Soliton Laser

B khuych i quang pha

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Ghp knh phn chia theo

1. CN THIT PHI IU KHIN TN SC

quang n mt tiu chun vi bc sng tn sc khng ZD l 1,31 m h thng ny

Hnh 1.1: th quan h t c truyn theo chiu di si quang tng ng vi b

Vi s l gi tr cn trung bnh bnh phng (RMS) b rng ca ph xung b m rng do

Hot ng ca h thng c th c ci thin ng k bng vic s dng mt b iu

Nhiu m hnh iu khin tn sc c nghin cu tm cch gii quyt vn

Vi A l bin hnh bao ca xung, tc ng ca thnh phn tc sc khc tn sc vn

Hm A(0,) l bin i Fourier ca A(0,t)

2. M HNH B TRC (PRECOMPENSATION)

A(0, ) A(0, )exp(i 2 L / 2)

Vi L l chiu di si quang, GVD s c b mt cch chnh xc v xung vn s gi

Vi C l h s chirp, da vo hnh 2.1 ta thy rng vi gi tr C m 2C<0 th xung ng vo

truyn s c xc nh theo cng thc:

/ l chiu di tn sc, trong trng hp khng s dng xung chirp Gauss

Hnh 2.2: M hnh k thut prechirp dng b tn sc

0 ca xung c iu ch hnh sin ti tn s m vi qu iu ch l

. gn trung tm ca xung sin(m t ) mt khi phng trnh 2.4 s tr thnh

Ta thy rng h s chirp c th iu khin c bng cc thng s iu tn FM l v m.

E (0, t ) = A0 exp( t 2 / T02 )exp [i0 t + i cos(mt)]

Do s dng cosx 1-x /2. u im ca k thut iu pha l bn thn b iu ch ngoi

Hnh 2.3: B tn sc s dng m ha FSK

vi tc khc nhau. Khong thi gian tr gia bit 0 v bit 1 c xc nh da trn

2.3 K thut Prechirp phi tuyn:

nh mt phn t khuych i ng dy c th dng b ng thi suy hao si

Vi P(t) l cng sut ca xung, Lm l chiu di ca mi trng phi tuyn v l h s

Vi thng s chirp C=2 LmP0 , thng s phi tuyn

th c th thc hin c vic b tn sc.

>0 th thng s chirp C s dng v

Hnh 2.5: th quan h gia khong cch truyn b gii hn do tn sc GVD v

ra hiu ng chirp ln xung. tng ny c a ra vo nm 1986. Bng vic s

Vi L l chiu di si quang. Tn hiu s c khi phc li u thu tn hiu, kt

hiu bn cht vt l ca k thut iu khin tn sc ny, ta nh gi xung quang

Trong thc t ngi ta c gng chn L2 nh nht nu c th, trng hp ny xy

si DCF, n ch xp x ~20 m . Khi cng sut quang ln a vo DCF nh cng sut

Hnh 4.1: M hnh si DCF hai mode s dng cch t chu k di

bng khai truyn Taylor n bc 2 ta c : (5.1)

Bng cch khai trin thnh phn pha H(

= d m / dm (m = 0,1,...) c nh gi tn s sng mang quang