1

NGHA CA COP, PIC V IPLV TRONG

TIT KIM NNG LNG CA MY IU HO KHNG KH
PGS. TS. Nguyn c Li

1. COP v ngha ca COP trong tit kim nng lng
COP l h s hiu qu nng lng (Coefficient Of Performance) tng ng
vi h s lnh v c h s nhit trong cc gio trnh k thut lnh ca Vit nam.
phn bit h s lnh v h s nhit ca bm nhit ngi ta dng thm k hiu chn
cooling l lnh v heating l nhit hay si m.
COP
cooling
=

(Nng sut lnh hu ch thu c dn bay hi Q
o
)/(in nng tiu tn
N), kW/kW; (1)
COP
heating
= COP
cooling
+ 1 = (Nng sut nhit hu ch thu c dn ngng)/(in
nng tiu tn), kW/kW. (2) (Ti liu
Anh M hay dng tn lnh RT/kW).
COP cho trong cc catalog l h s hiu qu khi my vn hnh 100% ti. COP
ca mt my lnh hoc mt my HKK cng cao th my tit kim nng lng cng
nhiu. Thng s dng COP tiu chun so snh. Ngha l i vi h thng lnh 1
cp th nhit bay hi l -15
o
C, nhit ngng t l +30
o
C; H thng lnh 2 cp
tng ng l -35
o
C v +35
o
C; v h thng HKK gii nhit gi l nhit trong nh
+27
o
C v ngoi tri l +35
o
C. Lu : COP i khi cn c k hiu l EER (Energy
Efficiency Ratio) hoc CER (Cooling Efficiency Ratio) vi n v l Btu/h/W.

2. PIC v cch tnh % tit kim in nng
PIC (Power input per Capacity - Cng sut tiu th trn nng sut lnh) l ch s
tiu th in v c tnh theo biu thc sau:
PIC=N/Q
o
=1/COP (3)
C th tnh % tit kim in nng tiu th gia 2 my c ch s tiu th in nng
khc nhau theo biu thc sau:
=(PIC
1
-PIC
2
)/PIC
1
(4)
Do PIC = 1/COP nn cng c th tnh theo biu thc:
=(COP
2
-COP
1
)/COP
2
(5)
V d 1: My iu ho khng kh VRVIII 18HP c COP = 2,99 kW/kW v my
VRVIII 8HP c COP = 4,27 kW/kW. Hi my 8HP tit kim c bao nhiu phn
trm in nng so vi my 18HP?
Gii: COP
1
= 2.99, COP
2
= 4,27. Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc (5) c:
= (4,27 - 2,99)/4,27. 100% = 30%.
Tr li: Khi s dng my 8HP s tit kim c khong 30% so vi my 18HP.
2


3. IPLV v ngha ca IPLV trong tit kim nng lng
IPLV (Integrated Part Load Value) l gi tr vn hnh non ti tch hp. Chng ti
ngh gi IPLV l h s non ti hoc h s tch hp.
Theo thng k ca ARI (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute) ca M th
M cc h thng HKK thc t ch vn hnh 1% thi gian trong nm 100% ti,
cn 99% l vn hnh ch non ti, c th 42% thi gian chy 75% ti, 45% thi
gian chy 50% ti v 12% thi gian chy 25% ti. Chnh v vy tiu chun ARI
550/590 quy nh ly IPLV lm tiu chun nh gi hiu qu nng lng ca h thng
lnh v HKK thay cho COP. IPLV c tnh nh sau:
IPLV=0,01A+0,42B+0,45C+0,12D, kW/kW hoc RT/kW. (6)
trong A,B,C,D l COP 100%, 75%, 50% v 25% ti.

Ngi ta cn tnh IPLV theo ch s in tiu th PIC (Power Input per Capacity)
n v kW in tiu tn /kW nng sut lnh (hoc kW/RT) nh sau:

1
IPLV =
D C B A
12 , 0 45 , 0 42 , 0 01 , 0
+ + +
,kW/kW(hockW/TR) (7)

trong A,B,C,D l ch s in tiu th PIC 100%, 75%, 50% v 25% ti.
Nh vy, IPLV c th l COP gim ti li cng c th l PIC gim ti. Chnh v
vy, cn phi lu khi tra d liu t catalog v bn cht cng nh n v ca IPLV.
Cng theo ARI550/590 th cc h s ca A,B,C,D l khc nhau i vi iu kin
thi tit khc nhau v loi cng trnh khc nhau. n gin h s tnh ARI ch chia
ra 4 nhm h s nh sau: V thi tit ARI chia ra vng c nhit ngoi tri bng v
cao hn -17,8
o
C (0
o
F) v vng c nhit ngoi tri bng v cao hn 12,8
o
C (55
o
F).
V loi cng trnh ARI chia ra cng trnh ch hot ng trong gi hnh chnh (lm vic
5 ngy 1 tun v 8 gi mi ngy) v loi cng trnh hot ng lin tc (7 ngy 1 tun
v 24 gi mi ngy). Nhit ngoi tri khng bao gi xung n -17,8
o
C nn i vi
Vit nam ch cn dng 2 nhm h s cho 2 loi cng trnh chy theo gi hnh chnh v
chy lin tc nh sau:
- Chy theo gi hnh chnh nh cng s...: IPLV=0,018A+0,501B+0,481C+0D;
- Chy lin tc nh khch sn...: IPLV=0,012A+0,423B+0,565D+0C.
Lu : IPLV i khi cn c k hiu l SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency
Ratio) vi n v l Btu/h/W.
4. Cc nhn t nh hng n COP
3
H s hiu qu nng lng COP ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khc nhau nh:
- hon thin ca my nn,
- tng thch gia cc thit b trong h thng lnh nh my nn, dn ngng, dn
bay hi, van tit lu, ng ng, cc thit b ph...
- Cng ngh v vt liu mi (ny nn bin tn, van tit lu in t, cc thit b t ng
ho hin i...)
- iu kin lp t ng tiu chun (lp t, ht chn khng, np du, np ga ng tiu
chun...)
- iu kin vn hnh hp l.
- c bit, COP ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit ngng t v nhit bay hi. ng
cong m t COP = f(t
k
,t
o
) l 1 trong 4 ng c tnh ca my nn Q
o
= f(t
k
,t
o
); Ne =
f(t
k
,t
o
); = f(t
k
,t
o
) v I = f(t
k
,t
o
). Sau y s gii thiu v s ph thuc (xem hnh
1.1).

Hnh 1. Cc ng c tnh ca my nn

5. COP ph thuc vo nhit ngng t
Nh hnh 1 gii thiu, nng sut lnh ca my nn lnh khng phi khng i
m lun thay i theo nhit ngng t v nhit bay hi. Nng sut lnh tng v
cng tiu tn gim khi nhit ngng t gim. Nh vy gim c n 2 ln do gim
theo nhit ngng t gim v gim do nng sut lnh tng. Hnh 2 gii thiu s ph
thuc ca nng sut lnh ring khi lng q
o
, kJ/kg, v cng nn ring l, kJ/kg, khi
nhit ngng t thay i vi COP = q
o
/l.


4

Hnh 2. S ph thuc ca q
o
v l vo nhit ngng t

C th tnh nhanh gn ng nh biu thc tnh COP ca chu trnh Carnot nh
sau:
COP
c
=T
o
/(T
k
-T
o
) (8)
Gi s my lnh hot ng ch tiu chun nn nhit bay hi l T
o
= 273-
15= 258K, nhit ngng t l T
k
= 273+30 = 303K, hiu nhit l 30 - (-15) =
45K. Thay vo biu thc (3.50 c h s hiu qu nng lng ch vn hnh tiu
chun l:
COP
c
= 258/45 = 5,73.
Gi s nhit bay hi khng i, nhng nhit ngng t gim xung 1K th
COP s l:
COP
c
= 258/44 = 5,86.
Nh vy khi nhit ngng t gim xung 1K th COP tng thm (5,86-
5,73)/5,73 = 2,27%, ng ngha vi vic in nng tiu tn gim c 2,27%. T kt
lun trn, tit kim in nng tiu th cn phi h nhit ngng t xung n mc
thp nht c th c nh:

i vi dn gii nhit gi:
- Chn dn ngng t c din tch trao i nhit, kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc.
- nh k v sinh dn ngng t,
- Loi b cc tr ngi li ra v li vo ca lung gi gii nhit, m bo lung gi
gii nhit phi hon ton thng thong, khng b gi qun, khng dn ht phi gi
nng t cc dn ngng khc,
- Chn v tr lp dn ph hp, khng b nh nng mt tri chiu vo, khng b nh
hng ca cc ngun nhit,khng lp gn bp, khng lp gn cc ngun kh thi c
hi, n mn, khng b b gi, khng lp ngc chiu gi v khi c gi qut s b gim
lu lng...
5
- Thng xuyn kim tra qut v lu lng gi ca qut.

i vi bnh ngng gii nhit nc:
- Chn dn ngng t c din tch trao i nhit, , kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc.
- nh k v sinh ng trao i nhit ca bnh ngng t,
- nh k kim tra bm v lu lng nc qua bm cho bnh ngng v thp gii nhit,
- Kim tra kh khng ngng trong h thng, x kh khng ngng nu cn, c bit i
vi my lnh amniac phi x kh khng ngng nh k,
- Kim tra, v sinh thp gii nhit, bm qut thp gii nhit, khi m v cht lng
nc gii nhit...
- Kim tra v x du, x lng cho bnh ngng cc ng trao i nhit khng b ngp
trong lng...

6. COP ph thuc vo nhit bay hi
Theo hnh 1 nng sut lnh ca my lnh cng tng khi nhit bay hi tng.
Hnh 3 gii thiu s ph thuc ca nng sut lnh ring q
o
v cng nn l vo nhit
bay hi vi COP = q
o
/l .



Hnh 3. S ph thuc ca q
o
v l vo nhit bay hi

Tng t nh trn, y chng ta s tnh gn ng s tng ca COP khi nhit
bay hi tng ln 1K nh biu thc (1.8). Nhit bay hi tng 1K ngha l To = 259K
v hiu nhit s l 30- (-14) =44K. Vy:
COP
c
= 259/ 44= 5,89.
Nh vy, khi nhit bay hi tng ln 1K th COP tng thm (5,89-5,73)/5,73 =
2,79%, ng ngha vi vic in nng tiu tn gim c 2,79%.
6
Nhn xt: Tit kim nng lng khi tng nhit bay hi ln 1K cao hn
khi gim nhit ngng t xung 1K. V vy tng nhit bay hi tit kim
nng lng c ngha hn khi gim nhit ngng t. Chnh v vy, hiu nhit
trao i nhit cho thit b bay hi (t
o
= 810K) thng thp hn ca thit b
ngng t (t
k
= 1317K) i vi my iu ho khng kh.
tit kim nng lng cn phi nng nhit bay hi ln n mc cao nht c
th c nh:
i vi dn bay hi lm lnh khng kh trc tip:
- Chn dn bay hi c din tch trao i nhit, , kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc.
- nh k v sinh dn bay hi,
- nh k x bng cho dn bay hi hoc t ng x bng hiu qu theo nhu cu,
- nh k kim tra s vn hnh ca qut v lu lng gi.

i vi bnh bay hi lm lnh cht ti lnh:
- Chn bnh bay hi c din tch trao i nhit, kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc,
- nh k v sinh bnh bay hi, kim tra s du, x v thi sch du nu cn bi v
mng du l lp cn tr trao i nhit lm tng hiu nhit trao i nhit, lm tng
tiu tn in nng.
- nh k kim tra bm cht ti lnh v lu lng cht ti lnh qua bm. Lu lng
gim s lm tng hiu nhit trao i nhit v lm tng tiu tn in nng.
- i vi bnh bay hi kiu ngp lng, cn iu chnh ng mc lng yu cu. Mc
lng cao lm tng nguy c va p thu lc, mc lng thp lm gim kh nng trao i
nhit ca bnh dn n tng in nng tiu tn.

7. COP v IPLV ca cc h thng lnh gii nhit gi, dn bay hi trc tip
i vi cc h thng ny COP v IPLV cho trong catalog l tng i chun xc
vi COP v IPLV thc ca h thng sau khi lp t v hu nh tt c cc thit b
tiu th in nng c tnh n khi th nghim trong phng nng lng k
calorimet.

8. COP v IPLV ca h chiller
i vi h thng chiller gii nhit nc, trong catalog ca chiller thng ch c
COP v IPLV ca chiller nn khi tnh ton COP v IPLV thc ca h thng ta phi
tnh n cc thit b tiu tn in nng khc nh bm nc lnh, bm nc gii nhit,
qut ca thp gii nhit cng nh qut cc dn lnh...
7
i vi h thng chiller gii nhit gi th ch cn tnh n bm nc lnh v qut
dn lnh v h thng ny khng c bm nc gii nhit v qut thp gii nhit.

9. V d so snh COP v IPLV cho h VRV v h chiller cho 1 to nha H ni
a) iu kin so snh COP v IPLV
c th so snh, nh gi cng bng c COP v IPLV gia cc h thng
HKK, ngi ta phi n nh mt iu kin vn hnh chung cho tt c cc h thng
tham gia nh gi hiu qu nng lng. Trng hp kh c iu kin vn hnh chung,
v d my th gii nhit gi, my th gii nhit nc, my th lm lnh nc, my th
lm lnh khng kh trc tip th vn phi quy v mt bng th nghim chung nh nhit
ngoi tri kh 35C, t 24C, nhit trong nh kh 27C, t 19C ri t suy
ra cc iu kin vn hnh ca tng my. Bng 1 gii thiu cc iu kin tiu chun
ca ARI 550/590. Do hu ht cc nh sn xut trn th gii u chp nhn v th
nghim cc thit b my mc ca mnh theo tiu chun ARI nn rt thun li khi s
dng cc s liu t catalog so snh v khng cn phi tnh ton hiu chnh, ngay c
khi lm trn nhit khi chuyn t F sang C.
Bng 1. Cc iu kin tiu chun ca ARI so snh COP ca cc h thng HKK
Nhit tnh IPLV Tnh t F Ly trn theo C
Bnh bay hi
100% ti, nhit nc lnh ra (LWT)
0% ti, LWT
lu lng

6,7C
6,7C
0,043 l/s/kW

7C
7C
Bnh ngng gii nhit nc
100% ti, nhit nc vo (EWT)
75% ti, EWT
50% ti, EWT
25% ti, EWT
lu lng

29,4C
23,9C
18,3C
18,3C
0,054 l/s/kW

30C
24C
18C
18C
Dn ngng gii nhit gi
100% ti, nhit kh vo (EDB)
75% ti, EDB
50% ti, EDB
25% ti, EDB

35,0C
26,7C
18,3C
12,8C

35C
27C
18C
13C
Cn c vo bng 1 cng nh chun nhit trong nh kh 27
o
C, t 19
o
C c th
tin hnh tnh ton so snh COP cng nh IPLV ca 2 h chiller v VRV.

8
b) Gii thiu cng trnh lm v d tnh COP v IPLV
l cng trnh to nh thp i 27 tng M inh H Ni (xem hnh 4.).









Hnh 4. To nh thp i M nh H ni

Thp A v B (2 thp) ca to nh u c chiu cao 27 tng, khi C c 8 tng l
khu ni gia thp A v B. Tng 1, 2 ca thp A v B dng cho thu kinh doanh
dch v. Tng 3 n 27 ca c 2 thp A v B (tr tng 18 ca thp A v tng 17 ca
thp B l tng dch v) s dng lm vn phng lm vic. Ton b khi C dng lm vn
phng hi ngh, hi tho, nh hng. Hai tng hm dng lm gara vi sc cha 618 xe
t v 268 xe my. Tng din tch xy dng 76.790m2. Tng din tch iu ho
40.637m2. Tng nng sut lnh yu cu l 10.800kW.

c) COP v IPLV ca h VRV
Phng n s dng h iu ho VRVIII c mt s c tnh c bn sau:
- VRVIII bm nhit hai chiu nng lnh, mi cht R410A
- Tng cng sut dn nng 3856HP (2836kW) vi 105 t dn nng
- Tng nng sut lnh danh nh theo ARI l 10.620 kW
- S dng thit b thng gi thu hi nhit HRV cp gi ti.
- Hiu chnh nng sut lnh theo chiu di ng ng ga, chnh lch cao gia dn
nng v dn lnh cng nh theo t l kt ni theo biu thc (5.9) ti liu [1] c h s
hiu chnh gn bng 1 nn nng sut lnh thc vn l 10.620 kW. Do COP thc
100 ti ly ng bng COP cho trong catalog k thut:
- H VRVIII thng thng COP = 3,17 kW/kW
- H VRVIII hiu sut cao COP = 4,27 kW/kW.
Tnh IPLV
Mun tnh c IPLV phi bit c COP chy non ti 75%, 50% v 25%.
Theo catalog k thut ca Daikin, c th tnh c COP 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%,
9
60% v 50% theo iu kin ngoi nh t 10 n 39C, trong nh 27C, t 19C nh
hai gi tr nng sut lnh tng TC v in nng tiu th PI. y ly t 16HP lm i
din. Theo tiu chun ARI, tnh COP 75% t nhit ngoi nh 27C ( ni suy t
80% v 70%); tnh COP 50% t nhit ngoi nh 18C v COP 25% 13C. V
Daikin khng cho s liu 25% ti nn phi ly gn ng theo [6] l COP 25% ti
bng COP 80% ti. Cc kt qu c gii thiu trn bng 2.
Bng 2. COP ca h VRVIII thng v hiu sut cao
VRV III thng VRV III hiu sut cao
COP 100% ti
3,17
4,64
5,84
4,53
4,27
6,26
7,84
6,10
IPLV tnh theo (3) 5,15 6,93

d) COP v IPLV ca h Chiller gii nhit nc
Gii php cng ngh ca h thng Chiller gii nhit nc ny nh sau:
H thng ny dng 3 Chiller gii nhit nc my nn li tm ga R123 nng sut
lnh l 3516 kW (1000 RT) mi my. Tng nng sut lnh ca 3 my l:10.548kW.
Do thiu lnh nn phi b tr thm 01 chiller gii nhit gi, my nn trc vt ga R134
nng sut lnh 302,4kW (86RT).
Theo catalog ca nh ch to, chiller li tm khng bin tn c COP =
6,31kW/kW; IPLV = 0,472kW/RT cn chiller trc vt gii nhit gi c COP =
2,57kW/kW. Vic si m ma ng do mt ni hi un nc nng bng du DO,
cng sut 2000kW m nhn.
Tng nng sut lnh l Q
0
= 10.850kW. Cng sut ng c lp t cho chiller li
tm l 621kW nhng t COP = 6,31 ta tnh c cng nn hu ch Ne = Q
0
/COP =
557,2kW. Chiller gii nhit gi c Ne = 118kW.
- Cp gi ti bng qut thng gi bnh thng.
Cc thit b khc ca h chiller gm:
- Tng cng sut bm nc lnh: 410kW ( s cp 3 x 45kW + th cp 4 x 65kW+
bm nc lnh cho chiller gii nhit gi 15kW).
- Tng cng sut qut dn lnh l: 325,026 kW (4AHUx11kW+42FCUx453W+
471FCUx394W+ 396FCUx193W)
- Tng cng sut ba bm nc gii nhit:240kW( 3 x 75kW+01 bm cp 15 kW)
- Tng cng sut qut thp gii nhit l 3.22kW=66kW
10
- Ghi ch: y cha tnh n bm nc b sung, bm x l nc, bm nc lc,
bm nc phng my ch s dng nh k.
Do phng Calorimet o COP ca Chiller li tm ch o nng sut lnh t dng
nc lnh vo 12
0
C v ra 7
0
C t bnh bay hi vi in tiu th ca chiller nn COP =
6,31 cha phi l COP thc ca h thng. Mun tnh c COP thc ca h thng ta
phi tnh c nng sut lnh ti phng iu ho ngha l phi tnh c nng sut
lnh tinh v in tiu th b sung t cc thit b khc ca h thng nh bm qut.
Nng sut lnh tinh bng nng sut lnh l thuyt tr i cng sut bm nc lnh v
cng sut ca cc qut dn lnh. Cn cng sut b sung l cng sut ca tt c cc
thit b nh bm qut cc loi. COP thc ca h thng c th c tnh gn ng theo
biu thc sau:
Qo (N
1
+ N
2
)
COP
t

=
Ne + N
1
+ N
2
+ N
3
+ N
4

Ne Cng sut my nn: (3 x 557,2) + 118 = 1789,6kW
N
1
Tng cng sut bm nc lnh: 410kW.
N
2
Tng cng sut ca dn lnh AHU v FCU = 325kW
N
3
Tng cng sut bm nc gii nhit = 240kW
N
4
Tng cng sut qut thp gii nhit = 66kW
10.850 (410 + 325)
COP
t

=
1789,6 + 410 + 325 + 240 + 66
= 3,57kW/kW
Theo Catalog: IPLV = 1/0,472 = 2,1186RT/kW = 7,449kW/kW. y cng l gi
tr l thuyt. C th tnh ton gn ng gi tr thc theo t l gim COP 100% t 6,31
xung 3,57 s c IPLV
t

= 4,21kW/kW.
Bng 3 gii thiu kt qu tnh v so snh COP v IPLV gia h chiller v VRV.
Bng 3. So snh COP va IPLV ca h VRVIII v h chiller
H s Chiller li tm VRV III thng VRV III hiu
sut cao
COP 100% ti 3,57 3,17 4,27
kW/kW 4,21 5,15 6,93
IPLV
So snh HQNL 100% 122% 165%
kW/kW 0,238 0,194 0,144
So snh 100% 82% 61% PIC
% tit kim in 0% 18% 39%
e) Kt lun
11
- Chiller li tm khng bin tn c COP l thuyt l 6,31 nhng COP thc ca c
h thng ch cn 3,57 gim gn mt na.
- Theo bng 3, d VRV III thng c COP nh hn h Chiller li tm (3,17 v
3,57) nhng nh c bin tn, nn IPLV ca VRV III thng vn cao hn h Chiller
n 22%, tit kim in nng ti 18%.
- H VRV III hiu sut cao c COP ln hn h Chiller (4,27 v 3,57), v cng
nh c bin tn IPLV cao gp ri h Chiller, hiu qu nng lng cao hn ti 65% v
tit kim in nng ti 39% so vi h chiller.
- Theo [2] th HRV c th tit kim c 9 n 13% nng sut lnh tu theo cng
trnh. Nu tnh c hiu qu nng lng do h thng thng gi thu hi nhit HRV mang
li th cc h VRV c kh nng tit kim nng lng cao hn na.
T cc phn tch trn c th rt ra kt lun l h VRV hiu sut cao c th tit
kim c nng lng t 30% n 50% so vi h chiller khng bin tn.

Ti liu tham kho
1. Nguyn c Li: Gio trnh thit k h thng iu ho khng kh Nh xut bn
Gio dc 2009.
2. Nguyn c Li, L Minh Nguyn: Phn tch nh gi cc gii php tit kim
nng lng trong HKK qua ba loi cng trnh tiu biu. Tp ch KHKT Nhit thng
9/2007, tr. 18 20.
3. Nguyn c Li: Gio trnh K thut Lnh, NXB Bch khoa H ni 2008.
4. Nguyn c Li: Bi tp tnh ton k thut Lnh, NXB Bch khoa H ni 2008.
5. Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam QCXDVN 09:2005 Cc cng trnh xy dng s
dng nng lng c hiu qu - B xy dng ban hnh thng 9/2005.
6. ARI 550/590 (Tiu chun v HKK ca Vin lnh M).
7. Sakamoto (Deputy Direktor of the Heat Pump and Thermal Storage of Japan):
Introduction of high efficiency heat pump and thermal storage system in Japan.
Proceedings of the 2
nd
Japan Vietnam workshop on Energy Efficiency for Buildings
Application of Heat pump and Thermal storage Technologies 6-2009
8. Souzan Nicolas: Energy Saving Approach in Modern A/C VRV System.
Proceedings of the 2
nd
Japan Vietnam workshop on Energy Efficiency for Buildings
Application of Heat pump and Thermal storage Technologies 6-2009
9. L Nguyn Minh: Phng php xc nh tiu th in ca chiller trong h thng
HKK trung tm cng sut ln. Tp ch Xy dng 7 -2006.
10. VRVIII Daikin catalog
11. Chiller - Trane catalog