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h oblerns .

tiqrraI tc Noise-tcLto

D (rag€-
r)
-he
\.neS%ge a siyltisoid q L kHz, nnodulq'basQ
si nusoidqI ca *tr e"r % t- r'4,, tt, A+ +he in p uf tb +14^
\ eC etv?{, *t'^e AVetOq;- fburet' q lhe- rnod.t laEeQ
cqf { ie{ Ls t6-3 *o-frcl tgr+6 addi-ti va urhi be rtoise-
Por,oey spec-braI d,entity Cclt o.s ,d.d) to I w I I+z-
%
the essen hal btocks t|..e- Y€c dte{ oY<-
%
A Pr ed et echon pass d<lter BAd r,:rdtll 2 n lqtf e
%.
A^c\ ce41te { eAAl l, A I+z_ ,
d*9, "AM
a dzrnoclula-bo^r, q'{ trM
& Pos t de*eC,t-wt lo,r; Pa'qsfi tber Ol IkH z- ,
(a) 4 t+e_ rnodo lqtl u-l b AH u-r+h a vnodola*'nr
'hoise- val-'o
indLx q o.8, trnoi lhe- signa-0 fo
(a,t,arc,qJ-P.,u,",=t af ttr^e-'cutlv, q d'ernod^tta-l-
b* Si%o{L the- lot': Pass J-'i+er
signaf to noise- ''c-tio ( o'verQ1'^p,"11s
Cb) e.,d Ihz
'd rvrotC''tla-h'oo
ay *Xtz- out-Lp*I % rcc?tv€r
b Fr1 L'Ji% A "tro-doloJior1 irtdex % +
Solu-*iffr '.

(al
BPF o.#odotalov LPF
20 krlz 1k*z

('/*)e =H$x
g/
(Y
.-ff.CIe
\'1
sR = q{+4|pt^r-6F)
( ! | c l
.f

But &irqr at- ig*]- sL = tC3 wafk


S;\ =l_v \ r c"L4L4
;)
\
FA)
=+(*)
R'' Fn4
.
ulo, L 'tli'/

1(4)
( '?' *,,he/r-\r= rxrd3H'
2-
)
tdsx ltto=/

z 2400

^ \ A rt'da^ve
'!Aa ei ("b) + &c.os(
) == + ,s(zuqotiDco'to6b
t?qe Lt ) . A ^',-'s^f
tE 7]J*4
ve-cejver
at th<- lnPu-f %
t. a .noisy?u 'd*\*.'H.- St T'"-u'
^rec€rv€Y,aFw -f,;f
inp.^f rhe-
tDJ
q N l a : - ' ' d 6 wft+;
lnz
-EPeCval d e r u i 9 e,ra1e-puurrs)
; r,\9a ra;bio Cu,t
trnd *J'e- S ig n al
a*- L and 2' ,
lofits

BPtr Md l4rpli er LPtr


B= zkifz_

*V)
cosCrorr
SoluftOn
sg t'D.tY; =2xro3
(vs;, = f r ; f f i
_ ut/)x"(t)
tu6 X,z+r"3,

('A)",t..fr)coio.
= ,1ror=) x cortsb'
I
= Sito'
, (Pqe-Lt . A rc*Oa,lde g;tr
carrier 4( t+o,scDs
+y
and t :thite- Y'taise- % Poroer sWCFral Ae-r-x;
( f f i L s r O e d ) t f , w l H L " or^ce- q?\;ed +o the rrrPuI-
a^ AM -recAVer '+ the- ^(e-cerue{ Ls f{awq
E '+6 no;SL
d-e>;qn ad. t,.:hqt b rhe ou14u} sqna-l
valto (or,vua\u pou:e,rs) 07 v
+he- {e-Lave{

-9o luhotr) ",

(tA)"7, =

Tt=t
=(fi+qrc'af(Y)= 1o'56
Kr
vf+.UenCU
-

'
a t

t = l^Lr'CL)= O,z+L+
l+ylxlLb)
- tdlwlftz-
I;
B!{: Zfrr\ = ,K E=
L T T*
"eA\otr=( lo.qD f \

)( D.L+L+ = 9o+lb'l.n
- r urZ\
ro-qrf
f i )
Eo+t51"L1
ry
ae'^.? -.'"-'c'"'
-l-d"- Tb
cfle-
lonusrded) ?
"" fl
-%^'^:*il=ii r,'-'n- t+
F'4^(zc'."s'1'-'
thrc-
frO^ Lb 8o KR?s o'"dLb -!o FKPS ''
|

!t ce)t'en''t' eond$d* lF- Lt^a t':ildtl"' o*lF*r-


posldeJaclton lorppa==d-. 'k th<-
.ro rv16is€- *Jo
trnd i.u.e-signa-' 't'
^( ece-tvel^
01 +h<- ,r . \ 1^\
t
e&) = ',s( roet+ 3='n'of )
)rf)F 51 " *17
W i4;r_. ) t.
r'.'

el(ft)
i i - i

F/*)"p=
s(g L \ v):W1

+'ffiJ
-e -( *' G (- .Y{Df -l ra) , \
= +L4 tt-F xtog
{
-trr1]ur
l, I,t *he ?ecuvey q e @ , rhe {1o'ri "F
Point 13 urrhiLe urril-t-, lowet sVecLral clensiH
@ J
E / z t h e - ' { e c L l v e 4 c r , . , ' n € Ya
L r . e wH -tbF
o.r t r + o,Bcosro+t] &,srdt rhe- Ttr &ani' u'tdtr t-g
And the- AF Barrduridth tS sk\z-
(a) t,''6q6. is +he vnodola7ed &^t\ie: Poqr€r o*
Point + ?
tO u.crhokLs Hte- noise- poae{ oh Pcint +7
g ?
tA -s gnal. bo rnois€- <ahto ok Point
Cc) ulhaj 'bo noise- ra*io G-t Pa\nt A?
(d) uvhaf Lr sgna(

Mixe(

fLo
o @ AF

LO + t-ocal oK)tlOM

Solwtl an
(a) rnodtrlo-bed canrier pooer ok loirtk @
, O \ L
= At -_ (0. t)-= 5x ro3woir-,
'2-- L

tb) 'Y)o'is
€_ PouieY et Points @
N + = y lR tg*dt ldu. oJ
TF i) roi n-1-
-)i rf B =lor H?-
= rd4 Wqtts " - rcr wl|z_
(")
F10u=/JqrWM*4hauqr
'Y =F'xtCF)
\Tbl u'Y'
q\oa\ I

At1 ?- ,> nrk)


t-3*&>
=Co.$r(D = 6.2qza,
@
5p.= E+4lt"x"ct-)
L L -
=G'f" * @fn6-f-(/r)
? 2_

= 6.6x rct hl
.' F/n),' = f-Lj x qt"cienot
'
[ T ' o)
= /(.brro3\ 0,2*L*- IA
[t-"rro-*,oV
(%), 2/+)r o'L*71
b Bo*)
[ri
=( 6,6nlt3 \ "7,O'fr:L)
\ffit)
= \ '
€ l l
rb) (P1" ffi) The in pvh tL z.Lt*o.+,cas
{Sb] alro*L
plus ol1e side-- qloise-- torwlfiz tttz'd.etnc,dula
%
r,L c.t\ envelo?L deLe cLo{ ,
(d Fid the rnod rno-Eed a-arrri€f b r-lois<-
fa-rLto Ak **.e- o,qfiut % BPe-
(P) sketcjr +h z floise- poJre.r eVect-"o-l densi k
Af t+ne- ot -kpcrf q tlte-- derncc..tlafor.
Sofuh ct1',-

Ca), sol,*tm :-
Bandu:dth qB?" Cg.'*) = 2oot<H
z
CaYrrer pooer : At/r= 2 Watls
T1o\se- potoer = B .= to-sx>ooxrd
It = Lut d3 Wqtts
"nodulated cQ11t eC b rloisq- rajr'o C-f f+'.
Cto*?ct} q BPe =
(%) -2
2xtil-
? = 4,OOO

(6) sk e+ch *+'te noise- poLo<.f sTe*ta! det-rt;2


ef ctr*p,{.{- Af d,etv;sdotalo{,

7 ) -
li (wl+')
.-3
'o t/l,

+
*12
il Pq"@ A L+ttz co^rvi
"
VaiCL ocusVl'nfl A burdc^rid lA tl o-5 k t+L
\' -
ynOdOlOlrOn U ;>SB-Sc- . Th z rnodOlahOn Cavl lgt- D
averagr, pouer c* +ha- tecavw iT"* u. ldsw.
#tz-
po..rei Sp<rcka1 dryrry % the- rooisrr G*
t e<€iver ingu-t- L59 N | ft-z.(ona sid.d )
who-b LI lhe- =,'?nol bo raoiSl vct-fio a{-'ti.r'e-
{ ecggef 6.r-Lprrb
So Iu*rOvr

='h=d
('/u)"ro
= 2
[ to-3 )_f_
t lo1r FJn,o*

:C. Pqu@ Tn *I'rz drgure- r ft<- Bpp ha-r ^


Pq Ss barrd bet1,1een 1,OOt'IHL L, Thz L Ptr
oaQ LOLtAl+
ho-r a o.r*% u^a1 skelch thz
+*1
" % look Hz, O+ Lrz,3
f s pechcr-t d€.,.,e,
Pcu:g, no Ge- Pre:e,rn+-
ry'
-J %
ancl +, The_ i rt{rqJ- c!.-t- pornt J_ {.s c.:l.tiL<_ r2ois<-
% Poucev-specJ.r^ctJ d,e.r.xr! Corr<.sicle-{ lo 6w7p.. o.lL,rryl,
- )
3*" utol .

rnot{-ipli ef

2 Cos(roer.trt
*9a')
I\
AT Fin + @
lw,
b

\
\
0\
#v.ECttl) v
--
!*P
6
I
\-

AU pornt@ ;
F
_-_s\
cn

cJ.o "l.a

( 5 S
" - €
l \
_ 5 J D \ )

? \ c : ( r
d J
1 c ,
J 5 {

F\
{*a7(ttz)
lo8

AT point @
I tntll'-

lolxros t'o1168to,lxro6* ryl (bz)


-lo8 -tlo'

: I I'lltz-
---1 Al- Por"r @

t#h/H.
t-'j ii';
triOut-l CiSstli"'i* '; IF
T1-te_ Brr..)i-r1.":-r{";
\O
, '-n^'jf.,,i6r-h
...fiAz
lJosaat
Rr Barrdudth .-rg llz \J
t1".rlz.
cb tFk
AF l';al{t': id rh de''d 9
t} zook++z' ond -sper.ct:l
ur',r'r^ Pov)e{
L ^
ig urhit€- *I' "a
Fornt O
rcs,w
tr- L '(....,e)v'd i^5"1"-
?t
s; ),.J.,*erv.h.
*r,{*d;:u,,;:Tl :}'*3
ak l'o.nr @
(E'.Si?noj+o.rrois<-"r6rk.6o*Poi^*6.jqnv)

solu-L{o{t'.'

(utD r
q\^TV1elL
D -.
I> - 2oakttz-
(a), 'otn,- (7_)
+ = a { / a,5
=('D = -2.
2 t <t o
"/ i=
L5o

\ TtV*onio3
= 250

(n Fn)6= fr _g'f \ i lr:sl * \


L- / tqlBnd
' ?
2 (z'r'uf)@
sxrel
= 725 xlo-
tt ) ro r#
&)n ?q.@
4 AY yrat\,l-
1fne

{uvt-e Qe,*L@
vy-F
,

Tk 2 cost#t &igdL
nlr = ro6w/rrs
B\J 1 , l f n r s - . .
?=
rt j{
Ft0 olv Lvli NJ-
61ffi
- lf &Lrf{tl

=,LTM
[5o ]tD- J
: Qao
t Lb'1trd b
-2 1
(1) 5; = lo->hj
"l ' = - q . , !
i o - - r NI V - '
BN = {k t\z-
F"d /:, olr =
(.=
r > , \

p
tD

:{ en4: }Inser} runue


,D A ua{e e(o = + 'os(n (qooD-, to6b ci'a't<rcF<
d V
.rnpui et a CDbraven* ^reC{2iv€.y L" +1^-input
' f,'' e- toJ"- aI
)n a moisi €lnvl'ranvneA*
aoo'*?cdun'rvult'nbu;;po'l'z{s7<c1"ra{
de.:r'x;v1 No = l56w/ fra
? O ^'.dC
GJ-porn'ls
p^d +-l,* siino'l to iff;;Jf't

Z',(+) tsgn{ LPF


tvtu$.,plier
Pos5# tP, B=lkHz-
'B: ZtcHz

cos(ru6r*n/)'

A{-o +T(r)
(?-) 1b. ffit
St = 2rr,o5
---- o

t6b t' 25 rd
- 3rtJ
Ll'r'rol uis:)
t7-)L e
nnade-l'cf* (l
q) (Pqe- 21) At t trM t ecavet'- nay
"(elohons ai )'n F iquYe L
Signa I and qpis€-
"J 'ook ltz cet*iil
Ihz Fland.;lid+ln
BPF has ^
a'{o'nd 100v1fr2 l-l
-.. ? ^ n , , r ) A n t , ("{v {-5kt.z
The- Lpr ha^ a cui tN{ h?1'*t
r.lo bo,n, uid th I l rni t-d,ho^s
1h e- trM de,nnod,;|a bclr """
Agst;rvle- 3^n eari?r q
L Ar,,e
ha'te r inrflo
unr dcla6ced
AL *Iqc input @ ^ \o
Tvorbpeok;d n"eg"*3-
,oory;-ffi:,r5f'
-t d-ccil r79rr
::::;='#^ r,"ff' r and 1"*'5, -3,s +J-.-
*- ;'n-di co'Lt
pornr"fs I z'
and rnolse of
"*4 o]':- tt;fif'",TnZ
*he- d-e-g
valu€) ot1 .
oPeryall A bcvL
de,nnoclu loJqf i

trguY€-

A b p c r n " l _O At- forni


",'-
|
t"4
*lw,
(r> +
I+2-
A+ po inJ' Por'r @
^ 1wlu 2-
*,rt.r,
,r,./fl
r4+ 7l
-ia ji"Li - " "', ';--c'
oe frC,.';^t
,"-, . ^*fl 1^Dfd,
a?uc]''€" ^oTt*_- a.*oatrtalor
4en^o
, ^1-
, itr'";
a-l- lry'*t % lh
caxorlo,.J"$O
''^Ptd- q \,'tar'( t! 7 lodb-
'r{ ats
t{^'L ,/nr
t-l'rr€'lhtt4'
toe.- a'rL oPa-ra+'{
:t::
'/'\
- l \ l
1 NJ

tl y, s,, 't c)
lo Lao'f,to' |I ,- | /-/>
c> {oJ
'0*), 7 Pdb
I

:
U ofe'o*tl
"' fN4 r"wdaldrX
W c,^d:h't.'
abow tl,ul'"dd
\)?
+1*- d'iaqtovvtcan fu \-/
qfuw- qaUW,
trtott^ ftte-
cka-rrl a) Ib
rA 7ece^uer suf,lu=?
e(q olp 4 tLcu\ftf
je
EPF ,il&olow
8okltz

4
t42-
t o ' o t . t l R ?r fsm = #

L
t"l*o = 3*( r ) x I Il) = 47qtF co*L
2_/,lcr"x to+f
,n

to3
+ L + \ \ ' E o oF
:
= cos(zno:"ot) as ro6bal
,,Da'e- e-c*) +
2 \). A
p&: o
3c_ '{r^?-^;rx*;:'l:, J Kyr"
the--npuf,
noisl .lA, t " -h tl"
r,;r a o;:'"
Pou:
S'.ec'.
ln 6 'h"" o
.Tecavev- 6
Lo ?hr- 'ljt, signc i.+o reorscr'alr
dty,r\!-,^::. = ^-@?a
at.- f)orn{S
&(+) BPF Poinr@
Mof t-ipllev
LPF @
B=l kHz
Na B=2k Hz

c"s(ro6.r
*TD
rl
5oln'
A{- poiM O
rLf ( r )
Itt\ =
1 B
l t ?
\ | {b y 2xr or
/N ) ,

=+'t/) = 27,to3
,o3
1562.21
A+ poinl @
gqow Pornr @ .
Af poh@
€ ; (+) = 4 c',s(Yrr lq6ov*-s t ob{-
-- 4bs(ru(q.oL.|)pf ^t
/r(
+
= 4Cos( znfqoolk)f ^t ( zt.r

'= 2 e,s(n (a0,,)i


fao5 [1.'o6h)
A+ g
Y c"io(L
Ftu
)r=
= 2€"'o)x coi3o'
:2 (z*r{) t zt'o3/
7+
v
6 r ,,?nr;*
#!,'::";12i"fl#J"r';::*:J
""'T"il;1
,^rJ*,t::",,utf,u:,',{{:.-'?u"r"''}lf
J+aac (q'{
t'lo rs€-
6''^hPq qn! l' -*
tA *he- ,-o -"=:;'t'('3t- ")
tiho*
-d the \e';'; \%
Po;6{s)
Q,lex)
gqv akoY) q AM.
t d t ( , o o'Bcos'oat)
4(os ctansi = to1 w/}t'
Po vter s?ecbYal
II =
I
ro d*q
s"l ..)
(

/ No

CAlculatr'on

t/*, V 7 el4uat7

llere Y = --'--'
^ 0 b
-)l

I
I
2f .tr
Band tlidth in AM
( Bv{) = >|* --9 \\L

tn
= irew1r.,,
si
T E pt* t +) _ \b -L
- + I
L
1-,
\ t {o t)r(\
10.5b
;"' Urlpr)

t,lN, Vx%r^y
= V T l^tnt(+)
l + f'* W)
:-/x C'f{/,
t+ 0uf"Cr)
= = Sotl ffi'Lq
Ne!'{?qxuQ
urave e&)= cos(ros'4sSinro+t)
|ow/*r'
/.n FM to
c{en*i5-rhe-
(vA"_zf potrleY -SPe"t^,q l
noise- q ,
-,h Ujh \t'L aA trM vecerrv€f Post-
(onasded)' .:-'{L
-eaicl['a*1"'
?rprr-fd ,3 *4 #"4-
tA 8or
.rece)\te{ t, lot '"
df1^ L\ LotrR'Ps
Bc^du}'
t^l pa sS di lle{ (avu^lL po'oers)
de/ e;"l,1oY)lo ";
signol to ^:Mo
F^d *It<- rhe- re-ceJ\fttr^
-rh- otit1r* %
N
<c lu U-torn
.
e(t) = Cr:s(tost + 3 Sinro+t)
de4'Y,:
= potr;e{syec),rd
"fi
1 ( ewlt=
)
H=
ro3
Band ,oidtll u YLcavu
e"ri^t'}'d+h ir lo k Hz
Post I oq., pctsS d''1;,r
delechon
oY1 Signa I to ^noistl vatio
P+ob\evnS

?1.o . - r r v r - a1
YlessaQe- 1-kHz
S i n d s c ; d a I c a Y Yi e t q LN\fl2
v ^(ec€rvsY
A+ th e in PuL b +h e-
Av Pawet %u *ldut ated ca'nier
= _r o 3 w a t { s
y : ?oaeYs ?ecbv-arCensi!
I
IMHZ
e uh
De-vnod

To Frnd
(c'D rd "ncdr;la hor't 8 Ae t nnd (ru)", l \ = o ' 8
qtd
(aq rnodutlahOn 6 f u , ('/.),
t{P=ft
Solu*1'on',-
(ar
H^)

12,tLt>4b
(c ,t = 3ts^Y
Fu^).l + ) =/AV
Tfry
=3(nf"v)'(;il'31,i,('D 3
: - r"x t
Io llt"
?I'e/
FM keceiveY
ef P r ee E r
tr4
peVecbo{
L\
FturrRr
,n€tJ@ I
\ u 1 uand)
Cl^-lra" ( Bli= lrtr+z-)
roMHz-7(+. I M+r"-)
w= 2ook+\21
fan-- \ \
, \ ;

r;'ir/r, a.k O,O,@,@,


T= L
s P" c}-ral t\el"Lit
sRe-VUV potl er

Ar@
At
(*lt;
I
Ittz :cokHz-

Au@ A+@
')
[,t14 1('

4cr+r)
looklt2
\ ;

?toblems -si?no I t! no i s8- va b io


>D-
I of
siqr'ra +Ine inpt,-t lA '*t4:-',0
the +h<- rnpwt- t'b
t iSe- a*
Th e- addibi ve rno sTec:t'ai Ae-*\\ ?f
sided pccoeY
Ldt-h a are 'teLejver fr lbe{s a^(Q'
L{b w f rlz rhz
aad a
% e c tyc A L'oo{t+z
A s s d m e - 4 1 ^ Q _ 3 ^ n l "'^7 b|ocFtEuniIl
BPF ho-\ ce^inr la? a
Bondu,d+h
t*d r???:.i""rErlL;'oPassd'iter'
bc""C$id+h q H"a-
S katc-h +Ite- f sf ec'val !::''?
pdtr:s
the- vloisa ak poinrs t'/ '\ *'d *'
s,'gna{ "^a 'norse- -{-flreAho
ve_.,e)re( L5 abow- *Lu*
cve & .o the_

*1o
c B?F
LPtr
k t+z-

5c l"r '-
6t tr* tlf s iqt al i,\ E bs ( zrr(ros)b)

sve+o

+ (HJ
yw)
vE@ *

AL pirrrF

(n'/h')
7
Lool<+tz
fiz
f ww>

; e f@ '
At- poinh

1
( wl ha)

rd-b

f( f+-)
t ookHz-

stc,fl@ AL poia,t

n. -r, F},l mtrd.^ltarar opetaHf


qbow
"uoix- +t"terU Q

7+cu.)
i b) N Ou) +he- "( e c €tvet U' W den od..rlakrr "nd lt
*he inpui uA Ltns(t o&'b+Fsi n zTr(ro3)b) pfus ovl.L
s;dad rtoise_ % Lo8wfwz zry
(a), s ke Yd^ th e-- pou:ef -speChaj de:t'tit3 & ++
ovqxe % **.,e- d,errordttta{orf
R^d lht si to Y-loise- valio a* *1"^-
@ ?"ol
ou+Pd- q t1l2. teCe-tvLr,
5o [ ,-;ub(oY1

Ca) . Bourdt,.rrd fr' gl L


to-8v,tfl+z: \ Bandi,pass = 2ook
) 6udrJ
( w lh )

l0o k tr+L {""1 ( ltr)


(E/)
(b),
fsl^,) = st
\ lN/owkpul-
t (^t) 'fu AryL
= 3x(af (Z_ =eYL^2hr
L
r--
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g e r n o d o l a } o r L b r . r n u t { r P l - w ef
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v;g/ -\
L{/
-'/')--
=- loo
,Err-r; Wl- =[oo '"h
'---

i6r*])
\;s Y);' T . o k3 t t o '
--r-

fsl^)
/ e2( F)
Rec'.i-cnQuti0
o BPtr
-ft ': I t-iila
^)

B : lookilz-
C o S z t r ( ' r)c[ t
€rct; s f t ) * n ( f)
\ ru-"s(27( tc,t')F + \, (+>c',>s
)T Ctct)C
-fls (i) sih r ir (
ro6)f
N o i s e _ Y}L.JQJ- At I

@ L A i w
(c1) S K a * C l . pc-.u-e { -Sp o C-t<-.'*.l {q-,.Lri|.1 €, Gi)
?
(rt *S Kr--tctr ?t'": e +' Spc-c$cal r1er.r1 , L-, e1
r ( r
t'k G ) a,^.1 rs (;r)
sPactva)
d€-nsi+1 a
{nc ?ot;le'(
(o0 ,sabC'h r rP',
4ncr
.nOi 9L @ @
Pot'* \r
ak !",^*
(D trnd eO
-%\uuHon
Pe*oaolaW

(o) so\n'- Al-@

3t' F*?ctu) -3
lx\o =
nx.>/*tr)
t(+-
Si 1ffrr'#
(D ?t,l+=
--- - 3
y1 ,P. lo-8 A Elto-
I ) "

1 L\!.
G(4)w Xcc L)
Ai.r,s
,'&::stc
\?
Cd At Pold
\"''z "f"li(w/H')
.F"1(l+")
trit ., ri3
I (a) 2 ^ I\tc).,s1,$
\=
)

ct) (D F/*)u-. \;v)


/
,.ltal
^n o. &t=tutO
X6CL) = A cDSr d e c t {
C'
Cd) A:,(w/t,)
@-
1;
^ - K
/X l0 wf[z F""1Ct*.
F.,fCh.)
r:(L) = A c " s( l o -el + 5 s l n t S , a a r t
)
(G) sketch ?sP G* @ a-^d @
(b) FfCo =r*@
(' n 4 + @
(cr) f ,j"t9.,-- ,{1;tulrrc >
_ffigcrr)
t ,#!,;f[+,"tcw)
(a(7)+=7,tW
=f1ff&)
(r) (tAt"6, G ryeA,- lcBwfl+z-
A'l,yore"= |o 3t'v. _".
lr-.
(a) (?^)
ord = E
rlph,den^.dl
\
[Trwl t * extJ
&) hu)r,, fl*. etvrt =rfjl\ = 2x,i-1
'1 ;t^ u il* xsx,o'
(o (of Lz)
Pte deleaAwt
Band pa ss F14 P osf- clekkoa
f; rber Ye-ovwdol Loc-.:
lrO SS
J-wcf

Bl oubtr-U [*n u^ol d.wrc+-z,n


C=t,veA
Tc(L) 7 l t * c , . * c o s d + J c c sr o 8 +
t 6 l 8 v ,Il l t z +1
(a) trnd +h <- ."na'du
la Led ce-{^y
, ed k vl orS€- raEio
A* *he_ ov,tp.r) q BpF
tb) Ske vd't *h <_ poaet Spect r4 J Ce_nsi) ak Ht<
o t-r-Lp
rtt qj de^od'.rlatcn ?
/ ^ | r \ I

(_.;ottlhon )
Co'tverri- Bpr fc= toov\Hz
BvV > o a k H z

D e.i"t)o d ula tcrl

Av /t " /^
A;'/r-r ot/rFrtx'(r)
(zl*) x It'r'( t)
f -af, t xt (t.'
1; B
8' (%) = (
F'ox't',
)

+r6'/'D
cx ,")(o
(b)

100kHz {*q(Hz)
(OB" E). Nour ir ra FM Dzvnodtrtqbor
J-h D
"l
2a,s( lo8t + 5si nLTTro3b) fo
,= tdsw/Hz-
-sV<d'to) *V
d,e-r*^,9
(d S k<-tc)'r ttrtz WLe'{
ou.k?u-r q Cen odotal-ar
at ++,u-ottp,d=
tD) trn^d. thz -sigy1al bo rnoisu<ofia
O{ 'Y?cP)'( e-r

Solu-i;r OY1'.
ryl''tw/tt')
@l
Ll;aL
' , '

F'*
'- a,C
I t+z)
loolttlz

(o Gz-)
: 3Lt
= GYx a/- = 19 rlof
?t) ldrx loB
(pq- s+)' / '
, \ u
XcCt) = Albs( ro4;t ustJu + Asin ' o 4 bs 1 nr Cb .
'L)
?e-rnod r-i(o*0{ a. rn ul+'pt i ef trrrt\ o+-1nenf
,lp +c, rynut+tpl;e r O*€ Lc>srdt
tf
'-'lt A t {G L E IAODULAT ION "
f\
Angle ,rnodulaLion

ke4vencg ?hasq-
modulat rort
fiodulatiorr

G.ne'ral equaUon ql Angle rvrodulatiorn


Xc(+) = Ac (ps(*& + eCD) --*>6
). tr"telv en cy {Ytod ulabio^r'r
(a), ynodula tir ='9naI rS "* to vaYS
g
CQly;* l"qvLnoJ.
tb). chanqe- in canrrier +te-qua.3n(/..t
u
P"ory*ional Eo rynodutatrngrJrog. ( herr
k + +e4ven(1 &nspant (Hz/vott
detiatr orr,-
(c) T,tstanLan€-ous rier 4r.quenc..
f+;ct))
4i (u) = +c + ,B,zrn(t)
(d) angulavvelociy ( in* Vantaneous)
UL(+) = 2rr+i(O
an$utat {eloc\y = \atz
s elanSzoJayle
uri(t) = dgf)
dt
ds(t) tri(t) .--t
\l,
dt
+ 4
I Ct) ? ,ic+)dt Yl'
J - o \ I v'v
" 4
l- '1

'--t
+ r
g(t) = I to treio)de
J
o l ' ' '
.+"r-
9[+) = n
dl -\
J' ztt(+"+ ke-c+)
dk
a
gCO= tn,
+ ct))
zTtk ew\(t
J €t+"
o
+
gCt) = 21Tgc+ -r T16 r-*(t)db
lI tx-

o
,,/
," -l

(e> Arqlyss q
' , i \

- \.- ) 4.'lt{.
\-----'. - ^-
s inusoidql FM -- 1!{ ,

Ci) e, (r) = Epnmar(


cosnT 4tt
oi) fi (t) = + c + h € , & )
ficg = - F c t lTErnma,
cos z]f+n+

4Ct) = 4c+ A+ cos zrlF,,g + @

A+ - Peah hflv*A de'iq+io^


(iiil Expvegsion fo-r sinusoidaI tnod,olale-d cmlle(

'c rnaX b3 eco


tr. €9
ect) e
t
o-
Ec-ar c:r,sQztr+.+ n 2Jraf J*tTTt'l^tc
aslzT'Fct + &sin
- 0 '^r^l
= Ecmax
fa
" ' 6ene'tal qua.Lwn becornes Fo( tr M
\
"lcCt)
= A c C o s ( - . + + A + s i nr * t )
-F^
liovr ind.er fr{
tkod,trla trM i'8 denoLej 4

P =E
f'n
'" FinallJ , fte- e4uahm Be@mes-
Xc(t) - Ac Cos(wet + F sin ulrat) -@
(rv) greluency spec-tvur0 Flr sinusoidal trr"1.
(o) De1;e'trn'nnegl u-ginq Bessel RrncA'ons
a
ccrtXsw .
Cb) /t,ccw ding Lo
U
( i ) {\u Yvt
bet s 'da bar,d pCIrvs= 1+ F.
tl
1ii) gqnd t^rid+lr {q3qtfive-wrefi iS 9*"t * -J

j+O
tuh etL
P=A-F
L^
<L-
,./ I

+ay s inusoidaI FM f rram B<sgettn,l


G) Spe-ctta i
(b) F = 2'+
( o ) p = t-o ( ca.se(i) )
1v

r,-oz
1L -1^/"4
k-u^&-F"

(r Exp+essiorf b( Av e{aqe- Vov.,e{ in -sinttsoidal


Fl

P r = ' ? o + L ( r ,t P z - - = )
Pr = Pc + 2 CP, +P- klh 3r'-'- Pc - @lvtLr
)
R,P--s,'d.
Jfr-
owe{
By bn*ide/J^€ Bassz t orz4;denfs

?r = ?c LJ,"(p)+ y-(J,rrp)+lr3p)+- - ))
lrlorrna - --)
U JdL ( F) t y ( J,rCF) + f :CF) +
= L
SnCr- Mlh+<tdu lrar^€- ,3 CDnL+oJ\-t- '

-'. ?r= Pc.


Advon,to-Qu u s;qnaJ +6 'eoisre- voJto
Can bz incrJa-red uef{-{4o,ut \Y1ete-e-tt€
trorrgrni t+€d Po,ue)r,
erns
EXarnPle P^robl 01 tr'qr*qJ .rnodolahioyr
.

Example-(1) :
&ive'n +" = Ioo tr1tlz-. 6{
,
-+m = 5tXwz
Pe.aL €reqoen@ d,eaohon = 5o t wz-
' J (A.f)

ao find ,
(a) Band,,:td.++',
( Bo*)
(b) e.ggolion roJ olo-LzQk)al€- ( x. C4.'))
/n\l*
%
-{-|.re- SVe-ctvUrD
\ ,/. -SkeLch

Sotuliom :
Ca) To ca [eula]e- fu+rdr,cd+h CBp*)
trav'mula US€d acCorct,g to cc.rsan
Bpq = zCF+r) A,",,
F=AF
8n
CalcurlA-{r0nl_
F= 5 0 = Lo,
-/
% * r= z ( l o + t ) r
= 2Lr\E
: J.LOkltz-
bp* = Lto krt
)
(b). ?q,ra-Lian
% nnod" laf<d u_ta\,( iA Fj4
^Icct) =. A. ( t"s (r*l.t + ;*

Y-r F) = A ( u < ( g]{;rN rnSJ- r- 16 <,,,rn/o.rr-.-_,S L)


SRetch Sle-cVtuvn
llerc P= Lo
frNt1 +hu B<-sse-t Funehon tabl<,

q
5oC10) = O.L5 ta +( lO ? - a'L2-
0' 0+ ( to) = -o-23
J{ Cto) = ):5
-l- z f . ^ \
(- + v4 t ( l ) + O'L5 ) J5 ClaD=-O'o{
J Z

^ . \ o.06 , J1 clo= o-zz


JgLloJ
(lo) o.L9
Je t LO) =
A \
o,Z2-- 2 Iq =
f lr (rA = o't2-
Jro Cto) o.Ll e
a- l ' ),- ^ f\ +rv n l' / = G-o6 l13Cto) = o'o3
,
ar4 CrO = o.oL
llerc Ac = 6 V,
(i-O - (6r'o.r;) = - {'5 Y 'r A"Tr( ro)>i-"ZLl
A. T, = *cl e( to) = L.1z'l
A c J r C t o ) > 6 x o - o f = C J ' 2 + n / Acl = l.t4v
A c 3 > Ct O = ( 6 > o , L s ) z l'5{ ?Cro)
Acf 'o( to) = 1'2{V
Ac sg( ro) = 6 x D . 0 b = 6 . 3 b V . AcJr, (to) = o-'lz"l
A c 3 + C t o )= 6X - 6,L2__ = -t'ZT'l A cf 'z Crc)= o'3bv
-O'23 = - 1''gAV 0'tTl
A c Sgc to) 6f Lc-ltu(to)=
o'o6v
A
/+, c 5z'6t lo) 6x-o'ol = -o' o6t/ A c - : , ac r o l =
t '

/N 6n/

t.t,/

O,0brI o'06{
Etample Z .
Ske b ch sVectYurn %
X c ( t ) = S c o s LZT ro8+a 3sin (zv r"+){
UEinq ca"rtson's^rtlle a,.d J " ( e b , b l r s
\J

3o I ut iorr :
Grugn:
xcCt) = E cos Lfr r c ? + + 3 s i n ( r r ,ra)b]
r+Q
svq r'.-
To fi"d lrtu vatua q P
trrorr1 {\ U a,bovz equalron @
F = 3
*q 2-:-
*'€ =" CD tabtes
g611'ri({
Jo Cs) = - O. L6 - > f.

Jr Cg) = o.s+ ---) (c.* cm)


o'ffi (f,.+ 2P,")
JvC, =
Jz(D = O,3t CPc) 3'g')
= a'L3 ( +. t+f -)
Jq@)
tE (z) = o.At ($J 5f"'')
H
= o. oi- ( r. L 6l,n)
J6 Cz)

t
€s
=
A " J u ( s ) = 5f ?0,14) 1 - 3 V -
A L J s r ( t = E f Co , s + ) = l.'l v
Ac tr(9 = 5 7 <C o . + q ) 2,+5!

Ac Js C3) c 5 x ( o ' 3 1 ) = 7,,55',,l


r,t
Ac t+A) = E ^ g o , l 3 ) = a'65
o, L"rl
AL lsb) = 5x Co'oO =
= lx(o.or) = o " o FV
At rs (g)
ste+@:
Ta D*aa -s,yeCEvUlfl

r,99{
o'w{

c*6L ;.t-f4" { ^ {c+f6, A " t +c+frn Sct?.l,af,=tg+* ft,r+f- S.+S€'-f.-


oN
l.ggV
?h&sz .rnodrt
latren 9q
Gene'tal eqwoJcion q un rnod..,rh.ted
Cqtt ig"f
L(C+) = kts(a&+
Ecrrra"x 0 o)

Phasa ^lgla + 4u
u:ritten ag
P\o,sz rnodulafr'on Lan bL
EH : Qc+ ke*(t)
t^yhet e- h i Thasz deviahwt coYlsLanL
( vad I'rot)

elto*ion Pho-su mod'l tal"ud t'oYe


%
€_c(+)= cos( u& + 9(+))
Ecma-x.
= E.^o^ CosCtce +fe{t))
e"&) = Q*ar Cos(,*l.t + k ?m(t)). L f 'neJln*d"

XcCt) = A. cos( -.+ + k em1*))


'
C7D S in usoida,l P hase- rnodula*ioyi-
gm(t) = E mm,.xSin zlT-{-t'
k gm Ct) = K En*o* Sin z1r4^tr
5 he^ct) = L# Sin 2jr[4^b
usl^eLe-a6 = k Erq1m^x,
A+ Peak Plfr,sz de'tiohan

Eqyo.}',onM Sint-rsoido./ Pt'1 u

W Pv'tase'modulabon
= u:a! + k-ern(t)
I Ct)
&ritt) = #
zxrfiCL)= ry
d\h
-rrc+)
= 4!-i 4qg9
-4i]
\.2s/
-f,(+) =nj-f d( o.-t t ke''^ct)

=h)L"f
lzfi J 4y

*H-'
q(-)= +. + 3- d@
?q L1r dft
l r

Te phasz "rnodotaiam Lb Lu\ea fo,


Ndsca n^g-go69 rnodo laHovt ,
?t oblenlg ot1 an3le rvrodutabion

tPgO-L
Cr)vVoicLoLevPy',na|oulPasss,vecLTurhelft
t b t , Y a n s r n t b , , A u o ] . o 1 +hu s i Y l u s o i dBandr^,ld,fh
M H z -€.S=entrar a[edlrie,t
\r. rnd
% ^*;i;;;t rnodula ted a1r fe"r u
bJ *tne
occup ied .nnodu|o Hornindal
Lb AM H^
r,,rr
Thz {tlod .lla'orn
Cal
r,t O'8.
u trM t^-rii'l., pe-ak &t equenl
Cb) The- 'nodu la biao
de-vtaYion % 4oo FIz
t -li+'ln Pectk ke4u*5
Cc). l-lr e- nnodurlabtoro lJ
trM
deviaHan -"o ql 8 oH z .
d; aHorn ta Pr.4 tJtth Paak PhaSe-
deviaH On qt O'L "l'ad'iang

-9oluti an :
Griveyr.
fr\ = 4kVz , 4c= 4,|4Hz-
Amp li brde- Ca.) = 2V
(al essentr'at Band,,ridtn srg AM

= Z| 4kl*2.
= 8 kH'z.
(n YnodutaLiovr
iS trM t^liHr paa k $en deviaAn
tir 4oo fr2.
6 P = A+/+^ , B p , q= z ( p + D { ' r
6l-

CO r'lodulaLiorot5 trM toith Pec.t:.$eqrmy


deviqLioYl tt 8aIlz'

L+ ? SoHz.
= L = B o ^ = o , 0 2 -
+^ 4*r&
Br o a = z ( t P)# t
= z (t +o ,O +xrot
= Z ( l . A 2 )+ T , r o B .
= 8'L6okHz-
/ l l ^ .

[d/. ModLtfatror4 I Pvl u.ri+4npeak phase- de*iatio^


g1 O.L vaoL,AnS.
v

A$ = F = o'!rad"ians'
Bpyl= z( l+o'r)*'4-^'"3
= B.g kHz*
{
Ig
(D,?og.@, A sine wa\e +C+)= 2 sin 62-Bx tost
,tzTvenc4 rnodulates a- cooMHz cQTri€z gd
serctittviS A
Arnpiit"d{ A . The- trM ryYtodulator
lok *rl1
(a), wri tz h z eq,.alr'on for +hz nrcdr]lqW
Cq{r ieT
( b) t/Jha' i5 *I.z eand uiiCt-I" requ\red tD
Pa ss l'1re* trt'4 cawiev ?
(c) uho-t tr +he_ r6tio % rynodrtlot€d +o J+tr
r"yrrnod.rtated corrrierr Po.ev 7
Solulio)A'
(e) equa*ion % rn odube.ed coytiest.

XcCt) = A cos (w"L +fsinuro,t)


? = A?
fvt\
Af ?_ k F,nrnax
l*e,u k Ernrne* = Ap
k = b k v L l V , Ap totr L
',
E^** = 2\ zo h Hz*,
q)m =
C2,trxloF3
9Tf^ - 62.rx to3.
rn L 62'&x to :) f* = l& #u.
arr 1.kH
rna
Y
F=L o :2o
r
6+
@ Bqnduid+h 'requ'rved ta
Pass *he trl\4
Cffrrier
B*M= 2-(r*
F){,
= z( l+ ^") t{ro3 Hu
F
2 ( z t ) x r o 3H z

Cc) ra,l-to q rnod.llate,C tln mod,ltateol


C0rvi er pluref
znodob*ed=pT= p(
Poasg
unrnod,-rtoAe4=
pooef f.-.

F tr r
Yqfi6 = P.
P-
Yo*to = I
6g
PaQz @)
C' An' FM Ca^rt\e"r has a p e a k d e r i a J o n %
t'one-
15 t(Hz and Lb modurlated bJ O,. l- k flz-
gde ba,nds d "e,g +1""-
(bl How rnanY signi&'ca^f
t\erJ rra v e ?
tru ea^{
easz Pr=.qircdev'Cf,
PeVe-aY 4o.{ +he
urh eyL
(b).
tt YoHz.

Solu.ti of '.
(a) (=1'rV€,n
* 7 5k u z
L+ =
ftnr = j'kHz-

P = L+. ='Irl1y'+'
-F"n
1Au rnb<-r el\ sid.eband parvs = t + F = t+^Tg
=1b
x"( numfur
% rg n[ica,"r.fsi d e- bo,nQ
trM co"(ri er tnatre- = LX"T6 : l5L
(o A q = La wz-
p= lo *z- - o.ol il
:..k*u
1.ro : -1 . 0 I
? >^d n_bond Paivs = t - r p: l + o ' o |
Y-\urn
fuc t,Anidicanr slde- uend
%
Ftltt C-avyrgf V.O"IZ = 2X l'O l =2, OL

I
b6
?qu@
(A hJave LB d escvibedry e-ct)z$Lotll?jL,a*
trnd
H"L tJaV€-
Ca) awrale Po$er q
rnod ufatio,n u on 11^/-
(O rut1a-U ru "d'
cq.lri 9f ( * v , * i , P M ,- ' ) ?
phase- de"t\ahon
CO. urha-r tJ +hu vnoxirnur4 "rad,ians.
t_}.e c-arri ey in
% +tequencl de$aho^
#te floxi^nlurn
CO unnat 6
q t\e ea"vvieY , ifl Hz ?
tuhaL ts 14te aPf ox iYnate barrd r^ridfh
CO. *\e trAYe- tvt l4z 7
OccoPied Q ,

-So lu-Li on . _ rJ
'l1ne-t^ro-ve- YT e D
te
Ca) a\ef^!e- Poogt q
: -_ =rz'5Natts'
E ry PM
.,l rrYtco'D
CO rv.'. % froove;^
t' H?'n?
Cc) 'rrnortirnurr\ Vhasz cl'svi atton h+
= Lq = Lo
Hr /A6*rt,o
'
ct'e,^'+o}to
G) Ynaxi rno'n fu{u*3
L+ = P"^P L5qL.55 Hz-
=
= -19LFLo
?-11

Ce) BrN^ = d t + O 4 ' n


zCr+rOf4)
\ )-1T/
3'9 LTFtz-'
6l
@
' Paq. @. An trM "nodutatOy has aS its ou,?
t
O +reqv61 rnodulaue{ -srvluSorda I cqr^rie,,
' an{ c enbe{ ^-3
5 ws+ts aveTaq e pou;e{ l*"q"^\ \''
"T:l',e "rnodutqtlonCy.ssage)
MHz.
% loo uthe'\!-' ulb) u
inpr.,.h '^ x(t; = 3 u C+)-3u ll-u) +'vi! tA
-the sb€? trnit). fr u' ^rnoddtaw-s€rn41
to k tlz-/uolt.
eqvohon +hz rnodota
(a) uribe tde V
Cat.ri€y
' ( b) skalcj") trme- W-
a) a f,unClion q
jnstorrlanaot;s Ceg"uaJ d.dv'o-tiryr E 11^L
ca1-f leY
(o. -Sket-c.h qa q funCfiorr Ct tt"ne- H^L
i^S @"|qqsous Phase- dwiA?ia, q {J"<
Corrt e{ .
Solu-itm'.
(q), €guatton rnod.cllaJr{
carn e{.
%
xc Ct) = AcCos(u:ct+zuf(u(r)-uct-
q
Heve-Al= D :) Ac= Vlo =S.ILV
A . = 3 , t bV
L
TcC+)= 3'16Cos( zrr(wr)t 217( roxro3)n:J(?-
t
,,

xrc+) 3l 6 cos( zrrCloe)t+ t


60TI
^ ,u3f@t)*urc-u)
I
[*

A(
(0. skeLrh a duncffor q' brnz insFe.nlqneoos
v
t:rqr^gy der','olrao"{ +1t- Caffigr. .

fiu+D
k E'nmat { i :
= 3ox lo3Ftz
,at h

b
(s".)

(c)

OCt) ,rnvadu,qr,.r

kE n,utr$nf .
(s.n,f,ptrr
d
r44

f
t cvct

! .
yAL@
u,^.,aYe-cosro*| Tr?qu*Z a-
Cel The' lodulates
The modulabor sens-rtiviLy Sookttzlv
ca./^riet T
CA). u,yhat U +ha rn&Tivnuyrrr
$e4uenq devtAtion
1 J
t?r g caxvl,t
% *\e- '4/1 phase-
rnaximu,Urvl Dha<, devdo Hon q +l'w-
( b). u,i.tat i.t
et'
co,"rYi 61
So luiion I

Cal A+ ) rnax. Pveq devia*'cnn


% *he- eane{
A+ = kE,,.o.o,-.
Hove- Ernrrr4{= t{ , k=5oo k+z-/v
Ap = 5oo.*.,
= $oo kHz.

(pl Ap + Peclk Phqs<-d evia hot't


A+zP
' A. bs ( c;.* t
X.c+7 P stnLD*t)
X c C t ) = A . b s ( nct + Lqco**L)
F^= firt z-
Ap = SaakH
F= 4e-) 2V
t^
P=5oo X,o3 = ?L+.Ls
(to%r)
Lp = zt*,15-'fadiang.
l0
1D
tr) Afttm rr desrri ued bJ e-cosf roBLt 3Cosrotu_
rl.P4oxi"nqtety
o.PWOXi "nqtetY +Tte
&te knduridfh
ffiild ccvpzQ
trltQth o cLvP
0X) ,,,)JhOe i2
I
Q"rritrz eL
bq +hts t^rave-? Hou d;'d yo* 1ow
J
dn9tu.:L^f .
(b). '.Tha*- iJ +hu qve-|Q,L Pou,e{ % *,tnisurava?

Solu,tlOrn:

Ca). He,,uc- HAe- equahm


--o
XcCt) = 5 cos C tos€ + 3 cos totu]
4e4esenf PH .
Ic CO = 4.c,s C 6.t + Lq bst&V)
X c C + ) = A c r . , ^ s C r ' , c+t F c o s t o + u )
He-u-- I wr- C a^d @
CnwuVa're-
O.td tJJe-
3Q+

'.
P=3-
O,ryox',rvo*,e- Bandtptdth occDPlad t @t
urare- t} Caccor, ^*r"6 +a cr.trtson)
L (t+?)*^ = Bp'".
Br,q= z( r-Fttr-
7'E
z lL.79LhHL

cb) a,,tq..,tatqLpot :sr "t tlru's


rtlatw- = ?e 2T - lL-D tval5
.L
1t
c8) Atl FM rnodulaYd has an o&pr^*, a^ f-ottor,^rs
Ave'{OLqe-po trresf 5o W Centet $eqvenE 1oo14Hz
?had de"riqtion as A €ur-rcHonS Urn"€- 5 tus 6,LgxrotL

ta) w"r\Ls t\z eqvation q *-1'>eouhp,* wa^re


V
+hz P€.o-K
Cb) trrhqt i.t ihe- pe-ak #yeQuunul devlotron in
+reqJenuq (.(eVcaUovl llz
r
tYt rtz-
. | , f r

CO uiJnab tJ +|E- Sandr,ridtA e4set+"arg ourp'ed


b3 t/rte- r^rave--
Sol ulion i
U) potrreY = Fov
dvgra r'qL
( P.)

A.L : P -
L
Pe= *t2- a At= Eoz<Y
A.o = loo
Ac =- toV
CettL€{ ltzluency C4.) = 1oo}rtHz
&en'..;,q! e{*ariorl .
XcC+) = Ac_bs( ,a.t + 5 cos t.Lsx rd+)
/c(-t) = 1o cos C 2]T-('08)L + E-cDs
6.Lsr ro+e)

Cb) Pe.Ak Nrequ^% dz,rta+1m= L+


Af = Dr He'u ) F=T
R= €, = 6.vty,lot- t& Hz-
2TT
A+ = S\totHu
tr
ce) fu,ndto)d+h
_=
= y(t+5) tott
1T
Cq). An FM vYlodo
labot has Qn ovhVvt as +orlokrs.

Aveta3z Pot'"reY= 8 W
heqvzna-J ( +.) = LOAM++2.
rylessagekq*z (+-) = lkHz-

Pe.ak Phase-de-viation CL,f) = 5


Ca^rrieY and rn€-ssa3€- Ne- Cosrvlg t-ta{es-
Ca), tlvire- +hz quah'on q eM renodulabo/
ouJ;yv&
CUl. tshab rA *trlz- htghest inSbantaneous {-e*u^Z
tl:'u LdGve-
%
CO. A cq^rvie.{ i^ FLqu*\ ::dulqLed ?

;lffi;"#;iti?L;ffxJ"#?
b?,
, +,^; *$,',
vn's* bz rncluded
f ;:d;11{#F1y."rcq,.on
*n,"^._^""; .n
+-t,L Bandoid +fi q +14L k)av€- ' @
(il bd^o-t b
(O An FM urqvs a delctibo-d \
ect)
Sketch +h e- f-zqrer"tt de|\nqjilon q t1"i s cc{rYlsr
'For tzo , Grve- units -
Soltrtton - )g
(a) quaLtnT q ft4 "rnodulaborou*tuf

ru tt) : (U.t
ALicrig +P sivlc.:*O
"ctQ = Ac cDsC,oct +F s in th^ b)
H er e
A2- *.'= 81,2-
t1n - ?c ,
=F
, A Q =5
L - -
,
Ac: +
P=5

x. tt> = + dos( zrr( rss)b + 5 Sin 4r(rce)t

'rrtS+Or\holteoos aregtlzJ\AJ
tb) hiqhe-sL
J
% fu
&lQ"ve-.

n
A+
P =1m 9 ^ t x t o 5=

af= kSrn(t) = 5I,.t4L


t
C .

4ct; : Loox106+9'AtoB
(v = Lo0.0o5v\ t+L
4ct1 = oo; u tt
4-oo-
o G'xen.
7r
-F = zkfiz-
A+ ( r"oukgu^"J dexiohw',) = lot<Hz
ro #"d
no q| s id .band Par{s ( a,acardtnS tz: ca'trsan
)
no Q{
sid:b4= ( ttf)
Palc'
^r.r
p= tJ.r 10 = 5
fy1

P=s
1no s ld e Bond p..i"s . l*F
1
l+F=f,
""ro q srd e >^r4 I
t>
Pa"tS

(d) u:1^a* u *1.,e- eond uidtA y ++L


aboue Woblern
Br* -L(r* F)+^
= L( t+ 6 z^,o3
)
= z(t) (z*,o3)
= zTkUz_.

Bard uid+?r - zg krlz-


?5
(d tu sketch d*l u-\ [sul$.cn I +'t
celn e{- +or
e Ct) = io cNCrost + r"3t *+e )
+ (t+r)

b(sec)

(lo), A L MHz- cq..ft er st gV ax^pt+udc


'
tj "nodola-te-d \ bq a "recfonQofOr
d""quenCH "dwa,i* Bsecrbrr{^'
polsJ-t qJ hoqir 1*rbs,
lts .er,.#er detarpd ;*rm 'u dfltt 4 l sac-
, "'6kt+z
Tl..,L mod.lta+io.r E€ni'++ur5 lvolb '
.{1- nrrodtrta}ed
fo) turlfe- +l'e- egua*ian od
e asf'fl eY^
(D urt\qt i"t *1..e-averY P*t "1 t+<
rncldUtq.;.d cOo*r{
(C), gketCh l-reg.r€nt der,aj{r}o - et }onCl+"n

\ +rrru q\ donc'a")
[i t4 stetch Phol. deano*tan
% firne-'
Wryn)
€-gua*iq g rnodolated cavrien

&C+)= AcQrs
C..b I Pf xF)d+)

+ (s"c)
I

7,(t)= u [t+ o'5)-- tL(t'-]'t]


4L
t.
. +
xr Ct): 3 cos(
zr(r't)t+ 2TI
h-+lbrytf-,0
d*
xctt) =,3 us(2v,:rotlb+
r-Fo"eo
t(uttt
- oe-u(
' t-2.t);
"/ JI -/

Cb) Av,To.oef, -t-+\r- rnodolaJ.edtuold- = P.:€ =Vg,


1
("), 8*qu€lr&-, d,exoJ*rn
r
a.F ckz)

*[s<-c)

td) Pho.u derrta-l+tt .


gtt) in rar,;onr - ,^6
znfr+*,f)3
t Gcc\
I (rD
^?3" @ mod
F-* rercy
A *"ssq qL tt( t) -2qC+-L)vo(*s-^
"d
ulab-
'
cos'ryt
e-. caTriet' q )7

l I M l-rz-
'or,d *y0,
h cruin, s€rr-x',{r
A
vl3
[<tde
aL
2V ui t-h
bo k Vzf ^tolb
rnodolef-
a. ",iodolaJ

CoD, r* ite 4^e- e-quolraog 4 cor-rt


in +t"E fime- da.r, atn
[b) Ste*cr,, +]^!- mcrd.rtatad carrv\er in +h^
€rrn e_ Qorytg;rt ,
So lulron
(a) efluo-ltoo q rnodora,t€,C
q:er,
)c (+) Ac cos ( r.t + 2Tk J0 ft) -zy t+-r-1
xccr) 2 cos(zn ( roa)++ 2Tr(so)jO(+)-zqu-LD
(l) -SkeftCr\
.d,( f)
fvorr)

t Csec)

-
Ir t
ojrn;.tn,#t- *-l*',s-F--
( j"og frhl)i<- o'IvM#A
lL{
"nodo(al,
We @. A Cg.;rier 2 cos Aq+ U tr14
rness qqe il Ct) -u Ct-t e^r
b,l ;" "d-= uCt)-('+
unir J-"" d,; d.dtrlotr
Ii*r"';
-9€,nlrilnvrfu U 6oot He-/v '

(") {ruofio'rr q ,"nodob}ad,Ya"'/e-


it) sr<etch ,Y.r-q^Fclr?nasM?*wdeartaltoa'
-{irne^) |
G-\ A &:nC*ion%
Gl stei-C1o tnstG J-oltegos pl'rara deviAlion .
at q -hwra'
4tlnc'l'onq
So tulion ;
(") qua*i on el rnodol$ed
T'*-,,
xcC+)= A. cos (act +trigix CQd..l-)
Ic [t) = 2cos6rolb+ 2-T(a'or,S)f(u(t)-u(.-s)4
t J \ ' '
/

(b) i rutan t-arnaour d41re^cy deria+tzl'n


fi( uz)
50o(kkqkBn*x
/o- r \
LJE-\! /t

:
v

(c) i a91-ar.|oneotJs PhCIA& d,e^ra);an,

( zr x 5oo*>)
t (s..)
'rt
\" @ The pulsL# )q(t -D
2ucb) ---_ Fyeqoerna
T n o d u l ab e g A ce^(yley . -flie- rnod,rlojor= Seyuti+rv'/
'(/,
Ek frLl'Votf ske-fcjn oA do, Clton ? ttme
(oD trveQuenq devia,kl'cn-
J dev i a,t1on
(b) PLro.Se- ?q
(o). -Sotulton Fal r.letq de.rio-h'1
-5y'Z
lokttz-
t(sec)

(u> PhG^e d€-u,G$A'n


eLt-) (r*J.^*q )
2ttxSxL^z
[v'&^) t Cse-c)

.to, oflo @, ske*-ct^ {+v- Pha.^{ cte),iattrn C!.g

a €)vrCA'oo cf(l {rnn p d."ran trtvt CaJYfref rnoc[oic'he


t -
ry squor(_cUbr^A-.

eci-)IP* d.e-"tcrhro

t (so-c)

lq) P?a@ .
.An trM modrtldw ho-\ ;ts ou-I-pwt- q Pvgaan
onddul6-te4l -sinurSoid{p cct-i.ri€rr q 6 vva}t3 a"erct+
qr
Poa?tf ""a C erubey- +"rqquer01 1,5 looM Hz Tt-..'
-1
; , ' , u - t . . l r - r ' , -;- , , , , , , * : ' , - ' , ,: . { t ) *: ,''*)'-:J..t( +*F) uhat/-
u (+) rA - - l , Tl.L
unil- step mod olalo{
- sen\,Hv'in u
J
o t {r \r '^
I O K 1 z / tv vr-' -,,-* ^-t
' '-' ' equo'-hcn qf
Co), t.rvit e +1,/--7{nodtllaf-"ed Carrr(v^
(b). ske*-c,"&! I d*nT..$.*,-Y:,4
(C), _Ske-l-cr. &t a. d* o,l.;onq tilne- {+..l* irul-onforreo
deno-hcnnq {4i caryn€,rr, '
ryu*$ ^
tf mod,olo'td co^rriern W
0l flualacn
Y.c+)= Ac co5c.rd+touF(..(+)-tr(+-s)df)
J /
\{k)-= A4= T .r

At:t o :) Ac= 3'tby ,


" t,
=
&C+l 3,tLr's (zntros)b* s-rj(u(F)- Lr(F-t)d.{-)
7 /

(a lnr ton}le, envL


f,1( t+r-1
@u€^cy dewio,ltn.
,dldelies^

*3u-)
-3oht1

(e
eufr)e"r)
sC9 fr^d"g)

>q(%x,sa fcsc.)
'6
6) Pgu@ ,A
Ca^rr ie{ 6 C-osfdt
[rcqven\
"ncd o\a-te-d q \?cla-ngutarFIS<-
exitH',q
ry
-clrd
berueei t =o t=L sado..da. Tl^L ar^4 n1
o{ +t,*- Prls e- t} !vott-. cnd' +1,,L rnodolo,+or
s€/uiHvlt u ro k 6L/ vol1- gl
(a) skelcJ.1
't4L' o {..rro-.1da,{i o.*toq
J^,'eq 7E4^ttrs
CeAA-al- ( rriodotald cs\nder' c_,
d-O\l\C.|izrt {irnn :

tO Skerch Pha,tL d€ArioJtan !

Sotuttoo
frel ,^Y de'io+va
Cd) S ( tt l*-z
l xt o \

b(s e-)
z(,
(b) Pho-^e d e,rriG+iz\n
ecr)
2'trx [,sxtx2--

t Ge-c)
'O
?1u@ ' sa{v.*-
@@)
r o Pf l-@ "{euo^f(or Pl=^t 4
,vnod.oto,beQL,
-J 1 sstro"ttb
,-v a^ Au'o$c^ q
arnplrbud+ to t=3 sac.v fl'*-
modola*c
t:o
€xtendrg '." zr..cres/v
l-^
8L
se..,.s,*;ry , €v^
fnod ofuLe4 ca'ryrt
CA) . uJYit e- e*,ro.I-ron% -t J-''^
( b) F\d ++"- ave'roqi 1xu:e-rr
rnodo\o-Lad cql-.rre'',^
u9n oJ, d e^tia}iry' "d f+L'-
(c) -shce1-c;l^..{-e^L &Kq
caY.fi€\. o) d-onc-Fion g ttme-
++'- esl.er
(d) DrGLo phoxe- deri+tt" 3
o) g tima
.|urrCFr'cfrr
r",odota}<{ ca^nr\ u'- @-\ dcrtC}t"o
(") _SkelCJ- *{,.*
% {1nne_

fr-*ffi; on) TcG) tM)


=Lcos(rJt+2r(b9f[(t)-uct
e\tToLD?r + ?c = Al-: 2tnle-lts-
(b) Iy=
(.1 cv:cquer.cy denio.fia.,
x t 6'S(Hr)
'1oo ke,t-l
t[s.c)
(d) Phax- de"a.'-tra"\
el_r.U.e")3
ttscQ
b,\ 1ar1--.
f\r.^ \n k r\ (63.url \{,'
\".'
Tctr)
G)
t (Ecc-)
(fq) @. An trM vnodtrtCIlsrhc,r a modolatio.r
ft*
soHz/uofu - T1,'L nes"r-rqq=tx
16:."ri-lrvi! %
r.z-t4.c ^/e #-r5rqa/yf porse_ BT (+-D/
+) gg
(bD, S ke,t-Ch )rI9 phci-rc d enriuilcn GJ +-r---
Cavvi e r ( in vod"iant cl-r .RslaC*tcnq +I/tq

o tt-1

I
2v(ry"b-I =;ryP
s€L)

CD Ske vd" *trte- fttq]&ngL4


, dp,ulalio(t
I elI *I*
Csriet (in U) &,, A funchm ul hnte-.

3., xg
94ot{-

t fs<-c)
il
' 20) A carie{ t\ trn4 vrtodt)lated 4 a sine.uev€-
Lkrrn. -,1 ^ Pelct +ieguu)01 d"avial-ran qJ
%
ibr.dz . Accwdin3to ca"{lsoo CvX{D6) G+
i' **tz rlcr "d sid ebnds +^o* t'nusf-
(a) L'rhoi
be- PAsscd b4 R.tr afft, W a'CceP+as.v
J
nn-;ffiI a +4'--
* +!,- occ.,
Ba^d,,.,;dt+r ?ieA
(b) ''
*o e{ua-h'ryrfl v vobtern@
k)anrc-
<q,!,#?:t
S o l u Hc ^ :
')1o s;cla ba''cl'' +,to.* mtlsl*
G). %
be- P"^ob ry R-r Rtll'r\ W
> 2( t+
acco-Pta.FtcYY-oLPHo't r)
= 2_(r+*)

= ,( ,+ z ('rE)'
I S f t )
z^to- / =LT/*,\.

(b), Bpn,= LCt+ F) F,^)


= >( l-FF) Qrro3)
bp* = L+ktfz

Cc) eqva*1sn +Iu- datt- 0. P'o>W'u


.r I
Wy b4^z(uy't'zvk JZnu{+,An)
'{,k1/1 Mco4,u{r}44g ,
;ji4ry\
X6Ct; = Accor(uit + Slvl Cil*t
A :" ,. { .,.-.*-, F
'
e,a".ffl e1- , yy[odOtO*ar -<,€r^'9,it1"tkj LL 1r: kH .l V St<e]C\
+Lv- dunc*taq % trrv.- ! W-e{) :. g5
W, FTf uencV der,rro+ar1
(b) 'denrtora,^,
Pha!-.

-5ctulicno
@l fi"equ-"oJ de"tc'ttr"1
4(tner
2t<lo-2oht+-

t t
t(-Sec \

(D fl'\a^L d.ercuarn

b G<-c)

} . f
zL) Mod oto*rno L^ Pl.4 rnod.otclor sanfifiuiy
r.^

F) shce*c-\
e.qu*y
'
dt rio+pn"r
(O pho^L d.e-Mto,+.sD"
(g) ry{ de-u,qfior

f-ts.c-1
*kU

(D ?hq.u. Ae"tc.+g,,)
sca"na4
2_qkt",Xt
L, Tne3saQz @s to>t .-
o
(v7',- 6t
CeYri e{ ,6ag to6t
rnod olajisr u\ try1 .
?7
Tequ
m;,ffi(a+) 2l"nz
tJ' eand t':;d+h \n Hz- dcapl"d
\- ' ' v/na,+
(dD l* *rat. )'
ry {+.- rnodolaj'ed .nodDt"b-C
"{
1-t"+ e4traiion Y
CD*,*[..
U +l*- allg/ag{- WrD@t
Cc) t ^:tno-t
o tu-{l 6n ', (u=ae\
= z(+F)4". U r;")
CO Banolu:id+h , = o'06
\
= z[r+ 4.e_\+^
4-J
= "fl* l")
z L(
_bL+ ro) = 338'3ofla-
,-TI

(E eqla*ton q mocloto,L"d
v \
Ic Ct) = A. cos(orct * P s \n u,4t )
= C crs-rcSt+ o,ogsrnW ro=t)

A.L 1'a
Cc), kuetale- locow ?L D G I &wa.lrs
=
Q-D A t rave, tj dercnlrd 4 E{
46s( zrr-(ne)t + Fsin fr 1fl*)@ur.1r.ab ++{
'|fA7 q
tu9tleb+ ins,tar\tanaoos
+*?
+r*-
UqAfi- ,
(tr). L,:t"a* B +-l,u- g@od,cr:rdt/, occrlPied t
41't- tJalrc n 114- ?rcblero

*uo)
(^), Mgt"o'\+i ntrar i,-otep$ d-"?

t4a = #.+
A
kE"n^v

l-le^r- +. = I O Sy j z _,

F =F to3Hz-
p= b- s .-/ \ Lf :5V
S'Itl

^ , t .n
. Tr ryt
c\X r. + AS
=
I I 57,(lo3

f,*O = t O O ' 0 0 5N l l l u '

tb), Bq.nd,rridth occt ?"a4


,q +Le-
ir +t a- ta
h-lOm- J<t>$ext
Et = L[rtp) (_
= 2t r+5) roj
; -:
t'lxi.'o'fi

[Alt .
= \ z- kH '?--I
t _'"=-- -**
6 rx:sto6+ b modc'rlqte
br) 4 cffi1 re{ J-,qvenul
wtodola J bor
b.{ lhe pulse x(t) -" ilt
[gu.-rvl
J (n: b,
s€.n:ifivi t1 ta F k Hz / v o f t €q
(q) urr i,ba ++',e- eqvaUanqt.l.u YYlod'vlole
Wa.ve?
(b) ){aw *r'te- irrstartlanel,: d€4u-7 devia'
-ti tn"z
caff i€{ ujir+o
-l-t\{-
% "rnSfGnkavte.ortsPhas deviaxoq
(o D{aD +he-
{i rne-'
q ++'{- c-atv\er' ux+h
(\ ; 1 'rnod'd
;vJno*-t-b-il,L_a.v€{^3.Pouretcl+1'*-
tatad u-ro..Ve?
xc r )

-9atu*ion';

)((t)= Acco;(wrt'"w:
, - (

* ro.trnlouiO(E)-q Ct-4)d'r
J \

-m4"\-Grvf /evia"hon' Q Lo,file{


li" ' L i l - h o'nep-u\tr1u^oJ
trme_
f Irt)(rn,_)
kr*"fi
t Cseq)
'
denrio.Asn , q ao/rner
C")
- . t"ugranf afieaus I hal<-
L,jt th tr fn ra . (q) AvB pootv-
7. y[kF.*^..,o
1'9 ?.1= E =%/r=
(20 The yeeSsaee_ 6 a, bS'tfiL rrreV€- qu >.ak HL
a- Ca'v'r\et(b a'
f t dtnque{ iid:late'i lho cc{'t-'-tQ-',
dev,io4an S 5l.<t1L'
?eau drul"^{ H-r, ie"ter oi'T1 andi*ha
a oL c.os;r;) % lvl d
8w
6 cr-veAa$e-Pou-'Jr q
eg\ra#^
(q) turribe ^t-,::i:t"1ffi*
rtv- cLPP{ol'\rY'o,
(;j ttha*
o c c ^ s y , . d 1 5 ; L ' - ; ; J r " r " d c ' ] a6'" ' qq ?J{^-
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A receiverconsistsof a billdpassfilter of centerfrequency-LQ-Mllz and l0OKHzflat


followed
purruuna,followedby a widebandlMdetector(balancedat 10MHz), andthen
tv a flat lowpassfilter of 10KHz bandwidth.At the inputto the receiveris
il*o.zl"ro5i*Juaaitive whiteGaussian powerspectraldensityof
noiseof one-sided
0.000004WFI2.
of each
1. Sketchthe one-sidedpowerspectraldensityof the signalat the output
block.
of each
2. Sketchthe one-sidedpowerspectraldensityof the noiseat the output
block. "threshold"?Why?
3. Is the receiverabovethe noise
l0MHz sinusoidal
Voice occupyinga lowpassbandwidthof 4KHz is transmittedon a
occupiedby the modulated
carrierof ampliiude3vllts. Find the essenTi[l$lndwidth
wave if
index of 0'7.
*z 4. The modulation is AM with a modulation
deviation of 80 KHz'
.7" 5. The modulation is FM with a peak frequency
10 MHz and 100KHZflat
A receiver consistsof a bandpassfilter of centerfrequency
by aflat lowpass filter of
pur.Uu"a, followed by a widebancldetectorand then followed
wave of 0'3 W average
lOKHz bandwidth. Tire input to the receiver is a modulated
spectraldensity of l0-8WHz'
power and white Gaussiannoise of one-sidedpower

modulatedwave is
6. If the detectoris an envelopedetectorand the
power ratio
V ACi* O.Scosi,0O0t)cos(6.i8x10it ), find the (average)signalto noise
at the outPut of the receiver'
wave is
,n.'' If the detectoris an FM detector and the modulated
,,./ il;;t;ioti*+ror0.28x10,000t), power)signalto noiseratio
findthe(average
at the receiver outPut'
a
g. Sketch the phaseieviation for }-2millisec. of an FM carrier modulated by
- The modulator sensitivity is
IKHzrq,rur. *uro" of amplitude * or 2volts.
lOKHz/volt.
g. A wave is given by 3cos1,000tcos1,000,000t. Draw a phasordiagramof the wave
for t: 0.001sec.
for t from 0 to 0'01 sec"
10. In prob. 9, sketchthe wave in the time domain

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