MC LC

MC LC .................................................................................................................. 1
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V CC H THNG BO HIU................................ 3
1.1. KHI QUT................................................................................................... 3
1.2 BO HIU NG DY THU BAO......................................................... 3
1.3 BO HIU LIN TNG I ........................................................................ 4
1.3.1 Bo hiu knh lin kt (Channel Associated Signalling): ........................ 5
1.3.2 Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling) .............................. 6
1.4 CHC NNG CA BO HIU..................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Chc nng gim st ................................................................................... 7
1.4.2 Chc nng tm chn .................................................................................. 7
1.4.3 Chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng ..................................................... 7
CHNG 2: H THNG BO HIU S 7 .............................................................. 8
2.1. Khi nim chung .................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2 Cc kiu kin trc bo hiu.......................................................................... 10
2.2.3. Cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng bo hiu s 7........................................... 11
2.3. Chng giao thc bo hiu s 7 ......................................................................... 13
2.3.1. Phn truyn bn tin MTP ........................................................................... 15
2.3.2. Cc chc nng ngi s dng MTP............................................................ 16
2.3.3. Ngi s dng SS7 (SS7 Users) ................................................................... 19
2.3.4. Cc phn ng dng INAP, MAP, OMAP.................................................... 20
2.4. V d v thit lp cuc gi n gin s dng h thng bo hiu s 7 ............. 22
2.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i ............................................................................. 24
2.5.1. Gii thiu..................................................................................................... 24
2.5.2. S nh tuyn trong tng i ........................................................................ 25
2.5.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu.............................................................................. 28
2.5.4. Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo............................................................ 29
Chng 3. TRUYN TI BO HIU S 7 QUA MNG IP SIGTRAN............. 33
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG.................................................................................... 33
3.2. GII THIU V SIGTRAN........................................................................... 34
3.3. NG LC PHT TRIN GIAO THC TRUYN TI MI ..................... 35
3.4. GIAO THC IU KHIN LUNG TRUYN TI SCTP ....................... 36
3.4.1. Tng quan v kin trc ca SCTP............................................................. 36
3.4.2. Tng quan v chc nng ca SCTP .......................................................... 36
3.4.3. Khun dng tiu chung ca SCTP........................................................ 38
3.5. M2PA............................................................................................................. 38
3.6. M2UA............................................................................................................. 40
3.7. SO SNH M2PA V M2UA......................................................................... 40
3.8. M3UA............................................................................................................. 41
3.9. SUA................................................................................................................ 43
3.10. SO SNH M3UA V SUA.......................................................................... 45
Chng 4: CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN NGANG HNG...... 46
4.1. GIAO THC KHI TO PHIN SIP............................................................ 46
4.1.1. Cc c im v chc nng ca SIP.......................................................... 46
4.1.2. Cc khi nim v cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP................................... 47
4.1.3. Khi qut v hot ng ca SIP................................................................ 53
4.1.4. Cc loi bn tin SIP.................................................................................. 57
4.1.5. nh gi SIP ............................................................................................ 60
4.2. H.323.............................................................................................................. 61
4.2.1. Tng quan v H.323 ................................................................................. 61
4.2.2. Kin trc mng v cc thnh phn ca H.323 ........................................... 62
4.2.3. Chng giao thc s dng trong H.323 ...................................................... 67
4.2.4. Thit lp v gii phng cuc gi H.323 trong trng hp n gin nht ... 71
4.2.5. So snh SIP v H.323 ............................................................................... 73
4.3. GIAO THC IU KHIN C LP KNH MANG BICC.................... 75
Chng 5: CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN CH T.................. 76
5.1. GIAO THC IU KHIN CNG PHNG TIN MGCP..................... 76
5.1.1. Kin trc v cc thnh phn...................................................................... 76
5.1.2. Thit lp cuc gi thng qua MGCP......................................................... 78
5.1.3. So snh gia MGCP, SIP v H.323 .......................................................... 79
5.1.4. nh gi giao thc MGCP........................................................................ 79
5.2. MEGACO/H.248............................................................................................ 80
5.2.1. Tng quan v giao thc MEGACO/H.248................................................ 80
5.2.2. V tr ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248 trong m hnh OSI......................... 81
5.2.3. Cc chc nng ca MEGACO/H.248 ....................................................... 81
5.2.4. Cc khi nim trong giao thc MEGACO/H.248...................................... 82
5.2.5. Truyn dn cc bn tin ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248 ........................... 85
5.2.6. Cc lnh c nh ngha bi giao thc MEGACO/H.248 ....................... 85
5.2.7. Cu trc bn tin MEGACO/H.248............................................................ 88
5.2.8. Hot ng ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248............................................... 89
5.2.9. Cc u im ca MEGACO/H.248 so vi cc giao thc iu khin cng
phng tin khc................................................................................................ 90
CHNG 1:
TNG QUAN V CC H THNG BO HIU
1.1. KHI QUT
Trong mng vin thng, bo hiu l vic trao i thng tin gia cc thnh phn tham gia vo
cuc ni thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. ng thi bo hiu cng c dng vn
hnh v qun l mng vin thng.
Thng thng bo hiu c chia thnh 2 loi chnh:
- Bo hiu ng dy thu bao (Subscriber Loop Signalling)
- Bo hiu lin tng i (Inter - Exchange Signalling)
Hin nay, bo hiu lin tng i c 2 loi chnh:
- Bo hiu knh lin kt CAS (Channel Associated Signalling)
- Bo hiu knh chung CCS (Common Channel Signalling)
Hnh 1.1: Phn loi bo hiu trong mng vin thng
1.2 BO HIU NG DY THU BAO
L bo hiu c thc hin gia thu bao vi tng i hay gia tng i vi thu bao.
thit lp cuc gi thu bao nhc t hp my. Trng thi nhc t hp c tng i pht
hin v n gi tn hiu mi quay s n thu bao. Lc ny thu bao c th quay s ca thu
bao cn gi. Khi quay s xong thu bao nhn c mt s tn hiu ca tng i tng ng vi
trng thi nh tn hiu hi m chung, tn hiu bo bn hay mt s tn hiu c bit khc.
Hnh 1.2: v d v ng dy thu bao
1.3 BO HIU LIN TNG I
L bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau.
Cc loi tn hiu trong bo hiu lin tng i c th l: tn hiu chim, tn hiu cng nhn
chim (hay tn hiu xc nhn chim), s thu bao b gi, tnh trng tc nghn, xa thun, xa
ngc
Tn hiu bo hiu lin tng i gm:
- Cc tn hiu thanh ghi (Register Signals): c s dng trong thi gian thit lp
cuc gi chuyn giao a ch v thng tin th loi thu bao.
- Cc tn hiu bo ng dy (Line Signals): c s dng trong ton b thi gian
cuc gi gim st trng thi ca ng dy.
Hnh 1.3: V d v bo hiu lin tng i
Bo hiu lin tng i ngy nay c 2 phng php ang c s dng l: bo hiu knh lin
kt (ACS) v bo hiu knh chung (CCS).
1.3.1 Bo hiu knh lin kt (Channel Associated Signalling):
a) Khi qut bo hiu knh lin kt:
L bo hiu lin tng i m tn hiu bo hiu c truyn cng vi trung k ting. c
trng ca loi bo hiu ny l i vi mi knh thoi c ng tn hiu bo hiu xc nh
khng r rng. iu c ngha l:
- Tn hiu bo hiu c th chuyn giao trn knh thoi nu s dng tn hiu bo hiu
trong bng tn thoi.
- Tn hiu bo hiu c chuyn giao trong mt knh bo hiu ring bit nh sp xp
a khung trong PCM, cc tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c chuyn giao trong khe
thi gian TS16
b) Cc h thng bo hiu knh lin kt:
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 1: y l h thng bo hiu lu i nht v ngy nay khng
cn c s dng na. H thng bo hiu ny s dng tn s 500Hz, ngt qung 20Hz.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 2: y l h thng bo hiu s dng tn s 600Hz, ngt
Zealand v Nam M.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 3: y l h thng bo hiu bng u tin s dng tn s
2280Hz cho c bo hiu ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi. Ngy nay vn cn s dng Php,
o, Phn Lan v Hungary.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 4: y l mt bin th ca h thng bo hiu CCITT 3
nhng s dng tn s 2040Hz v 2400Hz cho bo hiu ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 5: y l h thng bo hiu c s dng kh rng ri vi
bo hiu ng dy s dng tn s 2400Hz v 2600Hz, bo hiu thanh ghi s dng t hp 2
trong 6 tn s 700Hz, 900Hz, 1100Hz, 1300Hz, 1500Hz v 1700Hz.
* H thng bo hiu R1: y l h thng bo hiu gn ging vi h thng bo hiu s 5,
nhng ch s dng mt tn s 2600 cho bo hiu ng dy. Bo hiu thanh ghi ging nh
trong bo hiu s 5.
* H thng bo hiu R2: y l h thng bo hiu s dng tn s 3825Hz cho bo hiu
ng dy (vi phin bn analog) v cc tn s 540Hz ti 1140Hz cho hng v, tn s t
1380 n 1980 cho hng i vi bc tn s 120Hz.
c) u im v nhc im ca bo hiu knh lin kt:
* u im: do bo hiu knh lin kt tng i c lp vi nhau nn khi c s c
mt knh bo hiu no th cc knh cn li t b nh hng.
* Nhc im:
- Thi gian thit lp cuc gi lu do tc trao i thng tin bo hiu chm.
- Dung lng ca bo hiu knh lin kt nh do c s ng dy trung k gii hn.
- tin cy ca bo hiu knh lin kt khng cao do khng c ng dy trung k
d phng.
1.3.2 Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling)
a) Khi qut bo hiu knh chung:
L bo hiu lin tng i m tn hiu bo hiu c truyn trn mt ng s liu tc
cao c lp vi trung k ting. Bo hiu c thc hin c 2 hng i v v vi mt knh
bo hiu cho mi hng.
Thng tin bo hiu cn gi i c nhm thnh nhng gi d liu. Bn cnh nhng thng tin
dnh cho vic bo hiu cn c thm mt s thng tin nhn dng knh thoi m n bo hiu
cho, thng tin a ch (nhn) v thng tin iu chnh li.
Cc tng i iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr (SPC) cng vi cc knh bo hiu s
to thnh mng bo hiu chuyn mch gi.
b) Cc h thng bo hiu knh chung:
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 6: ra i nm 1968, c s dng dnh cho cc ng dy
analog v cho lu thoi quc t.
* H thng bo hiu CCITT 7: ra i vo nhng nm 1979-1980 dnh cho c mng
chuyn mch s trong nc v quc t, h thng truyn dn s tc cao (64Kb/s).
c) u im ca h thngbo hiu knh chung:
- Thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh do s dng ng truyn s liu tc cao.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thi gian thit lp cuc gi gim di mt giy.
- Dung lng ca bo hiu knh chung ln do mi knh bo hiu c th x l tn hiu
bo hiu cho vi nghn cuc gi cng lc.
- tin cy ca bo hiu knh chung cao nh s dng cc tuyn bo hiu linh ng.
- Bo hiu knh chung c linh hot cao v h thng c th mang thng tin ca
nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau, c th s dng cho nhiu mc ch, khng ch phc
v cho ring thoi.
1.4 CHC NNG CA BO HIU
Bo hiu trong mng vin thng bao gm 3 chc nng c bn:
- Chc nng gim st
- Chc nng tm chn.
- Chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng.
1.4.1 Chc nng gim st
Chc nng ny c s dng gim st v pht hin s thay i trng thi ca cc
phn t (ng dy thu bao, ng dy trung k) a ra cc quyt nh x l chnh xc
v kp thi.
1.4.2 Chc nng tm chn
Chc nng ny lin quan n th tc thit lp cuc gi, l vic truyn s liu thu
bao b gi v tm tuyn ti u ti thu bao b gi. iu ny ph thuc vo kiu bo hiu v
phng php bo hiu.
Yu cu t ra cho chc nng tm chn cho tng i l phi c tn hiu qu, tin cy cao
thc hin chnh xc chc nng chuyn mch, thit lp cuc gi thnh cng, gim thi gian tr
quay s.
1.4.3 Chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng
Khc vi hai chc nng trn, chc nng vn hnh v qun l mng gip cho vic s
dng mng mt cch hiu qu v ti u nht. N thu thp cc thng tin bo cnh, tn hiu o
lng kim tra thng xuyn thng bo tnh hnh ca cc thit b phn t trong toang b h
thng c quyt nh x l ng.
CHNG 2.
H THNG BO HIU S 7
2.1. Khi nim chung
Bo hiu s 7 c quc t cng nhn l h thng bo hiu knh chung (CCS) gia cc
tng i s dng trong mng quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu c truyn i trn
mt khe thi gian c phn pht trn 1 trong cc tuyn PCM mang cc knh thoi.
Hnh 2.1. S tiu biu h thng bo hiu s 7
V d nh hai tng i trao i vi nhau bng 2 lung 2 Mbps, nh vy, kh nng dng
lng knh thng tin gia 2 tng i ny l 60 knh, trong , 1 lung 2 Mbps mang bo hiu
s 7 trong TS16 ca n. Thng tin bo hiu c tch, ghp qua trng chuyn mch ca tng
i hoc DLTU (Digital Line Terminal Unit).
Thng tin bo hiu c gi t tng i ny sang tng i khc c xc nh bi h
thng iu khin qua S/R CCS cho bo hiu s 7. S/R CCS bao gm 3 phn h trn c s ca
cc b x l. Thng tin t h thng iu hin tng i nhn t phn h iu khin bo hiu
di dng thc thch hp. Cc bn tin c xp hng y, cho n khi c th c truyn i.
Khi khng c cc bn tin truyn i th phn h iu khin bo hiu pht cc bn tin chn lc
gi tuyn lun trng thi tch cc.
Cc bn tin c gi qua phn h u cui bo hiu, s dng cc bits kim tra c
pht i t phn h iu khin li to thnh cc n v bo hiu s 7 hon chnh. Ti tng i
thu, qu trnh ngc li c thc hin.
2.2. Cu trc h thng mng bo hiu s 7
2.2.1. Cc thnh phn chnh ca mng bo hiu s 7
a. im bo hiu (Signalling Points)
Mng bo hiu s 7 hot ng song song vi mng truyn ti. Kin trc mng bo hiu
s 7 nh ngha ba tp cc node gi l cc im bo hiu (SPs), c kt ni vi nhau bi cc
tuyn bo hiu. Mi mt im bo hiu SP c phn bit vi nhau bi mt m im bo hiu
nh phn duy nht. Tu theo v tr ca n c th l m im gc OPC (Originating Point Code)
hay m im ch DPC (Destination Point Code).
Hnh 2.2. Cc thnh phn ca mng bo hiu s 7
- im chuyn mch dch v (Service Switching Point SSP)
SSP c kt hp vi cc node chuyn mch ca mng truyn ti v l giao din gia
mng bo hiu s 7 v mng truyn ti. Trong mng truyn ti c iu khin bi bo hiu s
7, tt c cc tng i, k c tng i trung tm v qu giang, u c kt ni ti mng bo
hiu s 7 thng qua cc SSP. Mt SSP ch kt ni trc tip vi cc nt gn k v vic lin lc
vi cc im bo hiu xa ph thuc hon ton vo kh nng nh a ch v nh tuyn ca
mng. V mt vt l, SSP l mt my tnh to ra cc bn tin gi n cc thnh phn khc
ca mng bo hiu s 7 v nhn cc bn tin tr li.
- im chuyn tip bo hiu (Signal Transfer Point)
STP l cc node chuyn mch c thm chc nng bin dch nhn nh tuyn v nh
tuyn lu lng mng SS7 gia cc SP khng k nhau. STP cng nh tuyn cc bn tin SS7
n cc im iu khin dch v (Service Control Point SCP) m ti lu gi c s d
liu. Ton b qu trnh thng tin trong mng SS7 u c thc hin qua STP ngay c i vi
cc node k nhau. Cui cng, STP cung cp cc dch v gateway, phn phi v nhn cc cuc
gi SS7 t cc mng khc, bao gm c cc nh cung cp dch v quc t v v tuyn m c th
trin khai SS7 mt cch khc nhau. Trong thc t, STP thng c trin khai theo tng cp
nng cao hiu nng h thng v tin cy ca mng.
- im iu khin dch v (Service Control Point)
SCP cho php truy nhp vo c s d liu thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh hot ng ca
mng, thng l bin dch s v ch dn ng dng, nhng cng bao gm ngy cng nhiu cc
d liu cn thit cho cc dch v v tuyn v thng minh. Cc STP c th truy nhp nhng d
liu ny thng qua cc tuyn khng phi l ca SS7, v d nh X.25, v tr li thng tin cho
nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc SSP, kt hp s quay vi ch n thc t, cung cp hng dn
chuyn tip cuc gi..v.v.. SCP cng cho php kt ni ti cc thnh phn mng thng minh
nh H thng qun l dch v v Ngoi vi thng minh. SCP thng c d phng kp
nng cao hiu nng h thng v tin cy ca mng.
b. Cc kiu tuyn bo hiu
Hnh 2.3. Cc tuyn bo hiu trong mng bo hiu s 7
Cc tuyn bo hiu trong mng bo hiu s 7 c phn chia ph thuc vo ng dng
ca chng trong mng bo hiu. Thc t chng khng c g khc nhau v mt vt l, u l cc
tuyn d liu song hng 56kbps hoc 64kbps. Cc tuyn bo hiu ny c phn loi nh
sau:
- Tuyn A (Access): kt ni gia mt STP v mt SSP hay mt SCP. Tuyn A c s dng
cho mc ch duy nht l phn pht bo hiu xut pht t hay n cc im cui bo hiu (SSP
hay SCP).
- Tuyn C (Cross): kt ni cc STP vi nhau. Chng c s dng tng tin cy ca mng
bo hiu trong trng hp mt hay vi tuyn bo hiu gp s c.
- Tuyn E (Extend): trong khi mt SSP c kt ni vi STP nh ca n bng mt s cc
tuyn A th c th tng tin cy bng cch trin khai thm mt s cc tuyn ni ti mt cp
STP th hai. Nhng tuyn ny c gi l tuyn E, thc cht l cc tuyn kt ni d phng
trong trng hp khng th kt ni c vi SSP nh qua cc tuyn A. Tuyn E c th c
trin khai hay khng hon ton ph thuc vo nh cung cp mng.
- Tuyn F (Fully associated): y l cc tuyn m kt ni trc tip hai im bo hiu vi nhau.
Cc tuyn F ch c cho php thc hin trong kin trc mng bo hiu kiu kt hp v vic c
trin khai cc tuyn F hay khng l ph thuc vo nh cung cp mng.
Ngoi cc tuyn bo hiu trn cn c mt s tuyn bo hiu khc nh: tuyn B (Bridge),
tuyn D (Diagonal). D tn c khc nhau nhng chc nng chung ca chng u l truyn ti
cc bn tin bo hiu t im khi u vo mng n ng a ch ch.
2.2.2 Cc kiu kin trc bo hiu
Trong thut ng ca CCS No.7, khi hai nt bo hiu c kh nng trao i cc bn tin
bo hiu vi nhau thng qua mng bo hiu ta ni gia chng tn ti mt lin kt bo hiu. Cc
mng bo hiu c th s dng 3 kiu bo hiu khc nhau, trong ta hiu kiu l mi quan
h gia ng i ca bn tin bo hiu v ng ting c lin quan.
Kiu kt hp: Trong kiu kt hp cc bn tin bo hiu v cc ng ting gia hai
im c truyn trn mt tp hp ng u ni trc tip gia hai im ny vi nhau.
Kiu khng kt hp: Trong kiu ny cc bn tin bo hiu c lin quan n cc ng
ting gia hai im bo hiu c truyn trn mt hoc nhiu tp hp ng qu giang, qua
mt hoc nhiu im chuyn tip bo hiu.
Kiu ta kt hp: Kiu bo hiu ny l trng hp c bit ca kiu bo hiu khng
kt hp, trong cc ng i ca bn tin bo hiu c xc nh trc v c nh, tr trng
hp nh tuyn li v c li.
2.2.3. Cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng bo hiu s 7
Trong mng bo hiu s 7, cc node thng tin vi nhau bng cc bn tin di dng gi
gi l cc n v bo hiu (Signal unit SU). C ba kiu bn tin bo hiu c phn bit vi
nhau bi trng ch th di (LI Length Indicator), l:
n v tn hiu bn tin MSU: y l bn tin quan trng v phc tp nht trong ba loi
bn tin. Khng ging nh FISU v LSSU ch c th c nh a ch ti node ln cn
v do ch h tr nhng lp thp nht trong chng giao thc SS7, MSU cha nhn
nh tuyn v trng thng tin bo hiu. Do chng cung cp phng tin mang
thng tin iu khin knh v bn tin thc hin s dng bi cc lp cao hn ca chng
giao thc SS7. Cc trng thng tin ca MSU cng c th mang thng tin bo dng
v qun l mng.
n v tn hiu trng thi ng LSSU: LSSU c s dng cung cp cc ch th v
trng thi ng ti u kia ca ng s liu. Cc thng tin v trng thi ng c th
l: bnh thng, khng hot ng, mt tn hiu ng chnh, trng thi khn.., trong
c th tc ng chnh ban u, c s dng khi khi to ln u cc ng bo hiu
v khi phc li sau s c.
n v tn hiu thay th FISU: FISU c truyn khi trn ng truyn s liu khng
truyn cc bn tin MSU v LSSU, mc ch l nhn cc thng bo tc thi v s c
ca ng bo hiu.
Cc trng trong n v bo hiu:
- F (C): Mu ring bit 8 bit ny c s dng bt u v kt thc mt n v bo
hiu v c gi l c. N khng xut hin bt c ni no khc trong n v bo hiu. Ngi
ta phi a ra cc phng php o lng, kim tra trnh c gi xut hin trong n v bo
hiu. C c c trng bng t m 01111110.
- CK (m kim tra d vng): CK l mt con s tng (ChechSum) c truyn trong
tng n v bo hiu. Nu ti im bo hiu thu nhn c Checksum khng ph hp th n
v bo hiu c coi l c li v phi loi b.
- SIF (Trng thng tin bo hiu): Trng ny ch tn ti trong bn tin MSU. N gm
cc thng tin v nh tuyn v thng tin thc v bo hiu ca bn tin.
Cu trc ca SIF gm c 2 phn: nhn nh tuyn (mc 3) v thng tin ngi s dng
(mc 4)
Nhn nh tuyn: im ch ca mt n v tn hiu c xc nh trong mt nhn nh
tuyn. Nhn nh tuyn trong mt n v tn hiu bn tin bao gm cc trng m im ch
(DPC), m im gc (OPC) v la chn tuyn bo hiu (SLS).
Mt m c gn cho mi im bo hiu trong mng bo hiu ph thuc vo mt k
hoch nh s. Phn truyn bn tin s dng m nh tuyn bn tin. DPC xc nh im bo
hiu m bn tin c truyn n . OPC xc nh im bo hiu m t bn tin c
truyn.
Ni dung ca trng SLS xc nh tuyn bo hiu m theo bn tin c truyn. Bng
cch ny, trng SLS c s dng chia ti trong cc tuyn bo hiu gia hai im bo
hiu.
Thng tin ngi s dng: thng tin ngi s dng cha d liu c to ra bi phn
ngi s dng im gc v d liu c c lng ca phn ngi s dng im ch.
- SIO (Octet thng tin dch v): Trng ny ch tn ti trong bn tin LSSU. Octet ny
gm ch th dch v v phn ch th mng.
Ch th dch v c s dng phi hp bn tin bo hiu vi mt Ngi dng ring bit
ca MTP ti mt im bo hiu, c ngha l cc chc nng lp 3 phn phi bn tin ti cc phn
ngi s dng tng ng, vi s tr gip ca ch th dch v.
Trng ch th mng gm ch th v mng c s dng phn bit gia cc cuc gi
trong mng quc gia v quc t hoc gia cc s nh tuyn khc nhau trong mt mng. Ch
th mng cng xc nh mng tng ng trong c ni gi v nhn bn tin.
NAT0 = mng ch.
NAT1 = mng bo hiu chung vi cc nh cung cp mng trong nc khc.
INAT0 = mng bo hiu chung vi cc nh cung cp mng quc t khc.
INAT1 = khng s dng.
- ERROR CORRECTION c dng kim tra li tun t v yu cu truyn li, n
gm:
+ BSN (S th t hng v): Trng BSN c s dng cng nhn cc n v bo
hiu m u cui ca ng bo hiu pha i phng nhn c. BSN l s th t n v bo
hiu c cng nhn (7 bits)
+ BIB (Bt ch th hng v): BIB c s dng khi phc li bn tin khi c li (1 bit)
+ FSN (S th t hng i): FSN l con s th t hng i ca n v bo hiu mang n
(7 bits)
+ FIB (Bt ch th hng i): FIB c s dng khi phc li cc bn tin khi c li (1
bit)
+ LI (Ch th di): Trng LI ch ra s lng Octet c trong mt n v bo hiu tnh
t sau trng LI n trc trng CK.
Trong : LI = 0 : n v bo hiu thay th (FISU)
LI = 1 hoc 2 : n v bo hiu trng thi ng (LSSU)
LI thuc (2;63) : n v bo hiu bn tin (MSU)
2.3. Chng giao thc bo hiu s 7
Chng giao thc bo hiu s 7 c 4 mc : 3 mc ca phn truyn bn tin MTP cung
cp mt h thng truyn dn tin cy cho tt c ngi s dng ; v mc th t bao gm cc
ngi s dng ca MTP (MTP User). C hai ngi s dng MTP: th nht, l phn ngi s
dng ISDN (ISDN User Part) cung cp bo hiu iu khin cuc gi chuyn mch knh c bn
v h tr cc dch v ph ca ISDN. Ngi dng MTP th hai l Phn iu khin kt ni bo
hiu SCCP, cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn v nh a ch mng khng phi l chuyn mch
knh, thng qua giao thc Cc kh nng bin dch TC ti ngi s dng ca SS7 tc l cc
ng dng. Cc ng dng ca SS7 yu cu phi truy nhp n c s d liu xa v cc node, do
yu cu kh nng nh a ch mng.
Kin trc chng giao thc bo hiu ny c ch ra hnh sau :
Mc d ITU T nh ngha chng giao thc SS7 trc khi ISO/OSI m t m hnh by
lp, nhng n cng c th c so snh i th vi m hnh OSI by lp nh c ch ra
hnh sau :
S kt hp ca MTP v cc kh nng nh a ch ca SCCP to nn Phn dch v
mng SS7 (SS7 Network Service Part) cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn v nh a
ch lp 3 ca m hnh OSI cho cc ng ng.
Cc lp t 4 n 6 ca m hnh OSI ng vi Phn dch v ngi s dng ca SS7
(Application Service Part) nhng hin thi cha c nh ngha. tin cy m nhng
giao thc hng kt ni trong m hnh OSI ny cung cp c thc hin bng cc
phng thc khc trong cc giao thc ca phn Cc kh nng bin dch TC.
Mc d ISUP thng c biu din m rng t lp 3 n lp 7 nhng iu khng
c ngha l tt c cc lp gia c xc nh. Thc t, n ch cho thy l ISUP lin
quan n vic bin dch cc tn hiu thit lp cuc gi ban u ca ngi s dng thnh
cc giao thc bo hiu thit lp cuc gi SS7, v cng tng tc vi cc giao thc
truyn bn tin mc thp hn ca MTP.
2.3.1. Phn truyn bn tin MTP
a. MTP mc 1
Mc mt trong phn chuyn bn tin MTP gi l ng s liu bo hiu, n tng ng
vi mc vt l trong m hnh OSI. ng s liu bo hiu l mt ng truyn dn s liu hai
chiu. N bao gm hai knh s liu hot ng ng thi trn hai hng ngc nhau vi cng
mt tc .
ng s liu bo hiu c th l ng tn hiu s hoc tng t . ng s liu bo
hiu s c xy dng trn knh truyn dn s (64 Kb/s) v tng i chuyn mch s. ng
s liu bo hiu tng t c xy dng trn knh truyn dn tng t tn s thoi (4Khz ) v
Modem.
Giao thc mc 1 nh ngha cc c tnh vt l, cc c tnh in v cc c tnh chc
nng ca cc ng bo hiu u ni vi cc thnh phn CCS N
0
7. Cc c tnh ny c m
t chi tit trong khuyn ngh CCITT G703, G732 v G734.
Cc tc ca MTP mc 1 c th l DS-1 (1.544Mbps), DS-0 (64kbps) v DS-0A
(56kbps) theo chun Bc M hay theo cc giao din chun ca th gii nh V.35 (64kbps).
b. MTP mc 2
MTP mc 2 tng ng vi lp 2 trong m hnh phn lp OSI. N thc hin chc nng
ng bo hiu, cng vi ng s liu bo hiu (MTP mc 1) cung cp mt ng s liu
cho chuyn giao tin cy cc bn tin bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu c u ni trc tip .
MTP mc 2 nh ngha cc giao thc cn thit xc nh mt v hu gi tin trn cc
ng d liu ring bit v sp th t cc gi d liu c phn pht. MTP mc 2 s dng
cc bn tin FISU xc nh v sa li v s dng cc bn tin LSSU iu khin khi phc
ng s liu. MTP mc 2 thc hin chc nng ny m khng lm nh hng n cc lp cao
hn.
c. MTP mc 3
MTP mc 3 c th c coi nh tng ng vi lp mng trong m hnh OSI. N chu
trch nhim x l bn tin v qun tr mng. MTP mc 3 s thc hin cc chc nng phn bit,
nh tuyn, v phn phi cc bn tin qua cc ng s liu c to bi cc giao thc mc 2.
Mc 3 phn tch a ch ca cc bn tin n v t phn bit cc bn tin c a ch l
a ch node hin ti vi cc bn tin c a ch l node khc.
Cc bn tin c a ch l node hin ti c chuyn ti cc qu trnh tip theo xc nh
bi trng SIO trong bn tin.
Nu a ch ca bn tin n khng phi l a ch node hin ti, mc 3 s chuyn tip t
chc nng phn loi sang chc nng nh tuyn. Chc nng ny s kim tra bng nh
tuyn, nh tuyn bn tin mt cch thch hp v phn pht n tr v cho cc giao thc
mc 2 truyn i.
MTP mc 3 thc hin chc nng nh tuyn ca n da trn m im (Point Codes) c
ghi trong a ch bn tin. M im ny xc nh duy nht v tr ca im khi u v kt thc
ca ng s liu. Tuy nhin MTP ch c th nh tuyn theo kiu theo tng ng mt (link
by link). y khng phi l vn i vi bo hiu chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin, vi bo
hiu khng phi l chuyn mch knh ti cc c s d liu v cc ng dng c th khp ni
trn mng, MTP mc 3 ti cc tng i chuyn mch c th khng c bng nh tuyn yu cu.
Do , n lp y cc trng cha bit vi s 0 v chuyn tip n n STP ni c bng nh
tuyn tp trung. Cc giao thc lp trn ti STP s thc hin chc nng bin dch tiu chung
(Global Title Translation), thm vo d liu nh tuyn cn thit v tr bn tin li cho MTP
mc 3 tip tc truyn i.
Bn cnh chc nng phn bit, phn pht v nh tuyn bn tin, MTP mc 3 cng thc
hin mt s chc nng qun l. N iu khin vic s dng LSSU cho qun l ng s liu
mc 2. Quan st trng thi ng mc 3 bao gm c iu kin ca im cui, chng hn nh
cc card giao din mng, sao cho mt ng s liu c th hot ng mc 2 nhng khng
cung cp dch v mc 3. Chc nng qun l ng mc 3 thng a nhng ng s liu li
ny sang trng thi khng phc v, thc hin xc nh li v ng chnh li, v a chng tr
li phc v m khng lm gin on qu trnh hot ng. Chc nng qun l mc 3 cng khi
to lu lng lp cao hn v qun l nh tuyn bn tin s dng cc bn tin MSU c xc
nh qun l. Khi mt node b nghn hay khng phc v c v mt l do no , mc 3
c th gim lu lng qua node hay nh tuyn li lu lng. Trong c hai trng hp u
thng bo cho cc node ln cn trn mng. Mc 3 cng cung cp thng tin bo dng cho cc
trung tm OA&M nh qun l c th can thip.
2.3.2. Cc chc nng ngi s dng MTP
Cc chc nng ngi s dng MTP (MTP User Functions) cho php tip cn ti ngi
s dng MTP (MTP User). C hai ngi s dng MTP :
- Th nht l Phn ngi s dng ISDN (ISUP) s dng MTP mang cc bn tin iu
khin thip lp v hu b cuc gi link by linh.
- Th hai l Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu (SCCP) cho php nh tuyn mng mt
cch mm do cc bn tin bin dch ng dng c s dng bi cc mng thng minh, cc
dch v di ng cng nh OA&M.
a. Phn ngi s dng ISDN (ISUP)
ISUP cung cp cc chc nng bo hiu cn thit h tr cc dch v mang c bn v
cc dch v ph tr cho cc ng dng thoi v phi thoi. N iu khin qu trnh thit lp v
hu b cuc gi thoi v s liu cho c cc cuc gi ISDN v khng phi l ISDN thng qua
MTP. Nhim v ISUP c bn l thit lp mt kt ni knh truyn dn gia cc node, dn ti
bn b gi ph thuc vo bng nh tuyn chun t ti im chuyn mch. ISUP cng h tr
cc dch v ph tr ISDN bng cch mang cc c im hay thng tin ch gi kt hp vi cuc
gi m c thit lp nh l mt phn ca Trng thng tin dch v ISDN SIF.
ISUP chp nhn c cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi ISDN v khng phi l ISDN, sp xp
chng vo Bn tin a ch khi to ISUP IAM ca chnh n. Do , ISUP thng c miu t
l m rng n c lp ng dng (lp 7) ca m hnh OSI, ni m cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi
ny c khi to.
Khun dng cc bn tin ISUP c mang trong trng SIF ca mt bn tin MSU ISUP.
ISUP SIF cha mt nhn nh tuyn, mt m nhn dng knh v thng tin bo hiu. Nhn nh
tuyn cung cp cc m im cho a ch bt u v a ch ch. M nhn dng knh CIC l
mt m (khng c xc nh trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU T) m xc nh knh mang l
i tng ca bn tin. Thng tin bo hiu bao gm kiu bn tin v cc thng s bt buc/la
chn c xc nh bi bn tin . C 43 kiu bn tin ISUP c ITU T nh ngha, v d
nh l Bn tin a ch khi to IMA, bn tin qun l cuc gi nh CPG
Cu trc ca bn tin ISUP SIF nh sau :
b. Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP
Khng ging ISUP c s dng thit lp v hu b knh mang vt l, SCCP tn ti
mang lu lng Cc ng dng ngi s dng SS7 v qun l. V n mang thng tin ng
dng gia hai im m c th khng lin quan n bt c knh mang no, SCCP phi c kh
nng bin dch v cung cp thng tin nh tuyn v nh a ch mm do hn qua cc giao
din ti MTP. SCCP thc hin chc nng bin dch tiu chung GT (Global Title
Translation) v nh tuyn cho cc m im xut pht v m im ch m khng gn vi im
xut pht v im ch thc t, cng nh l cc s phn h m cung cp cc a ch logic cho
cc phn h ng dng ring bit trong node c nh a ch. SCCP cng iu khin chia s
ti MTP mc 3 gia cc im bo hiu d phng.
Giao thc SCCP c bn chc nng c bn nh c ch ra hnh sau :
SCRC
SCLC
SCMG
SCOC
Ti lp 2
Ti lp 4 T lp 2
Ti lp 2
Hnh 2.8. Chc nng ca SCCP
Chc nng quan trng nht l iu khin nh tuyn SCCP (SCCP Routing Control -
SCRC). SCRC bin dch gia node duy nht v m im i ch phn h v tiu chung c
n gin ho cha trong hu ht cc bn tin SCCP. Da trn kh nng bin dc ny, SCCP thc
hin chc nng phn loi bn tin, phn phi cc bn tin c nh a ch node ny ti cc
phn h, v chuyn nhng bn tin m khng c nh a ch tr li MTP. SCCP nh tuyn
bn tin ti mt trong ba chc nng sau phn pht ti cc phn h: chc nng iu khin
khng kt ni SCCP (SCCP Conectionless Control - SCLC), chc nng qun l SCCP (SCCP
Management - SCMG), v chc nng iu khin hng kt ni SCCP (SCCP Conection
Oriented Control - SCOC). SCCP c nh ngha cho c cc dch v hng kt ni v khng
kt ni. Dch v khng kt ni SCCP rt tt v c th cnh tranh vi cc c tnh vi dch v
hng kt ni n mc thng tin kiu hi p c th c thc hin mt cch tin cy.
SCCP cung cp hai mc dch v khng kt ni : lp 0 l dch v datagram, v lp 1 l
dch v nh th t. Khi mt ngi s dng la chn dch v lp 0, SCCP phn phi bn tin
mt cch ngu nhin qua bt c ng s liu d phng no kh dng nh l mt phng thc
qun l duy tr s cn bng lu lng. Lp 1 c chn khi di ca mt phin lm vic
ln hn 273 octet c php trong trng SIF ca mt bn tin MSU. Khi SCCP lp 1 pht
hin ra rng mt phin giao dch b phn on, n yu cu tt c cc on s phi c truyn
qua cng mt tuyn vt l, do bo m rng ngi nhn s nhn tt c cc on theo ng
th t m n c truyn i.
Bn cnh vic iu khin th t c cung cp bi s la chn hai lp dch v, SCCP
cung cp hai thng s cht lng dch v QoS khc nhau. La chn quay li cho php MTP
hu b bn tin li hay yu cu tr li SCCP nh l mt bn tin li. Mc u tin ca bn tin
c gn bi MTP cho bn tin SCCP ph thuc vo cc tiu ch c pht trin t bn ngoi.
SCCP cho php qun l nh tuyn v lu lng mng mt cch t ng. Khng ging
nh qun l MTP ch chu trch nhim cho cc ng s liu ring bit ni cc node, qun l
SCCP h tr cc ng dng v phn h m c th c phn phi qua vi node. SCCP nhn
thng tin gc v tnh trng node trc tip t im bo hiu MTP cng nh trng thi phn h t
node xa. Da trn nhng thng tin ny, SCCP c th cu hnh li mng bo hiu; SCCP loi b
lu lng hay nh tuyn cc bn tin i vng qua cc node m thng bo l chng b nghn, v
qun l s khc nhau v nh tuyn gia dch v lp 0 v lp 1. Thm vo , SCCP c th
c s dng h tr OAMP trong tnh trng cnh bo.
Ging nh ISUP, bn tin SCCP c mang trong trng SIF ca bn tin MSU. Trng
SIF ny mang mt nhn nh tuyn ging nh ca ISUP, xc nh im khi to v im ch
ca cuc gi. Phn th hai ca SCCP SIF cha loi bn tin v cc thng s la chn hay bt
buc nh ngha cho loi bn tin . Khng ging nh ISUP, SCCP cung cp mt dch v vn
chuyn v trng th ba cha bt c bn tin no c truyn, thng l mt bn tin Cc kh
nng ngi s dng TC.
Cu trc ca bn tin SCCP SIF nh sau :
2.3.3. Ngi s dng SS7 (SS7 Users)
Ngi s dng SS7 chng ta cp n y l nhng ng dng tn ti ti lp 7 ca m
hnh OSI (lp ng dng). Ngi s dng SS7 c th c chia thnh hai loi :
Nhng ngi s dng ng dng h tr lu lng chuyn mch knh (Phn ngi s
dng iu khin knh), s dng ISUP truy nhp ti MTP
Nhng ngi s dng ng dng m truy nhp ti MTP thng qua Cc kh nng bin
dch SS7 v SCCP m h tr lu lng khng phi l chuyn mch knh vi c s
d liu ti SCP ; bn cnh cho php vn chuyn cc d liu ng dng.
a. Phn ngi s dng ISDN
ISUP - iu khin thit lp v hu b knh nh l mt giao thc lp 4 trong m hnh
OSI, cng l mt giao thc lp ng dng OSI. V ISUP coi mt bn tin thit lp gi ca ngi
s dng nh l mt bn tin ng dng c bin dch sang khun dng ISUP ca chnh n,
ISUP thng c m t trong chng giao thc SS7 nh l mt " ng ng" t lp 4 n lp
7, s dng bi cc ng dng chuyn mch knh.
b. Cc kh nng bin dch TC
TC h tr cc tin trnh ng dng lp 7 ca m hnh OSI khng phi l chuyn mch
knh. Nhng tin trnh ny ph thuc vo mt kh nng no ca SS7 thc hin hi - p,
cc dch v mng thng minh, hay cc bn tin truyn d liu... Tt c u c th c coi nh
l cc "giao dch". Tt c cc giao dch ny yu cu bn tin phi c nh tuyn gia ngi s
dng v c s d liu hay gia ngi s dng vi nhau. Thng tin ny khng p dng cho iu
khin knh, v nh tuyn th khng c thc hin bng phng thc link to link nh
ISUP. TC l mt Thnh phn dch v ng dng (ASE) chung m c th h tr mt s cc ng
dng SS7. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc ng dng, chng hn nh Phn ng dng Qun l, iu hnh
v bo dng OAMP, yu cu phi c thm cc chc nng ASE xc nh m khng c
cp bi SS7.
ITU T nh ngha TC l mt ASE chung nm gia Ngi s dng TC (trn lp 7 OSI)
v SCCP. TC bao gm Phn ng dng (TCAP) v Phn dch v ng dng cha xc nh
(ASP). ASP thuc t lp 4 n lp 6 OSI v h tr dch v hng kt ni. Tuy nhin c cc
khuyn ngh ca ITU T v cc chun T1 ca M u cha nghin cu c th vn ny. Do
vy, c ITU T v T1 u coi TC trng vi TCAP.
TCAP gm 3 phn lp: Bin dch, Hi thoi v Thnh phn. Phn lp Bin dch xc nh
v phn phi lu lng ti phin xc nh v cc thnh phn ng dng nh, do h tr vic
thc hin cc dch v hng kt ni. Phn lp Hi thoi v Thnh phn h tr hi/p v nhu
cu truyn ti lu lng d liu n hng ca cc ng dng.
Ging nh tt c cc bn tin SS7 lp cao hn, TCAP ph thuc vo MSU, to mt
trng TCAP trong trng SCCP SIF bao gm phn xc nh bin dch v d liu (thnh phn,
d liu, hay hi thoi) cn thit cho bin dch. Trng xc nh bin dch xc nh kiu bn tin
v cc thng s yu cu.
Cu trc ca trng TCAP trong SCCP SIF nh sau:
2.3.4. Cc phn ng dng INAP, MAP, OMAP
a. Phn ng dng mng thng minh INAP
INAP (Intelligent Network Application Part) cho php thc hin mt c s h tng bo
hiu, phn cp nh cung cp t c mt th trng in thoi c nh rng khp ton cu.
INAP l mt giao thc bo hiu gia mt SSP, cc ngun phng tin mng (ngoi vi thng
minh), v c s d liu tp trung ca SCP. SCP bao gm cc d liu v chng trnh dch v
cung cp bi nh khai thc mng hay bn th ba no . Thng qua INAP, nh khai thc mng
c th t c s c lp ti a t cc chng trnh phn mm cung cp bi cc nh cung cp
tng i. Mng thng minh (IN) l mt kin trc mng in thoi m tch bit dch v ra khi
thit b chuyn mch, cho php cc dch v mi c th c thm vo m khng phi thit k
li phn mm chuyn mch. Vi mng IN, nh khai thc c th thc hin cc dch v gi tr gia
tng khc nhau, to cho chng cc u im cnh tranh trn th trng v n cho php thm vo
cc dch v mi mt cch d dng hn v cung cp cho cc khch hng nhiu s la chn hn.
IN c tnh c lp ng dng, c ngha l n cung cp cc chc nng c th ti s dng v tng
qut m c th c tch hp hay ti kt hp cung cp cho mt dch v mi.
SCP lu tr cc d liu v thng tin v nh cung cp dch v nh hng cho hot ng
x l chuyn mch v iu khin cuc gi. Ti mt im nh trc trong qu trnh x l mt
cuc gi n hay i, tng i tm dng tin trnh ang thc hin, ng gi thng tin lin quan
n x l cuc gi, a vo hng i v i lnh tip theo. SCP thc hin cc chng trnh
c nh ngha bi ngi s dng m phn tch trng thi hin ti ca cuc gi v thng tin
nhn t tng i. Chng trnh khi c th chnh sa hay to d liu cuc gi c gi tr
li cho tng i. Sau tng i phn tch thng tin nhn c t SCP v thc hin theo nhng
hng dn c cung cp cho qu trnh x l cuc gi tip theo.
c pht trin bi ITU, IN c xc nh nh l mt chun ton cu. Ton b cc chc
nng ca IN c xc nh v thc hin trong cc phn gi l cc tp kh nng (CS). Phin
bn u tin c pht hnh l CS-1. Hin nay cng xc nh v c CS-2. Phn ng dng
CAMEL (CAP) l mt phn tch ra t INAP v cho php s dng INAP trong mng di ng
GSM.
Cch thc hot ng ca INAP:
Thu bao ch gi quay s. Nhng con s quay ny c gi n tng i.
Tng i thng c bit n trong mng bo hiu l SSP chuyn tip cuc gi
qua mng bo hiu s 7 ti SCP, ni lu tr c s d liu v thng tin logic dch v.
SCP xc nh dch v c yu cu t cc s c quay v tr li thng tin v cch
thc x l cuc gi cho SSP.
Trong mt s trng hp, cuc gi c th c x l nhanh hn bng ngoi vi
thng minh c u ni vi SSP thng qua cc ng ISDN tc cao. V d, mt
thng bo thoi tu chn c th c pht tr li cho s quay hay mt cuc gi
thoi c th c phn tch v xc nh.
Thm vo , cc thit b b tr c th c thm trc tip vo SSP vi cc kt ni
tc cao cho cc dch v gia tng cha xc nh.
Cc dch v c th c cung cp bi INAP bao gm:
Dch v s n: mt s quay c th ti mt s ni ht cng vi dch v.
Dch v truy nhp c nhn: cho php ngi s dng qun l cuc gi n.
Dch v khi phc thm ho: cho php lu tr d phng a ch cuc gi trong
trng hp c thm ha.
Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi
Dch v quay s m rng mng ring o
b. Phn ng dng di ng GSM MAP
Phn ng dng di ng GSM (GSM MAP) cho php thc hin c s h tng bo hiu
mng di ng, phn cp nh cung cp dch v hng ti mng GSM v l nn tng cung
cp cc c tnh di ng ca n. Tin to ra GSM MAP l kt ni cc thnh phn chuyn
mch phn tn, c gi l cc MSC vi mt c s d liu chnh l HLR. HLR lu tr mt
cch ng v tr hin ti v thuc tnh ca mt thu bao di ng. HLR c tham kho trong
qa trnh x l mt cuc gi n. Ngc li, HLR c cp nht khi thu bao di chuyn trong
mng v do c phc v bi cc tng i khc nhau.
GSM MAP v ang pht trin khi mng v tuyn m rng, t h tr n thun thoi,
ti cc dch v d liu gi. GSM MAP cng c th c kt ni ti cc thnh phn ca mng
NGN chng hn nh GGSN hay SGSN.
GSM MAP c mt s chc nng c bn. N cung cp:
C ch cho mt GMSC tip cn c mt s nh tuyn cho cuc gi n.
C ch cho mt MSC cp nht tnh trng thu bao v s nh tuyn qua VLR tch
hp.
D liu v cc thuc tnh dch v b sung ca thu bao ti cc thnh phn chuyn
mch thng qua VLR.
GSM MAP cng vi CAMEL cho php thc hin khi nim mng ch v khch, t
cho php nh khai thc mng c th cung cp cng mt s cc dch v nh nhau m khng
quan tm n vic thu bao c l thu bao ca mng ch khng, hay n ang c chuyn
vng mng khch.
c. Phn iu hnh, qun l v bo dng OAMP.
OMAP cung cp phng tin nh khai thc mng bo dng mng ca h. Cng vic
duy tr v bo dng bao gm vic qun l bn ngoi chc nng qun l c thc hin mt
cch t ng bi cc giao thc SS7.
OMAP hon ton p ng ba yu cu chnh ca cc giao thc SS7 v mng bo hiu kt
hp.
N cung cp mt giao din gia nh khai thc v mng bng cch s dng cc khi
nim chun c nh ngha bi cc khuyn ngh v qun l mng vin thng ca
ITU T.
N cung cp phng tin chun ha cch tip cn ti ton b mng vin thng (bao
gm cc knh mang v cc mng khc). iu ny c ngha l cc i tng c
qun l bi OMAP ph hp vi cc i tng c nh ngha qun l bi ITU T.
OMAP thc hin vic iu khin nhng i tng ny bng cch s dng mt C
s thng tin qun l TMN (TMN MIB), thng qua mt giao din cha xc nh.
Mi mc giao thc cha mt s Thc th qun l lp (LME) m cc i tng c
qun l t .
OMAP m rng cc chc nng qun l t ng ca cc giao thc SS7 thnh mt h
thng duy nht trn ton th gii.
OMAP cho php qun l li v hiu nng, qun l cu hnh li, gim st hiu nng mng
v s thnh cng ca cc th tc qun l t ng ca SS7. OMAP cng cho php ngi iu
hnh c th ch ng can thip tm dng hot ng mng bo dng.
OMAP hot ng thng qua 3 chc nng l: kim tra tnh hp l nh tuyn MTP, kim
tra tnh hp l nh tuyn SCCP, kim tra tnh hp l knh. Nhng kim tra ny v mt khi
nim thuc v Ngi s dng thnh phn ng dng OMAP (OMASE) ca OMAP. OMASE
thng tin vi SCCP v MTP thng qua OMASE c bit v ASE, TC chung.
2.4. V d v thit lp cuc gi n gin s dng h thng bo hiu s 7
Chng ta xem xt mt th tc gi cho mt cuc gi t mt thu bao ca tng i A ti
mt thu bao ca tng i B v qua thy c vai tr ca mng bo hiu s 7.
STP W STP X
B
chuyn
mch A
B
chuyn
mch B
1
4
.
R
E
L
3
.
I
A
M
1
6
.
R
L
C
1
1
.
A
N
M
7
.
A
C
M
8
.
A
C
M
1
2
.
A
N
M
1
7
.
R
L
C
1
4
.
R
E
L
4
.
I
A
M
Voice Trunk
Signaling Link
Subscriber Line
Hnh 2.11. V d thit lp cuc gi n gin s dng SS7
1. Tng i A phn tch cc con s c quay v xc nh rng n cn phi chuyn
cuc gi n tng i B
2. Tng i A chn mt knh trung k ri gia n v tng i B v to mt bn tin
a ch khi u IMA bn tin c bn u tin thit lp mt cuc gi. IMA c
a ch l tng i B. N xc nh tng i khi to (tng i A), tng i nhn
(tng i B), trung k c chn, s b gi v s ch gi cng nh l cc thng
tin khc.
3. Tng i A chn mt trong nhng tuyn bo hiu loi A ca n (v d AW) v
truyn bn tin qua tuyn bo hiu nh tuyn n tng i B.
4. STP W nhn bn tin, c nhn nh tuyn, v xc nh rng bn tin c nh
tuyn n tng i B. N chuyn tip bn tin trn tuyn bo hiu WB n B.
5. Tng i B nhn bn tin. Nh phn tch bn tin, n xc nh rng thu bao b gi
nm trong s phc v ca n v thu bao b gi ang ri.
6. Tng i B to mt bn tin hon thnh a ch ACM ch ra rng IAM n
c a ch thch hp. Bn tin xc nh tng i nhn (tng i A), tng i gi
(tng i B) v trung k c chn.
7. Tng i B chn mt trong nhng tuyn bo hiu loi A ca n (v d l BX) v
truyn bn tin ACM qua tuyn nh tuyn n tng i A. Cng mt thi
im, n hon thnh ng i cho cuc gi hng ngc li (hng v tng i
A), gi hi m chung qua trung k n A, v gi tn hiu chung cho ng
dy thu bao b gi.
8. STP X nhn bn tin, c nhn nh tuyn ca n v xc nh rng bn tin c
gi n tng i A. N chuyn tip bn tin trn tuyn XA.
9. Khi nhn c ACM, tng i A kt ni ng dy thu bao ch gi ti trung k
c chn theo hng ngc li ( ngi gi c th nghe thy tn hiu hi
m chung c gi t tng i B).
10. Khi thu bao ch gi nhc my, tng i B to mt bn tin tr li ANM, xc nh
tng i nhn (A), tng i gi (B) v trung k c chn.
11. Tng i B chn tuyn bo hiu dng gi bn tin ACM (tuyn BX) gi
bn tin ANM. Ti thi im ny, trung k cng phi c kt ni ti ng dy
b gi theo c hai hng ( cho php hi thoi).
12. STP X nhn dng bn tin ANM, xc nh a ch tng i nhn l tng i A v
chuyn tip n qua tuyn bo hiu XA.
13. Tng i A m bo chc chn rng thu bao ch gi c kt ni vi trung k
c hai hng v cuc m thoi c th c thc hin.
14. Nu nh thu bao ch gi h my trc (sau khi hi thoi), tng i A s to mt
bn tin gii phng REL c a ch l tng i B, xc nh trung k phc v cuc
gi. N gi bn tin ny i qua tuyn bo hiu AW.
15. STP W nhn bn tin REL, xc nh a ch ca n l tng i B, v chuyn tip
n bng tuyn bo hiu B.
16. Tng i B nhn bn tin REL, ngt kt ni trung k khi ng thu bao, tr li
trung k v trng thi ri, to mt bn tin hon ton gii phng RLC c a ch l
tng i A, v truyn n trn tuyn bo hiu BX. RLC cng ch r trung k
c s dng phc v cuc gi.
17. STP X nhn bn tin RLC, xc nh a ch tng i nhn (A) v chuyn bn tin i
qua tuyn XA.
18. Khi nhn c bn tin RLC, tng i A a trung k c ch ra v trng thi
ri, sn sng phc v cuc gi mi.
2.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i
2.5.1. Gii thiu
H thng bo hiu c s dng nh mt ngn ng cho 2 thit b trong h thng chuyn
mch trao i vi nhau thit lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi. Ging nh bt k ngn ng no,
chng cng c t vng vi nhng chiu di khc nhau v chnh xc khc nhau. Tc l cc
bo hiu cng c th thay i v kch thc v dng c php ca n theo cc quy lut ghp
ni v to thng tin bo hiu.
X l bo hiu trong tng i l s x l cc dng tn hiu bo hiu thu bao v tng i
trn cc ng dy thu bao v trung k trong tng i. Bo hiu trong tng i in thoi bao
gm khng ch l bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao v bo hiu lin i m cn mang cc
thng tin v trng thi cuc gi bng cc tones v cc bn tin thng bo khc
Hnh 2.12. Tng quan x l bo hiu trong tng i
Nh vy, ta thy rng qu trnh x l bo hiu bao gm cc phn chnh sau:
- nh tuyn trong tng i.
- Cc b thu pht bo hiu.
- To tones v cc bn tin thng bo.
2.5.2. S nh tuyn trong tng i
Bo hiu tng i - thu bao: Trong tng i SPC c kh nng cho php hai loi thu bao
tng t v thu bao s ng vi mi loi, ta c cc tn hiu, phng php nh tuyn khc
nhau.
o Thu bao tng t: Trn mng in thoi hin nay, v l do kinh t thng s dng
thu bao tng t. S nh tuyn thu bao tng t nh hnh di y. S nh tuyn
gm hai thnh phn bo hiu:
- Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy (gim st): mang trng thi ca mch in.
- Tn hiu bo hiu a ch (chn s): ch th s thu bao b gi.
Hnh 2.13. nh tuyn bo hiu ca thu bao tng t n thit b thu tng ng
Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c nhim v gim st mch in ng dy thu bao. Vi
cc thu bao tng t, dng tn hiu ny dng LD (ct mch vng). Tn hiu bo hiu chn s
(a ch) c th c thu bao pht bng 2 cch: LD hoc MF (m a tn). i vi in thoi
dng a quay s, c bo hiu ng dy v chn s u c thc hin theo kiu ct mch
vng (Loop disconnection). Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny c tch ra t ng dy thu bao bi
SLTU. Sau , chng c thu thp ti khi iu khin SLTU bin i t trng thi LD
sang cc tn hiu trng thi v ch s a ch ri gi n h thng iu khin taeng i x l
v t a ra nhng thao tc thch hp. i vi in thoi n phm, tn hiu ng dy c
tin hnh theo kiu LD cn tn hiu chn s theo kiu MF. Nh vy, tn hiu ng dy c
tch ra khi SLTU v qua b SLTU n h thng iu khin tng i nh in thoi a quay
s. S truy cp n b thu MF thng thng qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. B thu
MF c th dng chung cho 1 s ln ng dy thu bao vi mc ch gim chi ph thit b.
o Thu bao s: y l s nh tuyn bo hiu n 2 kiu thu bao s ISDN v ISPBX
trn s truy cp ng dy s cp v th cp. Trong s truy cp s cp, 1 knh bo
hiu 16Kbps kt hp vi 2 knh giao thng 64Kbps to thnh tc 144kbps dng
(2B+D) cho mi hng. Knh bo hiu mang thng tin bo hiu ng dy v chn
s cho c 2 knh giao thng nh thng tin x l cuc gi v cc thng tin bo dng.
Trong s truy cp th cp bao gm 1 ng dn 2Mbps t 1 ISPBX, 1 knh bo hiu
knh chung tc 64kbps cho 30 knh giao thng 64Kbps c mang trong TS16.
Hnh 2.14. nh tuyn ca thu bao s
Bo hiu lin tng i: Cc h thng bo hiu khc nhau trn cc ng trung k c
nh tuyn n cc b thu pht bo hiu tng ng c thc hin nh b chuyn i tn hiu
hoc kt hp trong ATTU (Analogue Trunk Terminalting Unit) cho cc kiu bo hiu LD, DC
v 1VF. H thng bo hiu 1VF l h thng bo hiu n tn trong bng, n c th l bo hiu
ng dy hoc bo hiu a ch (nhng ch yu l ng dy). S chuyn i bo hiu trong
bng sang dng thch hp a n cc b thu pht bo hiu (thng l CAS) c th c
thc hin bi mt thit b kt hp mi li vo tng t n 1 ATTU hoc s dng mt n v
n gin m n tch cc tones t dng s 2Mbps. Phng thc th 2 thng c s dng
nhiu hn v tnh kinh t ca n. B chuyn i thc hin chia mt li vo 2Mbps cha 30
knh vi m bo hiu n tn 1VF thnh li ra 2Mbps vi bo hiu mang trong TS16. Thit b
do phi c kh nng tm kim s xut hin ca cc tones c m ha s (v d 2280). iu
ny c thc hin bi k thut lc s. i vi hng ngc li, thit b chuyn i cc bits
CAS trong TS16 thnh cc tones tng ng chn vo lung 2Mbps. Bo hiu MF c nh
tuyn trn c s call-by-call qua khi chuyn mch nhm t ng dy ang gi n b thu
pht MF bng ni kt thi gian gi ngn (short-holding-time). Ni kt thi gian gi ngn l
mt ni kt trong thi gian rt ngn thng vi mc ch thu nhn cc ch s a ch, ni kt
ny c gii phng ngay sau khi tn hiu a ch kt thc. Lc ny mt ng dn thoi
c thit lp qua trng chuyn mch n li ra yu cu. Ty theo phng thc truyn thng
tin bo hiu m c phng php bin i khc nhau. truy nhp ti b thu pht bo hiu
CAS l cc ng ni bn c nh. Cn cc ng ni ti cc b thu pht MF l cc tuyn c
nh thc hin nguyn tc trao i gia cc khe thi gian TS16 vi nhau v ni dung cc TS
ny c cha thng tin bo hiu. i vi bo hiu knh chung, thng tin bo hiu c cha
trong cc TS16 ca cc lung 2Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht CCS qua ng ni bn
vnh vin (semi-permanent) qua trng chuyn mch. Ni kt ny cho php cc khe thi gian
t lung 2Mbps truy cp n CCS S/R qua 1 cng 2Mbps. Ni kt ny l bn vnh vin v n
duy tr trong mt thi gian di (c th l vi nm) cho n khi c s c hoc c s thay i ln
trong tng i th h thng iu khin s thit lp tr li.
Hnh 2.15. nh tuyn bo hiu vi cc ng trung k
2.5.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu
Thu pht MF
nh tuyn bo hiu MF t thu bao hoc cc ng trung k ti b thu pht MF, yu
cu mi b thu pht cn phi giao tip vi 30 knh thoi v s b thu pht yu cu ph thuc
vo tc s dng v thi gian chim dng ca mi cuc gi. i vi bo hiu thu bao, mt
ng dn n hng c thit lp qua b tp trung thu bao gia SLTU ang gi v 1 khe
thi gian ri trong ng cao tc ti b thu pht MF, trong khi tone mi quay s c a n
thu bao qua 1 ng thoi n hng khc qua b tp trung. n vTH MF phi c kh nng
xc nhn c ch s u trong tone mi quay s. Khi cc s quay l y , h thng iu
khin tng i s gii phng ng dn qua b tp trung thu bao ny. Khe thi gian trong
ng cao tc lc ny l ri v c th c s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Qu trnh bo hiu
lin i cng din ra tng t.
B thu pht MF c th s dng k thut tng t hoc k thut s.
B thu pht MF dng tng t: Phng php ny s dng nhiu trong cc tng i
th h u v tnh kinh t cao. 30 b thu pht MF c ni v bin i ti PMUX
(MUX th cp) to ra lung s 2,048Mbps theo cu trc khung. Trong , TS0 chc
tn hiu ng b khung v TS16 bo hiu cho cc knh cn li.
Hnh 2.16. Cc b thu MF tng t
B thu pht bo hiu MF dng s: B thu lm vic theo nguyn tc phn chia theo
thi gian cho mt s knh ( y l 4). Cc s thu c t mi knh qua b thu n n
v iu khin, , chng c nh dng vo trong mt bn tin ri gi n h thng
iu khin taeng i. B pht MF th lm vic mt cch n gin hn, mnh n c s
dng cho tt c cc knh thoi v trong TS16 ca lung 2Mbps.
Hnh 2.17. Cc b thu MF s
Vi kiu thu pht MF s, ch cn 8 b thu MF cho 30 knh u vo v mt b pht cho
tt c cc knh. B thu MF s da trn c s b lc s. Yu cu kh nng nhn bit v
phn tch 2 tone t mt t hp a tn (2 tn s), b qua cc tn hiu ngoi bng tn
4Khz xc nh c cc tn hiu bo hiu khc nhau suy ra ngha ca n. Sau
, b thu s tm ra tn hiu c t hp tn s tng ng gi n b iu khin thu pht
MF a n h thng iu khin tng i c nhng x l thch hp. B pht MF c
th thc hin bng cc t hp tn s c m ha v lu tr trong ROM v c c ra
cc ng vo thi im thch hp.
2.5.4. Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo
a. S nh tuyn tones v cc bn tin thng bo:
Tng i cn phi bo cho thu bao v trng thi cuc gi cng nh cc tin trnh ca n
t khi bt u n khi kt thc. Tc l mt thu bao bnh thng mun trao i thng tin th
phi c p ng m xc nhn yu cu hoc yu cu khng c chp thun v nhiu m
khc nhau trong tin trnh x l cuc gi nh thng bo, tr gip... Thng thng, thng tin
trng thi c th nghe thy c dng tones hoc li thoi thng bo. Do , mi thu bao
cng nh cc ng trung k v cc n v khc thuc tng i phi c truy nhp n cc b
to tone v thng bo.
Hnh 2.18. S nh tuyn cho Tone v bn tin thng bo
t hiu qu kinh t v k thut cho vic phn phi cc m bo n tng thu bao, cn
phi phn loi theo chc nng ca tng dng m m phn b v tr ca cc b to m. V d:
cc tnh trng thng thng c bo hiu bng cc tones, cn cc trng hp c bit th bng
cc bn tin. Trong tng i SPC, cc b m bo thng c phn b ti cc b tp trung thu
bao theo phng php 1 ng phn b ti nhiu ng. Cn b lu tr bn tin thng bo
c phn b ti khi chuyn mch chnh, v cc bn tin ny mang tnh cht dch v, t lin
quan n tin trnh x l cuc gi.
Vic nh tuyn cho cc m bo ti cc thu bao c thc hin bng lung s PCM.
Nh vy, ti u ra ca thit b to m l cc tn hiu s, mi 1 m bo khc nhau c cha
trong mt TS ring v n c qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao hay khi chuyn
mch nhm nh qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu thai. S khc bit y l tn hiu t b to m
phi m bo v ln n thc hin chuyn mch ti nhiu u ra c yu cu cng lc.
Vi cc bn tin thng bo, thng thng n c truy cp ti khe thi gian trung gian
ca khi chuyn mch chnh v c thc hin chuyn mch nh tn hiu thai.
b. Cc tones x l cuc gi
Trong tng i s, c hai cch to tones x l cuc gi a vo ng dn thai,
l:
- Pht lin tc cc tones dng tng t, ri sau a qua b chuyn i A/D.
- Pht lin lc cc tn hiu s tng ng vi cc tones bo hiu khc nhau.
Phng thc u tin c s dng cho cc h tng i trc y v n khai thc thit b
to tones trong tng i tng t m cha thay bng k thut s c. S lai tp gia cc b
pht tones c-in t trong taeng i in t s gy nn s cng knh v kch thc v km
hiu qu v mt kinh t. Khi k thut s l pht trin th phng thc th 2 c s dng nhiu
hn vi cc tnh nng cao hn.
Cc b to tones phc v cho chuyn mch tp trung thu bao c yu cu trong thi
gian u trc thit lp cuc gi, cn b to tone phc v chuyn mch nhm dng mang
p ng ca thu bao trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi.
c. B to tone v cc bn tin thng bo
Dng k thut tng t: C nhiu loi cu trc b to tone. Vi cc tng i analog th
ta c cc b to tone analog vi cu trc n gin l cc b to dao ng vi cc mch
iu khin ngt nhp khc nhau nh rle hoc cc cng in t. Cc tn hiu bo hiu
ny phi c chuyn i sang dng s chn vo cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn
PCM a n cc u cui qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im: Kch thc ln,
cng knh, khng kinh t, khng c tin cy cao.
Hnh 2.19. S dng k thut tng t
Dng k thut s:
o To tones: i vi tng i SPC hin nay th cc b to m thng l b to
tone s. Cc b to tone ny c kh nng cho ra nhiu loi tone khc nhau. Vic
phn bit cho cc loi tone ny cho tin trnh x l cuc gi c thc hin
bng cch thit lp cc di ngt nhp khc nhau cho cc tone. Cu trc ny
ph thuc vo cch qun l khc nhau. Cc phn t b to tone s bao gm: Cc
b nh ROM dng lu tr cc loi tone tng ng bng cc tn hiu s,
mch iu khin tone theo chu k, b iu khin c ROM v cc thit b iu
khin khc.
Hnh 2.20. S b to m bo s
Cc b nh ROM lu cc loi tones tng ng m ha v c ra vi a ch do
bm chu k xc nh. Thi im pht tones qua trng chuyn mch do n v iu
khin iu khin b SELECTOR. B SELECTOR bao gm cc b ghp knh logic
s m chuyn mch gia li vo v li ra ph thuc vo a ch c cung cp bi
n v iu khin. Nh vy, cc tones khc nhau c s ha (vi tn s ly mu l
8Khz) v np vo ROM, sau c c ra thi im thch hp theo yu cu ca
thu bao. i vi tn hiu c chu k th ch cn np vo chu k l . i vi tn
hiu khng c chu k th phi np tt c tn hiu . iu ny lm gim dung lng
ca ROM, do , tnh kinh t phng pht ny rt cao.
To cc bn tin thng bo: Mt trong kh nng cung cp dch v ca tng i SPC l
vic cung cp cc bn tin thng bo vi nhng ni dung mang tnh cht thng bo ch
dn Cc bn tin thng bo c lu tr trong cc thit b bng t, a t, b nh
sao cho kh nng truy cp c d dng. Trn thc t c hai phng php lu tr
sau:
- Phng php 1: Tt c cc bn tin c s ha vi tng bit nh phn v ghi vo thit
b lu tr.
- Phng php 2 : Kiu ca bn tin thng bo c dng cc cu, cc t hp ch ci c
chung nht mt m tit, cc t vng chung c ghi vo vi mch ROM, RAM truy
xut theo mt a ch thch hp.
Phng php 1 n gin nhng tn km v khng gian b nh, phng php 2 kinh t hn,
nhng vn iu khin li phc tp hn rt nhiu. Cc bn tin c nh th c th lu vo trong
ROM, cn cc bn tin c th thay i hoc cc dch v mi th thng c lu vo RAM
tng tnh linh hat, thun tin trong vic sa i b sung.
Chng 3. TRUYN TI BO HIU S 7 QUA MNG IP SIGTRAN
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cng nghip truyn thng ang tri qua mt giai on bng n theo hng hi t
ca cc dch v. D liu tr nn c ngha hn trong ton b lu lng truyn ti
trn mng so vi lu lng thoi. Cc nh khai thc ang tm cch kt hp gia lu
lng thoi v lu lng d liu, gia cc mng li v cc dch v. Trong s cc gii
php cng ngh c la chn, cng ngh IP hin ang c quan tm vi t cch l
gii php ha hn cho h tr a phng tin xy dng cc dch v tch hp mi.
Hin nay ang din ra s tch hp gia mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng vi mng
IP mi. Cc nh khai thc ang thay th cc mng in thoi c nh v di ng theo
kin trc ton IP v c c h tr giao thc bo hiu s 7. Cng nh IP cho php cc nh
khai thc mng c th m rng mng v xy dng cc dch v mi mt cch c hiu
qu. Thnh phn cc dch v b sung thng dng nh SMS, gp phn vo s pht
trin nhanh chng ca cc mng bo hiu.
Hnh 3.1 Truyn ti bo hiu n gin qua mi trng IP
Mng IP c cc u im ni bt so vi mng trn c s TDM nh sau:
D trin khai: Vi vic s dng gateway bo hiu s khng cn g b mng
SS7 hin c v cc tnh nng nng cao trong tng lai l trong sut.
Gi thnh thit b thp hn: Khng cn u t nhiu i vi cc phn t bo
hiu hin c.
Hiu qu tt hn: S dng SIGTRAN qua IP khng yu cu cc lung vt l
E1/T1 qua mng truyn ti SDH. S dng cng ngh truyn ti IP qua SDH, IP
qua cp quang, c th t thng lng cao hn nhiu.
Bng thng cao hn: Thng tin SIGTRAN qua IP khng buc phi c lin kt
nh trong SS7 v mng IP linh ng hn rt nhiu so vi mng TDM.
Cc dch v nng cao: Trin khai mng li IP to iu kin d dng cho s pht
trin hng lot cc gii php mi v cc dch v gi tr gia tng phong ph.
Cc nh khai thc mng ang mun chuyn dn mng vin thng tin n kin
trc mng IP. Trong khi cha th chuyn ngay ln kin trc mng ton IP th c mng
IP v cc mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng u song song tn ti v cn phi c
kt hp li vo c s h tng mng thng nht. Chc chn rng mch chuyn mch
knh s cn tn ti trong nhiu nm na cng vi cc dch v IP. Kin trc kt hp c
th l gii php tt nht cho hu ht cc nh khai thc v n m bo mc ri ro thp
trong qu trnh pht trin mng hin ti trong khi vn cho php p ng c cc dch
v mi. y l mc ch ca nhiu nhm nghin cu chun ha m SIGTRAN ca
IETF l mt trong s . SIGTRAN a ra m hnh kin trc cho php mng pht trin
tin n mng ton IP. M hnh kin trc ny gm hai thnh phn mi: SCTP v mt s
cc giao thc tng thch ng ngi s dng (nh M2UA, M2PA, M3UA, SUA) cho
php p ng cc phng thc yu cu hi t hai mng ny.
Hnh 3.2. Kin trc mng s dng SIGTRAN
3.2. GII THIU V SIGTRAN
Sigtran l mt nhm cng tc thuc t chc chun ha quc t cho lnh vc
Internet IETF. Mc ch chnh ca nhm l a ra gii php truyn ti bo hiu dng
gi trn mng PSTN qua mng IP, m bo c cc yu cu v chc nng v hiu
nng ca bo hiu PSTN. Nhm phi hp c vi PSTN, cc mng IP cn truyn ti
cc bn tin bo hiu nh bo hiu ng ISDN (Q.931) hay SS7 (nh ISUP, SCCP, )
gia cc nt IP nh gateway bo hiu (SG), b iu khin cng phng tin (MGC) v
cng phng tin (MG) hoc c s d liu IP. Nhm cng tc Sigtran xc nh mc
tiu l:
Cc yu cu v chc nng v hiu nng: Nhm a ra mt s cc lun im
(trong cc RFC) xc nh cc yu cu tnh nng v hiu nng h tr bo
hiu qua cc mng IP. Cc bn tin bo hiu (nht l SS7) c yu cu v tr
v mt gi rt cao phi c m bo nh trong mng in thoi hin ti.
Cc vn v truyn ti: Nhm cng tc a ra RFC nh ngha cc giao
thc truyn ti bo hiu c s dng v nh ngha mi cc giao thc truyn
ti trn c s cc yu cu xc nh trn.
Hnh 3.3. M hnh chng giao thc SIGTRAN
SIGTRAN l mt tp cc tiu chun mi do IETF a ra nhm cung cp mt m
hnh kin trc truyn ti bo hiu s 7 qua mng IP. Kin trc giao thc SIGTRAN
c nh ngha gm ba thnh phn chnh (Hnh 3.3):
Chun IP.
Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu chung SCTP: Giao thc h tr mt tp chung cc
tnh nng truyn ti tin cy cho vic truyn ti bo hiu. c bit, SCTP l mt
giao thc truyn ti mi do IETF a ra.
Cc phn lp thch ng: H tr cc hm nguyn thy xc nh c yu cu
bi mt giao thc ng dng bo hiu ring. Mt vi giao thc phn lp thch
ng mi c nh ngha bi IETF nh: M2UA, M2PA, M3UA, SUA.
3.3. NG LC PHT TRIN GIAO THC TRUYN TI MI
Nh chng ta bit, giao thc truyn ti d liu tin cy chnh i km giao thc IP
thng l TCP. Tuy nhin, do TCP ra i kh lu v c thit k theo kiu giao
thc hng gi nn TCP cng gp mt s hn ch khi s dng cho nhng ng dng
mi. Vi s lng ng dng mi ang tng ln ngy cng nhiu hin nay cho thy
TCP c qu nhiu hn ch. Cc vn gii hn ca TCP th hin gm:
C ch tin cy: TCP cung cp c hai kiu chuyn giao d liu l c ch hi p
v c ch tun t. Mt vi ng dng yu cu chuyn giao thng tin tin cy m
khng cn duy tr th t gi tin, trong khi mt s khc li yu cu p ng c
v th t ca gi d liu. i vi TCP, c hai trng hp ny u gp phi
hin tng nghn u dng gy nn cc tr khng cn thit.
Vn thi gian thc: C ch hi p trong TCP yu cu c mt tr xc
nhn gi tin, iu ny lm cho TCP khng p ng c cc ng dng thi
gian thc.
Cc vn bo mt: TCP rt d b tn cng do c ch bo mt trong TCP
khng cao.
Nhng gii hn cp trn y ca TCP l rt ng phi quan tm khi mun
truyn bo hiu s 7 qua mng IP v do , y l mt ng lc trc tip cho s ra i
ca giao thc SCTP mt giao thc truyn ti mi ca SIGTRAN. SCTP khng ch
gii quyt c vn truyn ti bo hiu trong SIGTRAN m cn c kh nng p
ng cho nhiu ng dng khc.
3.4. GIAO THC IU KHIN LUNG TRUYN TI SCTP
SCTP l mt giao thc truyn ti qua IP mi, tn ti ng mc vi TCP v UDP.
SCTP hin cung cp cc chc nng tng truyn ti cho nhiu ng dng trn c s
Internet. SCTP c IETF a ra v c t trong RFC 2960.
3.4.1. Tng quan v kin trc ca SCTP
V kin trc, SCTP nm gia tng tng thch ngi dng SCTP v tng mng
chuyn gi phi kt ni nh IP, Dch v c bn ca SCTP l chuyn giao tin cy cc
bn tin ca ngi dng gia cc ngi dng SCTP ng mc. SCTP l giao thc hng
kt ni v vy, SCTP thit lp kt ni gia hai im u cui (gi l lin h trong phin
SCTP) trc khi truyn d liu ngi dng ca n.
3.4.2. Tng quan v chc nng ca SCTP
Dch v truyn ti SCTP c th c phn thnh mt s chc nng. Cc chc nng
ny c m t nh sau (Hnh 3.5):
Thit lp v hy b lin kt: Mt lin h c to ra bi mt yu cu t ngi
dng SCTP. C ch cookie c dng trong qu trnh khi to cung cp s
h tr bo v chng li s tn cng.
Phn phi tun t theo cc lung: Ngi dng SCTP c th xc nh s lng
cc lung c h tr trong lin h ti thi im thit lp lin h .
Phn mnh d liu ngi dng: SCTP h tr phn mnh v ti hp cc bn tin
d liu ngi dng m bo cho cc gi tin SCTP truyn xung cc tng
thp hn ph hp vi MTU.
Pht hin v trnh tc nghn: SCTP gn cho mi bn tin d liu ngi dng
(c phn mnh hoc khng) mt s tun t truyn dn (TSN). u cui thu
s xc nhn ton b cc TSN v ngt on (nu c) thu c.
Chunk bundling: Gi tin SCTP c phn phi n tng thp hn bao gm hai
thnh phn l tiu chung v theo sau l mt hoc nhiu chunk. Hnh v sau
y m t kin trc chung ca mt gi SCTP:
Hnh 3.4. Cu trc gi SCTP
Hp thc ha gi tin: Trng Tag l bt buc v 32 bit ca trng CheckSum
nm trong tiu ca SCTP.
Qun l tuyn: Chc nng qun l tuyn SCTP chn a ch truyn ti ch cho
mi gi tin SCTP u ra trn c s ch dn ca ngi dng SCTP v trng thi
hin thi ca cc a ch ch hin ti.
Hnh 3.5. Cc chc nng SCTP
3.4.3. Khun dng tiu chung ca SCTP
Hnh v sau y m t khun dng chung ca tiu gi tin SCTP:
Hnh 3.6. Khun dng tiu SCTP
Trng s th t cng ngun/ch: 16 bt. Ch th s th t cng ca SCTP
gi/nhn.
Trng Tag: 32 bt. Pha thu s dng trng ny xc nhn vi pha gi v
gi tin SCTP ny.
Trng CheckSum: 32 bit. Cha tng kim tra ca gi tin SCTP. SCTP s
dng thut ton Adler-32 tnh ton tng kim tra.
3.5. M2PA
M2PA nh ngha giao thc h tr truyn ti cc bn tin MTP3 ca SS7 qua IP s
dng cc dch v ca SCTP. M2PA cho php qun l cc bn tin MTP3 v kh nng
qun l mng gia hai nt SS7 bt k truyn thng vi nhau thng qua mng IP. M2PA
h tr:
Hot ng ca cc thc th giao thc MTP3 ng mc qua kt ni mng IP.
Ranh gii giao tip MTP2/MTP3, qun l cc lin h truyn ti SCTP v lu
lng lin kt MTP2.
Thng bo khng ng b qun l s thay i trng thi.
c t MTP yu cu mi nt c tng MTP3 phi c mt m im SS7. V vy,
mi im bo hiu IP cng cn phi c m im SS7 ca n.
Hnh 3.7. Vai tr v v tr ca M2PA
Hnh 3.8. Vai tr v v tr M2PA trong mng ton IP
Hnh 3.7 m t mt im bo hiu SS7 kt ni thng qua mt SG, c trang b h
tr cho c mng SS7 v IP, kt ni n mt im bo hiu IP. Hnh 3.8 l mt v d
khc, trong MTP3 c thch ng vi lp SCTP nh s dng M2PA trong kin trc
ton IP.
y, cc im bo hiu IP MTP3 s dng lp M2PA bn di n thay cho
MTP2. Giao tip gia hai lp MTP3 hoc M2PA c nh ngha bi cng cc hm
nguyn thu nh trong giao tip MTP3/MTP2. M2PA thc hin cc chc nng tng t
nh MTP2.
3.6. M2UA
M2UA nh ngha mt giao thc truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu ca ng dng
MTP2 SS7 (v d MTP3) qua IP s dng SCTP. Ch c ng dng ca MTP2 l MTP3.
M2UA cung cp s h tr cho:
Ranh gii giao tip gia MTP2/MTP3.
Truyn thng gia cc modul qun l tng.
H tr cho qun l cc association tch cc.
Hnh 3.9. Vai tr v v tr ca M2UA
SG mong mun nhn c bo hiu SS7 qua mt thit b kt cui mng SS7
chun, s dng MTP SS7 cung cp truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu SS7 n v t mt
im du cui bo hiu SS7. Sau , SG cung cp s phi hp hot ng gia cc chc
nng truyn ti vi IP SIGTRAN nhm truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu MTP3 n im
bo hiu IP ca MTP3 s dng MTP2 ca SG vi t cch l tng thp hn ca n s
dng cc hm nguyn thy tng ng c nh ngha gia cc tng. Truyn thng
MTP3/MTP2 c nh ngha l cc bn tin M2UA v gi qua kt ni IP.
3.7. SO SNH M2PA V M2UA
Hnh 3.7 v 3.9 minh ha mt kin trc m t s khc nhau gia hai giao thc.
Bng 2.1. So snh M2PA v M2UA
c im so snh M2PA M2UA
Bn tin d liu MTP3
Truyn ti bn tin MTP3
Giao tip vi MTP3 a ra giao din pha trn vi MTP3
Cc hm nguyn thy
im bo hiu IP x l cc
hm nguyn thy MTP3
n MTP2
im bo hiu IP truyn ti cc
hm nguyn thy MTP3 n
MTP2 n SG ca MTP2 x
l (thng qua chc nng phi
hp hot ng)
Kiu lin kt
Kt ni im bo hiu IP
vi SG l lin kt bo hiu
SS7
Kt ni im bo hiu IP v SG
khng phi l kt ni bo hiu s
7. N l m rng ca MTP2 n
mt node t xa.
M im
SG l mt node SS7 v c
m im
SG khng phi l mt node SS7
v khng c m im
Cc tng cao hn
SG c cc tng SS7 cao hn
nh SCCP,
SG khng c tng SS7 cao hn v
n khng c MTP3
Qun l
Cc th tc qun l da vo
MTP3
S dng cc th tc qun l ca
M2UA
3.8. M3UA
M3UA nh ngha giao thc h tr truyn ti bo hiu ngi dng MTP3 (v d
nh cc bn tin ISUP/SCCP,) qua IP s dng cc dch v ca SCTP. Giao thc ny
thng c dng gia mt SG v mt MGC hoc c s d liu thng tr IP. M3UA
thch hp vi vic chuyn giao cc bn tin ca bt k phn ngi dng MTP3 no.
Danh sch cc giao thc ny l khng gii hn v bao gm ISUP, SCCP v TUP. Ch
rng cc bn tin ca giao thc TCAP v RANAP c M3UA truyn ti trong sut
di dng ti SCCP bi v l cc giao thc ngi dng ca SCCP.
Tng M3UA cung cp mt tp cc hm nguyn thy tng ng ti tng trn ca
n n cc ngi dng MTP3 ging nh MTP3 cung cp cho cc ngi dng ca n ti
cc u cui bo hiu s 7. Theo cch ny, tng ISUP v/hoc SCCP khng bit c
rng cc dch v MTP3 yu cu c cung cp t xa bi tng MTP3 SG hay l bi
chnh tng MTP3 di n. Tng MTP3 ti mt SG cng c th khng bit c rng
ngi dng ca n thc ra l ngi dng trn n hay l thnh phn ngi dng t xa
qua M3UA. Thc t th M3UA m rng truy nhp n cc dch v MTP3 thnh ng
dng trn c s IP t xa.
Hnh 3.10. Vai tr v v tr ca M3UA
ASP MGC, IP SCP hay IP HLR
V d, hnh 3.10 m t mt SG cha mt thc th ca tng giao thc SS7 SCCP
thc hin chc nng bin dch tiu ton cc SCCP (GTT) i vi cc bn tin nh
a ch n SG SCCP. Nu kt qu ca GTT cho mt m im SS7 ch (DPC) hoc
DPC/a ch s phn h (SSN) ca mt SCCP ng mc t trong min IP, kt qu l
yu cu gi n M3UA nh tuyn ra ngoi n IP ch s dng cc dch v ca tng
SCTP/IP.
Hnh 3.11 l v d trong mng ton IP, cc bn tin SCCP c trao i trc tip
gia hai im bo hiu IP bng cc thc th giao thc ngi dng SCCP nh RANAP
hoc TCAP. y khng c kt ni vi mng SS7 do khng quan tm n thng tin
qun l trng thi mng MTP3 cho SCCP v cc giao thc ngi dng SCCP.
Hnh 3.11. Vai tr v v tr ca M3UA trong kin trc ton IP
3.9. SUA
Hnh 3.12. Vai tr v v tr ca SUA
SUA nh ngha giao thc truyn ti bo hiu ngi dng SCCP SS7 (v d nh
RANAP, TCAP,) qua mng IP s dng cc dch v ca SCTP. Giao thc ny c
thit k dng modul ha v i xng nn cho php lm vic c trong cc kin trc
khc nhau nh kin trc mt SG n im bo hiu IP cng nh kin trc im u
cui bo hiu IP ng mc. SUA h tr cc chc nng sau:
Chuyn giao cc bn tin phn ngi dng SCCP (TCAP, RANAP,).
Dch v phi kt ni SCCP.
Dch v hng kt ni SCCP.
Qun l cc lin h truyn ti SCTP gia cc SG v mt hay nhiu nt bo
hiu IP.
Cc nt bo hiu IP phn tn.
Thng bo khng ng b qun l s thay i trng thi.
ASP-MGC, IP SCP hoc I P HLR
Trong kin trc ny, cc tng SUA v SCCP giao tip trong SG. Nhu cu ca
chng l phi hp gia cc tng SCCP v SUA cung cp ranh gii chuyn giao cc
bn tin ngi dng v bn tin qun l. i vi bn tin n ASP, c hai trng hp:
SG l im u cui: Trong trng hp ny, cc bn tin SCCP phi kt ni c
nh tuyn theo m im v SSN. Phn h xc nh bi SSN v pha ngoi
mng SS7 c xem nh thuc SG. iu ny ngha l nhn t im SS7, ngi
dng SCCP c t ti SG.
SG l im chuyn tip: Mt GTT phi c thc hin ti SG trc khi c th
xc nh c ch ca bn tin. V tr thc t ca ngi dng SCCP khng lin
quan n mng SS7.
Trong kin trc ton IP c th dng cho mt giao thc s dng cc dch v truyn
ti ca SCCP trong mt mng ton IP. iu ny cho php cc mng pht trin linh ng
hn, c bit l khi khng cn tng tc gia cc bo hiu hin thi. Hnh 3.13 m t
trng hp ny.
Hnh 3.13. Vai tr v v tr ca SUA trong kin trc ton IP
3.10. SO SNH M3UA V SUA
Nhn chung, chng giao thc s dng SUA l khng phc tp v hiu qu hn so
vi chng giao thc s dng SCCP v M3UA. Bi vy, SUA c th nng cao hiu qu
ca mng li v c th cung cp cc phng tin trin khai d dng hn.
Bng 2.2. So snh gia M3UA v SUA
M3UA SUA
SCCP
Yu cu im bo hiu h tr
cho cc ng dng khc nhau ca
SCCP khi phi phi hp vi cc
h thng quc gia khc nhau.
Vn l khng c h tr khi
dng SUA.
phc tp
trong trin khai
M3UA cn cc dch v SCCP.
t nht c mt giao thc tng
trn. Gim phc tp ca nt
mng (trong trin khai cng nh
trong qun l), do , gim chi
ph.
V mt nh
tuyn
Trong M3UA, cc bn tin c
iu khin t m im n m
im.
SUA cho php mng IP nh
tuyn bn tin theo thng tin
trng tiu ton cc.
V mt a ch
s dng M3UA, mi nt IP
cn c gn c m im v a
ch IP.
S dng SUA, mi nt IP khng
cn c m im.
Cc dch v
ISUP
C h tr. Khng th h tr c.
Chng 4.
CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN NGANG HNG
4.1. GIAO THC KHI TO PHIN SIP
4.1.1. Cc c im v chc nng ca SIP
4.1.1.1. Cc c im
Theo nh ngha ca IETF, Giao thc khi to phin SIP (Session Initiation
Protocol) l giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng m t vic khi to, thay i v gii
phng cc phin kt ni tng tc a phng tin gia nhng ngi s dng. SIP c
th s dng cho rt nhiu dch v khc nhau trong mng IP nh dch v thng ip
thoi, hi ngh thoi, E-mail, dy hc t xa, qung b (MPEG, MP3...), truy nhp
HTML, XML, hi ngh video...
SIP da trn tng v cu trc ca HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) - giao
thc trao i thng tin ca World Wide Web. N c nh ngha nh mt giao thc
Client-Server, trong cc yu cu c ch gi (Client) a ra v bn b gi (Server)
tr li. SIP s dng mt s kiu bn tin v cc trng mo u ca HTTP, xc nh ni
dung lung thng tin theo mo u thc th (m t ni dung - kiu loi) v cho php
xc nhn cc phng php s dng ging nhau c s dng trn Web. Kinh nghim
trong s dng cc giao thc Internet mail (SMTP) cung cp rt nhiu cho vic pht
trin SIP, trong tp trung vo kh nng thch ng ca bo hiu trong tng lai.
SIP nh ngha cc bn tin INVITE v ACK ging nh bn tin Setup v Connect
trong H.225, trong c hai u nh ngha qu trnh m mt knh ng tin cy m
thng qua cuc gi c th i qua. Tuy nhin khc vi H.225, tin cy ca knh
ny khng ph thuc vo TCP. Vic tch hp tin cy vo lp ng dng ny cho
php kt hp mt cch cht ch cc gi tr iu chnh ng dng, c th ti u ho
VoIP.
Cui cng, SIP da vo giao thc m t phin SDP, mt tiu chun khc ca
IETF, thc hin s sp xp tng t theo c cu chuyn i dung lng ca H.245.
SDP c dng nhn dng m tng i trong nhng cuc gi s dng mt m t
nguyn bn n. SDP cng c s dng chuyn cc phn t thng tin ca giao
thc bo hiu thi gian thc RTSP sp xp cc tham s hi ngh a im v nh
ngha khun dng chung cho nhiu loi thng tin khi c chuyn trong SIP.
Giao thc SIP c thit k vi nhng tiu ch h tr ti a cho cc giao thc
khc ra i trc . Giao thc SIP n c tch hp vi cc giao thc c ca
t chc IETF, n c kh nng m rng, h tr u cui v vi SIP th vic cung cp
dch v mi tr nn d dng v nhanh chng khi trin khai. SIP c 5 tnh nng sau:
Tch hp vi cc giao thc c ca IETF.
n gin v c kh nng m rng.
H tr ti a s di ng ca u cui.
D dng to tnh nng mi cho dch v v dch v mi.
Kh nng lin kt hot ng vi mng in thoi hin ti.
4.1.1.2. Cc chc nng
SIP l mt giao thc iu khin lp ng dng m n c th thit lp, sa i v
kt thc cc phin truyn thng a phng tin (cc hi ngh) hay cc cuc gi in
thoi qua Internet. SIP c th mi cc thnh vin tham gia vo cc phin truyn thng
n hng hoc a hng; bn khi to phin khng nht thit phi l thnh vin ca
phin . Phng tin v cc thnh vin c th c b sung vo mt phin ang tn
ti.
SIP h tr vic nh x tn v cc dch v chuyn tip mt cch trong sut, v th
n cho php thc hin cc dch v thu bao in thoi ca mng thng minh v mng
ISDN. Nhng tin ch ny cng cho php thc hin cc dch v ca cc thu bao di
ng.
SIP h tr 5 kha cnh ca vic thit lp v kt thc cc truyn thng a phng
tin sau:
nh v ngi dng (User location): xc nh h thng u cui c s dng
trong truyn thng.
Cc kh nng ngi dng (User capabilities): xc nh phng tin v cc
thng s phng tin c s dng.
Tnh kh dng ngi dng (User Availability): xc nh s sn sng ca bn
c gi tin hnh truyn thng.
Thit lp cuc gi (Call setup): chung, thit lp cc thng s ca cuc
gi ti c hai pha b gi v ch gi.
X l cuc gi (Call handling): bao gm chuyn ti v kt thc cuc gi.
4.1.2. Cc khi nim v cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP
4.1.2.1. Cc khi nim
Phn ny a ra mt s thut ng lin quan n cc quy tc c s dng bi cc
thnh vin trong cc truyn thng SIP:
Call: Mt cuc gi bao gm tt c cc thnh vin s dng mt ti nguyn chung trong
mt hi ngh. Mt cuc gi SIP c nhn dng bi mt nhn dng cuc gi (call
ID) duy nht. Do , mt v d l nu mt ngi s dng c mi vo phin
truyn thng a hng bi ng thi mt vi ngi, th mi mt li mi ny s l
mt cuc gi duy nht.
Call leg: Mt call leg c nhn dng bng s kt hp ca trng mo u Call ID
v a ch xc nh, th ca cc trng mo u To v From.
Client: l mt chng trnh ng dng gi cc yu cu SIP. Cc Client c th hoc
khng th tng tc mt cch trc tip vi mt ngi s dng. Cc User agent
(UA) v cc Proxy cha cc client (v cc Server).
Conference (hi ngh): l mt phin truyn thng a phng tin c nhn bit bi
mt s m t phin chung. Mt hi ngh c th khng c hoc c nhiu thnh
vin v bao gm nhng trng hp ca mt hi ngh a phng, hi ngh nhiu
mt li (full mesh) v mt cuc gi in thoi hai bn, cng nh cc hn
hp ca cc trng hp ny. Bao nhiu cuc gi cng c th c s dng to
ra mt hi ngh.
Downstream (lung xung): gm cc yu cu c gi trc tip t pha ch gi n
pha b gi (ngha l t UA Client n UA Server).
Final response (phc p cui cng): l mt phc p kt thc mt phin giao dch
SIP, tri li mt phc p tm thi khng kt thc mt phin giao dch SIP. Tt
c cc phc p: 2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx v 6xx u l cc phc p cui cng.
Initiator, calling party, caller (Bn khi to, bn ang gi, ngi gi): L bn khi
to mt li mi phin. Ch rng bn ang gi khng phi l bn to ra hi ngh.
Invitation (li mi): L mt yu cu c gi n mt ngi s dng (hay mt dch
v) yu cu tham gia vo mt phin. Mt li mi SIP thnh cng gm 2 giao
dch: mt yu cu INVITE c theo sau bi mt yu cu ACK.
Invitee, invited user, called party, callee (bn c mi, ngi b gi): L ngi hay
dch v m bn ang gi ang mi tham gia vo mt hi ngh.
Yu cu hay phc p ng hnh: Hai yu cu hoc hai phc p c nh ngha l
ng hnh theo cc ca ti liu ny nu chng c cng cc gi tr trong cc
trng mo u ca Call ID, To, From v Cseq. Thm vo , cc yu cu
ng hnh phi c cng Request URI v cng thng s nhnh trong trng mo
u Via ca chng.
Location server (my ch nh v): chi tit phn dch v nh v.
Location service (dch v nh v): Mt dch v nh v c s dng bi mt SIP
redirect hay proxy server c c thng tin v cc v tr c th c ca ngi b
gi. Cc v d v cc ti nguyn ca thng tin nh v gm cc ng k SIP, cc
c s d liu hay cc giao thc ng k di ng. Cc dch v nh v c a ra
bi cc my ch nh v. Cc my ch nh v c th l mt phn ca mt my
ch SIP, nhng cch thc m mt my ch SIP yu cu cc dch v nh v nm
ngoi phm vi ca ti liu ny.
Outbound proxy: L mt proxy nm gn ni to ra cc yu cu. N nhn tt c cc
yu cu i ra t mt UAC c th, cc Request URL ca cc yu cu ny nhn
dng mt host khng phi l outbound proxy. Sau bt k mt x l cc b no,
outbound proxy s gi nhng yu cu ny n cc a ch c ch ra trong
Request URL. (Tt c cc proxy server khc u c xem xt mt cch n
gin nh l cc proxy, ch khng phi l cc inbound proxy).
Parallel search (tm kim song song): Trong mt tm kim song song, mt proxy a
ra mt vi yu cu n cc v tr c th c ca ngi s dng trong khi nhn mt
yu cu u vo. Hn l a ra mt yu cu v sau i cho n khi nhn c
phc p cui cng trc khi a ra mt yu cu k tip nh trong mt tm kim
tun t, mt tm kim song song a ra cc yu cu m khng cn i kt qu
ca cc yu cu trc .
Provisional response (phc p tm thi): L mt phc p c s dng bi my
ch ch th tin trnh nhng n khng kt thc mt giao dch SIP. Phc p
1xx l phc p tm thi, cc phc p khc l cc phc p cui cng.
Proxy, proxy server: L mt chng trnh trung gian hot ng c nh l mt my
ch v mt my khch cho mc ch to ra cc yu cu vi t cch ca cc my
khch khc. Cc yu cu c cung cp mt cch ni b hoc a chng qua cc
my ch khc sau nhng bin dch cn thit. Mt proxy bin dch v nu cn thit
n ghi li mt bn tin yu cu trc khi chuyn tip bn tin . V d, cc proxy
server c s dng nh tuyn cc yu cu, thc thi cc chnh sch, iu
khin cc tng la.
Redirect server: Mt redirect server l mt my ch m n nhn mt yu cu SIP,
nh x a ch hin c thnh mt s a ch mi v gi tr li cc a ch ny cho
my khch. Khng ging nh mt proxy server, n khng khai bo yu cu SIP
ca bn thn n. Khng ging nh mt UA Server, n khng chp nhn cc cuc
gi.
Registrar (trm ng k): Mt trm ng k l mt my ch m n nhn cc yu cu
REGISTER. Mt trm ng k c nh v chung vi mt proxy hoc redirect
server v c th to ra sn sng thng tin ca n thng qua my ch nh v
(location server).
Ringback (hi m chung): Hi m chung l chung bo hiu c to ra bi ng
dng ca my khch pha gi ch ra rng bn b gi ang c thng bo (
chung).
Server (my ch): Mt my ch l mt chng trnh ng dng m n nhn cc yu
cu x l v gi tr li cc p ng cho nhng yu cu . Cc my ch l cc
proxy, redirect, UAS hoc registrar.
Session (phin): T nh ngha SDP: Mt phin truyn thng a phng tin l mt
tp cc pha gi v nhn a phng tin v cc lung d liu t pha gi n pha
nhn. Mt hi ngh a phng tin l mt v d ca mt phin truyn thng a
phng tin. Nh c nh ngha, mt bn b gi c th c mi tham gia
cng 1 phin mt vi ln bi cc cuc gi khc nhau. Nu SDP c s dng,
mt phin c nh ngha bng s ghp ni ca cc phn t: tn ngi dng, ID
ca phin, kiu mng, kiu a ch v a ch trong cc trng gc.
(SIP) transaction (giao dch SIP): Mt giao dch SIP xut hin gia mt my khch
v mt my ch v bao gm tt c cc bn tin t yu cu u tin c gi t
my khch n my ch cho n phc p cui cng c gi t my ch v
my khch. Mt giao dch c nhn bit bi chui s Cseq trong mt call leg
n l. Yu cu ACK c cng chui s Cseq vi yu cu INVITE tng ng,
nhng bao gm mt giao dch ca ring n.
Stateless Proxy (proxy phi trng thi): L mt thc th logic m n khng duy tr
trng thi ca mt phin giao dch SIP. Mt proxy phi trng thi chuyn tip tt
c cc yu cu n nhn ng xung v tt c cc phc p n nhn ng
ln.
Stateful Proxy (proxy trng thi): L mt thc th logic duy tr thng tin trng thi
ca t nht mt giao dch SIP.
Upstream (ng ln): Cc phc p c gi trc tip t my ch UA n my
khch UA.
URL encoded (m URL): L mt chui k t c m ho theo RFC 1738.
User agent client (UAC): Mt UAC l mt ng dng khch khi u mt yu cu SIP
User agent server (UAS): Mt UAS l mt ng dng ch m n giao tip vi ngi
s dng khi mt yu cu SIP c nhn v n gi tr li mt phc p cho ngi
s dng . Phc p chp nhn, t chi hoc chuyn tip yu cu .
User agent (UA): Mt ng dng hot ng c nh UAC v UAS.
Cc Proxy, Redirect, Location v Registrar Server c nh ngha trn l cc
thc th logic; cc s thc thi c th kt hp chng thnh mt chng trnh ng dng
n nht. Cc thuc tnh ca cc kiu my ch SIP khc nhau c cho trong bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1. Cc thuc tnh ca cc kiu my ch SIP khc nhau
4.1.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP
Xt trn quan im Client / Server, cc thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng SIP
bao gm (Hnh 4.1):
u cui SIP (UAC/UAS).
Proxy server.
Location server.
Redirect server.
Registrar server.
Hnh 4.1. Cu trc ca h thng SIP
User Agent l thit b u cui trong mng SIP, n c th l mt my in thoi
SIP hay mt my tnh chy phn mm u cui SIP. UA c th khi to, thay i hay
gii phng cuc gi. Trong phn bit hai loi UA: UAC (User Agent Client) v
UAS (User Agent Server). UAC l mt thc th thc hin vic khi to mt cuc gi
cn UAS l mt thc th thc hin vic nhn cuc gi. Nhng c UAC v UAS u c
th gii phng cuc gi.
Proxy Server l phn mm trung gian hot ng c nh Server v c nh Client
thc hin cc yu cu thay th cho cc u cui khc. Tt c cc yu cu c x l
ti ch bi Proxy Server (nu c th) hoc n chuyn n cho cc my ch khc.
Trong trng hp Proxy Server khng trc tip p ng cc yu cu ny th Proxy
Server s thc hin khu chuyn i hoc dch sang khun dng thch hp trc khi
chuyn i.
Location Server l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung cp thng tin v nhng v
tr c th ca pha b gi cho cc phn mm Proxy Server v Redirect Server.
Redirect Server l phn mm nhn yu cu SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP sang
mt s a ch khc v gi li nhng a ch ny cho u cui. Khng ging nh Proxy
Server, Redirect Server khng bao gi hot ng nh mt u cui, tc l khng gi
i bt c mt yu cu no. Redirect Server cng khng thc hin vic chp nhn hay
hu cuc gi.
Registrar Server l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng k Register. Trong nhiu
trng hp Registrar Server m nhim lun mt s chc nng an ninh nh xc nhn
ngi s dng. Thng thng Registrar Server c ci t cng vi Proxy hoc
Redirect Server hoc cung cp dch v nh v thu bao. Mi ln u cui c bt
ln (th d my in thoi hoc phn mm SIP) th u cui li ng k vi Server.
Nu u cui cn thng bo vi Server v a im ca mnh th bn tin Register
c gi i. Ni chung cc u cui u thc hin vic ng k li mt cch nh k.
4.1.3. Khi qut v hot ng ca SIP
Trong hi thoi SIP, mi bn tham gia (bn ch gi v bn b gi) c gn mt
a ch SIP hay cn gi l SIP URL. Ngi s dng phi ng k v tr ca h vi SIP
Server. to mt cuc gi SIP, pha ch gi nh v ti my phc v thch ng v
sau gi mt yu cu SIP. Hot ng SIP thng xuyn nht l li mi cc thnh
vin tham gia hi thoi. Thnh phn Register ng vai tr tip nhn cc yu cu ng
k t UA v lu tr cc thng tin ny ti mt dch v phi SIP (Non-SIP).
4.1.3.1. a ch SIP
Cc i tng c nh a ch bi SIP l cc ngi s dng ti cc trm,
nhng ngi s dng ny dc nh danh bng mt SIP URL. SIP URL c dng
user@host. Phn user l mt tn ca ngi s dng hay tn ca mt my in thoi.
Phn host c th l mt tn min hoc mt a ch mng.
SIP URL c dng trong cc bn tin SIP thng bo v ni gi (From), ch
hin thi (Request URI) v ni nhn cui cng (To) ca mt yu cu SIP v ch r a
ch gin tip. Mt SIP URL c th gn vo mt trang Web hoc nhng siu lin kt
(Hyperlink) khc thng bo rng ngi dng hoc dch v c th gi thng qua SIP.
Mt a ch SIP URL c th ch r mt c nhn (c th c nh v ti mt trong
cc h thng u cui), ngi kh dng u tin t mt nhm cc c nhn hoc ton
b mt nhm. V d, khun dng a ch: sip: sales@example.com ni chung l khng
quyt nh mc ch ca ngi gi.
4.1.3.2. Qu trnh nh v ti my ch SIP
Khi mt Client mun gi i mt yu cu, Client s gi bn tin yu cu ti SIP
Proxy Server (nh trong HTTP), hoc ti a ch IP v cng tng ng trong a ch
ca yu cu SIP (Request-URI). Trng hp u, yu cu c gi ti SIP Proxy
Server khng ph thuc vo a ch ca yu cu l nh th no. Vi trng hp
sau, Client phi xc nh giao thc, cng v a ch IP ca Server m yu cu c gi
n.
Mt Client thc hin cc bc tip theo c c nhng thng tin ny. Ti mi
bc, tr cc trng thi khc, Client c gng lin lc vi Server theo s cng c ch
ra trong a ch yu cu SIP (Request-URI). Nu khng c s cng no ch ra trong
Request-URI, Client s s dng a ch cng mc nh l 5060. Nu Request-URI ch
r l s dng giao thc TCP hay UDP, Client s lm vic vi Server theo giao thc .
Nu khng c giao thc no c ch ra th Client c gng dng giao thc UDP (nu
khng h tr TCP) hoc s dng giao thc TCP cho hot ng ca mnh (ch c h
tr TCP m khng c h tr UDP).
Client c gng tm mt hay nhiu a ch cho SIP Server bng vic truy vn DNS
(Domain Name System) theo cc th tc sau:
1) Nu a ch Host trong a ch Request-URI l mt a ch IP th Client lm
vic vi Server bng a ch c a ra. Nu khng phi l mt a ch
IP, Client thc hin bc tip theo.
2) Client a ra cu hi ti DNS Server v bn ghi a ch cho a ch Host trong
a ch Request-URI. DSN s tr v mt bn ghi danh sch cc a ch. Lc
vic la chn mt trong cc a ch ny l ty . Cn nu DNS Server khng
a ra bn ghi a ch, Client s kt thc hot ng, c ngha n khng thc
hin c vic nh v my ch. Nh bn ghi a ch, s la chn tip theo
cho giao thc mng ca Client c nhiu kh nng thnh cng hn. Mt qu
trnh thc hin thnh cng l qu trnh c mt bn ghi cha trong phn tr li
v Server lm vic mt trong nhng a ch cha trong tr li .
4.1.3.3. Giao dch SIP
Khi c a ch IP ca SIP Server th yu cu s c gi i theo tng vn chuyn
giao thc TDP hay UDP. Client gi mt hoc nhiu yu cu SIP n my ch v
nhn li mt hoc nhiu cc phc p t my ch. Mt yu cu cng vi cc phc p
c to ra bi yu cu to thnh mt giao dch SIP. Tt c cc phc p cho mt
yu cu mang cng cc gi tr trong cc trng: Call ID, Cseq, To, v From. Yu
cu ACK xc nh s nhn mt phc p INVITE khng l mt phn ca giao dch v
n c th di chuyn gia mt tp cc host khc nhau. Mi cuc gi trong SIP c
nh danh bi mt trng nh danh cuc gi (Call-ID).
Mt yu cu phi cn c thng tin gi i t u (From) v ti u (To). Trng
From v To u c cu trc theo khun dng SIP-URL. Trng CSeq lu tr thng tin
v phng thc s dng trong phin, trng CSeq c dng:
CSeq ~ CSeq`: DIGI1 Method`
Trong DIGIT l s nguyn khng du 32 bit.
Nu mt giao thc iu khin lung tin cy c s dng, yu cu v cc phc
p trong mt giao dch n l c mang trn cng kt ni. Mt vi yu cu SIP t
cng my khch n cng my ch c th s dng cng kt ni hoc c th s dng
mt kt ni mi cho mi yu cu.
Nu mt client gi yu cu thng qua mt giao thc datagram n hng nh
UDP th cc UA thu s nh hng phc p theo thng tin cha trong cc trng mo
u Via. Mi proxy server trong tuyn chuyn tip ca yu cu chuyn tip phc p
s dng cc trng mo u Via ny.
4.1.3.4. Li mi SIP
Mt li mi SIP thnh cng gm hai yu cu INVITE v ACK. Yu cu INVITE
thc hin li mi mt thnh vin tham gia hi thoi. Khi pha b gi ng tham gia,
pha ch gi xc nhn nhn mt bn tin p ng bng cch gi i mt yu cu
ACK. Nu pha ch gi khng mun mi thnh vin tham gia cuc gi na n s gi
yu cu BYE thay cho ACK.
Thng ip INVITE cha thnh phn m t phin (SDP) v phng thc tin
hnh trao i ng vi phin . Vi cc phin a hng, phn m t phin lit k kiu
v khun dng ca cc phng tin (Media) phn phi cho phin hi thoi. Vi mt
phin n hng, phn m t phin lit k kiu v khun dng ca cc phng tin m
pha ch gi mun s dng v ni nhng d liu mun gi i.
Trng hp my phc v y quyn (Proxy Server):
Proxy Server (PS) tip nhn li mi INVITE.
PS tra cu thng tin dch v nh v ngoi SIP.
PS nhn thng tin to ra a ch chnh xc.
PS to li INVITE trong trng Request URI v chuyn tip.
UAS thng bo b gi.
PS nhn p ng chp nhn 200 OK t UAS.
PS tr v kt qu thnh cng cho ch gi.
Ch gi gi thng bo xc nhn ACK.
Yu cu xc nhn c chuyn tip qua PS.
Ch : Mt ACK c th c gi trc tip n User c gi qua Proxy. Tt
c cc yu cu v p ng phi c cng Call-ID.
Trng hp my phc v gin tip (Redirect Server):
PS tip nhn li mi INVITE.
Lin lc vi dch v nh v.
Tr li a ch ch gi.
Ch gi gi thng bo xc nhn ACK n PS.
Ch gi to mt yu cu mi cng mt Call-ID nhng c CSeq cao hn
ti a ch tr li bi Server u tin.
B gi gi p ng chp nhn 200 OK.
Ch gi gi thng bo xc nhn ACK.
4.1.3.5. nh v ngi dng
Mt i tng b gi c th di chuyn gia mt s cc h thng u cui khc
nhau theo thi gian. Mt my ch nh v cng c th s dng mt hay nhiu giao thc
khc nhau xc nh h thng u cui m ti mt ngi s dng c th lin lc.
Mt my ch nh v c th a ra mt vi v tr v ngi s dng c ng nhp vo
ti mt vi host ng thi hoc bi v my ch nh v li. My ch SIP kt hp cc
kt qu a ra mt danh sch cc v tr.
i vi tng kiu SIP Server th hot ng sau khi nhn c danh sch cc v tr
khc nhau l khc nhau. Mt SIP Redirect Server s tr li danh sch a ch cho
Client vi cc mo u Contact. Mt SIP proxy server c th th ln lt hoc song
song cc a ch cho n khi cuc gi thnh cng (phc p 2xx) hoc bn b gi t
chi cuc gi (phc p 6xx).
Nu mt proxy server chuyn tip mt yu cu SIP, n phi b sung a ch ca
n vo v tr bt u ca danh sch cc trm chuyn tip c ghi trong cc mo u
Via. Du vt Via m bo rng cc tr li c th i theo cng tuyn theo hng
ngc li, vic m bo hot ng chnh xc nh tun theo cc tng la v trnh lp
li yu cu. hng phc p, mi host phi xo b Via ca n, do thng tin nh
tuyn ni b c che khut i vi pha b gi v cc mng bn ngoi.
4.1.3.6. Thay i mt phin hin ti
Trong mt vi trng hp, cn phi thay i cc thng s ca phin hi thoi
hin ti. Vic c thc hin bi vic pht li cc yu cu INVITE. Cc yu cu
INVITE c cng trng Call-ID nhng c trng mo u v trng bn tin khc
vi yu cu ban u mang thng tin mi. Cc bn tin INVITE phi c ch s
CSeq cao hn cc yu cu trc. V d: c hai thnh vin ang hi thoi v mun c
thm mt ngi th ba tham gia. Mt trong hai thnh vin s mi thnh vin th ba
tham gia vi mt a ch a hng (Multicast) mi v ng thi gi mt bn tin
INVITE n thnh vin th hai vi trng miu t phin a hng nhng c trng
Call-ID c.
4.1.4. Cc loi bn tin SIP
SIP l giao thc dng Text s dng b k t ISO 10646 trong m ho UTF-8
(RFC 2279). iu ny to cho SIP tnh linh hot, m rng v d thc thi cc ngn ng
lp trnh cp cao nh Java, Tol, Perl. C php ca SIP gn ging vi giao thc HTTP,
n cho php dng li m v n gin ha s lin kt ca cc my phc v SIP vi cc
my phc v Web. Tuy nhin, SIP khng phi l mt dng m rng ca HTTP. Khc
vi HTTP, SIP c th s dng giao thc UDP.
Bn tin SIP c chia lm hai loi: Bn tin yu cu t Client ti Server v bn tin
p ng t Server tr li cho Client:
SIP-message = Request/ Response
4.1.4.1. Bn tin yu cu (Request)
Bn tin Request c khun dng gm hai phn c bn: Request-line v phn mo
u-header (vi 3 loi header):
Request~Request-line,General-header,Request-header, Lntity-header,
CLRl
|message-body|
Trong thnh phn Request-line cha tn phng thc, mt Request URI v
s phin bn ca giao thc. Cc thnh phn c ngn cch vi nhau bng mt khong
trng (SP). Cng nh cc dng khc, dng khi u c kt thc bng mt k t
xung dng (CRLF).
Request-line ~ Method Request-URI SIP-Version
Trong :
Method (Phng thc SIP): SIP nh ngha 6 phng thc c bn nh trong
bng 4.2.
Request-URI: Trng Request-URI c khun dng theo SIP URL. N thng
bo cho User hoc dch v v a ch hin ti. Khc vi trng To,
Request-URI c th c ghi li bi Proxy (trng hp my phc v y
quyn).
SIP Version: Phin bn SIP l cc bn SIP c a ra cc ln khc nhau. C
hai bn tin Request v Response u cha phin bn ca SIP c s dng
SIP Version. Hin ti phin bn SIP l 2.0.
Bng 4.2. Cc phng thc SIP
INVITE Mi thnh vin tham gia hi thoi.
ACK
Yu cu xc nhn nhn c p ng chp nhn
(OK) cho yu cu INVITE.
OPTIONS Hi kh nng ca my phc v SIP.
BYE Yu cu gii phng cuc gi
CANCEL
Hy b yu cu sp c thc hin vi cng gi tr
trong cc trng Call_ID, From, To, Cseq ca yu cu
bng cch ngng qu trnh tm kim bo hiu.
REGISTER
ng k danh sch a ch lin h ca ngi dng vi
my phc v.
4.1.4.2. Bn tin phc p (Response)
Sau khi nhn v thng dch mt bn tin yu cu, pha nhn thc hin tr li bng
mt bn tin phc p.
Khun dng bn tin cng gm hai phn c bn: Status-line v phn mo u
header (vi 3 loi header):
Response ~ Status-line ,General-header, Response-header, Lntity-header,
CLRl
|message-body|
Trong thnh phn Status-line c cu trc sau: (SP l k t phn cch):
Status-line ~ SIP-Version status-code Reason-phrase
SIP Version: Cng ging nh trong bn tin Request.
Status-code v Reason-phrase: Status-code l mt m kt qu nguyn gm 3
digit, ch ra kt qu ca vic c gng thc hin v mc tha mn yu cu.
Reason-Phrase th dng a ra mt li gii thch ngn cho Status-code.
Status-code mc ch l s dng cho Server cn Reason-phrase l dng
cho User. Client khng th yu cu hin th hay kim tra Reason-phrase.
Status-code gm 3 digit. Digit u tin nh ngha loi p ng, hai digit sau
khng c vai tr phn loi. SIP 2.0 nh ngha 6 gi tr ca digit u tin nh sau:
Bng 4.3. Cc m trng thi SIP
1xx Tm kim, bo hiu, sp hng i
2xx Thnh cng
3xx Chuyn tip yu cu
4xx Li pha ngi dng
5xx Li pha Server
6xx Li chung: ng dy ang bn, t chi,.
M p ng SIP c th m rng c. Cc ng dng SIP khng yu cu phi
hiu r v ngha ca tt c m p ng c ng k m ch cn hiu cc loi m
p ng, ngha ca digit u tin.
4.1.4.3. Cu trc bn tin SIP
C hai loi bn tin trn u s dng chung mt nh dng c bn c quy nh
trong RFC 2822 vi cu trc gm mt dng khi u (start line), mt s trng tiu
v mt phn thn bn tin tu chn (hnh 4.2). Cu trc ny c tm tt nh sau:
generic-message ~ start-line
message-header
CRLl
| message-body |
Vi
start-line ~ Request-Line , Status-Line
Hnh 4.2. Cu trc bn tin SIP
Trong , dng bt u, cc dng tiu hay cc dng trng phi c kt thc
bng mt k t xung dng (CRLF) v phi lu rng dng trng vn phi c ngn
cch phn tiu v phn thn ca bn tin ngay c khi phn thn bn tin l rng.
Start line: Mi bn tin SIP c bt u vi mt Start Line, Start Line vn
chuyn loi bn tin (phng thc trong cc Request, v m p ng trong cc
bn tin p ng) v phin bn ca giao thc. Start line c th l Request-Line
(trong cc request) hoc l Status-Line (trong cc response).
Headers: Cc trng Hearder ca SIP c s dng vn chuyn cc thuc
tnh ca bn tin v thay i ngha ca bn tin. Chng tng t nh cc
trng tiu ca bn tin HTTP theo c c php v ng ngha (thc t c mt
vi tiu c mn t HTTP) cho nn chng lun c khun dng nh sau:
Name: Value.
Th t cc trng tiu khc tn l khng quan trng (nhng cc tiu m
c s dng nh tuyn bi cc proxy s c t trc). Th t cc tiu
c cng tn l quan trng.
Tiu bn tin bao gm bn loi:
Tiu chung.
Tiu Request.
Tiu Response.
Tiu thc th.
Body: Thn bn tin c s dng m t phin c khi to (v d: trong
mt phin multimedia phn ny s mang loi m ha audio v video, tc
ly mu ), hoc n c th c s dng mang d liu di dng text
hoc nh phn (khng c dch) m lin quan n phin . Phn thn bn
tin c th xut hin trong c bn tin yu cu v p ng. Cc loi Body bao
gm:
SDP: Session Description Protcol.
MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extentions.
Cc phn khc: c nh ngha trong IETF.
4.1.5. nh gi SIP
SIP l giao thc c c t chc IETF a ra. N ra i vi mc ch n
gin ho c ch bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi cho VoIP. SIP l giao thc
dng text, cc lnh SIP c cu trc n gin cc thit b u cui d dng
phn tch v sa i.
Cc u im ni bt ca SIP l:
- Tnh m rng mt cch t nhin ca giao thc cho php d dng nh
ngha v thi hnh trong tng lai.
- Cho php to cc thit b u cui mt cch n gin v d dng m vn
m bo chi ph thp.
Tuy nhin SIP vn cn c cc nhc im:
- SIP l giao thc rt mi, cn c tip tc hon thin.
- N ch cp ti mt phm vi hp trong ton b phin truyn thng nn
cn phi c kt hp vi cc giao thc khc trong qu trnh xy dng
mt h thng hon chnh.
- Kh nng giao tip vi mng chuyn mch knh km.
4.2. H.323
4.2.1. Tng quan v H.323
Khuyn ngh H.323 u tin (phin bn 1) c ra i vo thng 5/1996, do T
chc Vin Thng Quc T ITU (International Telecommunication Union) ph chun.
H.323 nh ngha cch thc truyn m thanh, d liu v hnh nh thi gian thc qua
cc mng LAN, WAN.
Vi s pht trin mnh m ca thoi gi v thoi IP, phin bn 2 ca H.323 ra
i, n b sung s m t cc thnh phn cu thnh h thng, cc thng bo, th tc
cho cc cuc gi a phng thc thi gian thc c thit lp gia hai hoc nhiu hn
cc thc th giao tip trn mng gi.
Khuyn ngh H.323 v mt h thng truyn thng a phng tin trn nn IP
mang tnh cht ton din, linh hot. N h tr vic s dng cc chun truyn thng
c sn nh cc chun nn, Q931.V vy ta c th xy dng cc ng dng a phng
thc, km c d liu v thoi. Cc ng dng H.323 c th trng ho do nhng
nguyn nhn sau:
H.323 thit lp cc chun truyn thng da trn nn sn c l mng IP. N
cng c thit k b c tr trn mng LAN, cho php ngi s
dng cc ng dng a phng thc m khng cn thay i nn mng trc
.
rng di thng mng LAN nh Ethernet ngy cng tng, t 10 n 100
Mbps ti tn Gbps v tc my tnh c nhn hin thi cng t ti tc
x l GHz.
Bng vic cung cp tnh tng tc gia thit b ti thit b, ng dng ti ng
dng, i l ti i l, H.323 cho php tng thch gia cc sn phm khc
nhau.
H.323 cung cp chun giao tip c gia cc mng LAN v cc mng
khc.
Vi H.323, nh qun l mng c th tit kim c gii thng trn mng m
cn thit cho truyn thng. Vic h tr a pht p trong hi thoi vi s
thnh vin nh cng gim bt c yu cu gii thng.
H.323 c chp nhn bi rt nhiu cc cng ty my tnh, t chc vin thng
hng u nh ITU, Intel, Microsoft, Cisco, IBM thng nht v mt chun
chung.
Khuyn ngh H.323 bao gm c cc yu cu v dch v giao tip thoi v hnh
nh trong mng LAN m khng c c ch m bo v cht lng dch v (QoS). N
cng kt hp cht ch vi chun T.120 ch nh d liu cho cuc hi thoi.
4.2.2. Kin trc mng v cc thnh phn ca H.323
Hnh 4.3. Kin trc mng v cc thnh phn H.323
H.323 nh ngha 4 thnh phn chnh ca h thng giao tip:
4.2.2.1. u cui H.323
L cc im u cui trong mng LAN. Terminal n thun l my tnh c nhn
hoc mt thit b c lp no h tr giao tip hai chiu thi gian thc vi cc my
trm khc qua thoi v d liu. Mi Terminal phi m bo tnh tng thch vi cc
loi mng khc nhau. Cc thnh phn bt buc v tu chn ca n c m t trn
hnh 4.4.
Cc u cui H.323 phi h tr cc giao thc sau:
H.245 cho vic chuyn i dung lng ca u cui v cho vic to lp mt
knh truyn thng.
H.225 cho vic bo hiu v thit lp cuc gi.
RAS cho vic khai bo v cc iu khin cho php khc vi mt Gatekeeper.
RTP/RTCP cho vic sp xp thnh dy cc gi tin thoi v hnh nh.
Cc u cui H.323 cng phi h tr G.711 v kt ni c bn ti thiu ca H.323
l thoi. Cc thnh phn tu chn trong mt u cui H.323 l cc Codec cho hnh
nh, giao thc T-120 cho hi ngh d liu, v MCU cho kh nng hi ngh a im.
Hnh 4.4. u cui H.323
4.2.2.2. Cng phng tin (GW)
Hnh 4.5. Cu to GW
Mt GW cung cp kh nng kt ni gia mt mng H.323 vi cc mng khc. V
d nh: mt GW c th kt ni lin lc gia mt u cui H.323 vi cc mng SCN
(SCN bao gm tt c cc mng chuyn mch thoi nh kiu PSTN). Kh nng kt ni
cc mng khc nhau ny c thc hin bi vic phin dch giao thc cho vic thit
lp v gii phng cuc gi, bng vic chuyn i cc nh dng truyn thng gia cc
mng khc nhau, v bng vic trao i thng tin gia cc mng m kt ni bi GW.
Tuy nhin vic kt ni gia cc u cui H.323 s khng i hi s c mt ca mt
GW (Hnh 4.5).
4.2.2.3. Gim st cng truyn thng (GK)
Mt vng H.323 (zone) trn c s mng IP l tp hp ca tt c cc u cui.
Trong , mi u cui c gn vi mt b danh. Mi min c qun tr bi mt
GK duy nht, l trung tm u no, ng vai tr gim st mi hot ng trong min
. y l thnh phn tu chn trong h thng VoIP theo chun H.323. Tuy nhin nu
c mt GK trong mng th cc u cui H.323 v cc GW phi hot ng theo cc
dch v ca GK . Mi thng tin trao i ca GK u c nh ngha trong RAS.
Mi ngi dng ti u cui c GK gn cho mt mc u tin duy nht. Mc u tin
ny rt cn thit cho c ch bo hiu cuc gi m cng mt lc nhiu ngi s dng.
H.323 nh ngha c nhng tnh cht bt buc ti thiu phi c cho GK v cc nhng
c tnh tu chn .
Cc chc nng bt buc ti thiu ca mt GK gm: Phin dch a ch, iu
khin cho php truy nhp, iu khin di thng, qun l vng.
Cc chc nng tu chn ca GK gm c: Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi, cp
php cho cuc gi, qun l cuc gi
Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt GK c m t trn hnh 4.6. Vai tr v tr ca GK
nh hnh 4.7.
GK hot ng hai ch :
Ch trc tip: GK ch c nhim v cung cp a ch ch m khng tham
gia vo cc hot ng kt ni khc.
Ch chn ng: GK l thnh phn trung gian, chuyn tip mi thng tin
trao i gia cc bn.
Hnh 4.6. Cu trc GK
Hnh 4.7. Vai tr v v tr ca GK
Cc chc nng ca Gatekeeper c trnh by trong bng di y:
Bng 4.4. Cc chc nng Gatekeeper
Chc nng nh ngha
Bin dch a ch
(Address Translation)
Ngi gi thng khng bit a ch IP ti u cui
ca ngi nghe m ch bit b danh ca ngi .
thit lp cuc gi th Gatekeeper phi dch b
danh ny sang a ch IP
iu khin quyn truy
nhp
(Admission Control)
Vi mt ti nguyn mng c th, ngi qun tr
mng t ra mt ngng ch s hi thoi cng lc
cho php trn mng . Gatekeeper c nhim v t
chi kt ni mi mi khi t ti ngng. N iu
khin quyn truy nhp mng ca ngi dng theo
mc u tin gn trc.
iu khin bng thng
(Bandwidth Control)
Gim st v iu khin vic s dng di thng
mng. ng thi Gatekeeper cng phi m bo lu
lng thng tin truyn khng c vt qu ti ca
mng do nh qun tr mng t ra.
Bo hiu iu khin cuc
gi
(Call Control Signaling)
Ty chn Gatekeeper cung cp a ch ch cho
ngi gi theo hai ch trc tip v chn ng.
Ti ch trc tip, sau khi cung cp a ch ch
th Gatekeeper ngng tham gia hot ng bt tay
gia cc bn. Ti ch chn ng, a ch ch l
a ch ca Gatekeeper nn n ng vai tr trung
gian chuyn tip mi thng tin trao i trong qu
trnh bt tay gia cc bn. Gatekeeper x l cc
thng tin bo hiu Q.931 trao i gia cc bn.
Qun l bng thng
(Bandwidth
Management)
Ty chn Gatekeeper gii hn s cuc gi cng
lc trong min ca n trong phin Q.931.
Dch v qun l cuc gi
(Call Management
Service)
Ty chn Gatekeeper lu tr mt danh sch cc
cuc gi hin thi cp thng tin cho vic qun l
gii thng v xc nh u cui no ang bn.
Dch v xc nhn cuc gi
(Call Authrization
Service)
Gatekeeper loi b cuc gi khi qu trnh xc nhn
l sai ngay c khi cha ti ngng.
Dch v ch dn (nin
gim)
(Directory Service)
C s d liu ca Gatekeeper cha thng tin v
ngi s dng phc v qu trnh tm kim ngi
dng.
4.2.2.4. n v iu khin a im (MCU)
Cung cp chc nng hi thoi vi s bn tham gia ln hn 3. N phi hp cc
phng thc giao tip ca cc bn tham gia v cung cp cc c trng trn m thanh
v hnh nh (nu cn) cho cc Terminal. MCU bao gm hai thnh phn:
B iu khin a im (MC) c nhim v thit lp v qun l hi thoi nhiu
bn qua H.245. MC c th c t trong GK, GW, u cui hoc MCU.
B x l a im (MP): ng vai tr trn tn hiu, phn knh v lu chuyn
dng bit qu trnh giao tip gia cc bn tham gia hi thoi.
i vi MCU tp trung th c y MC v MP. i vi MCU phn quyn th
ch cn chc nng ca MC. S khc bit l ch trong hi thoi phn quyn cc bn
trao i trc tip vi nhau m khng cn phi thng qua MCU. Ngoi ra, c th kt
hp gia hai loi ny to thnh MCU lai ghp.
Hnh 4.8. Cu to ca MCU
Vng hot ng
Hnh 4.9. Mt vng hot ng n gin
Mt vng hot ng H.323 l mt tp hp tt c cc u cui, cc GW v cc
MCU chu s qun l ca duy nht mt GK. Vng hot ng ny c lp vi topo ca
mng thc t v c th bao gm nhiu phn on (segment) mng ni vi nhau qua
router hay cc thit b khc. M hnh v mt on mng n gin c minh ha trong
hnh sau:
4.2.3. Chng giao thc s dng trong H.323
Chng cc giao thc trong H.323 v v tr ca chng theo m hnh OSI c
m t trong hnh 4.10. Bao gm:
Cc chun m ho v gii m thoi (Audio CODECs): G711, G722, G728,
G729, G723.1.
Cc chun m ho v gii m hnh nh (Video CODECs): H261, H263.
Bn tin H.225 khai bo, cho php v qun l trng thi RAS (Registration,
Admision, and Status).
Bn tin H.225 cho bo hiu cuc gi.
Bn tin H.245 iu khin cuc gi.
Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc (RTCP) Giao thc truyn ti thi gian
thc (RTP).
Hnh 4.10. Chng giao thc H.323
4.2.3.1. Bn tin bo hiu cuc gi H.225
a. Bn tin H.225 RAS
Bng 4.5. Cc thng bo ca H.225 RAS
Tn thng bo Chc nng
Yu cu quyn truy nhp
(Admission Request- ARQ)
Mt u cui gi yu cu ti Gatekeeper, xin
php c truy nhp vo mng chuyn mch gi.
Gatekeeper c th chp nhn (ACF) hay loi b
(ARJ).
Yu cu bng thng
(Bandwidth Request- BRQ)
u cui gi yu cu thay i bng thng,
Gatekeeper c th chp nhn (BCF) hoc loi b
(BRJ). Gatekeeper cng c th hi li c ch
truyn bng thng thp hay cao.
Yu cu gii phng cuc gi
(Disengage Request- DRQ)
u cui gi thng bo ti Gatekeeper lin kt
ang b loi b, hoc Gatekeeper gi thng bo
bt buc kt thc cuc gi (bn nhn phi gi
DCF). Bn nhn c th chp nhn (DCF) hoc t
chi (DRJ), Gatekeeper c th t chi (DRJ) nu
u cui cha ng k vi n.
Yu cu thng tin trng thi
(InfoRequest- IRQ)
Gatekeeper gi yu cu ti Terminal ly
thng tin trng thi. Terminal tr li qua IRR.
Phc p yu cu thng tin
(InfoRequest Response- IRR)
p ng yu cu ca IRQ.
Yu cu cc b
(Location Request- LRQ)
Yu cu Gatekeeper cung cp a ch dch.
Gatekeeper c th phc p (LCF) v khi
trong li p c cha a ch ch, hoc c th
loi b (LRJ).
Bn tin khng hiu c
(Message not understood)
u cui gi p ng khi khng hiu thng bo
m n nhn c.
Yu cu ng k
(Regisration Request- RRQ)
Terminal gi yu cu, xin ng k vi
Gatekeeper. Gatekeeper c th ng (RCF)
hoc loi b (RRJ).
Bm gi truy nhp t xa v
yu cu trong tin trnh
(RAS timer and Request in
Progress - RIP)
a ra nhn thi gian tr mc nh cho cc p
ng tr li cc yu cu v s ln pht li nu
cha nhn c p ng.
Khi h thng c s tham gia ca GK, cc u cui tin hnh bt tay vi nhau
thng qua GK l thnh phn trung gian bng c ch hi/p. GK cn c vo tnh trng
ca mng t chi hoc cho php yu cu c thc hin. N c cc chnh sch
c th nh cho php ti a bao nhiu cuc gi din ra ng thi trong min m n
qun l, m bo mng hot ng tt.
Cc thng tin trao i nh ngha trong RAS c trnh by trong bng 4.5.
b. Q.931
Bng 4.6. Cc thng bo ca Q.931
Tn thng bo Chc nng
Thng bo
(Alerting)
Ngi c gi gi thng bo nhn c mt yu
cu kt ni t pha ngi gi.
Tin hnh cuc gi Ngi c gi gi thng bo yu cu thit lp
(Call Proceeding) cuc gi ca ngi gi c khi to v n
khng chp nhn mt yu cu kt ni no khc.
Kt ni
(Connect)
Ngi c gi gi thng bo chp nhn kt ni t
pha ngi gi.
Thng tin
(Information)
Cung cp thm cc thng tin trong qu trnh thit
lp cuc gi hoc cc thng tin thm v cuc gi.
Qu trnh cuc gi
(Progress)
c gi t Gateway ti SCN, a ra tin trnh
cuc gi trong qu trnh trao i.
Hon thnh gii phng cuc
gi
(Release Complete)
Terminal a thng bo gii phng cuc gi, thu
hi li ti nguyn cung cp cho cuc gi.
Thit lp
(Setup)
Ngi gi gi thng bo yu cu mun c kt
ni vi ngi c gi.
Trng thi
(Status)
p ng li thng bo thm tra trng thi hoc mt
thng bo khng xc nh c loi thng bo bo
hiu cuc gi.
Thm tra trng thi
(Status Inquiry)
Thng bo yu cu cc thng tin trng thi cuc
gi.
y l giao thc s c s dng tip theo sau khi qu trnh bt tay thnh cng
qua RAS. Nu h thng khng c GK th khng cn n RAS v Q.931 l giao thc s
c gi dng u tin thit lp cuc thoi gia cc u cui. Q.931 thc hin vic
trao i trc tip cc thng bo gia 2 u cui vi mc ch thit lp cuc gi v
chm dt cuc gi khi mt trong cc bn kt thc hi thoi. Cc thng tin chnh c
nh ngha trong Q.931 c trnh by trong bng 4.6.
4.2.3.2. Bn tin iu khin cuc gi H.245
Khi hai bn ng tham gia cuc thoi sau qu trnh bt tay qua Q.931 th bc
tip theo l hai bn thng nht mt cch thc hi thoi ph hp bao gm cc cng vic
sau: Tha thun v b CODEC c s dng, m hai cng UDP k nhau cho cc knh
logic truyn v iu khin dng thng tin a phng thc, qun l knh logic thng
qua vic xc lp my ch/my khch, iu khin tc truyn dng bit
Cc thng tin trao i nh ngha trong H.245 c trnh by trong sau di y:
Bng 4.7. Cc thng bo ca H.245
Tn thng bo Chc nng
S xc nh Ch-khch
Cho php xc nh u l my ch/my khch trnh
xung t. Trng thi ny c th thay i bt c lc no
trong mt phin hot ng. Cc p ng: ACK (chp
nhn), Reject (loi b), Release (trng hp timeout).
Kh nng trao i
m bo ch c mt dng thng tin a phng thc
c trao i trn knh logic v thut ton iu ch/gii
iu ch mi bn c th hiu tn hiu nhn c. Cc
p ng: ACK, Reject, Release.
M knh logic
M mt knh logic. Cc p ng: ACK, Reject,
Confirm (xc nhn).
ng knh Logic ng knh logic hi thoi gia cc bn.p ng: ACK.
Yu cu v phng thc
Yu cu c a ra ch r ch truyn lung tin
a phng thc ting ni, hnh nh hay d liu. Cc p
ng: ACK, Reject, Release.
Thu thp kh nng ca
cc u cui
Cung cp thng tin v phng thc trao i ca cc
Terminal. Trng hp hi thoi th cho bit b CODEC
c s dng ti mi bn.
Ch th kt thc phin Ch th kt thc phin H.245.
4.2.3.3. Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc RTP
Giao thc ny cung cp cc dch v truyn ti thoi v hnh nh thi gian t u
n cui. Trong khi, H.323 c s dng chuyn ti d liu trn nn mng gi, th
RTP c bn l c dng chuyn ti d liu thng qua giao thc datagram ca
ngi dng (UDP). RTP cng vi UDP cung cp cc chc nng ca mt giao thc
chuyn ti (transport_protocol). RTP cung cp cc dch v sau: nhn dng trng ti,
nh s theo dy, m nhp thi gian, v ghi thng bo v tuyn. UDP cung cp cc
dch v a thnh phn v tng kim tra. RTP cng c th c s dng cng vi mt
giao thc khc.
4.2.3.4. Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc RTCP
Giao thc ny cung cp cc dch v iu khin. Chc nng c bn ca RTCP l
cung cp s phn hi v cht lng ca vic phn phi d liu. Nhng chc nng khc
ca RTCP gm c: thc hin vic nhn bit cp truyn ti cho mt ti nguyn RTP m
c gi vi ci tn chnh tc l: ng b ha thoi v hnh nh.
4.2.4. Thit lp v gii phng cuc gi H.323 trong trng hp n gin nht
Bo hiu H.323 l mt qu trnh thc s phc tp. Tng tc gia cc phn t
trong mng H.323 trong qu trnh bo hiu c m t trong hnh 4.11. Mt cch chi
tit th cuc gi gia hai u cui H.323 c thit lp nh sau:
Trc ht c 2 phi c ng k ti Gatekeeper.
u cui A gi yu cu ti Gatekeeper ngh thit lp cuc gi.
Gatekeeper gi cho u cui A thng tin cn thit v u cui B.
u cui A gi bn tin SETUP ti u cui B.
u cui B tr li bng bn tin Call Proceeding v ng thi lin lc vi
Gatekeeper xc nhn quyn thit lp cuc gi.
u cui B gi bn tin Alerting v Connect.
Hai u cui trao i mt s bn tin H.245 xc nh ch/t, kh nng x l
ca u cui v thit lp kt ni RTP.
Hnh 4.11. Bo hiu thit lp cuc gi gia mng chuyn mch gi v PSTN
Hnh 4.12. Thit lp cuc gi H.323
M t trong hnh 4.12, l trng hp cuc gi im im n gin nht, khi m
bo hiu cuc gi khng c nh tuyn ti Gatekeeper.
4.2.5. So snh SIP v H.323
Nhng ngi xut SIP cho rng H.323 ang xut hin trong bo hiu ATM v
ISDN l khng thch hp cho iu khin h thng VoIP ni chung v trong thoi
Internet ni ring. H.323 c khng nh l rt phc tp, h tr cc chc nng phn
ln l khng cn thit cho thoi IP do i hi chi ph cao v khng hiu qu. V d
H.323 xc nh 3 phng php khc nhau phi hp hot ng gia H.225 v H.245,
vi cc kt ni khc nhau, H.245 ngang qua kt ni H.225, v tin hnh phng php
"kt ni nhanh" ca 2 giao thc tch hp. Mc d hu ht cc kh nng thc hin ch
h tr cho cc kt ni nhanh, tnh tng thch H.323 lin quan n yu cu h tr ca
c 3 phng php. ng thi, h cng cho rng H.323 khng c kh nng m rng
yu cu i vi giao thc bo hiu cho cng ngh chng hn nh VoIP, l nhng cng
ngh chc chn s pht trin v h tr cc dch v v c tnh mi.
Gia H.323 v SIP c nhiu im tng ng. C hai u cho php iu khin,
thit lp v hy b cuc gi. C H.323 v SIP u h tr tt c cc dch v cn thit.
Tuy nhin c mt s im khc bit gia hai chun ny. l:
H.323 h tr hi ngh a phng tin rt phc tp. Hi ngh H.323 v nguyn
tc c th cho php cc thnh vin s dng nhng dch v nh bng thng
bo, trao i d liu, hoc hi ngh Video.
SIP h tr SIP-CGI (SIP-Common Gateway Interface) v CPL (Call
Processing Language).
SIP h tr iu khin cuc gi t mt u cui th 3. Hin nay H.323 ang
c nng cp h tr chc nng ny.
Bng sau y s th hin c th hn nhng im khc nhau ca H.323 v SIP:
Bng 4.8. So snh gia SIP v H.323
c im so snh SIP H.323
T chc IETF ITU
Quan h kt ni Ngang cp Ngang cp
Khi im
Da trn mng Internet v
Web. C php v bn tin
tng t nh HTTP.
C s l mng thoi. Giao thc
bo hiu tun theo chun ISDN
Q.SIG
u cui u cui thng minh SIP u cui thng minh H.323
Cc Server li
SIP proxy, redirect,
location v registration
servers
H.323 Gatekeeper
Tnh hnh hin
nay
Giai on th nghim kh
nng cng hot ng ca
cc thit b kt thc. SIP
nhanh chng tr nn ph
bin.
c s dng rng ri
Khun dng bn
tin
Text, UTF-8 Nh phn ASN.1 PER
Tr thit lp cuc
gi
1.5 RTT (Round-trip time),
tc l chu k nhn bn tin
v nhn bn tin tr li hay
xc nhn.
6-7 RTT hoc hn
Gim st trng
thi cuc gi
C 2 la chn: ch trong
thi gian thit lp cuc gi
hoc sut thi gian cuc
gi
Phin bn 1 v 2: my ch phi
gim st trong sut thi gian
cuc gi v phi gi trng thi
kt ni TCP hn ch kh nng
m rng v gim tin cy.
Bo hiu qung b C h tr. Khng h tr.
Cht lng dch
v
S dng cc giao thc khc
nh RSVP, OPS, OSP
m bo cht lng dch
v.
Gatekeeper iu khin bng
thng. RSVP lu tr ti
nguyn mng.
Bo mt
ng k ti Registrar
Server, c xc nhn u
cui v m ho.
Ch ng k khi trong mng c
Gatekeeper, xc nhn v m ha
theo chun H.235.
nh v u cui
v nh tuyn cuc
gi
Dng SIP URL nh a
ch. nh tuyn nh s
dng Redirect v Location
Server.
nh v u cui s dng E.164
hoc tn o H.323 v phng
php nh x a ch nu trong
mng c Gatekeeper. Chc nng
nh tuyn do Gatekeeper m
nhim.
Tnh nng thoi
H tr cc tnh nng ca
cuc gi c bn.
H tr cc tnh nng ca cuc
gi c bn.
Hi ngh
Hi ngh c s, qun l
phn tn.
c thit k h tr rt nhiu
tnh nng hi ngh, hnh nh v
d liu, qun l tp trung MC
c th tc nghn.
To tnh nng v
dch v mi
D dng, s dng SIP-CGI
v CPL.
H.405.1.
Kh nng m rng D dng. Hn ch.
Tch hp vi Web Rt tt, h tr click-to-dial. Km.
4.3. GIAO THC IU KHIN C LP KNH MANG BICC
Giao thc BICC a ra s tch bit chc nng ca cc giao thc bo hiu phng
tin mang v bo hiu cuc gi vi s lin kt thng tin ca c hai giao thc, cho php
s thit lp c lp cuc gi v phng tin mang trong mng bng rng.
S lin kt thng tin cho php phi hp cc giao thc c lp ny tng quan
vi nhau ti cc im u cui.
Cc chc nng lin quan n phng tin mang nh chn v iu khin ting
vng s c iu khin bi iu khin phng tin mang. Bo hiu ca iu
khin ting vng s c thc hin t giao thc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi.
BICC a ra c ch h tr cc dch v ISDN bng hp qua mng trc bng rng
m khng nh hng ti cc giao din ca mng N ISDN hin c v cc dch v t
u cui ti u cui. Giao thc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi BICC da trn bo hiu
N ISUP. Giao thc bo hiu iu khin phng tin mang da trn cc giao thc bo
hiu iu khin cng ngh phng tin mang khc nhau nh IP, DSS2
Cc phin bn ca BICC:
BICC CS1: chuyn ti cuc gi s dng MTP SS7 hoc ATM, h tr cc loi
truyn ti AAL1 v AAL2.
BICC CS2: m rng BICC ti cc tng i ni ht, h tr phng tin mang
IP, h tr truyn ti bo hiu IP, h tr AAL1.
BICC CS3: tp trung vo mng truy nhp v lm vic vi SIP.
Chng 5. CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN CH T
5.1. GIAO THC IU KHIN CNG PHNG TIN MGCP
MGCP- Media Gateway Controll Protocol l giao thc iu khin cc cng
VoIP t cc thit b iu khin cuc gi nh MGC hay Call Agent. y l nh
ngha v MGCP trch t IETF RFC 2705 - Media Gateway Control Protocol.
S pht trin ca MGCP c m rng do nh hng ca s xung t gia cc
phn kin ngh cho vic tch ri ha kin trc GW. MGCP l s b sung ca c hai
giao thc SIP v H.323, c thit k c bit nh mt giao thc bn trong gia cc
MG v cc MGC cho vic tch ho kin trc GW. Trong , MGC x l cuc gi
bng vic giao tip vi mng IP qua truyn thng vi mt thit b bo hiu a ch
ging nh H.323 GK hoc SIP Server v vi mng chuyn mch knh qua mt GW
bo hiu tu chn. MGC thc hin y chc nng ca lp bo hiu trong H.323
v nh mt H.323 GK. MG c nhim v chuyn i gia dng tn hiu analog t cc
mch in thoi, vi cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi. MGCP hon ton
tng thch vi VoIP GW. N cung cp mt gii php m cho truyn thng qua
mng v s cng tn ti vi H.323 v SIP.
5.1.1. Kin trc v cc thnh phn
MGCP da trn m hnh Client/Server. Ging nh cc giao thc khc, MGCP
s dng giao thc SDP m t phng thc truyn thng v s dng RTP/RCTP
cho vic vn chuyn v gim st truyn tin. MGCP nh ngha cc thc th im
cui (Endpoint-E) v cc kt ni (Connection-C). E l cc ngun d liu c th l
vt l hoc logic. Vic to ngun vt l i hi phi thit lp phn cng, chng hn
nh giao tip qua mt GW v kt thc mt kt ni ti mng chuyn mch knh
PSTN, cn ngun logic to ra t phn mm nh ngun ting ni.
Kt ni c th l kt ni im im hoc a im, c th c thit lp qua
rt nhiu thnh phn mang trn mng, nh gi tin thoi dng RTP trn mng
TCP/UDP, dng AAL2 cho mng ATM.
Cc hot ng ca MGCP l cc bo hiu (Signal-S) gi t MGC ti MG v
cc kt qu (Event-E) do MG gi ti MGC. Quan h gia MG v MGC (hay CA)
c th hin trn hnh 5.1:
Hnh 5.1. Quan h gia MG v MGC
Qu trnh thit lp gia hai u cui ti cc Gateway cng c qun l bi
MGC din ra nh sau: Qu trnh thit lp gia hai u cui ti cc Gateway cng
c qun l bi MGC din ra nh sau:
MGC gi CreatConnection ti GW u tin. GW s nh v cc ti nguyn
cn thit v gi tr cc thng tin cn thit cho kt ni nh a ch IP, cng
UDP, cc tham s cho qu trnh ng gi. Cc thng tin ny c chuyn
tip qua MGC.
MGC gi CreatConnection ti GW th hai cha cc thng tin chuyn tip
trn. GW ny tr v cc thng tin m t phin ca n.
MGC gi lnh ModifyConnection ti u cui th nht. Qu trnh kt ni
thnh cng sau khi hon tt cc bc trn.
MGCP nh ngha 3 bo hiu:
Bng 5.1. Cc bo hiu trong MGCP
Khai bo (Notify)
Cc s kin c quan st trn
Gateway
Xo kt ni
(DeleteConnection)
Xa mt kt ni, gii phng ti nguyn.
Khi ng li trong qu
trnh
( RestartInProcess )
Xa mi dch v ti u cui, khi to li
tin trnh kt ni.
MGCP cng nh ngha 8 lnh trao i thng tin gia cc MGC vi cc u
cui:
Bng 5.2. Cc lnh trao i thng tin trong MGCP
Cu hnh kt cui
(EndpointConfiguration)
MGC cho Gateway bit tn lut m ho tn
hiu. Trong trng hp ting ni l lut
hoc lut A.
Yu cu khai bo
(NotificationRequest)
Yu cu Gateway gi cc thng bo v cc
s kin din ra mt u cui no .
To kt ni (CreatConnection) M mt kt ni gia hai u cui.
Sa i kt ni
(ModifyConnection)
Thay i cc tham s trong mt kt ni
c m trc .
Xo kt ni
(DeleteConnection)
ng mt kt ni. Lnh ny c th c gi
bi MGC, Gateway. p ng ca lnh ny
tr v cc thng tin tng hp trong sut qu
trnh kt ni.
Kim ton u cui
(AuditEndpoint)
MGC tm kim cc thng tin v trng thi ti
mt u cui no .
Kim ton kt ni
(AuditConnection)
MGC gi yu cu tr v cc thng s trong
mt kt ni c m.
Thng bo thm d(PollNotify) a s kin thng bo.
5.1.2. Thit lp cuc gi thng qua MGCP
Hnh 5.2. Thit lp cuc gi gia A v B
Trnh t thit lp cuc gi gia hai my in thoi A in thoi B nh sau:
Khi my in thoi A c nhc ln Gateway A gi bn tin cho MGC.
Gateway A to m mi quay s v nhn s b gi.
S b gi c gi cho MGC.
MGC xc nh nh tuyn cuc gi nh th no:
MGC gi lnh cho Gateway B.
Gateway B chung my B.
MGC gi lnh cho Gateway A v B to phin kt ni RTP/RTCP.
5.1.3. So snh gia MGCP, SIP v H.323
MGCP khc vi SIP v H.323 mt s im nh sau:
MGCP l giao thc kiu ch/t, trong khi SIP v H.323 l giao thc ngang
cp.
MGCP c s dng gia MG v MGC.
Bng 5.3. So snh H.323 v MGCP
H.323 MGCP
1. Thu bao nhc my v quay s
2. Gateway phn tch nh tuyn cuc
gi
3. Hai Gateway trao i thng tin
4. Gateway b gi chung s my
b gi
5. Hai Gateway thit lp phin kt ni
RTP/RTCP
1. Thu bao nhc my v quay s
2. Gateway thng bo cho MGC
3. MGC phn tch s, nh tuyn v
gi lnh cho Gateway b gi
chung s my b gi
4. MGC gi lnh cho 2 Gateway
thit lp phin kt ni RTP/RTCP
MGCP ra i nhm tch bit cc chc nng bo hiu v thit lp ng truyn.
MGC (hay CA, Softswitch...) sau khi nhn c yu cu thit lp cuc gi SIP hoc
H.323 s dng giao thc MGCP iu khin Gateway thit lp phin kt ni gia
2 u cui.
Trong hnh 5.2 ta thy chc nng bo hiu c tch bit v do MGC m
nhim. Chng ta xem xt vic thit lp cuc gi trong hai trng hp: cuc gi trong
mng H.323 v trong mng MGCP.
5.1.4. nh gi giao thc MGCP
Cc u im ca MGCP l:
MGCP c bit hu ch i vi cc ng dng trin khai ln, cc h thng
phc tp. N cho php tch hp tt vi mng SS7, to s thun tin cho qu
trnh iu khin v x l cc cuc gi.
MGCP phn tch ring bit hai chc nng chnh l chc nng iu khin
lung phng thc v chc nng bo hiu nn vic thi hnh d dng hn.
Tuy nhin n vn c nhc im l tr nn qu phc tp i vi cc ng dng
nh. Ngoi ra n ch tp trung vo vic chuyn i gia cc lung phng thc.
Giao thc ny c hon thin trong chun H.248/ Megaco thng 11/2000 vi s
hp tc gia hai t chc ITU v IETF.
5.2. MEGACO/H.248
5.2.1. Tng quan v giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Hnh 5.3. Kin trc iu khin ca MEGACO/H.248
MEGACO/H.248 l giao thc iu khin cng phng tin ni chung, bao gm
cng ni ht, trung k trong mng PSTN, giao din ATM, giao in thoi v ng
dy analog, in thoi IP, cc loi server,Vi tnh nng h tr rng ri cc ng
dng mt cch mm do, n gin v hiu qu mc chi ph hp l, giao thc
MEGACO/H.248 s l chun c s dng trong mng th h sau NGN.
MEGACO/H.248 khng b rng buc vi bt k mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi
ngang hng no (v d: SIP hay H.323) v hon ton ty thuc vo thit k ca
ngi qun tr mng. Kin trc ca MEGACO/H.248 da trn 3 lp: lp MGC, lp
MG v lp MEGACO (hnh 5.3).
Lp MGC cha tt c cc phn mm iu khin, x l cuc gi. Lp ny
thc hin cc c im mc cuc gi nh pht hin cuc gi, chuyn
cuc gi, hi thoi hay gi cuc gi (hold). Lp MGC cng thc hin giao
tip vi cc MGC cng nh cc thc th ngang cp hay cp di khc,
MGC qun l mi thuc tnh trong qu trnh giao tip.
Lp MG thc hin cc kt ni lu lng i v ti cc mng khc, tng tc
vi cc lung lu lng ny qua ng dng bo hiu v s kin. Lp MG
cng iu khin cc thuc tnh thit b ca cng phng tin (v d nh
giao din ngi dng). Lp ny khng h bit g v vic iu khin cc
thuc tnh cuc gi v hot ng theo s iu khin ca lp MGC.
Lp MEGACO/H.248 quy nh cch thc m lp MGC iu khin lp MG.
5.2.2. V tr ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248 trong m hnh OSI
Hnh 5.4. V tr ca MEGACO/H.248 trong OSI
Nh ch ra trong hnh 5.4, giao thc MEGACO/H.248 thc hin cc chc nng
ca mnh 3 lp trn cng trong m hnh OSI.
5.2.3. Cc chc nng ca MEGACO/H.248
Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 nh ngha giao din iu khin ca MGC i vi
MG. MEGACO/H.248 cung cp cc chc nng sau:
iu khin cc loi MG khc nhau (TGW, RGW, AGW, MS,).
H tr m phn quyt nh cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
C kh nng x l cuc gi a ngi dng.
H tr QoS v o lng lu lng (cc thng tin thng k sau mi kt ni).
Thng bo li giao thc, li mng hay cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
Hnh 5.5. V tr v chc nng ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
5.2.4. Cc khi nim trong giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Cc loi gateway: GW c a ch IP v ch s cng UDP mc nh ca MGC
qun l n.
TGW (Trunking Gateway): l gateway gia cc tng i trung k gia
mng PSTN v mng IP.
AGW (Access Gateway): l gateway gia mng ISDN, tng i PBX v
mng IP.
RGW (Residential Gateway): l gateway gia mt nhm cc my in thoi
(ni trc tip vo Gateway ny) v mng IP.
NAS: Gateway cung cp kh nng truy cp Internet.
IVR (Interactive Voice Response): gateway ny c MGC iu khin
thu cc digit v gi fax,
Mi loi GW c kh nng h tr cc gi tin khc nhau.
Termination: MGC coi GW l i din cho mt nhm cc Termination, trong
mi Termination chu trch nhim x l cho mt loi lu lng. Mi
Termination c GW gn cho mt ID ti thi im n c to ra. C 2 loi
Termination l:
Termination c nh (cc giao din vt l, knh TDM). i vi loi
Termination ny, vic s dng cc lnh Add hay Subtract ch n gin l
vic ly chng ra hay thm vo Null context.
Termination tm thi hay Termination logic (cng RTP ni GW vi mng,
ch tn ti khi s dng). Loi Termination ny c to ra bi lnh Add v
b xa i bi lnh Subtract.
GWc MGC coi nh Termination gc, iu ny c ngha khi MGC mun
lm vic vi chnh GW (v d khi tuyn b GW l in hay out mt dch v no
). Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 c kh nng lm vic vi mt s lng ln cc
Termination l do Termination c cc thuc tnh la chn (event, signal, statistic).
Cc thuc tnh ny c a vo cc gi v MGC c th ch nh Termination l n
ch tip nhn nhng gi no. Ti mi thi im, Termination cng c iu khin
mt ch xc nh (ch ch nhn, ch gi hoc va nhn va gi).
Termination l ni i v n ca cc lung lu lng hay iu khin.
Context: L khi nim mang tnh t ph ca MEGACO/H.248 so vi cc giao
thc cng loi trc n. Khi nim ny cho php to ra cc phin lin lc a im.
Mi u cui c th tham gia vo nhiu context khc nhau vi cc loi lu lng
khc nhau (v d khi u cui tham gia mt phin truyn thng a phng tin). y
l mt phin kt ni bao gm nhiu Termination. Mi context c GW to ra ban
u ch c mt Termination, cc Termination kt ni vi Termination u tin s ln
lt c thm vo context ny. Context s b xa b khi Termination cui cng
c gii phng. S lng Termination ti a trong mt context s ph thuc vo
kh nng ca GW (nhng GW ch h tr lin lc im im s ch c ti a 2
Termination trong mt context). Context c MG gn mt phn nhn dng ID bao
gm 32 bit (ID l duy nht i vi mt MG). Tt c cc Termination khng tham gia
vo mt kt ni no s nm trong Null context. Hin nay Context c 3 thuc tnh:
topology descriptor (m t topo phi kt ni), Priority flag (c u tin, hng dn
GW phn b ti nguyn trong trng hp khan him) v emergency flag (c khn,
ch ra context no s c lu li v khi phc trong trng hp c s c). Cc
thuc tnh khc ca context c th c b sung trong tng lai.
Transaction: l mt chuyn giao, mi transaction gm phn yu cu (request)
v phn tr li (reply). Transaction Pending c s dng thng bo rng
transaction vn ang c x l (c s dng khi transaction no b timeout).
Mi transaction c mt s nhn dng ID. S nhn dng ID c gi tr t 1 n 99999.
Thng tin trao i gia MGC v cc GW di dng cc chuyn giao (cha cc lnh
v cc bn tin thng bo s kin, tr li,), cc lnh trong mi chuyn giao s c
x l theo th t ch ra.
Event: l cc s kin ca u cui (nh onhook, offhook,). Cc s kin ny
c MG pht hin v bo co ti MGC. MGC s xem xt ch cc s kin m n
quan tm bt k thi im no (c ch ra bi event descriptor).
Signal: l bo hiu to ra cc m bo hay hin th hnh nh u cui. Thi
gian tn ti ca bo hiu c th do MGC quy nh hoc c th tn ti cho ti khi b
loi b. N s b loi b bt c khi no mt s kin c pht hin u cui tr
khi c s can thip ca MGC.
Termination descriptor: cc thuc tnh ca Termination c nhm li thnh
cc descriptor bao gm:
Termination state descriptor: cc thuc tnh ca Termination (test, c quyn
hay b cm s dng mt dch v,).
Media descriptor: bng m t cc lung lu lng (voice, data,).
Event descriptor: m t cc s kin c pht hin bi GW v hnh ng
li p li s kin .
Signal descriptor: m t cc bo hiu c th xy ra Termination.
Stream descriptor: bng cc descriptor ca remote, local, local control i
vi mt lung lu lng xc nh.
Local control descriptor: cha cc thuc tnh cn quan tm gia GW v
MGC (ch ca Termination, cc x l ca GW khi nhn c local hay
remote descriptor).
Local descriptor: cha cc thuc tnh ch ra lung lu lng m GW nhn
t thc th u xa.
Remote descriptor: cha cc thuc tnh ch ra lung lu lng m GW gi
ti thc th u xa.
Digitmap descriptor: nh ngha mt dy tp hp cc s kin (v quay s)
c th c (theo k hoch nh s). Dy ny c gi ti GW thu cc ch
s c quay bi khch hng v gi ti MGC di dng cc gi hon chnh
(ton b s b gi).
Observed event descriptor: m t cc s kin quan st c (c trong lnh
Notify hay AuditValue).
Package descriptor: trong lnh AuditValue, dng tr li bng cc gi tin
gi i t Termination.
Service change descriptor: l do a ra lnh Service change.
Statistic descriptor: trong lnh Audit hay Subtract, bo co cc thng k
Termination.
Topology descriptor: ch ra topo ca context.
Audit descriptor: trong lnh Audit, xc nhn thng tin yu cu.
Error descriptor: cha m li v m li vn bn (ty chn) trong lnh Notify
(yu cu v tr li).
Event Buffer descriptor: m t s kin va c GW pht hin khi kch
hot eventbuffering.
5.2.5. Truyn dn cc bn tin ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
C ch truyn dn c s dng cn phi m bo tnh tin cy, cc lnh ang
gi i v ch xc nhn t pha nhn s c lu gi mt cch c lp.
Cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 c th c truyn dn qua lp UDP/IP hoc
TCP/IP. Cc GW v cc MGC s c gn cc a ch IP, cc lung lu lng i v
n s qua cc cng UDP hay TCP c ch ra. V d nh cng dnh cho lnh
Service Change request l 2944 khi s dng m ha vn bn v 2945 khi s dng
m ha nh phn (i vi c UDP v TCP), cc cng ny cng c s dng khi
khng c cng no c ch ra. Cc Transaction reply s c gi ti cng vi cng
m TransactionRequest c gi i.
Trong qu trnh truyn dn cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 cng t ra mt vn
v tr ca cc bn tin, dn ti tr ca cc lnh v tnh hp thi ca cc x
l ti GW hay MGC. gii quyt vn ny, RFC 3525 cng a ra mt s quy
tc trong vic x l cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 ti MGC (6 quy tc).
5.2.6. Cc lnh c nh ngha bi giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 s dng 8 lnh trong giao din iu khin gia
MGC v GW bao gm:
Add: c s dng thm mt Termination vo context, cng c th
to mt context (nu l Termination u tin trong context ny).
Modify: S dng thay i thuc tnh, s kin hay cc bo hiu mt
Termination.
Subtract: S dng xa mt Termination khi context, cng c th l xa
lun c context (nu l Termination cui cng trong context ny).
Move: Chuyn mt Termination t mt context ny sang mt context khc.
AuditValue: Tr li trng thi hin ti ca Termination (bo hiu, s kin,
thuc tnh, s liu thng k).
Audit Capability: Tr li tt c cc gi tr c th c ca Termination (bo
hiu, s kin, thuc tnh, s liu thng k).
Cc lnh trn c s dng bi MGC.
Notify: GW s dng bo co cc s kin m n pht hin c ti MGC.
Service Change: Lnh ny c s dng bi:
GW, thng bo ti MGC rng mt nhm Termination c nh ri
khi hay tham gia mt dch v no .
GW, ng k ti MGC khi n khi ng.
MGC, tuyn b mt chuyn giao ti GW.
MGC, lnh cho mt MG no a mt nhm Termination hay mt
Termination tham gia hay ra khi mt dch v.
5.2.6.1. M ho lnh ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 c th c m ho bng hai cch: m ho nh
phn v m ha vn bn.
Trong phng php m ha nh phn, tiu chun ISO/ITU ASN.1 c s
dng. ASN.1 l mt ngn ng nh ngha cch gi d liu gia cc h thng khng
ging nhau, n nh ngha cc h thng cng mt c php d liu (trong cc giao
thc tng ng dng). ASN.1 c vit bng cc ngn ng khc nhau trong tng h
thng, ph hp vi tng h thng. Khi mt h thng mun gi d liu, h thng
s m ha d liu cn gi theo ASN.1, sau gi i. H thng nhn s tin hnh
gii m theo chun nh sn ASN.1. Cc lut m ha theo chun ASN.1 bao gm:
BER (Basic Encoding Rule), DER (Distinguished Encoding Rule). Vic s dng cc
lut m ha no l ty vo ngi thit k.
Trong phng php m ha vn bn, chun ABNF c s dng (RFC 2234).
C th s dng hai nh dng: rt gn (compact text) v y (Pretty text). Chng
c m t nh sau:
C hai nh dng u c u im v nhc im ca n, dng rt gn cho bn
tin c kch thc nh hn, thi gian m ha ngn hn nhng c tin cy khng
cao bng dng y .
5.2.6.2. C php lnh ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
tin phn tch ta c th ly mt lnh minh ho, y l lnh t MGC ti
GW:
MGC to RG\2:
MLGACO,1 |216.33.33.61|: 2000
1ransaction ~ 1240
Context ~ 2
Modiy ~ 1ermB
Signals cg,bt}
Media
LocalControl
Mode ~ reconly}
}
},
Modiy ~ LphB
Media
LocalControl
Mode ~ reconly}
}
}
}
}
}
Lnh trong v d trn bao gm cc phn sau:
a ch IP ca ni gi (MGC hay GW): 216.33.33.61 (IPv4).
S cng ni gi: 2700.
S nh danh transaction: 1240.
Context ID.
Mi context s c nhiu lnh: Notify, Audit, Modify,Trong mi lnh li
gm:
- Termination ID: TermB.
- Local Termination State.
- Cc descriptor.
Ta c th thy: mi Transaction gm nhiu action (mi action cho 1 context),
mi action li gm nhiu lnh, mi lnh s c cc descriptor.
5.2.7. Cu trc bn tin MEGACO/H.248
Mi bn tin MEGACO/H.248 bao gm nhiu Transaction v mt header.
Trong header cha cc thng nhn thc, bo mt. Mi Transaction gm nhiu
action (cho mi context) v mt Transaction header (cha Transaction ID). Mi
context li gm mt context header, mt context properties v cc lnh. Context
header cha contextID, context properties cha cc thng tin v cu hnh context,
thuc tnh, mc u tin. Mi lnh gm mt command header v cc descriptor ca
lnh .
Hnh 5.6. Cu trc bn tin MEGACO/H.248
5.2.8. Hot ng ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
SD
HEWLETT PACKARD SureStoreAutoloader DLT 718
MGC
RGW
RGW
MEGACO MEGACO
Anolog
phone
Anolog
phone
RTP/RTCP
Hnh 5.7. M t cuc gi MEGACO/H.248
Khi mt u cui no nhc my v nh thc hin cuc gi, s kin offhook
ny s c pht hin bi MG qun l n. MG s thng bo s kin ny ti MGC
trc thuc, MGC s ch nh MG bng mt lnh gi m bo mi quay s ti
u cui , ng thi digitmap cng c MG ny cp nht t MGC, phc v
cho vic thu cc ch s v gi ton b s c quay v MGC.
Gi s u cui b gi thuc mt MG khc nhng cng c qun l bi MGC
trn. Qu trnh thit lp lin kt c tin hnh theo 3 bc c bn sau:
MGC yu cu MG th nht thit lp mt kt ni ti im kt cui th nht.
MG ny s phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni yu cu v p ng li bng bn
tin tr li. Bn tin tr li s cha cc thng tin cn thit MG th hai c
th gi cc bn tin mt cch tin cy ti lin kt va thit lp. Cc thng tin
ny c th l: a ch IP, tn cng UDP, TCP hay cc thng tin ng gi bn
tin.
Tng t, MGC cng yu cu MG th hai thit lp mt lin kt im kt
cui th hai. MG ny phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni ny trn c s cc
thng tin trong bn tin p ng ca MG th nht. Ti lt, MG th hai
cng p ng li bng bn tin cha cc thng tin cn thit nhm m bo
MG th nht c th gi cc bn tin mt cch tin cy ti lin kt va thit
lp bi MG th hai.
Cc thng tin trong bn tin p ng ca MG th hai s c gi ti MG th
nht. Khi ny lin kt c thit lp, qu trnh truyn thng c th din
ra theo hai chiu. Lu lng c chuyn ti nh cc giao thc RTP hay
RTCP.
Trong trng hp hai MG c qun l bi 2 MGC khc nhau, cc MGC s
trao i cc thng tin bo hiu thng qua mt giao thc bo hiu t MGC ti MGC
(c th l SIP hoc H.323) m bo vic ng b trong vic thit lp kt ni ti
hai im kt cui.
Khi ln kt c thit lp, cc tham s ca n c gim st bi MGC v c
th c thay i di cc lnh ca MGC (v d nh thm mt kt cui vo lin
kt).
5.2.9. Cc u im ca MEGACO/H.248 so vi cc giao thc iu khin cng
phng tin khc
So vi giao thc MGCP, phin bn MEGACO/H.248 version 1 c cc im ni
tri sau:
H tr dch v a phng tin, cc dch v hi ngh a im tng cng.
Ci tin c php lnh vic x l bn tin hiu qu hn.
C kh nng la chn giao thc TCP hay UDP.
Chp nhn c vic m ha vn bn hay nh phn.
Cc gi tin ca MEGACO/H.248 chi tit hn MGCP, hn th na cc gi
tin mi c th c nh ngha da trn cc gi tin c s ny.
a ra khi nim context, khi nim ny h tr cc kt ni a dch v, a
im.