UNIT 1

MICROBIOLOGY
AND
MICROORGANISMS

OBJECTIVES
1. List the classification of microorganisms.
2. Explain microorganisms as cells.
3. Explain cell chemistry and key structures.
4. List the classification of cells.
5. Explain the different types of cells.
6. Explain the different types of materials
used in biologics manufacturing.

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
About cells and how they work, especially the
bacteria,
About how different kinds of microorganisms
arose and why,
About what microorganisms do in the world at
large, in soils and waters, in the human body,
and in animals and plants.
PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY
Is the science of life;
Has three major divisions:
1. zoologythe study of animals,
2. botanythe study of plants, and
3. microbiologythe study of microbes.
Microorganisms existed on Earth for billions of
years before plants and animals appeared.

PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY
Microorganisms differ from the cells of
macroorganisms.
Macroorganisms such as plants and animals are
unable to live alone in nature and exist only as
parts of multicellular structures.
Microorganisms can carry out their life processes
of growth, energy generation, and reproduction
INDEPENDENTLY

PATHWAYS OF DISCOVERY IN
MICROBIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms can be classified as

MICROORGANISM
FUNGI

BACTERIA
PROTOZOA
ALGAE
VIRUSES
ALGAE
BACTERIA
Most abundant organisms on earth.
Are single celled microorganisms.
Live virtually everywhere, including on us.
Can be described as resident or transient.



RESIDENT BACTERIA STAY ON THE BODY
TRANSIENT BACTERIA - Only inhabit the body for a short
period of time: a few days or weeks.


BACTERIA
Can reproduce very rapidly.
The bacteria, E. coli, for example, can
reproduce about every 17 minutes in
optimal conditions.

This means that after one day, a single cell
can replicate into over two million cells in
only about 6 hours.


BACTERIA
Will continue to replicate as long as the
environment allows.
Very mobile.
Some rely on the environment to transfer them
from place to place.
Others, however have their own means of
travel. For example, Flagella are tail-like
appendages that whip in a circular motion
and propel bacteria through liquids.

BINARY FISSION
Bacterial reproduction

VIRUSES
Are a major class of microorganisms,
But they are not cells,
Submicroscopic,
Visible only with electron microscope,
Not living things,
Use living cells to replicate,
Cause many different diseases.

Are eukaryotic microorganisms,
More complex than bacteria, which are
prokaryotes.
Are extremely diverse, with over 70,000
known species.
FUNGI
Cell is the fundamental unit of life,
A single cell is an entity, isolated from other cells
by a membrane,
Contain a cell wall outside the membrane.
Also contains a variety of chemicals and
subcellular structures
MICROORGANISMS AS CELLS
A compartment or container that is
necessary to maintain the correct proportions
of internal constituents in the cell and to
protect it against outside forces.
CELL MEMBRANE
Is semipermeable,
Thus the cell is an OPEN, DYNAMIC structure.
CELL MEMBRANE
Cells are highly organized structures
Consist of FOUR chemical components:
1. proteins,
2. nucleic acids,
3. lipids, and
4. polysaccharides.

Known as MACROMOLECULES
CELL CHEMISTRY
a. Cytoplasmic membrane
b. Cytoplasm
c. Nucleus or nucleoid
d. Ribosomes
e. Cell wall

CELL KEY STRUCTURES

Also called the cell membrane)

Is the barrier that separates the inside of the
cell from the outside environment.
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
A fluid

Inside the cell membrane are various structures and
chemicals suspended or dissolved in it.
CYTOPLASM
The machinery for cell growth and function
in the cytoplasm.

Where the cells DNA (the genome) is stored.
NUCLEUS OR NUCLEOID
Structures consisting of protein and RNA upon
which new proteins are made in the cell.

RIBOSOMES
Confers structural strength on the cell and
prevents it from osmotic bursting;
Relatively permeable and located outside the
membrane;
A much stronger layer than the membrane
itself.
Plant cells and most microorganisms have cell
walls, whereas animal cells, with rare
exceptions, do not.

CELL WALL
a. Compartmentalization and Metabolism
b. Reproduction (Growth)
c. Differentiation
d. Communication
e. Movement
f. Evolution

CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS

Cells take up nutrients from the environment,
transform them and releases wastes into the
environment.

The cell is thus an open system.

Compartmentalization and
Metabolism
Chemicals from the environment are turned
into new cells under the genetic direction of
preexisting cells.

REPRODUCTION (GROWTH)
Some cells can form new cell structures such
as spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.

DIFFERENTIATION
Cells communicate or interact by means of
chemicals that are released or taken up.

COMMUNICATION
Some cells are capable of self-propulsion.


MOVEMENT

Cells contain genes and evolve to display
new biological properties.


EVOLUTION

Cells are classified as

1. Prokaryotes
Examples are Bacteria and Archaea

CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
Cells are also classified as

2. Eukaryotes
Examples are Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants,
animals and humans.

CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
Have a simpler internal structure that lacks
membrane-enclosed organelles.

PROKARYOTES/ PROKARYOTIC CELLS

10X smaller than eukaryotic cells;

Do not have complex system of membranes;
and organelles;

Very simple cells than eukaryotic cells;

Do not contain membrane-bound organelles;

Reproduce by binary fission;

Includes bacteria and archaea.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROKARYOTES/ PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Have their DNA in a membrane-enclosed
nucleus
EUKARYOTES/ EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Are typically larger and structurally more
complex than prokaryotic cells.
EUKARYOTES/ EUKARYOTIC CELLS
More complex cells, containing true nucleus
and many membrane bound organelles;

Have true nucleus, DNA is enclosed by a
nuclear membrane;

10X larger than most prokaryotic cells.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTES/
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Raw materials required in biologics
manufacturing are not limited to the
following:
a. Nutrients
b. Culture media
c. Buffers
d. Biological fluids
e. Hydrogels

INTRODUCTION TO RAW MATERIALS
USED IN BIOLOGICS
MANUFACTURING
Supply of monomers that cells need for growth;

Different organisms need different
complements of nutrients, and not all nutrients
are required in the same amounts;

Some nutrients, called macronutrients, are
required in large amounts, while others, called
micronutrients, are required in trace amount;

All microbial nutrients originate from the
chemical elements; however, just a handful of
elements dominate biology.

NUTRIENTS

Cells consist mainly of H, O, C, N, P, and S;

At least 50 of the chemical elements are
metabolized in some way by microorganisms.
NUTRIENTS

CULTURE MEDIA

A culture is a single species of microorganism
that is isolated and grown under controlled
conditions;

Are the nutrient solutions used to grow
microorganisms in the laboratory;

May be liquids (known broths) or solids;


CULTURE MEDIA

Before the culture can be grown, the media
must be sterilized to prevent growth of
unwanted species.;

The media itself may be sterilized by
treatment with steam-generated heat
through a process known as AUTOCLAVING.

BUFFERS
A solution that resists changes in ph upon the
addition of acid or base.;

Contain several species that react with added
acid and base;

Important in maintaining the proper environment
within microorganisms and within other cells,
including those in man;

Many solutions and growth media are buffered
to prevent sudden and adverse changes in the
acidity or alkalinity of the environment
surrounding the microorganisms.

BUFFERS
BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

Include microorganisms, genetically
engineered microorganisms, cell Cultures
and endoparasites, whether pathogenic or
not.