I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

NG THNH CNG
THAM S TRT T
CA POLARTION
TRONG QUANTUM WIRE
LUN VN TT NGHIP
Chuyn ngnh : VT L L THUYT
MSSV: 0913014
Gio vin hng dn:
TS.CAO HUY THIN
TP. H CH MINH - 2013
Li cm n
Em xin by t lng knh trng v bit n su sc ti Thy Cao Huy Thin, ngi
lun tn tnh hng dn, gip v to iu kin thun li nht cho em trong
sut thi gian thc hin lun vn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy (c) khoa vt l, Trng i Hc Khoa
Hc T Nhin truyn t nhng kin thc quan trng lm nn tng em i
tip con ng nghin cu khoa hc sau ny.
Em xin c by t lng bit n ti anh ng Vn Quan, on Tr Dng, v tt
c cc anh ch trong phng Vt l l thuyt Vin Vt L TP HCM gip v
ng vin em trong sut thi gian ti hon thnh kha lun.
Cui cng em xin gi li cm n n bn b v gia nh nhit tnh gip ,
khch l em trong sut thi gian hc tp v nghin cu va qua.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
2
Danh sch hnh v
1.1 th tn sc ca polariton v h s Hopfield tng ng,
0
= 6meV 20
1.2 th tn sc ca polariton v h s Hopfield tng ng,
0
= 0meV 21
1.3 th tn sc ca polariton v h s Hopfield tng ng,
0
= 6meV 21
3.1 Tn sc ca ploration nhnh di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 Xung bm c dng Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 ng hc ca than s trt t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4 Hm mt ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.5 S ph theo thi gian ca phn thc (ng nt lin) v phn o
(ng nt t) ca tham s trt t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.6 Hm phn b ht trng thi cn bng khi bm di ngng . . . . 43
3.7 Hm phn b ht trng thi cn bng khi bm trn ngng . . . . 43
3
Mc lc
1 Microcavity polariton trong quantum wire 6
1.1 Photon trong microcavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Exciton trong quantum wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Microcavity polariton trong quantum wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 ng hc ca microcavity polariton 22
2.1 Phng trnh ng hc lng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 Tham s trt t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.2 Hm phn b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 Gn ng Markov v phng trnh Boltzmann . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.1 Phng trnh Boltzmann cho tham s trt t . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.2 Phng trnh Boltzmann cho hm phn b . . . . . . . . . . 35
3 Gii s cc phng phng trnh ng hc Boltzmann 37
3.1 Cc cng thc tnh ton trong gii s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Kt qu gii s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Kt lun 44
Ph lc 45
3.3 Cc tnh ton cho cp 3 ton t a

k+q
a
k
a
q
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.1 Tnh cc giao hon t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.2 Tnh cc gi tr trung bnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 Cc tnh ton cho cp 4 ton t a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
. . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.1 Tnh cc giao hon t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.2 Tnh cc gi tr trung bnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Ti liu tham kho 57
4
M u
Trong vt l bn dn, gi ht exciton c bit n nh trng thi lin kt gia
in t vng dn v l trng vng ha tr thng qua tng tc coulomb gia in
t mang in tch m v l trng mang in tch dng. Trng thi exciton c
hnh thnh trong khi mt photon c nng lng i vo trong cht bn dn, kch
thch mt electron trong vng ha tr thay i trng thi nhy ln vng dn, li
mt "l trng" tch in dng vng ha tr. Electron trn vng dn sau lin
kt vi l trng vng ha tr thng qua tng tc coulomb to thnh mt h nh
nguyn t hydro. Trng thi lin kt c gi l trng thi ca mt exciton. Cc
Exciton chnh l trng phn cc ca vt cht p ng vi kch thch quang bn
ngoi. Trong gii hn trng yu, qu trnh tng tc ch xy ra theo mt chiu,
nh hng ca trng phn cc ln trng kch thch ban u khng ng k. Vi
mt trng ngoi mnh, nh hng ngc li ca trng phn cc ln trng
ngoi khng th b qua, khi trng in t bn trong cht bn dn l trng thi
trn gia trng phn cc v trng kch ban u. Trng thi trn gia exciton v
photon s hnh thnh nn mt loi gi ht c gi polariton. Cc ht photon sau
khi tng tc vi exciton, s nhanh chng thot ra ngoi, do cc polariton c
to thnh s rt t, gy kh khn cho vic quan st bng thc nghim cng nh kh
nng ng dng ca chng. khc phc iu ny ngi ta t bn trong cht bn
dn mt hp cng hng (microcavity) dng giam nht photon.
Trong lun vn ny, chng ti kho st v s ngng t ca polariton trong
quantum wire thng qua tham s trt t. Lun vn c chia lm 3 chng, ngoi
phn phn m u kt lun. Chng 1, Trnh by tng quan v microcavity polariton
trong quantum wires. Chng 2, S dng gn ng Markov dn ra phng trnh
ng hc Boltzmann t phng trnh Heisenberg cho tham s trt t v hm phn
b trong quantum wires. Cc tnh ton chi tit trong chng ny c thc hin
trong phn ph lc. Chng 3, Gii s cc phng trnh ng hc Boltzmann ca
polariton trong quantum wires kho st s ngng t ca h theo thi gian.
5
Chng 1
Microcavity polariton trong quantum
wire
1.1 Photon trong microcavity
Trong quantum wire, cc photon b giam nht 2 chiu trong microcavity. Gi s
quantum wires c t song song theo phng z, nh vy cc photon s b giam
nht theo phng x va y trong microcavity. xc nh tn sc ca photon trong
microcavity, ta bt u bng phng trnh sng c vit di dng
c(r, ) +

2
c
2
()c(r, ) = 0 (1.1)
V photon b giam theo 2 phng x v y, chuyn ng t do theo phng z, nn
ta c th vit nghim tng ng vi mode thp nht (n=0) di dng
c(r, ) = c
0
sin
_
x
L
c
_
sin
_
y
L
c
_
e
ik

(1.2)
Thay vo phng trnh sng trn, vi n =

, ta tm c tn s photon trong
microcavity tng ng vi mode thp nht c cho bi biu thc sau

c,k
=
c
n

2
2
L
2
c
+ k
2
|
(1.3)
tm biu din lng t ha th cp ca trng in t trong microcavity, ta
xut pht t nh ngha ca thnh phn in trng ca trng in t c dng
c(q, t) =
1
c

t
A(q, t) (1.4)
Trong A(q, t) l nh Fourier khng gian ca th vector A(r, t) ca trng
in t tha mn phng trnh sng
6
_

t
2
c
2

2
_
A(r, t) = 0 (1.5)
Nghim ca phng trnh sng c dng
A(r, t) = u
q
(r)e
i
q
t
(1.6)
Vi

q
=
c[q[

0
(1.7)
u
q
(r) =
1
L
3/2
e
ikr
(1.8)
ln lt l tn s v thnh phn m t s lan truyn trong khng gian ca sng
in t,

0
l hng s in mi nn
Trong microcavity phn ph thuc khng gian u
q
(r) c vit li di dng
u
q
(r) =
q
(r

)
e
iq

L
(1.9)
Trong
r = (r

, r
|
) vi r
|
= z , r

= (x, y)
q = (q

, q
|
) vi q
|
= q
z
, q

= (q
x
, q
y
)
xc nh
q
(r

) ta thay th vector A(r, t) vo phng trnh sng vi u

q
(r)
c cho nh trn, ta thu c phng trnh cho
q
(r

) trong mi lp in mi l
ca microcavity di dng
_

2
r
2

+
_
q
2
n
2
(q

)
q
2
|
_ _

q
(r

) = 0 (1.10)
Trong n(r

) =
_
(r

) l chit sut ca cc lp in mi
Trong biu din ha th cp, th vector A(r, t) ca trng in t c th c
khai trin theo cc nghim khng gian nh sau [1]
A(r, t) =

2c
2
h

k
_
b
k
u
k
(r) + b

k
u

k
(r)
_
(1.11)
7
Trong
k
l tn s ring ca trng trong microcavity, b

k
v b
k
ln lt l
cc ton t sinh hy photon trong mode ring tng ng. Thay th vector trn vo
phng trnh sng ta thu c cc h thc

t
b
k
= i
k
b
k
(1.12)

t
b

k
= i
k
b

k
(1.13)
Thay u
q
(r) =
q
(r

)
e
iq

L
vo th vector trn v vit li
A(r, t) =

2c
2
h

k
_
b
k

k
(r

)
e
ik

L
+ b

k
(r

)
e
ik

L
)
_
(1.14)
nh Fourier 1D ca phng trnh trn c dng
A(q
|
, r

, t) =

k
1
L
_
dr
|

2c
2
h

k
_
b
k

k
(r

)
e
ik

L
+ b

k
(r

)
e
ik

L
)
_
e
iq

=
1

2c
2
h

k
_
b
q

,q

,q

(r

) + b

,q

,q

(r

)
_
(1.15)
Da vo nh ngha ca thnh phn in trng c(q, t) =
1
c

t
A(q, t), v cc
h thc o hm cho cc ton t sinh hy photon, ta thu c dng biu din lng
t ha th cp ca in trng trong microcavity
c(q
|
, r

, t) =
1

i
_
2 h
q
_
b
q

,q

,q

(r

) b

,q

,q

(r

)
_
(1.16)
1.2 Exciton trong quantum wire
dn ra cc hm sng cho exciton ta xut pht t phng trnh schrodinger
m t chuyn ng tng i cp in t, l trng trong quantum wire (1D) c
vit di dng [1]

_
h
2

2
r

m
+ V (r
|
)
_

(r
|
) = E

(r
|
) (1.17)
Phng trnh trn c gi phng trnh Wannier. Trong
8
m l khi lng thu gn ca cp in t, l trng
m =
m
e
m
h
m
e
+ m
h
(1.18)
V (r
|
) l th tng tc coulomb 1D gia cp in t v l trng. Trong gn
ng, V c cho bi biu thc
V
1D
(r
|
) =
e
2

0
1

r
|

+ R
(1.19)
Vi
0
l hng s in mi nn, R l bn knh tr ca quantum wire.
n gin cho vic tnh ton, ta t li bin nh sau
= ([r
|
[ + R) (1.20)
Phng trinh Wannier c vit li
_

() =
2mE

h
2

() (1.21)
Trong
=
e
2
2m
r

0
h
2

=
2
a
0
(1.22)
Vi a
0
l bn kch Borh ca cp in t, l trng, c xc nh bi
a
0
=
h
2

0
e
2
m
(1.23)
Tng t nh nguyn t Hydro, trng thi lin kt ca electron v l trng tng
ng vi E
v
< 0 ( h
x
< E
g
), trng thi ion ha lin tc ng vi E

> 0 ( h
x
> E
g
)
Bng cch t
E
0
=
h
2
2ma
2
0
=
e
2
2
0
a
0
=
e
4
m
2
2
0
h
2
(1.24)
a
2
0

2
=
8mE

a
2
0
h
2
= 4
E

E
0
(1.25)
Ta thu c phng trnh Wannier di dng
_

2

2
+

1
4
_

() = 0 (1.26)
9
Trong
=
e
2
h
0
_

m
2E

e
4
m
2 h
2

2
E

=
_

E
0
E

(1.27)
T y ta suy ra biu thc nng lng lin kt ring ca exciton trong quantum
wires di dng
E

= E
0
1

2
(1.28)
Trong s lng t c xc nh t iu kin bin. Phng trnh Wannier
cho exciton trong quantum wires trn chnh l phng trnh Whittaker c vit
di dng
_

2

2
+

1
4
+
1/4
2

_
W
,
() = 0 (1.29)
Vi = 1/2. W
,
() l hm Whittaker. Trong gn ng dipole ta c th b
qua hm Whittaker l ,tng ng vi = 1/2. Nghim ring ca phng trnh
Whittaker vi cc hm chn c vit di dng
f

([r
|
[) = A

W
,1/2
_
2
_
[r
|
[ + R
_
a
0
_
(1.30)
l cc hm sng ring ca exciton tng ng vi cc tr ring trong quantum
wires. Trong , hng s chun ha A

c xc nh bi
A

=
1
a
0
__

R

dx

W
,1/2
(x)

2
_

1
2
(1.31)
Vi R

= 2R/(a
0
). Cc hm Whittaker c th c biu din di dng tch
phn nh sau
W
,1/2
() =
e
/2
(1 )
_

0
dte
t
_
1 +

t
_

(1.32)
Cc o hm tng ng vi l
W
,1/2
()

=
e
/2
(1 )
_

0
dte
t
_
1 +

t
_

1
2
+

+ t
_
(1.33)
10
Ti v tr gc r
|
= 0, ta c = R = 2R/(a
0
). Biu thc o hm ca cc
hm Whittaker trn b trit tiu. trng thi c bn, ta c
0
<< 1, v i vi
cc quantum wires c bn knh rt nh R << 1. Ta c biu thc sau
_

0
dte
t
_

1
2
+

+ t
_
0 (1.34)
Tnh tch phn trn vi << 1, v tr gn gc r
|
0, ta thu c biu thc
gn ng cho trng thi ring c bn trong thin quantum wires nh sau
1
2
+
0
ln
_
2R

0
a
0
_
= 0 (1.35)
Vi cc trng thi kch thch cao hn, tr ring
n
tin ti nhanh ti n khi n tng

n
n, vi biu thc

n
n =
1
ln
_
2R
na
0
_
(1.36)
Khi cc hm sng exciton ring ca cc trng thi kch thch cao cng c th
c vit qua cc a thc Laguerre nh sau
f

n
([r
|
[)

2
a
3
0
n
5
(n!)
2
e
|r

|
na
0
[r
|
[L
1
n
2[r
|
[
na
0
(1.37)
tm Hamiltonian t do ca exciton trong biu din lng t ha th cp.
Trc tin ta dn ra cc ton t sinh hy ca mt exciton trong trng thi ring
c xung lng K t cc ton t sinh hy in t v l trng. Trong biu din lng
t ha th cp t cc ton t sinh hy ca in t nh sau

k
= a

c,k
,
k
= a
c,k
(1.38)
v cc ton t sinh hy ca l trng nh sau

k
= a
v,k
,
k
= a

v,k
(1.39)
Trng thi ca mt exciton bt k (r) trong biu din Dirac c th khai trin
theo cc nghim

K
_
ca phng trnh Wannier
Nn c th vit ton t sinh, hy mt exciton trng thi K di dng
11
B

,K
=

K
_

(1.40)
B
,K
=

_
K

(1.41)
Mt khc ta cng c th khai trin trng thi ca mt exciton theo c s cc
sng phng

k, k
/
_
ca cp in t l trng, nn ta c

k
=

k, k
_

(1.42)

k
=

_
k, k

(1.43)
Ta nhn cc phng trnh ca cc cp sinh hy exciton vi h thc y ca
cp in t l trng

k,k

k, k
_
k, k

= 1 (1.44)
v s dng cc h thc trn, ta thu c
B

,K
=

k,k

k, k

K
_

k
(1.45)
B
,K
=

k,k

k, k
_

k
(1.46)
Mt khc c th vit

k, k

K
_
=
_
drdr

k, k

r, r
_
r, r

K
_
(1.47)
Trong

k, k

r, r
_
=
1

L
e
ikr
1

L
e
ikr
(1.48)

r, r

K
_
=
1

L
e
iK
m
e
r+m
h
r
M

(r r) (1.49)
Ta thu c

k, k

K
_
=
1

L
[K(k k)]

_
k +
m
h
M
K
_
(1.50)
12
Vi

(k) =
_
dr

()e
irk
(1.51)
l nh Fourier ca hm sng exciton m t chuyn ng tng i ca cp in
t, l trng tha mn phng trnh Wannier. Nh vy, cc ton t sinh hy exciton
c dng
B

,K
=
1

(k)

m
e
M
K+k

m
h
M
Kk
(1.52)
B
,K
=
1

(k)
m
e
M
K+k

m
h
M
Kk
(1.53)
Hamiltonian t do ca exciton trong biu din lng t ha th cp c vit
theo cc ton t sinh hy exciton nh sau
1
ex
=

,K
E
,K
B

,K
B
,K
(1.54)
Vi nng lng t do ca exciton
E
,K
= E
g
+ E

+
h
2
K
2
2(m
e
+ m
h
)
(1.55)
1.3 Microcavity polariton trong quantum wire
Ton t Hamiltonian tng tc ca cc ht ti t do vi trng nh sng trong
biu din lng t ha th cp c vit di dng sau
1
I
=
_
dr

(r)(er)c(r, t)(r) (1.56)

Trong
(r) l ton t trng ca cc ht ti t do
er l ton t moment lng cc
c(r, t) l trng in t
Khai trin cc ton t trng

(r) v (r) theo c s cc hm Bloch

13
(r) =

,k
a
,k

(r, k) (1.57)

(r) =

,k
a

,k

(r, k) (1.58)
Trong

(r, k) l cc hm Bloch. Trong 1D, cc hm Bloch c vit trong

gn ng cc hm bao di dng
(r, k) =

(r

)
e
ik

L
u

(k
|
0, r) (1.59)

(r, k) =

(r

)
e
ik

L
u

(k
|
0, r) (1.60)
Vi

(r

) =

(x)

(y) (1.61)
Bin i Fourier 1D ca trng in t c dng
c(r, t) =

c(q
|
, q

, t)e
iq

(1.62)
Hamiltonian tng tc by gi c vit li nh sau
1
I
=

,k

,q

,
a
k

1
L
_
d
3
r

(r

(r

)e
i(k

+q

)r

(0, r)eru

(0, r)c(q
|
, r

, t) (1.63)
Tch tch phn trong biu thc trn thnh tng theo tt c cc n v vi gi
thit
Cc hm

(r

) c xem nh hng s trn mi n v

cc tn s quang hc nh (q << 1) s thay i ca c(r, t) trn mi n
l khng ng k
Tch phn xem trn mi n v xem nh bng nhau trn ton b tinh th
Thc hin php thay th r r
u
+R
n
. Trong r
u
v R
n
ln lt l vector ta
trong mi n v v vector ta ca cc nt mng trong tinh th
14
1
I
=

,k

,q

,
a
k

1
L
N

n=1
e
i(k

+q

)R
n

(r

(r

)c(q
|
, r

, t)

_
dr
u
u

(0, r
u
)er
u
u

(0, r
u
)e
i(k

+q

)r
n

(1.64)
Trong tinh th c kch thc ln, tng theo cc n v c th c xp x nh
tch phn
N

n=1
. . .
1
L
3
_
dr

dr
|
. . . (1.65)
Vit li Hamiltonian tng tc nh sau
1
I
=

,k

,q

,
a
k

1
L
_
dr

dr
|
e
i(k

+q

)r

(r

(r

)c(q
|
, r

, t)

1
L
3
_
dr
u
u

(0, r
u
)er
u
u

(0, r
u
)e
i(k

+q

)r
n

(1.66)
S dng nh ngha ca hm delta

,k

+q

=
1
L
_
dr
|
e
i(k

+q

)r

(1.67)
Ta thu c Hamiltonian tng tc nh sau
1
I
=

,k

,q

,
a
k

,

k

,k

+q

_
dr

(r

(r

)c(q
|
, r

, t)

1
L
3
_
dr
u
u

(0, r
u
)er
u
u

(0, r
u
) (1.68)
S dng dng tng minh ca c(q
|
, r

, t) c dn ra phn trc
c(q
|
, r

, t) =
1

i
_
2 h
q
_
b
q

,q

,q

(r

) b

,q

,q

(r

)
_
(1.69)
V t cc k hiu
15
d
,
=
1
L
3
_
dr
u
u

(0, r
u
)er
u
u

(0, r
u
) (1.70)
(r

) =

(r

(r

) (1.71)
Ta vit li vit li Hamiltonian tng tc nh sau
1
I
= i

,q

_
dr

(r

)
d
,

_
2 h
q

L
a

,
a
k

_
b
q

,q

,q

(r

) b

,q

,q

(r

)
_
(1.72)
Trong gn ng 2 vng, ta c Hamiltonian tng tc nh sau
1
I
= i

,q

_
dr

(r

)
q

,q

(r

)
d
cv
_
2 h
q

_
a

c,k

a
v,k

+ a

v,k

a
c,k

__
b
q

,q

,q

_
(1.73)
thu c biu din Hamiltonian tng tc qua cc ton t sinh hy exciton
B

,q

v B
,q

, ta xut t biu thc cho cc ton t sinh hy exciton trong quantum

wire dn ra phn trn
B

,q

=
1

(k
/
|
)

m
e
M
q

+k

m
h
M
q

(1.74)
B
,q

=
1

(k
/
|
)
m
e
M
q

+k

m
h
M
q

(1.75)
Nhn 2 v vi

(
|
) biu thc cho ton t sinh exciton v

(
|
) biu thc
cho ton t hy exciton, vi ch

(k
/
|
)

(
|
) =

(
|
)

(k
/
|
) = L
k

(1.76)
Ta thu c
1

(
|
)B

,q

m
e
M
q

m
h
M
q

(1.77)
1

(
|
)B
,q

=
m
e
M
q

m
h
M
q

(1.78)
16
Thay
|
k
|

m
e
M
q
|
, ta vit li

=
1

_
k
|

m
e
M
q
|
_
B

,q

(1.79)

=
1

_
k
|

m
e
M
q
|
_
B
,q

(1.80)
Thay biu thc trn vo Hamiltonian tng tc, vi ch

= a
v,k

, v

(k
|
) =

_
dr
|

(r
|
)e
ik

= 2L

(r
|
= 0) (1.81)
Ta thu c Hamiltonian tng tc nh sau
1
I
= i h

,q

,q

(q
|
, q

)(B

,q

+ B
,q

)(b
q

,q

,q

) (1.82)
Trong
hg

(q
|
, q

) = d
cv

(r
|
= 0)
_
2
q
U(q
|
, q

) (1.83)
U(q
|
, q

) =
_
dr

(r

)
q

,q

(r

) (1.84)
Trong gn ng cng hng, ta c th b qua cc s hng khng cng hng
trong Hamiltonian tng tc, ta thu c
1
I
= i h

,q

,q

(q
|
, q

)(B

,q

b
q

,q

B
,q

,q

) (1.85)
Cng vi cc Hamiltonian t do ca exciton trong quantum wire v ca photon
trong microcavity
1
x
=

,q

h
x
,q

,q

B
,q

(1.86)
1
c
=

,q

h
c
q

,q

,q

b
q

,q

(1.87)
17
Vi cc tn s
x
,q

v
c
q

,q

ca exciton v photon c tnh bi

x
,q

=
x
,q

+
hk
2
2(m
e
+ m
h
)
(1.88)

c
q

,q

=
c
n
cav

2
2
L
c
+ k
2
(1.89)
Ta thu c Hamiltonian ton phn nh sau
1
tot
= h

x
,q

,q

B
,q

c
q

,q

,q

b
q

,q

,q

(q
|
, q

)
_
B

,q

b
q

,q

B
,q

,q

_
_
(1.90)
Mt cch gn ng ch xt ti trng thi thp nht ca exciton 1D trong quantum
wire v photon trong microcavity, ta c
1
tot
= h

x
q

B
q

+
c
q

b
q

ig
q

_
B

b
q

B
q

_
_
(1.91)
Vi
hg
q

= d
cv

1D
0
_
r
|
= 0
_
_
h
c
q

U(q
|
) (1.92)
Tip theo ta s cho ha Hamiltonian ton phn, v dng
1 = h

p
q

(1.93)
Trong p

v p
q

c xem nh cc ton t sinh, hy polariton, nh ngha

i dng t hp tuyn tnh ca cc ton t exciton v photon nh sau
p
q

= x
q

B
q

+ c
q
b
q
(1.94)
Trong x
q

v c
q
c gi l cc h s Hopfield, ln lt cho bit t l trn ca
exciton v photon trong trng thi polariton. Cc h s hopfield c xc nh
m bo ton t p
k
tha mn h thc giao hon
18
_
p
k

, p

k
_
=

x
q

2
+

c
q

2
= 1 (1.95)
v bi ton tr ring
_
p
k

, 1
tot
_
=
_
p
k

, 1
_
=

q
h
q
p
q
(1.96)
Xt bi ton tr ring, ta khai trin giao hon t trn, v ch cc h thc giao
hon
_
p , p

p
_
= p,
_
B , B

b
_
= b,
_
b , b

B
_
= B (1.97)
ta thu c

q
p
q
=
q
_
x
q
B
q
+ c
q
b
q
_
= x
q
_

c
q
B
q
ig
q
B
q
_
+ c
q
_

x
q
b
q
+ ig
q
B
q
_
(1.98)
So snh cc h s ca B
q
v b
q
ta thu c h phng trnh sau
_

c
q

_
x
q

+ ig
q

c
q

= 0
ig
q

x
q

+
_

x
q

_
c
q

= 0 (1.99)
h phng trnh trn c nghim th nh thc ca cc h s x
q

v c
q

phi
trit tiu,
_

c
q

__

x
q

_
g
2
q

= 0 (1.100)
Nghim ca phng trnh trn l ph nng lng t do ca polariton trong
microcavity, c dng

=
1
2
_

c
q

+
x
q

1
2
_
_

c
q

x
q

_
2
+ 4g
q
2

(1.101)
Thay h thc giao hon ca polartion vo h phng trnh trn ta c cc h
s Hopfield
19
x

x
q

c
q

x
q

(1.102)
c

= i

c
q

c
q

x
q

(1.103)
Trong du + ch nhnh trn v du ch nhnh di ca polariton trong
microcavity.
Bn di l cc th tn sc ca polariton v cc h s Hopfield tng ng. Vi
l lch cng hng c nh ngha

0
= E
c
0
E
x
0
(1.104)
Hnh 1.1: th tn sc ca polariton v h s Hopfield tng ng,
0
= 6meV
20
Hnh 1.2: th tn sc ca polariton v h s Hopfield tng ng,
0
= 0meV
Hnh 1.3: th tn sc ca polariton v h s Hopfield tng ng,
0
= 6meV
21
Chng 2
ng hc ca microcavity polariton
Trong chng ny, chng ti dn ra phng trnh trnh ng hc cho tham s
trt t p(t) v hm phn b n
k
(t) trong quantum wire c nh ngha nh sau
p(t) =
1

a
0
(t)
_
(2.1)
n
k
(t) =

k
(t)a
k
(t)
_
(k ,= 0) (2.2)
Phn b ht ti k = 0 c tnh theo gn ng nh sau
n
0
=

0
(t)a
0
(t)
_

a
0
(t)a

0
(t)
_
=

a
0
(t)
_

a
0
(t)
_
= L

p(t)

2
(2.3)
Hm phn b ton phn ca polariton c tnh theo cng thc
N(t) =

k
n
k
(t) + L

p(t)

2
(2.4)
Xut pht t Hamiltonian
1 = 1
0
+1
int
=

k
a

k
a
k
+
1
2

k,k

,q
V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
(2.5)
Trong
1
0
l s hng m t nng lng t do ca polariton
1
int
l s hng m t nng lng tng tc Coulomb gia cc polariton. Trong
quantum wire th V c ly nh 1 hng s
22
xy dng cc phng trnh ng hc cho tham s trt t v hm phn b ta
s dng phng trnh chuyn ng Heisengerg cho ton t
d
dt
A =
i
h
_
1, A
_
(2.6)
V p dng cc h thc giao hon cho cc ton t trng boson
_
a
k
, a
k

_
= 0 ,
_
a

k
, a

_
= 0 ,
_
a
k
, a

_
=
k,k
(2.7)
Sau ly trung bnh v thc hin tha s ha bng cch s dng nh l Wick
khai trin. Vi ch , trung bnh ca cc ton t trng phi tha mn cc iu
kin sau
_
_
_

k
_
=

a
k
_
= 0 (k ,= 0)

k
a

_
=

a
k
a
k

_
= 0

k
a
k

_
=
k,k

k
a
k
_
(2.8)
Cui cng s dng gn ng Markov a cc phng trnh ng hc lng t v
dng phng trnh Bolzmann m t ng hc bn c in ca microcavity polariton
Cc tnh ton chi tit trong chng ny c thc hin trong phn ph lc
2.1 Phng trnh ng hc lng t
2.1.1 Tham s trt t
Phng trnh chuyn ng cho tham s trt t c dng
d
dt
p =
1

L
d
dt

a
0
_
(2.9)
Xt phng trnh chuyn ng cho ton t a
0
d
dt
a
0
=
i
h
_
1, a
0
_
=
i
h
_
1
0
, a
0
_
+
i
h
_
1
int
, a
0
_
(2.10)
Tnh cc giao hon t
_
1
0
, a
0
_
=
_

k
a

a
k
, a
0
_
=

k
_
a

, a
0
_
a
k

k,0
a
k
=
0
a
0
(2.11)
23
_
1
int
, a
0
_
=
_

k,k

,q
V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
, a
0
_
=

k,k

,q
V
_
a

k+q
, a
0
_
a

q
a
k
a
k
+

k,k

,q
V a

k+q
_
a

q
, a
0
_
a
k
a
k

=
1
2

,q
V a

q
a
k
a
q

1
2

k,q
V a

+q
a
k
a
q
=

k,q
V a

k+q
a
k
a
q
(2.12)
Ly trung bnh ta thu c
d
dt

a
0
_
=
i
h
_

a
0
_
+

k,q
V
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
_
(2.13)
Tch phn k = 0, q = 0, k = q trong tng ca s th 2

k,q
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=

k,=0,q,=0
k,=q
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
2

k,=0
_
a

k
a
k
a
0
_

q,=0
_
a

0
a
q
a
q
_

_
a

0
a
0
a
0
_
(2.14)
tnh 3 s hng cui ta thc hin tha s ha

k,=0
_
a

k
a
k
a
0
_
=

k,=0

k
a
k
_
a
0
_
+

k,=0

k
a
0
_
a
k
_
+

k,=0

k
_
a
k
a
0
_
(2.15)

q,=0
_
a

0
a
q
a
q
_
=

q,=0

0
a
q
_
a
q
_
+

q,=0

0
a
q
_
a
q
_
+

q,=0

0
_
a
q
a
q
_
(2.16)
_
a

0
a
0
a
0
_
=

0
a
0
_
a
0
_
+

0
a
0
_
a
0
_
+

0
_
a
0
a
0
_
(2.17)
B cc s hng d thng cui v s dng cc nh ngha, ta thu c

k,=0
_
a

k
a
k
a
0
_
=

k,=0

k
a
k
_
a
0
_
+

k,=0

0
a
0
_

k,0

a
k
_
= n
k

a
0
_
(2.18)

q,=0
_
a

0
a
q
a
q
_
=

q,=0

0
a
q
_

q,0

a
q
_
+

q,=0

0
a
q
_

q,0

a
q
_
= 0 (2.19)
_
a

0
a
0
a
0
_
= 2

0
a
0
_
a
0
_
= 2L

a
0
_
(2.20)
24
Thay vo trn v s dng biu thc ca hm phn b ton phn, ta thu c
d
dt

a
0
_
=
i
h
_

0
+ 2V N
_

a
0
_

i
h

k,=0
q,=0,-k
V
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
(2.21)
Trong thc t ta phi thm vo phng trnh trn s hng m t s r t pht
ca polariton trong microcavity. Thc hin thm vo phng trnh trn s hng r
t pht
0
ca polariton, ta thu c
d
dt

a
0
_
=
i
h
_

0
+ 2V N
_

a
0
_

a
0
_

i
h

k,=0
q,=0,-k
V
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
(2.22)
xc nh
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
ta xt phng trnh chuyn ng
d
dt
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
=
i
h
_
1, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
i
h
_
1
0
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
+
i
h
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
(2.23)
Tnh cc giao hon t
_
1
0
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
_

k
a

a
k
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
k+q
a

k+q
a
k
a
q

k
a

k+q
a
q
a
k

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
=
_

k+q

q
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
(2.24)
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
_
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a
k
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
1
2

,q

V a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a
q
a
k
+
1
2

,q

V a

+k+q
a

a
k
a
k
a
q

1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a
q
a

a
k
a
kq

1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a
k
a

a
k
a
qq

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
q
a
k+q
a
k

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
k
a
q+q
a
k

(2.25)
25
Thay tt c vo trn v ly tr trung bnh, ta thu c
d
dt
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
= i
_

k+q

q
__
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
+
i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a
q
a
k

_
+
i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+k+q
a

a
k
a
k
a
q
_

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

k+q
a
q
a

a
k
a
kq

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

k+q
a
k
a

a
k
a
qq

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+q

k+q
a
q
a
k+q
a
k

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+q

k+q
a
k
a
q+q
a
k

_
(2.26)
Tip theo ta thc hin tha s ha cc s hng cha V cui phng trnh trn
bng cch s dng nh l Wick khai trin

,q

_
a

k+q
a
q
a

a
kq
a
k

_
=

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
q
a

q
_
a
0
_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
q
a

q
_
a
0
_
= n
k+q
n

a
0
_
+ n
k+q
n

a
0
_
= 2n
k+q
(1 + n
q
)

a
0
_
(2.27)

,q

_
a

k+q
a
k
a

a
qq
a
k

_
=

k+q
a
q+k
_
a
k
a

k
_
a
0
_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
k
a

k
_
a
0
_
= n
k+q
n

a
0
_
+ n
k+q
n

a
0
_
= 2n
k+q
(1 + n
k
)

a
0
_
(2.28)

,q

_
a

k+q
a
k
a

a
qq
a
k

_
=

q
a
q
_
a

k+q
a
q+k
_
a
0
_
+

q
a
q
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
0
_
= n
q
n
k+q

a
0
_
+ n
q
n
k+q

a
0
_
= 2n
q
n
k+q

a
0
_
(2.29)
26

,q

_
a

+q

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
q+q

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
0
_
+

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
q+k
_
a
0
_
= n
k
n
k+q

a
0
_
+ n
k
n
k+q

a
0
_
= 2n
k
n
k+q

a
0
_
(2.30)

,q

_
a

+k+q
a

a
k
a
q
a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

q
a
q
_
a
0
_
+

q
a
q
_
a

k
a
k
_
a
0
_
= n
k
n
q

a
0
_
+ n
q
n
k

a
0
_
= 2n
k
n
q

a
0
_
(2.31)

,q

_
a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a
k
a
q
_
=

k
a
k
_
a

q
a
q
_
a
0
_
+

q
a
q
_
a

k
a
k
_
a
0
_
= n
k
n
q

a
0
_
+ n
q
n
k

a
0
_
= 2n
k
n
q

a
0
_
(2.32)
Thay tt c vo phng trnh trn v thm vo s hng r t pht
k,q
ta thu c
d
dt
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
= i
_
_

k+q

q
_

k,q
_
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
+
2i
h
V
_
n
k
n
q
(1 + n
k+q
) n
k+q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
q
)
_

a
0
_
(2.33)
2.1.2 Hm phn b
Phng trnh chuyn ng cho hm phn b c dng
d
dt
n
k
=
d
dt

k
a
k
_
(2.34)
Xt phng trnh chuyn ng ca cp ton t a

k
a
k
d
dt
a

k
a
k
=
i
h
_
1, a

k
a
k
_
=
i
h
_
1
0
, a

k
a
k
_
+
i
h
_
1
int
, a

k
a
k
_
(2.35)
27
Tnh cc giao hon t
_
1
0
, a

k
a
k
_
=
_

k
a

a
k
, a

k
a
k
_
=

k
a

k
_
a

, a
k
_
a
k
+

k
a

_
a
k
, a

k
_
a
k
=

k
a

k,k
a
k
+

k
a

k,k
a
k
=
k
a

k
a
k

k
a

k
a
k
= 0 (2.36)
_
1
int
, a

k
a
k
_
=
_
1
2

,k

,q
V a

+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
, a

k
a
k
_
=
1
2

,k

,q
V a

k
_
a

+q
, a
k
_
a

q
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q
V a

+q
a

k
_
a

q
, a
k
_
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q
V a

+q
a

q
_
a
k
, a

k
_
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q
V a

+q
a

q
a
k

_
a
k
, a

k
_
a
k
=
1
2

,q
V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
+
1
2

,q
V a

+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

1
2

,q
V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

1
2

,q
V a

k
a

+q
a
k+q
a
k
=

,q
V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

,q
a

k
a

a
k+q
a
k

q
(2.37)
Thay vo phng trnh trn v ly trung bnh, ta thu c
d
dt
n
k
=
i
h

,q
V
_
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
a

k
a

a
k+q
a
k

q
_
_
(2.38)
Ta c nhn xt sau
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

=
_
a

k
a

a
k+q
a
k

q
_
(2.39)
28
Mc khc
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

= 2i
_
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
_
(2.40)
Thay vo phng trnh trn v thm vo s hng r t pht
k
ca polartion, ta
thu c
d
dt
n
k
=
k
n
k
+
2
h

,q
V
_
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
_
(2.41)
xc nh s hng 4 ton t
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
ta xt phng trnh chuyn ng
d
dt
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
=
i
h
_
1, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
i
h
_
1
0
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
+
i
h
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
(2.42)
Tnh cc giao hon t
_
1
0
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
_

k
a

a
k
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
k
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

k
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

+
k+q
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
+
k

q
a

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

=
_

k+q
+
kq

q
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
(2.43)
29
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
_
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a
k
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
kq
a
k

1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
k

q
a
k

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k+q

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+q

+
1
2

,q

V a

+k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,q

V a

+k

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,q

V a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a

q
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,q

V a

+q

+k

q
a
k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k
(2.44)
Thay tt c vo phng trnh trn v ly tr trung bnh, ta thu c
30
d
dt
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
= i
_

k+q
+
k

q
__
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
kq
a
k

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
k

q
a
k

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k+q

i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+q

_
+
i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

_
+
i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+k

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
k

_
+
i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
+
i
2 h

,q

V
_
a

+q

+k

q
a
k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

_
(2.45)
Tip theo ta thc hin tha s ha cc s hng cha V cui phng trnh trn
bng cch s dng nh l Wick khai trin

,q

_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
kq
a
k

_
=

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

_
= n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) + n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)
= 2n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) (2.46)

,q

_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
k

q
a
k

_
=

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

k
_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

k
_
= n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) + n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)
= 2n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) (2.47)
31

,q

_
a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k+q

_
=

a
k

_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
q+k

_
+

a
k

_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
= n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
+ n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
= 2n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
(2.48)

,q

_
a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+q

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
+

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
q+k

_
= n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
+ n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
= 2n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
(2.49)

,q

_
a

+k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a

q
a
k

q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
= n
k
n
k
n
k

q
+ n
k
n
k
n
k

q
= 2n
k
n
k
n
k

q
(2.50)

,q

_
a

+k

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
= n
k
n
k
n
k+q
+ n
k
n
k
n
k+q
= 2n
k
n
k
n
k+q
(2.51)

,q

_
a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a
k

q
a

q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a
k

q
a

q
_
= n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k

q
) + n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k

q
)
= 2n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k

q
) (2.52)
32

,q

_
a

+q

+k

q
a
k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a
k+q
a

k+q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a
k+q
a

k+q
_
= n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
) + n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
)
= 2n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
) (2.53)
Thay tt c vo phng trnh trn v thm vo s hng r t pht
k,k

,q
ta thu
c
d
dt
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
_
=
_
i
_

k+q
+
k

k,k

,q
_
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
_
+
2i
h
V
_
n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
)(1 + n
k

q
) n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
k
)
_
(2.54)
2.2 Gn ng Markov v phng trnh Boltzmann
Cc phng trnh trn u c dng sau:
d
dt
A(t) = i( + i)A(t) + (t) (2.55)
Nghim c vit di dng:
A(t) = A(t
0
)e
i(+i)(tt
0
)
+
_
t
t
0
de
i(+i)(t)
() (2.56)
Nhn xt:
S hng u cha e
i(tt
0
)
, l tha s dao ng nhanh khi t , do khi
ly trung bnh theo thi gian s hng u s trit tiu.
S hng th 2 cha tt c thng tin ca h trong qu kh. Phn b ti thi
im t khng ch ph thuc vo cc c ch tn x tc thi m cn phu thuc
vo cc c ch tn x trong qu kh ,c bit n nh hiu ng nh trong bi
ton ng hc lng t.
33
Nu ta xt h trong khong thi gian ln, hiu ng nh c th c b qua v
phng trnh ng hc lng t quay tr v phng trnh Boltzmann bn c in.
Vic b qua hiu ng nh c bit n nh gn ng Markov. iu ny tng
ng vi vic a (t) ra khi du tch phn.
A(t) = (t)
_
t

dt
/
e
i(+i)(tt

)
(2.57)
Vi
_
t

dt
/
e
i(+i)(tt

)
=
i
+ i
= T
_
i

_
+ () (2.58)
Ta thu c
A(t) = (t)
_
T
_
i

_
+ ()
_
(2.59)
2.2.1 Phng trnh Boltzmann cho tham s trt t
Phng trnh chuyn ng cho tham s trt t c dng sau
d
dt

a
0
_
=
i
h
_

0
+ 2V N
_

a
0
_

a
0
_

i
h

k,=0
q,=0,-k
V
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
(2.60)
Trong
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
c xc nh bi phng trnh chuyn ng
d
dt
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
_
i
_

k+q

q
_

k,q
_
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
+
2i
h
V
_
n
k
n
q
(1 + n
k+q
) n
k+q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
q
)
_

a
0
_
(2.61)
Trong gn ng on nhit b qua dao ng nhanh ca bin ngng t
a
0
(t
/
) = a
0
(t)e
i
0
(tt

)
(2.62)
34
S dng gn ng Markov, ta thu c
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
2i
h
V
_
n
k
n
q
(1 + n
k+q
) n
k+q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
q
)
_

a
0
_

_
T
_
i

k
+
q

k+q

0
_
+
_

k
+
q

k+q

0
_
_
(2.63)
Thay vo phng trnh chuyn ng ca tham s trt t, ta thu c
d
dt

a
0
_
=
i
h
_

0
+ 2V N
_

a
0
_

a
0
_
+
2
h
2

k,=0
q,=0,-k
V
2
_
n
k
n
q
(1 + n
k+q
) n
k+q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
q
)
_

a
0
_

_
T
_
i

k
+
q

k+q

0
_
+
_

k
+
q

k+q

0
_
_
(2.64)
2.2.2 Phng trnh Boltzmann cho hm phn b
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca hm phn b c dng
d
dt
n
k
=
k
n
k
+
2
h

,q
V
_
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
_
_
(2.65)
Trong
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
_
c xc nh bi phng trnh chuyn ng
d
dt
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
_
=
_
i
_

k+q
+
k

k,k

,q
_
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
_
+
2i
h
V
_
n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
)(1 + n
k

q
) n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
k
)
_
(2.66)
S dng gn ng Markov, ta thu c
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
_
=
2
h
V
_
n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
)(1 + n
k

q
) n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
k
)
_

_
T
_
1

k+q
+
k

_
+ i
_

k+q
+
k

_
_
(2.67)
35
Thay phn o ca biu thc trn, s hng cha hm , vo phng trnh chuyn
ng ca hm phn b, ta thu c
d
dt
n
k
=
k
n
k
+
4
h
2

,q
V
2

k+q
+
k

_
n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
)(1 + n
k

q
) n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
k
)
_
(2.68)
36
Chng 3
Gii s cc phng phng trnh ng
hc Boltzmann
Trong chng ny, chng ti thc hin gii s phng trnh ng hc Boltzmann
ca tham s trt t v hm phn b
3.1 Cc cng thc tnh ton trong gii s
Nng lng ca polariton nhnh di c tnh bi cng thc
E

k
=
1
2
_
E
c
k
+ E
x
k

_
(E
c
k
E
x
k
)
2
+ ( h)
2
_
(3.1)
Vi E
c
k
v E
x
k
c xc nh bi cng thc
E
c
k
=
hc
n
cav

2
2
L
2
c
+ k
2
=

(E
c
0
)
2
+
_
hkc
n
cav
_
2
=

(
0
E
x
0
)
2
+
_
hkc
n
cav
_
2
(3.2)
E
x
k
= E
x
0
+
h
2
k
2
2(m
e
+ m
h
)
(3.3)
Trong
E
c
k
l nng lng ca photon trong microcavity
E
x
k
l nng lng ca exciton trong quantum wire
E
x
0
l nng lng ca exciton trng thi c bn (k = 0)
E
c
0
l nng lng ca photon khi chiu thng gc vi quantum wire (k
c

= 0)

0
l lch cng hng c nh ngha bi biu thc
0
= E
c
0
E
x
0
m
e
l khi lng hiu dng ca electron trong quantum wire
37
m
h
l khi lng hiu dng ca l trng trong quantum wire
n
cav
l chit sut ca mi trng bn trong microcavity
L
c
l kch thc ca microcavity tha mn biu thc L
c
= n
cav
(2/
c
)
h l tch Rabi
k l vector sng 1D trong quantum wire
H s r ca polariton nhnh i c tnh bi cng thc

k
=
1

k
=

c
k

c
+

x
k

x
(3.4)

k
l thi gian sng ca cc polariton

c
l thi gian sng ca photon trong microcavity

x
l thi gian sng ca exciton trong quantum wire
c
k
v x
k
l cc h s Hopfield, tha mn h thc

c
k

2
+

x
k

2
= 1 (3.5)
c tnh bi cc cng thc

x
k

2
=
1
2
_
1 +
E
x
k
E
c
k
_
(E
x
k
E
c
k
)
2
+
2
_
(3.6)

c
k

2
=
1
2
_
1
E
x
k
E
c
k
_
(E
x
k
E
c
k
)
2
+
2
_
(3.7)
Trong thc t, gii s cc phng trnh chuyn ng ca hm phn b, ta
phi thm vo s hng m t ngun kch thch ca polariton c dng sau
P
k
(t) = P
k
H(t) (3.8)
Trong
P
k
m t s phn b polariton theo xung lng v thng c gi s c dng
Gauss
P
k
= P
0
e
h
2
(kk
p
)
2
2m
x
E
(3.9)
38
H(t) m t s ph thuc thi gian ca ngun bm kch thch. Trong trng
hp bm lin tc n c dng
H(t) = tanh
_
t
t
0
_
(3.10)
Cc phng trnh ng hc Boltzmann ca tham s trt t v hm phn b
d
dt

a
0
_
=
i
h
_

0
+ 2V N
_

a
0
_

a
0
_
+
2
h
2

k,=0
q,=0,-k
V
2
_
n
k
n
q
(1 + n
k+q
) n
k+q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
q
)
_

a
0
_

_
T
_
i

0
+
k+q

q
_
+
_

0
+
k+q

q
_
_
(3.11)
d
dt
n
k
=
k
n
k
+
4
h
2

,q
V
2

k+q
+
k

_
n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
)(1 + n
k

q
) n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)(1 + n
k
)
_
(3.12)
3.2 Kt qu gii s
gii s cc phng trnh ng hc, cc thng s c trng cho mu nh sau
[2][7]
kch thc ca quantum wire L = 20m
tch Rabi h = 6meV
lch cng hng
0
= 0meV
Nng lng exciton trng thi c bn E
x
0
= 1616meV
Hng s lin kt Coulomb V = 1.2 10
3
meV
Khi lng hiu dng ca electron m
e
= 0.067m0
39
Khi lng hiu dng ca l trng m
h
= 0.45m0
Chic sut ca microcavity n
cav
= 3.43
Thi gian sng ca exciton trong quantum wire
x
= 200ps
Thi gian sng ca l photon trong microcavity
c
= 15ps
Chng ti bm khch thch hai bn ca trng thi c bn (3.2)ca cc polariton
nhnh di, thi gian kho st trong khong 1500 (ps) h thit lp trng thi
cn bng. Khi thay i cc cng bm khch thch khc nhau, chng ti thy
khi xung kch thch nh phn b ht cn dng ca xung bm kch thch. Khi tng
cng bm kch thch phn b ht bt u tp trung v trng thi c bn, v
khi t ngng ngng t th phn b ht tp trung ch yu v trng thi c bn.
Hnh 3.1: Tn sc ca ploration nhnh di
Trong hnh 3.1, cho thy ph nng lng ca polariton nhnh di trong quantum
wire. Hnh 3.2, cho thy xung bm 2 bn trng thi c bn, c dng xung Guass.
Trong hnh 3.3, cho thy khi bm trn trn ngng, bin ngng t nhanh sau
t trng thi cn bng, vi mt ht ton phn cho trong hnh 3.4, v hm
mt phn b n
k
cho trong hnh 3.7
Hnh 3.5, cho thy phn thc v phn o ca tham s trt t dao ng nhanh
vi cng tn s.
Khi cng bm dui ngng, phn b ca cc polariton vn cn gi dng
xung Gauss kch thch (3.6).
Khi bm trn ngng hu ht cc polation tp trung v trng thi c bn (3.7).
40
Hnh 3.2: Xung bm c dng Gauss
Hnh 3.3: ng hc ca than s trt t
41
Hnh 3.4: Hm mt ton phn
Hnh 3.5: S ph theo thi gian ca phn thc (ng nt lin) v phn o (ng nt t) ca
tham s trt t
42
Hnh 3.6: Hm phn b ht trng thi cn bng khi bm di ngng
Hnh 3.7: Hm phn b ht trng thi cn bng khi bm trn ngng
43
Kt lun
Lun vn ch yu kho st ng hc ngng t ca polariton trong quantum wire
thng qua vic kho st tham s trt t ca polariton. thc hin iu ny chng
ti s dng phng chuyn ng Heisenberg, sau dng gn ng Markov dn
ra cc phng trnh Boltzmann trong gn ng bn c in cho tham s trt t v
phn b.
Bng cch gii s cc phng trnh dng hc Boltzmann cho tham s trt t v
hm phn b trong c ch tn x polariton-polariton vi iu kin kch thch lin
tc. Chng ti nhn thy vi cng bm trn ngng, v thi gian kho st
di, th bin ngng t ca h tng nhanh sau t trng thi cn bng. Phn
ln phn b ht ca h tp trung v trng thi c bn. Phn thc v phn o ca
tham s trt t dao ng iu ha theo thi gian vi cng tn s. Qua vic kho st
tham s trt t ca polariton, chng ta thu c mt c mt s kt qu cho thy
mt cch nh tnh qua trnh khuch i, qua nh gi c trng thi ngng t
ca polariton. C th m rng bi ton bng vic kho st thm s ng gp ca
cc s hng d thng.
44
Ph lc
Hamiltonian ton phn ca h
1 = 1
0
+1
int
=

k
a

k
a
k
+
1
2

k,k

,q
V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
(3.13)
tnh cc giao hon t ta s dng cng thc sau
_

n
A
n
,

m
B
m
_
=

i,j
_
_

n<i
A
n
__

m<j
B
m
__
A
i
, B
j
__

m>j
B
m
__

n>i
A
n
_
_
(3.14)
Vi cc ch sau
_
a
k
, a
k

_
= 0 ,
_
a

k
, a

_
= 0 ,
_
a
k
, a

_
=
k,k
(3.15)
tha s ha tr trung bnh ca cc cp ton t ta s dng nh l Wick
khai trin
_

n
A
n
_
=

i,=1
_
A
1
A
i
__

n,=1,i
A
n
_
(3.16)
Vi cc ch sau

k
_
=

a
k
_
= 0 (k ,= 0)

k
a

_
=

a
k
a
k

_
= 0

k
a
k

_
=
k,k

k
a
k
_

a
k
a

_
=
k,k
(1 +

k
a
k

_
) (3.17)
45
3.3 Cc tnh ton cho cp 3 ton t a

k+q
a
k
a
q
3.3.1 Tnh cc giao hon t
_
1
0
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
_

k
a

a
k
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=

k
a

k+q
_
a

, a
k
_
a
q
a
k
+

k
a

k+q
a
k
_
a

, a
q
_
a
k

k
a

_
a
k
, a

k+q
_
a
k
a
q
=

k
a

k+q
a
q
a
k

k

,k

k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

k

,q
+

k
a

a
k
a
q

,k+q
=
k
a

k+q
a
q
a
k

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
+
k+q
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
=
_

k+q

q
_
a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
_
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a
k
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
_
a

+q

, a
k
_
a
q
a

a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
a
k
_
a

+q

, a
q
_
a

a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
_
a

, a
k
_
a
q
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
k
_
a

, a
q
_
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

_
a
k
, a

k+q
_
a
k
a
q
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k

_
a
k
, a

k+q
_
a
k
a
q
(3.18)
46
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a
k
a
q
_
=
1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
a
q
a

a
k
a
k

k

+q

,k

1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
a
k
a

a
k
a
k

k

+q

,q

1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
q
a
k
a
k

k

,k

1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
k

k

,q
+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a
q
a
k

k

,k+q
+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a
k
a
q

,k+q
=
1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a
q
a

a
kq
a
k

1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a
k
a

a
qq
a
k

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
q
a
k
a
k+q

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
q+q

+
1
2

,q

V a

+k+q
a

a
k
a
q
a
k
+
1
2

,q

V a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a
k
a
q
(3.19)
3.3.2 Tnh cc gi tr trung bnh

,q

_
a

k+q
a
q
a

a
kq
a
k

_
=

,q

k+q
a
kq

kq

,k+q

a
q
a

,q

a
k

_
+

,q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

a
q
a

,q

a
kq

_
=

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
q
a

q
_
a
0
_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
q
a

q
_
a
0
_
= n
k+q
n

a
0
_
+ n
k+q
n

a
0
_
= 2n
k+q
(1 + n
q
)

a
0
_
(3.20)
47

,q

_
a

k+q
a
k
a

a
qq
a
k

_
=

,q

k+q
a
qq

qq

,k+q

a
k
a

,k

a
k

_
+

,q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

a
k
a

,k

a
qq

_
=

k+q
a
q+k
_
a
k
a

k
_
a
0
_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
k
a

k
_
a
0
_
= n
k+q
n

a
0
_
+ n
k+q
n

a
0
_
= 2n
k+q
(1 + n
k
)

a
0
_
(3.21)

,q

_
a

+q

k+q
a
q
a
k
a
k+q

_
=

,q

+q

a
q
_

q,k

+q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

a
k+q

_
+

,q

+q

a
q
_

q,k

+q

k+q
a
k+q

k+q

,k+q

a
k

_
=

q
a
q
_
a

k+q
a
q+k
_
a
0
_
+

q
a
q
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
0
_
= n
q
n
k+q

a
0
_
+ n
q
n
k+q

a
0
_
= 2n
q
n
k+q

a
0
_
(3.22)

,q

_
a

+q

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
q+q

_
=

,q

+q

a
k
_

k,k

+q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

a
q+q

_
+

,q

+q

a
k
_

k,k

+q

k+q
a
q+q

q+q

,k+q

a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a
0
_
+

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
q+k
_
a
0
_
= n
k
n
k+q

a
0
_
+ n
k
n
k+q

a
0
_
= 2n
k
n
k+q

a
0
_
(3.23)
48

,q

_
a

+k+q
a

a
k
a
q
a
k

_
=

,q

+k+q
a
k
_

k,q

+k+q

a
q
_

q,k

a
k

_
+

,q

+k+q
a
q
_

q,q

+k+q

a
k
_

k,k

a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

q
a
q
_
a
0
_
+

q
a
q
_
a

k
a
k
_
a
0
_
= n
k
n
q

a
0
_
+ n
q
n
k

a
0
_
= 2n
k
n
q

a
0
_
(3.24)

,q

_
a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a
k
a
q
_
=

,q

+q

a
k
_

k,k

+q

+k+q
a
q
_

q,q

+k+q

a
k

_
+

,q

+q

a
q
_

q,k

+q

+k+q
a
k
_

k,q

+k+q

a
k

_
=

k
a
k
_
a

q
a
q
_
a
0
_
+

q
a
q
_
a

k
a
k
_
a
0
_
= n
k
n
q

a
0
_
+ n
q
n
k

a
0
_
= 2n
k
n
q

a
0
_
(3.25)
49
3.4 Cc tnh ton cho cp 4 ton t a

k+q
a

k
/
q
a
k
a
k
/
3.4.1 Tnh cc giao hon t
_
1
0
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
_

k
a

a
k
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=

k
a

k+q
a

q
_
a

, a
k
_
a
k
a
k

k
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
_
a

, a
k

_
a
k

k
a

_
a
k
, a

k+q
_
a

q
a
k
a
k

k
a

k+q
_
a
k
, a

q
_
a
k
a
k

k
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

k

,k

k
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

k

,k

k
a

q
a
k
a
k

k

,k+q
+

k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

k

q
=
k
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

k
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

+
k+q
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
+
k

q
a

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

=
_

k+q
+
kq

q
_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
(3.26)
50
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
_
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a
k
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
_
a

+q

, a
k
_
a
k
a

a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
_
a

+q

, a
k

_
a

a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
_
a

, a
k
_
a
k
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
_
a

, a
k

_
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

_
a
k
, a

k+q
_
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
_
a
k
, a

q
_
a
k
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k

_
a
k
, a

k+q
_
a

q
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a

k+q
_
a
k
, a

q
_
a
k
a
k

=
1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
k
a
k

k

+q

,k

1
2

,k

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
k
a
k

k

+q

,k

1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

k

,k

1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

k

,k

+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

k

,k+q
+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
k

k

,k

q
+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a

q
a
k
a
k

k

,k+q
+
1
2

,k

,q

V a

+q

a
k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

k

,k

q
(3.27)
51
_
1
int
, a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=
1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
kq
a
k

1
2

,q

V a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
k

q
a
k

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k+q

1
2

,q

V a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+q

+
1
2

,q

V a

+k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,q

V a

+k

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,q

V a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a

q
a
k
a
k

+
1
2

,q

V a

+q

+k

q
a
k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k
(3.28)
3.4.2 Tnh cc gi tr trung bnh

,q

_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
kq
a
k

_
=

,q

k+q
a
kq

kq

,k+q

q
a
k

,k

a
k
a

,k

,q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

q
a
kq

kq

,k

a
k
a

,k

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

_
= n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) + n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)
= 2n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) (3.29)
52

,q

_
a

k+q
a

q
a
k
a

a
k

q
a
k

_
=

,q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

q
a
k

,k

a
k
a

,k
+

,q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

q
a
k

,k

a
k
a

,k
=

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

k
_
+

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
a
k
a

k
_
= n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) + n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
)
= 2n
k+q
n
k

q
(1 + n
k
) (3.30)

,q

_
a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k+q

_
=

,q

+q

a
k

,k

+q

k+q
a
k+q

k+q

,k+q

q
a
k

,k

q
+

,q

+q

a
k+q

k+q

,k

+q

k+q
a
k

,k+q

q
a
k

,k

q
=

a
k

_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
q+k

_
+

a
k

_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
= n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
+ n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
= 2n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
(3.31)
53

,q

_
a

+q

k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

+q

_
=

,q

+q

a
k
_

k,k

+q

k+q
a
k

+q

+q

,k+q

q
a
k

,k

q
+

,q

+q

a
k

+q

+q

,k

+q

k+q
a
k
_

k,k+q

q
a
k

,k

q
=

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
+

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
a

q
a
q+k

_
= n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
+ n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
= 2n
k
n
k+q
n
k

q
(3.32)

,q

_
a

+k+q
a

q
a
k
a
k
a
k

_
=

,q

+k+q
a
k
_

k,q

+k+q

a
k

,k

q
a
k

,k

q
+

,q

+k+q
a
k

,q

+k+q

a
k
_

k,k

q
a
k

,k

q
=

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a

q
a
k

q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a

q
a
k

q
_
= n
k
n
k
n
k

q
+ n
k
n
k
n
k

q
= 2n
k
n
k
n
k

q
(3.33)
54

,q

_
a

+k

q
a

k+q
a
k
a
k
a
k

_
=

,q

+k

q
a
k
_

k,q

+k

a
k

,k

k+q
a
k

,k+q
+

,q

+k

q
a
k

,q

+k

a
k
_

k,k

k+q
a
k

,k+q
=

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a

k+q
a
k+q
_
= n
k
n
k
n
k+q
+ n
k
n
k
n
k+q
= 2n
k
n
k
n
k+q
(3.34)

,q

_
a

+q

+k+q
a
k
a

q
a
k
a
k

_
=

,q

+q

a
k
_

k,k

+q

+k+q
a
k

,q

+k+q

a
k
a

q
_

q,k

,q

+q

a
k

,k

+q

+k+q
a
k
_

k,q

+k+q

a
k
a

q
_

q,k

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a
k

q
a

q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a
k

q
a

q
_
= n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k

q
) + n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k

q
)
= 2n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k

q
) (3.35)
55

,q

_
a

+q

+k

q
a
k
a

k+q
a
k
a
k

_
=

,q

+q

a
k
_

k,k

+q

+k

q
a
k

,q

+k

a
k
a

k+q
_

k+q,k

,q

+q

a
k

,k

+q

+k

q
a
k
_

k,q

+k

a
k
a

k+q
_

k+q,k

k
a
k
_
a

a
k

_
a
k+q
a

k+q
_
+

a
k

_
a

k
a
k
_
a
k+q
a

k+q
_
= n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
) + n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
)
= 2n
k
n
k
(1 + n
k+q
) (3.36)
56
Ti liu tham kho
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57