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Sika - 100 Years of Durability
Sika - 100 Years of Durability
Founded by Kaspar Winkler in 1910, the name Sika today stands for
waterproof and durable solutions. Beginning with rendering mortar,
used for the first time in the waterproofing of the old Gotthard Railway
Tunnel, and extending to entire waterproofing systems for a wide
number of applications, which also currently includes the Gotthard
Base Tunnel, the longest high-speed railway tunnel in the world,
Sika products contribute to building success. To seal durably against
penetrating water, while in other instances to protect precious water
and prevent its leakage; two sides of a comprehensive challenge
present complex interfaces.
Designing an entire watertight building from the basement to the
roof requires the development of solutions for the widest range of
applications, solutions which can be installed practically and provide
permanent protection. For a complete structure this means the
sealing of surfaces such as roofs, underground walls or foundation
plates. It also means assuring the watertightness of working joints
and of movement joints. Furthermore, waterproofing solutions in
visible areas must meet high aesthetical requirements.
Alongside water, building structures are exposed to a broad range of
forces and strains, starting with mechanical stresses resulting from
the type of construction and extending to various external attacks.
Extreme hot or cold temperature conditions, aggressive water or
other chemicals, continually rolling, abrading or pulsating strains on
surfaces, or in extreme cases the impact of fire, places enormous
stresses on structures as a whole and on building materials.
Concrete, the construction material of the century, plays a crucial
role in all these applications and requirements. In today's world of
construction concretes use is omnipresent; building without it is
unimaginable. Properly formulated, industrially manufactured with
raw materials adapted to requirements, professionally placed and
cured, concrete is a durable building material. It is then capable of
permanently withstand all demands placed on it.
Concrete has shaped Sikas development sustainably, and since 1910
Sika has made a notable contribution to the development of concrete
as a durable building material!
Table of Content
Durability and 100 Year Sika Concrete
Waterproof Concrete
Reinforcement Corrosion Resistant Concrete
Frost & Freeze/Thaw Resistant Concrete
Sulfate Resistant Concrete
Fire Resistant Concrete
Alkali-Silica-Reaction Resistant Concrete
Abrasion Restistant Concrete
Chemical Resistant Concrete
High Strength Concrete
Shrinkage Controlled Concrete
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
2|3
70
60
50
qd
40
qw
30
20
10
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
Concrete
Air
W/C ratio
Wall thickness d
0.60
Water
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Powder additives
Water content
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strength
requirements
Waterproofing agent
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
Installation requirements
Curing compound
Sika-1
< 0.46
0.60 1.50%
Sika Waterbars are flexible preformed PVC waterstops for the waterproofing of both movement and construction joints which can be subjected to low and high water pressure
1.50%
Joint sealing
Sika-Waterbars
Sikadur-Combiflex
Sika Injectoflex-System
SikaSwell
Waterproofing systems
Sikaplan
4|5
-5
-125
-150
-155
-175
-215
-210
-255
-260
-220
-260
-75
-180
-245
-230
-240
-250
-250
-270
-280
-280
-320
0
-160
-170
-145
-210
-175
-210
-310
-295
-315
-325
-145
-150
-145
-195
-165
-200
-210
-220
-300
-245
-305
15
-140
-190
-185
-215
-200
-205
-225
-330
-320
-325
-105
-175
-205
-185
-215
-230
-185
-255
-240
-295
-335
10
-175
-155
-185
-210
-215
-235
-280
-230
-290
-270
-25
-150
-185
-205
-220
-220
-260
-285
-285
-275
-310
0
-135
-170
-205
-190
-190
-210
-235
-235
-290
-330
Color scale
<-300
Damage to concrete structure due to insufficient concrete cover and low concrete quality
>-300
>-250
>-200
>-150
>-100
>-50
>0
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Powder additives
Water content
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strength
requirements
Corrosion inhibitor
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
0.60 1.50%
Sika CNI
Sika FerroGard-901
13 40 kg/m
10 12 kg/m
Installation requirements
Curing compound
Protective system
+i (A/cm2)
without
Sika FerroGard
Anodic
current density
Concrete is an ingenious building material, also because in combination with reinforcing steel it
exhibits tremendous load-bearing capacity. The combination of steel in concrete has the advantage
that under normal conditions the high pH value of concrete creates a passivating layer of iron
hydroxides on the steel surface which protects it from corrosion. Particularly steel, however, can be
compromised in its durability of performance by the presence of moisture and salt. Projects in coastal
locations or in areas where de-icing agents are used must be permanently protected against the
consequences of steel corrosion.
with
Sika FerroGard
E (mV)
Potential
Cathodic
current density
i (A/cm2)
20000
16000
12000
8000
4000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Days [d]
< 0.46
6|7
-44
-40
-36
Length change in
-28
-24
-20
-16
-12
-8
-4
Reduction E-Modulus in %
-32
-4
-0.5
50
100
200
Number of cycles
360
300
-8
-12
-16
Artificially introduced air voids, caused by an air entrainer, generate space for
expansion in the concrete structure to allow for the roughly 10% increase in
volume when water freezes to become ice.
In test BE II according to D-R 400, the test prisms are subject to alternating
loads between +20C and -20C, the change in length is measured and judged
between three ranges of durability (low / middle / high). Calculation according
to ASTM C666.
400
Resistance range
Rating:
High WF-L = 94 %
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Powder additives
Sikafume
Water content
Concrete Admixtures
Superplasticizer
Dosing dependent on formula (superplasticizer and air
entrainer must be adapted to each other)
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
0.60 1.40%
SikaAer dosing:
Air void content with
- max. particle diameter 32 mm
- max. particle diameter 16 mm
0.10 0.80%
Installation requirements
Especially in the areas of road and runway construction, but also for
structures particularly burdened by exposure to spray and drizzle such
as retaining walls, roadway galleries, bridges or the portals of tunnels,
as well as on buildings themselves, extremely cold temperatures
impose high strains on the concrete structure due to freezing water.
In the areas of concrete near to its surface, water is drawn into the
concrete as a result of capillary action. If the water freezes, it increases
its volume in the formation of ice by roughly 10%. This means that
high pressure develops in these water-filled voids. Depending on the
mechanical properties of concrete (transfer of tensile forces), this
pressure can result in minimal changes in volume or in fine cracks
in the concrete microstructure. An isolated occurrence of strain could
be considered insignificant, but temperature fluctuations throughout
a cool-weather season and over an extended number of years recur
numberless times. Tiny cracks can thus lead to surface spalling, while
the zone of attack shifts farther into the concrete until reinforcement
zones are also eventually affected.
De-icing agents are very often employed to prevent ice formation on
sidewalks or road surfaces. These agents effect rapid melting of ice on
concrete surfaces, a process which extracts considerable heat from the
concrete within a very short time period. This means that in areas of the
concrete near the surface, the temperature plunges by more than 10C
within 1 2 minutes. The use of de-icing agents results in even greater
stress peaks when the water freezes.
From the standpoint of concrete technology, this strain can be met
with two primary measures, though each in itself is insufficient. On one
hand, the water content of concrete with high resistance to frost and
de-icing salt exposure should be kept as low as possible. This strongly
reduces the amount of free water in the concrete structure. In addition,
the residual water always present in concrete must be provided with
space for expansion, so that upon freezing the increase in volume can
be absorbed without generating internal stresses. These artificially
introduced voids, created during the concrete manufacturing process
with air entrainer, must be as fine, closed and spherical as possible, with
a size of 0.02 0.3 mm in diameter. Voids of a size outside this range
do not contribute to the frost resistance of the concrete. The quantity of
voids introduced, measured by means of the air pressure meter test,
is dependent on the quantity of cement paste (15-20% of the cement
paste volume) and accounts in relation to the concrete for 4 6% of
volume, measured before installation.
up to max. 4%
< 0,46
Sika Antisol
8|9
Concrete deterioration due to sulphate attack before & after the load shows a
strong increase in length because of the spalling attack. First cracks have appeared in sample.
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Powder additives
Sikafume
Water content
Concrete Admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strength
requirements
Installation requirements
Curing compound
Protective system /
Special curing system
4.0 8.0%
Water/cement ratio
XA 1
XA 2
XA 3
Moderate Typ 2
Severe Typ 5
Very severe Typ 5
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
Classic form of sulfate attack associated with ettringite or gypsum formation. Flurry of ettringite rods grown in mature cement pastes subjected to external sulfate solutions.
< 0.55
< 0.50
< 0.45
< 0.50
< 0.45
< 0.40
0.60 1.50%
10 | 11
Fire curves
1400
Temperature [C]
1200
1000
800
600
ISO 834
400
ZTV-Tunnel (D)
RWS (NL)
200
0
Hc inc
30
60
90
120
150
Time [min]
These fire exposure rating curves all simulate the temperature profile of a tunnel
fire. The example of the RWS curve defines the maximum exposure which can be
expected in the worst case scenario: Defined as a fire of a tank truck with a load
capacity of 50m which is 90% full of liquid hydrocarbon fuel (petrol).
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Water content
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strength
requirements
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
Sika Fibers
Installation requirements
Passive protection of the
concrete
<250C
<380C
< 0,48
0.60 1.20%
Sikacrete-F
25 40 mm
12 | 13
Sulfate damage is often only visible after decades. Precise clarification of risk
is therefore necessary in order to estimate the potential of aggregates for ASR
damage reliably.
Amorphous silica spots within the aggregate have reacted with alkali ions and
formed a gel that expanded upon ingress of water. The aggregate has subsequently swelled and cracked while the amorphous region (black cracked
masses) expanded
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Powder additives
Sikafume
Water content
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strength
requirements
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
SikaControl-ASR
Sigunit-AF
Curing compound
Installation requirements
Protective system
EMPA
The increase in volume due to the strain
resulting from ASR becomes perceptible
by measurement of a change in length
of test specimens. Ordinarily the
specimens are stored under intensified
conditions (temperature, humidity,
applied load) in order to accelerate the
reaction.
EMPA
The appearance of ASR damage can
be assessed very well on the drying
concrete surface of this bridge pylon.
Damage can appear within years or
only after decades.
3.0% 6.0%
< 0.48
0.60% 1.20%
14 | 15
Concrete roadways and other publicly accessible areas, especially those experiencing high volumes of traffic or concentrated loads, are subject alongside
high mechanical burdens also to strong abrasion, often presenting the risk of a
smooth, slick surface.
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Powder additives
Sikafume
Water content
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strength
requirements
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
0.80 1.60%
Steel fibers
Sika Fibers
10 30 kg/m
Curing compound
Sikafloor
Installation requirements
Surface coating
Industrial flooring surfaces also experience strong abrasion due to constantly rolling and striking loads in the same places. Hard concrete coatings and special dispersants can enhance the flooring grip and minimize
wear.
up to max. 8%
< 0,45
0.3 1.5 mm
16 | 17
acid attack
sulfate attack
original length
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Powder additives
Sikafume
Water content
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strengrh
requirements
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
Installation requirements
Protective system
Epoxy resin-based protective coatings are applied over the entire surface
following reprofiling of the concrete surface with sulfate-resistant repair
mortar enhanced with synthetic material.
3.0 6.0%
< 0.45
0.80 1.60%
Curing compound
18 | 19
400
500
450
550
600
700
650
750
0.45
W/C ratio
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
200 225
Binder Paste
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
225
249
273
292
321
345
370
394
418
442
466
240
253
286
319
332
355
380
404
428
452
476
High strength and above all ultra high strength concrete are practically always
also fiber-reinforced. Depending on the requirements, synthetic and/or steel fibers are thereby employed in large quantity. The high flexural strength of UHPC
can be achieved in this way.
Of central significance for achievement of high mechanical material properties is
the targeted determination of a concept of fines and the cement paste volume.
Only in this way can the highest possible packing density be achieved.
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Power additives
Sikafume
Water content
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type according to target flowability and slumplife
Sika ViscoCrete
Fibers
Sika Fibers
Installation requirements
and curing
5.0 10.0%
< 0,38
1.0 4.0%
10 30 kg/m
Sika Antisol
20 | 21
Description
Example formula
Aggregates
Cement
Water content
Water/cement ratio
Concrete admixtures
Superplasticizer
Type dependent on placement and early strength
requirements
Sika ViscoCrete or
SikaPlast or Sikament
Sika Control
0.5 1.5 %
Sika Fibers
1 3 kg/m
Sika Fibers
20 40 kg/m
Installation requirements
and curing
72
69
66
0
60
0
63
57
51
54
48
42
45
39
33
-0.100
36
30
24
27
21
18
90
15
12
0.000
60
Days
30
Prevention of cracks contributes to the durability of concrete structures, because cracks promote the
ingress of water and pollutants. Current construction codes specify limits for the width of cracks
depending on environmental conditions in which a structure is built and its intended service life. A
main reason for cracks in concrete is due to shrinkage related deformation in early age concrete.
These cracks not only compromise aesthetic appearance, but can decrease durability as well as
serviceability of a concrete element. There are different types of shrinkage and with the right measures
the various phenomena can be controlled.
Measuring 2 Years
Shrinkage-reduction: 36 %
-0.200
Shrinkage-reduction: 22 %
Shrinkage-reduction: 10 %
-0.300
-0.400
-0.500
-0.600
-0.700
2.0 % SikaControl-40
1.5 % SikaControl-40
1.0 % SikaControl-40
Reference
Conditions:
23 C / 50 % r. h.
-0.800
< 0.45
0.80 1.50%
Sika Antisol
22 | 23
5
continents
70 countries
90 production and marketing companies
approx. 12 900 employees
over
Sika Services AG
Business Unit Concrete
Tffenwies 16
CH-8048 Zrich
Switzerland
Phone +41 58 436 40 40
Fax +41 58 436 41 50
www.sika.com
Sika is a leading Swiss company, globally active in specialty chemicals. Our local presence worldwide links us directly with customers and
ensures the success of Sika and its partners. Every day highly motivated people strive to provide the best customer service.