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( ) 1 : ,
Mechanics of Materials, 6
th
ed., James M. Gere (Lecture Note by Prof. S.W.Cho) Page 01-1
1 ,

1.1 (Mechanics of Materials)

-
- : (strength of materials), (mechanics of deformable bodies)
- cf-1: :
- cf-2: :

-
-
-
-
( ) 1 : ,

th

-
, ,
-
- : , , , ,
.
- / :

- : ,
- : ( / )
- : (SI) / (USCS)
- : -B
( ) 1 : ,

th
1.2

: (stress) / (strain)

: Landing gear strut () / Tow bar ()

:

( ) 1 : ,

th
:
, , , ,

mm .

:

P
A
=

- : (tensile stress)
- : (compressive stress)

: (Nornal Stress)

Cf: : (shear stress)

( ) 1 : ,

th
: (+), (-)

: SI :
2 6
Pa N/ m, MPa 10 Pa = =

USCS :
2
psi lbf /in , ksi 1,000psi = =

-
-
- / .
( ) 1 : ,

th

:
L
=

: (+), (-)
: (Nornal Stain)

:
(mm/ m, m/ m, in/in, %)

- /
-
(uniaxial stress and strain)
: (2.6 ), 2 , (7 )
( ) 1 : ,

th

P ( )
:
P
x
M Py =

y
M Px =

x
M y dA =
y
M x dA =

Py y dA =

Px x dA =

/
y dA y dA y dA
y
P P A
= = =

/
x dA x dA x dA
x
P P A
= = =

( ) 1 : ,

th
1-1

26 kips P =

1 2
4.0 in, 4.5 in, 16 in d d L = = =

0.012 in = ()
( )

( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 1
(4.5 in) (4.0 in) 3.338 in
4 4
A d d

= = =

2
26,000 lb
7790 psi
3.338 in
P
A
= = =

6
0.012 in
750 10
16 in L
= = =

( ) 1 : ,

th
1-2

L , d , W ,

(a)
max

(b)
3
40 m, 8 mm, 1.5 kN, 77.0 kN/m L d W = = = =

max

(a) +
max
F W V W AL = + = +

max
max 2
/ 4
F W AL W W
L L
A A A d
+
= = = + = +

(b)
3
max 2
1.5 kN
(77.0 kN/ m)(40 m)
(8 mm) / 4
29.8 MPa 3.1 MPa 32.9 MPa
= +
= + =

( ) 1 : ,

th
1.3
-
- (specimen)
-
- (tensile-test specimen)
- / /

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)( )
ASA (American Standard Association)( )
NBS (National Bureau of Standards)( )
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)()
) / : ,
) : , ,

( ) 1 : ,

th

( ) 1 : ,

th

( ) 1 : ,

th

(Nominal Stress):
Nominal 0
( / ) P A =

(Tru Stress):
True
( / ) P A =

True Nominal
>

(Nominal Strain):
Nominal 0
( / ) L =

(True Strain):
True
( / ) L =

True Nominal
<

( )

( ) 1 : ,

th
-

( ) 1 : ,

th
OA : ( )
A : (Proportional Limit)
; 30~50 ksi (210~350 MPa), ; 80 ksi (550 MPa)
OA : (modulus of elasticity, Youngs Modulus) E
B : (Yield Point), B ; (Yield Stress)
Y

BC : (yielding);
(perfectly plastic)
( 10~15 )
CD : (strain hardening);
D : (ultimate stress)
DE : ( )
E : (fracture)
- (yield stress) (yield strength)
- (ultimate stress) (ultimate strength)
( ) 1 : ,

th
-
OABC :
- C ; (necking)
CE:
CDE : DE

-
( (ductile) )
-
-
- ( 0.2% )
- , ,
- , , , ,
, , , ,

( ) 1 : ,

th

-
-
- ()
- 10~60 ksi (70~410 MPa)
20~80 ksi (140~550 Mpa)
-
0.002 (0.2%)
(offset) A
- A : (Offset Yield Stress)

( ) 1 : ,

th

-
(0.1~ 0.2 )

-
-
( )

( ) 1 : ,

th

:
;
1 0
0
100
L L
L

,
1
L
; ,
0
L
;
(percent enlongation) .
: 3%~40%, : 20~30%, : 1%~45% (
0
2 in L =
)

;
0 1
0
100
A A
A

,
0
A
; ,
1
A
;
(percent reduction in area)
( 50% )

( ) 1 : ,

th

-
- , , , ,
-
- = (B )
- : 100 ksi (700 Mpa)
- : ;
; 10,000 psi (70 MPa)
; 1,000,000 psi (7 GPa)

- , ,
- ; ,
- , .
( ) 1 : ,

th

-
-
-
-
True Nominal
<

-
-

- H
-
-

( ) 1 : ,

th
1.4 ,

( ) 1 : ,

th
OE :
- OE A O
- OE
- OE
EF :
- EF B C
- BC O
- C
- C OC (residual strain)
- (permanent strain)
- (plasticity) ; .
- (permanent set)
- B OD CD . (Elastic Recovery)
E :
( ) 1 : ,

th

- OB

- BC
- BC O
- OC

- C
- CB
- B BF
-
- ( EF BF )
- BF BC .
( ) 1 : ,

th

(1)
(2)
(relaxation)

-
- .
( ) 1 : ,

th
1.5 , Hooke Poisson
, - (Linear Elastic)
Hooke
E =
- Hooke
- , , E (Modulus of Elasticity)
- E Young s Modulus .
- E ( )
- :
30,000 ksi (210 GPa) E =
,
- :
10,600 ksi (73 GPa) E =

- :
100~2,000 ksi (0.7~14 GPa) E =

- E H
- E .
( ) 1 : ,

th
Poisson
- .
-

- (Lateral Strain)
lateral strain
axial strain

= =
Poisson Ratio
-
=
- Simon Denis Poisson 1/ 4 =
- 1/3 =
- : 0.25~0.35 =
- : 0.1~0.2 =
- : 0 = ( , e.g. )
- : 0.5 = ( , )
( ) 1 : ,

th

lateral strain
axial strain

= =

- (homogeneous)
- .

Note:
(isotropic)
(anisotropic)

: , , .
Linear Elastic Homogeneous Isotropic Matreials

( ) 1 : ,

th
1-3

2 1
4.0 ft, 6.0 in, 4.5 in, 140 k L d d P = = = =

30,000 psi, 0.30 E = =

(a) (b)

(c)
1 2
, d d
(d) t

( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 1
(6.0 in) (4.5 in) 12.37 in
4 4
A d d

= = =

2
140 k
11.32 ksi
12.37 in
P
A
= = =
()

6
11.32 ksi
377.3 10
30,000 ksi E
= = =

( ) 1 : ,

th

(a)
6
( 377.3 10 )(4.0 ft)(12 in/ft) 0.018 in L

= = =

(b)
6 6
(0.3)( 377.3 10 ) 113.2 10

= = =

(c)
6
2 2
(113.2 10 )(6.0 in) 0.000679 in d d

= = =

6
1 1
(113.2 10 )(4.5 in) 0.000509 in d d

= = =

(d)
6
(113.2 10 )(0.75 in) 0.000085 in t t

= = =

:
2 1
1
(0.000679 in 0.000509 in) 0.000085 in
2 2
d d
t

= = =

( ) 1 : ,

th
1.6
(axial stress)
(shear stress)

2 ;
b
b
b
F
A
=
,
b
A
()
( ) 1 : ,

th

aver
V
A
=
( )
( ) 1 : ,

th

(1) bc
1

1
bc

(2)
(3)
1
bc

1
abc

(4)
2

(5)
1 2
( ) ( ) ab c ac b =

1 2
=

-

-

( ) 1 : ,

th

-
-
-
q
s : / 2 ,
/ 2

-
p
r : / 2 ,
/ 2 +

-

( ) 1 : ,

th

- ; (+)
- (+)

Hooke
- / -
- (, , ) 1/2
- Hooke
G =

G (shear modulus of elasticity); E
: 11,000 ksi (75 GPa); : 4,000 ksi (28 GPa)
- :
2(1 )
E
G
=
+

G E 1/3 ~ 1/2

( ) 1 : ,

th
1-4

20 mm d =
8 mm t =
110 kN P = ,
- ?
- ?

;
2
(20 mm)(8.0 mm) 502.7 mm
s
A dt = = =

; 2
110 kN
219 MPa
502.7 mm
aver
s
P
A
= = =

; 2 2
punch
110 kN
350 MPa
/ 4 (20 mm) / 4
c
P P
A d

= = = =

( ) 1 : ,

th
1-5

S ; 12 k P =
; 0.375 in t =
; 40
o
=
;
pin
0.75 in d =

;
0.625 in
G
t =

;
0.375 in
B
t =

;
bolt
0.50 in d =

(a) , (b) ,
(c) (d)
(e) ( )
( ) 1 : ,

th

(a) ; () / ( ) ()

1
pin
12 k
21.3 ksi
2 2(0.375 in)(0.75 in)
b
P
td
= = =

(b)

pin 2 2
pin
12 k
13.6 ksi
2 / 4 2 (0.75 in) / 4
P
d

= = =

(c)

2
pin
12 k
12.8 ksi
2 2(0.625 in)(0.75 in)
b
G
P
t d
= = =

(d)

o
3
bolt
cos40 (12 k)(cos40 )
12.3 ksi
4 4(0.375 in)(0.5 in)
o
b
B
P
t d
= = =

(e) ;
bolt 2 2
bolt
cos40 (12 k)(cos40 )
11.7 ksi
4 / 4 4 (0.50 in) / 4
o o
P
d

= = =

( ) 1 : ,

th
1-6

;
( elastomer) .
h , a b , V

aver
d
( ) 1 : ,

th

aver
V
ab
=

aver
e e
V
G abG
= =

tan tan
e
V
d h h
abG

= =

tan

e
hV
d h
abG
=

( ) 1 : ,

th
1.7
:
:
: , , ,
: , , ,
: ( )

(structure):
, , , ,

- (strength)
- (factor of safety) n
n =() / ()
- 1.0 .
1.0 , 10 .
( ) 1 : ,

th

-
- ( / )
- (1 / )
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ( / )
- ( / )
( ) 1 : ,

th
:
:

-
-
-
- / :
: (margin of safety) = n - 1 (% )

= /
/
allow allow
1 2
and
Y Y
n n

= =

1.67
( ) 1 : ,

th
: / ,
(ultimate stress)

allow allow
3 4
and
U U
n n

= =

. ( 2.8)

= ()()
/;
allow allow
P A =

;
allow allow
P A =

;
allow b b
P A =
;
b
,
b
A

( ) 1 : ,

th
1-7

1
1.5 in b =

0.5 in t =

2
3.0 in b =

1.0 in d =

P ?
(a) 16,000 psi
(b)
11,000 psi
(c) 26,000 psi
(d) 6,500 psi
( ) 1 : ,

th

(a)
allow allow 1
(16,000 psi)(1.5 in 0.5 in) 12,000 lb P A bt = = = =

(b)
allow allow 2
( ) (11,000 psi)(3.0 in 1.0 in)(0.5 in) 11,000 lb P A b d t = = = =

(c)
(26,000 psi)(1.0 in)(0.5 in) 13,000 lb
b b
P A dt = = = =

(d)
2 2
allow allow
(2)( / 4) (6,500 psi)(2)( )(1.5 in) / 4 10,200 lb P A d = = = =

4
allow
10,200 lb P =

( ) 1 : ,

th
1.8
(Analysis)
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- : , , , , , ,
(design)
-
-
-
-
- ,
-
( ) 1 : ,

th
1-8

:
allow
125 MPa =

:
allow
45 MPa =

AB ?
C ?

: .
: AB BC
( ) 1 : ,

th

C
0 (2.0 m) (2.7 kN)(0.8 m) (2.7 kN)(2.6 m) 0
C AH
M R = =

4.590 kN
AH
R =

horiz
0 4.590 kN
CH AH
F R R = = =

( ) 1 : ,

th

0 (3.0 m) (2.7 kN)(2.2 m) (2.7 kN)(0.4 m) 0
B CH
M R = + + =

2.340 kN
CV
R =

vert
0 2.7 kN 2.7 kN 0
AV CV
F R R = + =

3.060 kN
AV
R =

:
/ 2.0 m/3.0 m
AV AH
R R =

( ) 1 : ,

th
2 2
( ) ( ) 5.516 kN
A AB AH AV
R F R R = = + =

C
2 2
( ) ( ) 5.152 kN
C C CH CV
V R R R = = + =

2
allow
5.516 kN
44.1 mm
125 MPa
AB
AB
F
A
= = =

2
pin
allow
5.152 kN
57.2 mm
2 2(45 MPa)
C
V
A
= = =
pin pin
4 / 8.54 mm d A = =

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