= ?

...
========================================

Please Note:
.

, .

.
========================================

1867-

,
.

1871-

.
(?)

(Rudolph

Zallinger),

1966-

"Early Man" .

``

13

""

.
We have all seen the canonical parade of apes, each one becoming more human. We know that,
as a depiction of evolution, this line-up is tosh. Yet we cling to it. Ideas of what human evolution
ought to have been like still colour our debates. - Henry Gee, Palaeoanthropology: Craniums
with clout, Nature, 478, 6th October 2011, page 34, doi:10.1038/478034a.

.

- (extract from the original quote

of) Henry Gee, Palaeoanthropology: Craniums with clout, Nature, 478, 6th October 2011, page
34, doi:10.1038/478034a.

. ,
.

. (

<<>>

. ,

.
,

.
, ?

?
, "
" . ,

?

.
"..Ramapithecus, a species of fossil ape from south Asia, which was mistakenly assumed to be an
early human ancestor in the 1960s and 1970s, but later found to be a close relative of the

orangutan" - Fossils May Look Like Human Bones: Biological Anthropologists Question Claims
for Human Ancestry, Science daily, 16th Feb 2011.

,
.

1960-1970

- (extract from the original

quote of) Fossils May Look Like Human Bones: Biological Anthropologists Question Claims for
Human Ancestry, Science daily, 16th Feb 2011.
.

. "
"

"

"

....

:-).

(Convergent Evolution).
,

 ,
.

. 40-80 ,

(?)
,

:-).

? . ,
80

. .
?
Find an ape-like creature between 4 and 8 million years ago that fits at least some of these
criteria, and you have a contender for an early human. What remains unclear is whether these
characteristics are good indicators of membership in the human family. Wood and Harrison
suggest that they might not be - Ancestor Worship, Wired, 22nd Feb 2011.
40-80

) - (Extract from the original quote of) Ancestor

Worship, Wired, 22nd Feb 2011.

1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis - 70 .
2. Orrorin tugenensis - 60 .

3. (Ardipithecus ramidus) - 44 .

4. (Australopithecus afarensis) - 32 .
5. (Australopithecus sediba) - 19 .

.

. (fragments)

(Reconstruction)

Fig 3: (a) (b)

.

(2009)

.
.

"Both TIME and Science named her the "Scientific Breakthrough of the Year." But now Ardi has
found herself in a spot of controversy. Two new articles being published by Science question
some of the major conclusions of Ardi's researchers, including whether this small, strangelooking creature is even a human ancestor at all" - Ardi: The Human Ancestor Who Wasn't?,
Time, 27th May 2010.
"

"

- (extract from the

original quote of) Ardi: The Human Ancestor Who Wasn't?, Time Science, 27th May 2010.

(?).

(Bipedalism), .

80-70

Ouranopithecus

Gigantopithecus ).

Oreopithecus,

.
80-40
(?) . 80
.

Sahelanthropus

tchadensis, Orrorin

tugenensis

.
"We believe that it is just as likely or more likely that they are fossil apes situated close to the
ancestry of the living great ape and humans" - Terry Harrison, a professor in New York
university's Department of Anthropology and director of its Center for the Study of Human
Origins. Science Daily, Feb. 16, 2011.

- (extract from the original quote of) Terry Harrison, a professor
in New York university's Department of Anthropology and director of its Center for the Study of
Human Origins. Science Daily, Feb. 16, 2011.

Australopithecus afarensis (

PNAS

(Proceedings

of

the

National

Academy

of

Sciences)

Australopithecus afarensis

.
"Mandibular ramus morphology on a recently discovered specimen of Australopithecus afarensis
closely
matches
that
of
gorillas......
The presence of the morphology in both the latter and Au. afarensis and its absence in modern
humans cast doubt on the role of Au. afarensis as a modern human ancestor" - Gorilla-like
anatomy on Australopithecus afarensis mandibles suggests Au. afarensis link to robust
australopiths, PNAS, 17th April 2007.

Australopithecus

afarensis

.........Australopithecus

Australopithecus robustus
.

afarensis

. Australopithecus afarensis
- (Extract from the
original quote of) Gorilla-like anatomy on Australopithecus afarensis mandibles suggests Au.
afarensis link to robust australopiths, PNAS, 17th April 2007.

... .

2008- , 2010-

, .
"..the researchers' suggestion that the fossils represent a transitional species in human evolution,
sitting between Australopithecus and Homo species, has been criticized by other researchers as
overstated" - Claim over 'human ancestor' sparks furore, 8 April 2010, Nature,
doi:10.1038/news.2010.171.
( ) Australopithecus , ( )

""

- (extract from the original quote

of) Claim
over
'human
ancestor'
sparks
furore,
8
April
2010,
Nature,
doi:10.1038/news.2010.171.

 ,
.

( CT Scan )
(July 2012). .

...

:-)

"Anyone who has studied the history of paleoanthropology knows how many times the list of our
direct ancestors has been changed, and future discoveries of previously-unknown species will
continue to change the picture. We have an outline of our ancestry, but the details are still subject
to change" - Ancestor Worship, Wired, 22nd Feb 2011.

. - (extract from
the original quote of) Ancestor Worship, Wired, 22nd Feb 2011.

"

"

Ardipithecus

Australopithecus .

"

"

.
, ?

.
,

.
1.
2.
3.

Homo

Sapiens

)
Fine.

Homo
Homo
(

Habilis
erectus

H.habilis-

"

"

H.habilis H.erectus
.

H.habilis H.erectus-
.

, habilis erectus .

"Their co-existence makes it unlikely that Homo erectus evolved from Homo habilis" - Meave
Leakey, BBC, Finds test human origins theory. 8th August 2007
, Homo Habilis- Homo Erectus

- (extract from the original quote of) Meave Leakey, BBC, Finds test human
origins theory. 8th August 2007

"

" . ,

) ,

.
H.habilis .
Australopithecus-

H.habilis-

"

"

H.erectus

18

,
,

(like Laetoli footprints etc)

,
)

,
.

H.erectus-

<<>>

)
:
1.
. ,

""

2. ()

.
3.

4.

.
So,

What's

more??????

:-)

:-)

..... .

...

"

... .

.... ?
... ?

demands"

(Nature)

..."South

Korea

surrenders

). ?

to

creationist

. .
?
.
:-)
!!! ,
.

....

? ...

......

................................................................

... , ....

"

(Society for textbook revise, STR)"

.
, ()
" " ,

...
... ?

...

..

. , "
"

...

... .

(?)

...

bye-bye

:-)

:-)

<<>> )

 ... , STR

.
...
.
...

. ,

..
...

.
?

?
... STR ,
.
...
.

STR.
... . .
, ,

.

.
....

...

...

...

...

, .

,

.
:-) :-) . .

.
.

.

...

. .

""

STR .
...

...

:-) .

.

...
. 40% "

.
"
.

"
50%
"

...
? ,
...

" ?
(Why Does Science Deny Inter-Species Evolution?)"

.
.....

()

....

.....
:-) :-)

... .