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tiqrraI tc Noise-tcLto
D (rag€-
r)
-he
\.neS%ge a siyltisoid q L kHz, nnodulq'basQ
si nusoidqI ca *tr e"r % t- r'4,, tt, A+ +he in p uf tb +14^
\ eC etv?{, *t'^e AVetOq;- fburet' q lhe- rnod.t laEeQ
cqf { ie{ Ls t6-3 *o-frcl tgr+6 addi-ti va urhi be rtoise-
Por,oey spec-braI d,entity Cclt o.s ,d.d) to I w I I+z-
%
the essen hal btocks t|..e- Y€c dte{ oY<-
%
A Pr ed et echon pass d<lter BAd r,:rdtll 2 n lqtf e
%.
A^c\ ce41te { eAAl l, A I+z_ ,
d*9, "AM
a dzrnoclula-bo^r, q'{ trM
& Pos t de*eC,t-wt lo,r; Pa'qsfi tber Ol IkH z- ,
(a) 4 t+e_ rnodo lqtl u-l b AH u-r+h a vnodola*'nr
'hoise- val-'o
indLx q o.8, trnoi lhe- signa-0 fo
(a,t,arc,qJ-P.,u,",=t af ttr^e-'cutlv, q d'ernod^tta-l-
b* Si%o{L the- lot': Pass J-'i+er
signaf to noise- ''c-tio ( o'verQ1'^p,"11s
Cb) e.,d Ihz
'd rvrotC''tla-h'oo
ay *Xtz- out-Lp*I % rcc?tv€r
b Fr1 L'Ji% A "tro-doloJior1 irtdex % +
Solu-*iffr '.
(al
BPF o.#odotalov LPF
20 krlz 1k*z
('/*)e =H$x
g/
(Y
.-ff.CIe
\'1
sR = q{+4|pt^r-6F)
( ! | c l
.f
1(4)
( '?' *,,he/r-\r= rxrd3H'
2-
)
tdsx ltto=/
z 2400
^ \ A rt'da^ve
'!Aa ei ("b) + &c.os(
) == + ,s(zuqotiDco'to6b
t?qe Lt ) . A ^',-'s^f
tE 7]J*4
ve-cejver
at th<- lnPu-f %
t. a .noisy?u 'd*\*.'H.- St T'"-u'
^rec€rv€Y,aFw -f,;f
inp.^f rhe-
tDJ
q N l a : - ' ' d 6 wft+;
lnz
-EPeCval d e r u i 9 e,ra1e-puurrs)
; r,\9a ra;bio Cu,t
trnd *J'e- S ig n al
a*- L and 2' ,
lofits
*V)
cosCrorr
SoluftOn
sg t'D.tY; =2xro3
(vs;, = f r ; f f i
_ ut/)x"(t)
tu6 X,z+r"3,
('A)",t..fr)coio.
= ,1ror=) x cortsb'
I
= Sito'
, (Pqe-Lt . A rc*Oa,lde g;tr
carrier 4( t+o,scDs
+y
and t :thite- Y'taise- % Poroer sWCFral Ae-r-x;
( f f i L s r O e d ) t f , w l H L " or^ce- q?\;ed +o the rrrPuI-
a^ AM -recAVer '+ the- ^(e-cerue{ Ls f{awq
E '+6 no;SL
d-e>;qn ad. t,.:hqt b rhe ou14u} sqna-l
valto (or,vua\u pou:e,rs) 07 v
+he- {e-Lave{
(tA)"7, =
Tt=t
=(fi+qrc'af(Y)= 1o'56
Kr
vf+.UenCU
-
'
a t
t = l^Lr'CL)= O,z+L+
l+ylxlLb)
- tdlwlftz-
I;
B!{: Zfrr\ = ,K E=
L T T*
"eA\otr=( lo.qD f \
)( D.L+L+ = 9o+lb'l.n
- r urZ\
ro-qrf
f i )
Eo+t51"L1
ry
ae'^.? -.'"-'c'"'
-l-d"- Tb
cfle-
lonusrded) ?
"" fl
-%^'^:*il=ii r,'-'n- t+
F'4^(zc'."s'1'-'
thrc-
frO^ Lb 8o KR?s o'"dLb -!o FKPS ''
|
el(ft)
i i - i
F/*)"p=
s(g L \ v):W1
+'ffiJ
-e -( *' G (- .Y{Df -l ra) , \
= +L4 tt-F xtog
{
-trr1]ur
l, I,t *he ?ecuvey q e @ , rhe {1o'ri "F
Point 13 urrhiLe urril-t-, lowet sVecLral clensiH
@ J
E / z t h e - ' { e c L l v e 4 c r , . , ' n € Ya
L r . e wH -tbF
o.r t r + o,Bcosro+t] &,srdt rhe- Ttr &ani' u'tdtr t-g
And the- AF Barrduridth tS sk\z-
(a) t,''6q6. is +he vnodola7ed &^t\ie: Poqr€r o*
Point + ?
tO u.crhokLs Hte- noise- poae{ oh Pcint +7
g ?
tA -s gnal. bo rnois€- <ahto ok Point
Cc) ulhaj 'bo noise- ra*io G-t Pa\nt A?
(d) uvhaf Lr sgna(
Mixe(
fLo
o @ AF
LO + t-ocal oK)tlOM
Solwtl an
(a) rnodtrlo-bed canrier pooer ok loirtk @
, O \ L
= At -_ (0. t)-= 5x ro3woir-,
'2-- L
tb) 'Y)o'is
€_ PouieY et Points @
N + = y lR tg*dt ldu. oJ
TF i) roi n-1-
-)i rf B =lor H?-
= rd4 Wqtts " - rcr wl|z_
(")
F10u=/JqrWM*4hauqr
'Y =F'xtCF)
\Tbl u'Y'
q\oa\ I
= 6.6x rct hl
.' F/n),' = f-Lj x qt"cienot
'
[ T ' o)
= /(.brro3\ 0,2*L*- IA
[t-"rro-*,oV
(%), 2/+)r o'L*71
b Bo*)
[ri
=( 6,6nlt3 \ "7,O'fr:L)
\ffit)
= \ '
€ l l
rb) (P1" ffi) The in pvh tL z.Lt*o.+,cas
{Sb] alro*L
plus ol1e side-- qloise-- torwlfiz tttz'd.etnc,dula
%
r,L c.t\ envelo?L deLe cLo{ ,
(d Fid the rnod rno-Eed a-arrri€f b r-lois<-
fa-rLto Ak **.e- o,qfiut % BPe-
(P) sketcjr +h z floise- poJre.r eVect-"o-l densi k
Af t+ne- ot -kpcrf q tlte-- derncc..tlafor.
Sofuh ct1',-
Ca), sol,*tm :-
Bandu:dth qB?" Cg.'*) = 2oot<H
z
CaYrrer pooer : At/r= 2 Watls
T1o\se- potoer = B .= to-sx>ooxrd
It = Lut d3 Wqtts
"nodulated cQ11t eC b rloisq- rajr'o C-f f+'.
Cto*?ct} q BPe =
(%) -2
2xtil-
? = 4,OOO
7 ) -
li (wl+')
.-3
'o t/l,
+
*12
il Pq"@ A L+ttz co^rvi
"
VaiCL ocusVl'nfl A burdc^rid lA tl o-5 k t+L
\' -
ynOdOlOlrOn U ;>SB-Sc- . Th z rnodOlahOn Cavl lgt- D
averagr, pouer c* +ha- tecavw iT"* u. ldsw.
#tz-
po..rei Sp<rcka1 dryrry % the- rooisrr G*
t e<€iver ingu-t- L59 N | ft-z.(ona sid.d )
who-b LI lhe- =,'?nol bo raoiSl vct-fio a{-'ti.r'e-
{ ecggef 6.r-Lprrb
So Iu*rOvr
='h=d
('/u)"ro
= 2
[ to-3 )_f_
t lo1r FJn,o*
rnot{-ipli ef
2 Cos(roer.trt
*9a')
I\
AT Fin + @
lw,
b
\
\
0\
#v.ECttl) v
--
!*P
6
I
\-
AU pornt@ ;
F
_-_s\
cn
cJ.o "l.a
( 5 S
" - €
l \
_ 5 J D \ )
? \ c : ( r
d J
1 c ,
J 5 {
F\
{*a7(ttz)
lo8
AT point @
I tntll'-
: I I'lltz-
---1 Al- Por"r @
t#h/H.
t-'j ii';
triOut-l CiSstli"'i* '; IF
T1-te_ Brr..)i-r1.":-r{";
\O
, '-n^'jf.,,i6r-h
...fiAz
lJosaat
Rr Barrdudth .-rg llz \J
t1".rlz.
cb tFk
AF l';al{t': id rh de''d 9
t} zook++z' ond -sper.ct:l
ur',r'r^ Pov)e{
L ^
ig urhit€- *I' "a
Fornt O
rcs,w
tr- L '(....,e)v'd i^5"1"-
?t
s; ),.J.,*erv.h.
*r,{*d;:u,,;:Tl :}'*3
ak l'o.nr @
(E'.Si?noj+o.rrois<-"r6rk.6o*Poi^*6.jqnv)
solu-L{o{t'.'
(utD r
q\^TV1elL
D -.
I> - 2oakttz-
(a), 'otn,- (7_)
+ = a { / a,5
=('D = -2.
2 t <t o
"/ i=
L5o
\ TtV*onio3
= 250
{uvt-e Qe,*L@
vy-F
,
Tk 2 cost#t &igdL
nlr = ro6w/rrs
B\J 1 , l f n r s - . .
?=
rt j{
Ft0 olv Lvli NJ-
61ffi
- lf &Lrf{tl
=,LTM
[5o ]tD- J
: Qao
t Lb'1trd b
-2 1
(1) 5; = lo->hj
"l ' = - q . , !
i o - - r NI V - '
BN = {k t\z-
F"d /:, olr =
(.=
r > , \
p
tD
cos(ru6r*n/)'
A{-o +T(r)
(?-) 1b. ffit
St = 2rr,o5
---- o
t6b t' 25 rd
- 3rtJ
Ll'r'rol uis:)
t7-)L e
nnade-l'cf* (l
q) (Pqe- 21) At t trM t ecavet'- nay
"(elohons ai )'n F iquYe L
Signa I and qpis€-
"J 'ook ltz cet*iil
Ihz Fland.;lid+ln
BPF has ^
a'{o'nd 100v1fr2 l-l
-.. ? ^ n , , r ) A n t , ("{v {-5kt.z
The- Lpr ha^ a cui tN{ h?1'*t
r.lo bo,n, uid th I l rni t-d,ho^s
1h e- trM de,nnod,;|a bclr """
Agst;rvle- 3^n eari?r q
L Ar,,e
ha'te r inrflo
unr dcla6ced
AL *Iqc input @ ^ \o
Tvorbpeok;d n"eg"*3-
,oory;-ffi:,r5f'
-t d-ccil r79rr
::::;='#^ r,"ff' r and 1"*'5, -3,s +J-.-
*- ;'n-di co'Lt
pornr"fs I z'
and rnolse of
"*4 o]':- tt;fif'",TnZ
*he- d-e-g
valu€) ot1 .
oPeryall A bcvL
de,nnoclu loJqf i
trguY€-
tl y, s,, 't c)
lo Lao'f,to' |I ,- | /-/>
c> {oJ
'0*), 7 Pdb
I
:
U ofe'o*tl
"' fN4 r"wdaldrX
W c,^d:h't.'
abow tl,ul'"dd
\)?
+1*- d'iaqtovvtcan fu \-/
qfuw- qaUW,
trtott^ ftte-
cka-rrl a) Ib
rA 7ece^uer suf,lu=?
e(q olp 4 tLcu\ftf
je
EPF ,il&olow
8okltz
4
t42-
t o ' o t . t l R ?r fsm = #
L
t"l*o = 3*( r ) x I Il) = 47qtF co*L
2_/,lcr"x to+f
,n
to3
+ L + \ \ ' E o oF
:
= cos(zno:"ot) as ro6bal
,,Da'e- e-c*) +
2 \). A
p&: o
3c_ '{r^?-^;rx*;:'l:, J Kyr"
the--npuf,
noisl .lA, t " -h tl"
r,;r a o;:'"
Pou:
S'.ec'.
ln 6 'h"" o
.Tecavev- 6
Lo ?hr- 'ljt, signc i.+o reorscr'alr
dty,r\!-,^::. = ^-@?a
at.- f)orn{S
&(+) BPF Poinr@
Mof t-ipllev
LPF @
B=l kHz
Na B=2k Hz
c"s(ro6.r
*TD
rl
5oln'
A{- poiM O
rLf ( r )
Itt\ =
1 B
l t ?
\ | {b y 2xr or
/N ) ,
=+'t/) = 27,to3
,o3
1562.21
A+ poinl @
gqow Pornr @ .
Af poh@
€ ; (+) = 4 c',s(Yrr lq6ov*-s t ob{-
-- 4bs(ru(q.oL.|)pf ^t
/r(
+
= 4Cos( znfqoolk)f ^t ( zt.r
/ No
CAlculatr'on
t/*, V 7 el4uat7
llere Y = --'--'
^ 0 b
-)l
I
I
2f .tr
Band tlidth in AM
( Bv{) = >|* --9 \\L
tn
= irew1r.,,
si
T E pt* t +) _ \b -L
- + I
L
1-,
\ t {o t)r(\
10.5b
;"' Urlpr)
t,lN, Vx%r^y
= V T l^tnt(+)
l + f'* W)
:-/x C'f{/,
t+ 0uf"Cr)
= = Sotl ffi'Lq
Ne!'{?qxuQ
urave e&)= cos(ros'4sSinro+t)
|ow/*r'
/.n FM to
c{en*i5-rhe-
(vA"_zf potrleY -SPe"t^,q l
noise- q ,
-,h Ujh \t'L aA trM vecerrv€f Post-
(onasded)' .:-'{L
-eaicl['a*1"'
?rprr-fd ,3 *4 #"4-
tA 8or
.rece)\te{ t, lot '"
df1^ L\ LotrR'Ps
Bc^du}'
t^l pa sS di lle{ (avu^lL po'oers)
de/ e;"l,1oY)lo ";
signol to ^:Mo
F^d *It<- rhe- re-ceJ\fttr^
-rh- otit1r* %
N
<c lu U-torn
.
e(t) = Cr:s(tost + 3 Sinro+t)
de4'Y,:
= potr;e{syec),rd
"fi
1 ( ewlt=
)
H=
ro3
Band ,oidtll u YLcavu
e"ri^t'}'d+h ir lo k Hz
Post I oq., pctsS d''1;,r
delechon
oY1 Signa I to ^noistl vatio
P+ob\evnS
?1.o . - r r v r - a1
YlessaQe- 1-kHz
S i n d s c ; d a I c a Y Yi e t q LN\fl2
v ^(ec€rvsY
A+ th e in PuL b +h e-
Av Pawet %u *ldut ated ca'nier
= _r o 3 w a t { s
y : ?oaeYs ?ecbv-arCensi!
I
IMHZ
e uh
De-vnod
To Frnd
(c'D rd "ncdr;la hor't 8 Ae t nnd (ru)", l \ = o ' 8
qtd
(aq rnodutlahOn 6 f u , ('/.),
t{P=ft
Solu*1'on',-
(ar
H^)
12,tLt>4b
(c ,t = 3ts^Y
Fu^).l + ) =/AV
Tfry
=3(nf"v)'(;il'31,i,('D 3
: - r"x t
Io llt"
?I'e/
FM keceiveY
ef P r ee E r
tr4
peVecbo{
L\
FturrRr
,n€tJ@ I
\ u 1 uand)
Cl^-lra" ( Bli= lrtr+z-)
roMHz-7(+. I M+r"-)
w= 2ook+\21
fan-- \ \
, \ ;
Ar@
At
(*lt;
I
Ittz :cokHz-
Au@ A+@
')
[,t14 1('
4cr+r)
looklt2
\ ;
*1o
c B?F
LPtr
k t+z-
5c l"r '-
6t tr* tlf s iqt al i,\ E bs ( zrr(ros)b)
sve+o
+ (HJ
yw)
vE@ *
AL pirrrF
(n'/h')
7
Lool<+tz
fiz
f ww>
; e f@ '
At- poinh
1
( wl ha)
rd-b
f( f+-)
t ookHz-
stc,fl@ AL poia,t
7+cu.)
i b) N Ou) +he- "( e c €tvet U' W den od..rlakrr "nd lt
*he inpui uA Ltns(t o&'b+Fsi n zTr(ro3)b) pfus ovl.L
s;dad rtoise_ % Lo8wfwz zry
(a), s ke Yd^ th e-- pou:ef -speChaj de:t'tit3 & ++
ovqxe % **.,e- d,errordttta{orf
R^d lht si to Y-loise- valio a* *1"^-
@ ?"ol
ou+Pd- q t1l2. teCe-tvLr,
5o [ ,-;ub(oY1
rnodqloM olr
(a)
€/*),
=
(ff) e TtD*'>
if6 X 2rro3
t>f
Qil. ,(il Lo*e.-
z zfurfi/r?,zf)
lWF
z L c"i0 e
\
\ 'r B,rr)
[t,
'r,,?5..''
= z ('Ctt)-)
'li6x3rt
\
,i
= l>f
+a a .-e)r{* "1n4 *+
it) Qq" O , ahz inP{ (t) L9 fu- // /
(u]r"U\-a.-x
.{eCe)vel. $ n(L) u',o]e
and 'vrois<--ql '::*rJ"%,3ft#
rnessaq€-) -Thz- ^{e-q
(cne-tiJ;$ rc1v'llftz- bJ a'
gt-td F ss n"tt- (ol\o.;'d
?rede Leckctt "t nc]^N1'?ou's)d"'n;4ulalffr
cJod 'pt* -Tr"L
Cnhe{ et.'-Ca,,,o an1;t"i'^ +il!t-t +o
c\ to.oPa* DL
and 4^,n+r t faenr
ko+ *"J y
tr\uteq(e-xct) tte-q' % td3
t"'t
g, k\+L o,r'.1 4-n at|:-Ye-- voad
E) E+^4
Fr^r)
l*ffi%%i.oil:d^.;;;
a{ du- 'T
v' .
valio) . F-,.F 6l tt--
r+<-vece-ilrcv-
o* {-^L- o,fr*t I
(t, R"d €lu)
9ol*}j o\'t',-
t{+ rcol(F)
til'ovv
ttfarT
2tf>twP'
k>(tJ'''un)t
v
A C") lOlt
4) (4" 26) *:2':::o Le-d
.nnodula b
. .i n^r is
; 1M Hz ca't'tier ;J" ;;; tto
r\
"'
-t-
"{ ";I:pZ'[z'lr ef a
? YJ
v, Dss :,1?^*f,1'a';4,17
jn. 'U? -
'Lb 'o -#- -The po:oi
3 yq 'nJcn-vey ?Q(bvq
' t)>
(
)h e .tec€;ve"r
in pt 'i Y'll;'
in ;
put
,"' r^o
is
uH-J,I:,,:h:^-q/' u )"#ve
i:
.{a1a ak +hz "ttJ'te-(
ov4>Uh 7
-%llhcY)
Ct',V€lt;
3w
Si = to
= )a-Qwlaz-
Y
BW = SkHz' -3 ? +
- rovoYd b
2Si = 2 &
,=
(t/r)"** Y?,B
lu
lo-9r<Dxto-
\, %, a*:""k;f-
u^il-y-
*^l;t t^u_tr,a.al,F, N/hz oss.r*.- }."n
MotH?l,ef
At TD
T'urr, Jo
iln
{f H-) Ctt.)
to* t o t rr r &
Ar- @ Af@
TFIIH4
( (t+)
loo kh+z-
!ip'lo1roslotxr#
* los
=,oL =2il0&
= 2,OlXloK
.l
\e-A \o\ 4 to
RM fetceJ{e/'<'
(* A
'
\o\1e
#
\q,
\
'sesec e sr ed'(111n51
l,useop,'ro3ed.QJeploqeceld
,,.(1dde
rs) (Pf qu) ' ske tch *he-
t )v] rtne- +'g::: enci sa o-b
Fcn the €Ce'(ven ,
clensrS
Poaet sPectvql siqnai i^costo"h
P o r n f sL , ' L , ' 3 , 4 ' l; = t o a ^ t 1 u )
rS + Quadrarnb
Tt g:',11t
3\
)en4odulator (^
' l - c >Y Y l u i 1 r P l r € r
gecrrnd 'lV
$=$kt{z
{c = rcbfz1
B = ZOkt+Z
sc i,-.bcvt
-figuve-C A f f crA.t C
AL- pcrrrE O
A t p o r aC
t
l;Lulrt,)
l;t*/H')
ut
1.,(\.ri *- l-
-_\ l-."i.
.l
tultu,
f*i,C t*.) c I
Lr,t' At pcv*@
i,$
h i /
\r'u
C-
n
[
,'\
, ' K f l llir) {r^;
t \
\ r i,
{ tbu
{rt
2r r"{*i,I
/tt'
I
5k\17
I fin-.1[
r+')
-7r.1ttt ) wr
h&t(h4 PD=ickttz-
@11 ' L')"
,l-''*
- t
r^ne-ssaq € R nd
19Coss c b . #te. Chanqg iY) ++te ctcu?c'
S,ClnCl-l-+6: ytoise ^rcr*tc(,ndb) r/ the- 'nrlcv L\
"j1cr.{ilri-},c'n
rn c vg61.-\ed *t o*. c.r to c , ?,
Z2/'
=-_-/
Si te$a^%.
n);B
Ca-rc1
i; Br = C"1. h t = o . ' l,
e4noY= ptfn"c{-) = (off^[y) e\^cir?r\
: C"iq fig , o = o''zrrl
I t p.lr-'tt) i{",t(y) )
" i :
L
L lt p.ln{rN
= +tr*6'rXyS
5,' = A.L I r1 , uJrLLt6 7f (7J] = l' r-Foe
A-72
L'.'-
ttrrufi
(',:-u O Hf= o J / \
At/ (\ o,L++an)
fz,r) = /2-
,liB
-{
[ / /l
f<, \
l-lil
)L : Yr(o'+o+1, -e
1i13
ok*^l" L^ 'le
€U^) ftL+{b'
L\
=Ft*; fl',
L
l7,B) n , ?
= *1,1b
t (ot/ d B.)
t , r r / , B J /'
t- rneq.,tu*4 =33\
lt (vqr.qq
F.,vs
pN{ vecuvsY A = I aO (n"'nr eri'aJil)
AN cqu)r (,rJa't
trhe- ccr{n er
f'eque^cJ d,unokm % c
c^nflnal va-'l-'-t
tD O ne--hoiA 1-I"u
cle c neol,{ f-.Y
t g1^Ork u,! rtle- relo flu) D?
pe*m-&,otol-a/ Fril)P
Pvc-deler'-ltn
R i rcr-
-='
=\ar3(rt) ;?ai(fr*)
F/u), I '
Fe'. '
3*i :*.\,Le,r ,i ^?'9
Ffi |^e- a**
, ^
cuftz'r 6F r
F*eqP+''J,
6r.r'1q,v-e{ Co ndh-a
"(a+)
Yler.' d're?uer^.] C,le#iaJ-cn0
=v)
t=/-\ t " *rr/ I_,r- ffi ( A+,YSs
n
H Lt'l
=(/*)
Itr\J'&?'U\
[-
L
to"l
)
. Lf rl s r ,\\ ^l3
I \'lN)D'
I i,, l
' 'r
In pr* tz, a oe\l de, ;qn"Q elhe verut y{ Cevsv-
LS C.C,s,.3trC.,sidt *''td uihitr< rtoise % c]' c*'.Y\e-s;cJe-
Yc{-P-tvtt U-
i,Ct uf S?,e-C-r.{-C-.{61<*'ulrl iC,-Luu/ RPS . Iv'i'Z
t
d, exiqne-cl +c, l't.t "tCl
te ^"Ss61q e; hct/;,13 B o"4 "i'd F{,l
p"d s,qnof Fo n#.- rcufro **
;;' .aRps +h<-
:;^
cr,.-r-fPetF th<- rgceJ\'er't^ \i
1 \
\
-9e,1..*-cn
=(r#
('1.),,h
-> Ex'[+ )
'(v$tv)
= a , L tw
T, = tb {,u.'l/
Lt s
lt
B
Is,.t : | 2< * o ' , r \ =qe
I\ /N/ /Jc'irr t
I)
t i t 6 x t o 3)
= lalon -roc
V
= Lb,W9 2 r d u
= Lldb
2-D?q'ql)
-,*xi*ts##*
rc{ orro",
; crh,)>',aa
{:"
* #*f, :3,"
;:
^r e-d,e.r.iq,T
: 'F.o;d*dh *J
do uSf
''-^9'
e{ ,
y:
cGYneca,'rcl cj*il: J FhG't- b t:fru)" 3h
&{'?roPYi*;$-
{-,\re/s I
nGru) (srnr)e
+ r, liF
&,r-eA
(''^xal)
/'s l .\ = ftc
\ Zll /)
(9r \ -]ii,\fr9\
\ /t{/P TIL) \,,Fe^)
lsr,\
\ /N/p
:
\
tzr\f
/z)
tg\
\ '\,&n
)
b= AF
I --
4"4
['-
Af ' ',\ L0,r-do*b1<- fl
, ' B,v dcu-bt'^f,
N
O V
,/t*
l.\ ur-rrB'-"4 ',d
" i l141t,P/S
(
'Y1er"?
Fl*)o
f-fs
.l
lntzu;)J
4'A+ 4 l
,[L1
lol.cl*
' \ |
n,? a (e'n( r e.,l,..4 LA(.zu:r.--..,
^(eCa\te,{
-fh<- s
A ssB
lhe- ;"rp.'L l-D the- vzcet{?r-
D cil
icln{
Ll lo 3 il *;*;-ilH
voo.u}'";+
ar'.d {lna
; #*
vtoiSL tt ij; t <_ u'i rh PS
$,Y
f:.*
ff?;iY^",i,"#-
yeCer*f Cr-b&unru^?(al
g5 th
Ca\fY\e,f
*\e- h*^*i
ln 9e'f fecf
c**-"'eu'q
W-
CcYl(fc"'Lt
CelcC*arr u ,,"V
7ho\e- u-n'[ to '..der*eq c]';
in Sent*J c-o-rn
slclno\. 6r^d iO
-.11,\L
3b
-ac.1.ukcr)
( a\ ) 3*i
\ - /
to
l.:'l vur/He-
4 Ttu3t\z-
Flu) =
(tu)
(^:
=
--?
lo-
tt*ItDI
.: 2
-q./-a 2s strc{b
L+qb
{ ; d *i"ou^)
(t)
Fro [a\ B) cos'o.
['')'
va', c-*(6d)
L;-g
= lJ,lrdl
Y isdb
I
bV sid ScPye,ss@
e_bar,Q
,.D(p?.. sq) A clou ,yc.}io
-T1.2- s;qltgu,t Ylois<_
S\gr"co
Ccrrvte r
c t + V t - . , . p . . 1 + o r t . . u C i/5
- , h e]-h'z ^ - t - c(fu)oi
- t ' e ,W etx.c*o,
ri, \ = 4D, uhof-
[ttl)K fi=1r'.
k , *>l
\ r- 31
'. '' /L
: 6cheVa^F
--4
Cet<-c+-r
lQ7-X
f 6, \ -4\cv
=
\\ >' / ^, i /) f
r<i\ /zs\ r
\-/il/p ' rr -
\ l-/s
l=N4
BPF galet-W
.Sc.=
lw\tJ3
B=->aE
, **
d,f' ;;T:-,'::ry] ?;g^
--,..drcr,-L. +|n<_ {.,t-? vcl-]-u.e-} G,.4
Clelr€IG^s nct
2{ vrHz-
fi."'ilCH, ) f.n1( f .1
1 l.l tl2 l2hi-lz-
At- e
4 ktlr 9(t1.")
(I)
W (No 2adr,
\ r
[a)o
h
('/*
16:.
1'/)'.-ffi)
/ 'T;p{,J
f ' = a f = g x r o S :L
I
= l ' e Y; l6 w l
li I
[s r,\
t
r-
/ N , / O- 6 ),[ID
\ l*rr f
\ F< t o o
x+psJ
: Z116lI
,tt [l ]r dt)
s,q+
I
Y'loi$c
I
I
.
B';459ktf
.+i
PP
t@ I .31
Bvr -3. i<$l
us(w+5er,#f
ru
*k foir.-rO ,**dt
:ty>' ewuu\@r"-,)
F,u)A
txtLr
-- At/, + */ )
1, 8
a_g/ rf*6..o\j1
@*co -r -T, 4J-f
\.Vt)
V,) rli(v)
t W
-L 1+
u';
8333-33 t o [, rq & 333-3\
'- 31.7
Itrl La d b
I trt.r.
fru)n : 3 3 q r d r. :
' i'
A nqmon;ca*roq
b-fltu s ,l SLe,rtl t rcl-r't-\ir., k A t=o-lr€- ,Y
Yacz-tut( Dbe- kr.n{ ( t",.. pc.:s) L5 F l<Ha
SkUlz- *-{ r
r
-T1,-- v1oiSe-- G+ {-|^"- i^P..L-- J-o fd*- \ E cc-ird'v^ u u-l'1 f
' 1 1
o,rr{ 7,=tc;l1WlU.
I t
Gro.iFcaiicn ) )
qv
On)r1o= 4oAB(cD
1*-*)<' n--
P c'ti €-'-
R^A {4*- rninimunn tr-e1urnd s.c1,elFre;&<-
o-i +h-- i^po} fc.' tt-e- r Lcqw{ ku +k ,jcitor.;{g
Cc.c><-,,
(o) AM .;r r4r tC'o./, 1.nr.IOlc$,?r1
I
(b) sgB
Sclyr ',-
(^) t-'--
(D s'80,r=
ffi)
qeoo= i' -) o'i x'c-lwri-
I f n -
lolSx/},
-
k) 0q* r, ri.d^.-
. r c^-^
C {?\
. . . , u t ^: dh;t<
p w t +t a^ FM
i r n
A L *itz- ( t orL +75''n ro3O
^Yt<'t 2 c-Ds
Y\cis<- a-nd' lln'z- r:p 4.a
-t-o {ea'*-
'nee) i' irrc
ol, = too , DL t?0
t /D
L.}1!\^o,*-i}C),.c"..ffR*|o.v{o,^^-i'r-t{dC-a{-{\U/-pou-C
( o ) , d ^ c r ^ ? ^ L - f 4 \ e - " . n o A t , l G €qf#:--'Y^'
j-ian',otn*cLe*v+aXer-
t+a-
ne.,uUFli) , uvrLe ,n*',o'
:*c-axrtu?'
ocrlJp'ld
tsca,.L,,idrh \
(b), uj1,^G-| L} t|*.
<"A^?
C-O-v^{i
S O \ .-rbrcnf
9tl'
Ca)
\ ,
fs \l ) 'ft ,-.:
lt nv v ' r
F (
/u1
r) ?Dt(il
F2J-
%
-
b=4
( Y^i?'
I n, \
X f L-\
(D Er..^..1urclrtr auLl' t.{ &, 1-?\{-
q7/
\1 e.D C(l'rner-
g_w= r[r*p).$.,"",
': 2 (' t*+) ,JAu
l 5 ' 1 1, 5 f f i e -
2t ,s(tc6r+ 6
)
2Fl
ftD,rF:-
''7;P' /
A4r\'Lr) '\
2L['
l €9'X) J/'
H t
- " ^ .
)
(
'(r/,
-Dlv, U oQ2ru*7"?
x
',['
,)
\
G .I
' 0 6,
or V
1 ot
v =r4+Pt+b
i ; sI,) t*/z
,,;
= ) LY -+
+14
db
) 0q"sD j
l } p p * l 2 a o k $ z _ B o , n deo4d-idd')
r'idJr4a..'dtat|^celL<-r
u,
6."*lren1
Li: € l5kt+L
J,:"i,,i)tf
illretr:8,:1
*wlp
\ L =- tJ
Z l ' B?F @
Pe"nJo\cl6i
.Q- [oe
lr.= 2,cli< ^
^r'l-l: tlt<-
\
+
c-cs2rTro&b )
/ A:/" + Nt/rv'*'ct)
\ l Yttr!-^""J
e)
I
t
P) pr*)z = l
\
\
y1.
tl
b
rI -'6,tf(Y-)I
"f0;
(l/r.*,lr( < ^ t
:
) [ " p'q)'(Yr))
@rD'/,^ 2;
trt z:2'c"t1
:
= l o l o?
Lcl'L5-
r,..f-?\ al'lrda l
r Y/Y'7Yrr)
I
@ , q 4+"- Cari(r L,r Cn',tT( rcSL) vq
I
r\ ''1f 'LA'
€J c&{ner
&(zv l o & t -+ 9 s n z T ( r ? o . . r )
e"-'\ G_Ff o i , J @
(-/x)
Fi ^{ e-t- par'-tO
€ll)
(r)
'51
g D : +r(Y',g/ - l
I
= &:bI t n,%!-- )
^1 ^
lrL/ L :*--w*il
ro.-"1ffi_r.
--
1 3 1 7 - -L o( o j 7 9 1 r- ? 1 1 t 4 b
(, Fl^)= ?/Dor[/, 'l
t
/s 6s X r'tts)
I Z ; c o D r l r L f l / z s - o="
-= , )o,1uQb
- - : ' , ,,.i
lr
'Lr t:
tD ?-ob le-m ab" r'-.
q- s(t)
w
./
h(3r) , st-)?Pas
H ,' t-
J(+) = 6 (t+ o-{ CD<}TrraXt#b) c>32T0n()
QnA (l^; a-t- @
e4pou11
f^)u=
ffiil
: bJ/r+ o%.$'t^\tf T pt'h'9
i
ph)e) [+pteLtJ
I
r -1--
L
4-
l9l +
+c't:-(D
x o,,i'-[1'
I 1 )-9or# r*0qly)
=Hr.,,.
u
C=f € 1L + )= J c o ! ( r a s t - + z c " > s,o3t-) * u;fi r< n-ii\q
r-L- (.4) a-F@ u p zadg
k^-d Fl*; a-{-@
(.lul =f;l = F.(sc
\ ''"2
v;g/ -\
L{/
-'/')--
=- loo
,Err-r; Wl- =[oo '"h
'---
i6r*])
\;s Y);' T . o k3 t t o '
--r-
fsl^)
/ e2( F)
Rec'.i-cnQuti0
o BPtr
-ft ': I t-iila
^)
B : lookilz-
C o S z t r ( ' r)c[ t
€rct; s f t ) * n ( f)
\ ru-"s(27( tc,t')F + \, (+>c',>s
)T Ctct)C
-fls (i) sih r ir (
ro6)f
N o i s e _ Y}L.JQJ- At I
@ L A i w
(c1) S K a * C l . pc-.u-e { -Sp o C-t<-.'*.l {q-,.Lri|.1 €, Gi)
?
(rt *S Kr--tctr ?t'": e +' Spc-c$cal r1er.r1 , L-, e1
r ( r
t'k G ) a,^.1 rs (;r)
sPactva)
d€-nsi+1 a
{nc ?ot;le'(
(o0 ,sabC'h r rP',
4ncr
.nOi 9L @ @
Pot'* \r
ak !",^*
(D trnd eO
-%\uuHon
Pe*oaolaW
3t' F*?ctu) -3
lx\o =
nx.>/*tr)
t(+-
Si 1ffrr'#
(D ?t,l+=
--- - 3
y1 ,P. lo-8 A Elto-
I ) "
1 L\!.
G(4)w Xcc L)
Ai.r,s
,'&::stc
\?
Cd At Pold
\"''z "f"li(w/H')
.F"1(l+")
trit ., ri3
I (a) 2 ^ I\tc).,s1,$
\=
)
(_.;ottlhon )
Co'tverri- Bpr fc= toov\Hz
BvV > o a k H z
Av /t " /^
A;'/r-r ot/rFrtx'(r)
(zl*) x It'r'( t)
f -af, t xt (t.'
1; B
8' (%) = (
F'ox't',
)
+r6'/'D
cx ,")(o
(b)
100kHz {*q(Hz)
(OB" E). Nour ir ra FM Dzvnodtrtqbor
J-h D
"l
2a,s( lo8t + 5si nLTTro3b) fo
,= tdsw/Hz-
-sV<d'to) *V
d,e-r*^,9
(d S k<-tc)'r ttrtz WLe'{
ou.k?u-r q Cen odotal-ar
at ++,u-ottp,d=
tD) trn^d. thz -sigy1al bo rnoisu<ofia
O{ 'Y?cP)'( e-r
Solu-i;r OY1'.
ryl''tw/tt')
@l
Ll;aL
' , '
F'*
'- a,C
I t+z)
loolttlz
(o Gz-)
: 3Lt
= GYx a/- = 19 rlof
?t) ldrx loB
(pq- s+)' / '
, \ u
XcCt) = Albs( ro4;t ustJu + Asin ' o 4 bs 1 nr Cb .
'L)
?e-rnod r-i(o*0{ a. rn ul+'pt i ef trrrt\ o+-1nenf
,lp +c, rynut+tpl;e r O*€ Lc>srdt
tf
'-'lt A t {G L E IAODULAT ION "
f\
Angle ,rnodulaLion
ke4vencg ?hasq-
modulat rort
fiodulatiorr
'--t
+ r
g(t) = I to treio)de
J
o l ' ' '
.+"r-
9[+) = n
dl -\
J' ztt(+"+ ke-c+)
dk
a
gCO= tn,
+ ct))
zTtk ew\(t
J €t+"
o
+
gCt) = 21Tgc+ -r T16 r-*(t)db
lI tx-
o
,,/
," -l
(e> Arqlyss q
' , i \
- \.- ) 4.'lt{.
\-----'. - ^-
s inusoidql FM -- 1!{ ,
P =E
f'n
'" FinallJ , fte- e4uahm Be@mes-
Xc(t) - Ac Cos(wet + F sin ulrat) -@
(rv) greluency spec-tvur0 Flr sinusoidal trr"1.
(o) De1;e'trn'nnegl u-ginq Bessel RrncA'ons
a
ccrtXsw .
Cb) /t,ccw ding Lo
U
( i ) {\u Yvt
bet s 'da bar,d pCIrvs= 1+ F.
tl
1ii) gqnd t^rid+lr {q3qtfive-wrefi iS 9*"t * -J
j+O
tuh etL
P=A-F
L^
<L-
,./ I
r,-oz
1L -1^/"4
k-u^&-F"
P r = ' ? o + L ( r ,t P z - - = )
Pr = Pc + 2 CP, +P- klh 3r'-'- Pc - @lvtLr
)
R,P--s,'d.
Jfr-
owe{
By bn*ide/J^€ Bassz t orz4;denfs
?r = ?c LJ,"(p)+ y-(J,rrp)+lr3p)+- - ))
lrlorrna - --)
U JdL ( F) t y ( J,rCF) + f :CF) +
= L
SnCr- Mlh+<tdu lrar^€- ,3 CDnL+oJ\-t- '
Example-(1) :
&ive'n +" = Ioo tr1tlz-. 6{
,
-+m = 5tXwz
Pe.aL €reqoen@ d,eaohon = 5o t wz-
' J (A.f)
ao find ,
(a) Band,,:td.++',
( Bo*)
(b) e.ggolion roJ olo-LzQk)al€- ( x. C4.'))
/n\l*
%
-{-|.re- SVe-ctvUrD
\ ,/. -SkeLch
Sotuliom :
Ca) To ca [eula]e- fu+rdr,cd+h CBp*)
trav'mula US€d acCorct,g to cc.rsan
Bpq = zCF+r) A,",,
F=AF
8n
CalcurlA-{r0nl_
F= 5 0 = Lo,
-/
% * r= z ( l o + t ) r
= 2Lr\E
: J.LOkltz-
bp* = Lto krt
)
(b). ?q,ra-Lian
% nnod" laf<d u_ta\,( iA Fj4
^Icct) =. A. ( t"s (r*l.t + ;*
q
5oC10) = O.L5 ta +( lO ? - a'L2-
0' 0+ ( to) = -o-23
J{ Cto) = ):5
-l- z f . ^ \
(- + v4 t ( l ) + O'L5 ) J5 ClaD=-O'o{
J Z
/N 6n/
t.t,/
O,0brI o'06{
Etample Z .
Ske b ch sVectYurn %
X c ( t ) = S c o s LZT ro8+a 3sin (zv r"+){
UEinq ca"rtson's^rtlle a,.d J " ( e b , b l r s
\J
3o I ut iorr :
Grugn:
xcCt) = E cos Lfr r c ? + + 3 s i n ( r r ,ra)b]
r+Q
svq r'.-
To fi"d lrtu vatua q P
trrorr1 {\ U a,bovz equalron @
F = 3
*q 2-:-
*'€ =" CD tabtes
g611'ri({
Jo Cs) = - O. L6 - > f.
t
€s
=
A " J u ( s ) = 5f ?0,14) 1 - 3 V -
A L J s r ( t = E f Co , s + ) = l.'l v
Ac tr(9 = 5 7 <C o . + q ) 2,+5!
r,99{
o'w{
Phasa ^lgla + 4u
u:ritten ag
P\o,sz rnodulafr'on Lan bL
EH : Qc+ ke*(t)
t^yhet e- h i Thasz deviahwt coYlsLanL
( vad I'rot)
W Pv'tase'modulabon
= u:a! + k-ern(t)
I Ct)
&ritt) = #
zxrfiCL)= ry
d\h
-rrc+)
= 4!-i 4qg9
-4i]
\.2s/
-f,(+) =nj-f d( o.-t t ke''^ct)
=h)L"f
lzfi J 4y
*H-'
q(-)= +. + 3- d@
?q L1r dft
l r
tPgO-L
Cr)vVoicLoLevPy',na|oulPasss,vecLTurhelft
t b t , Y a n s r n t b , , A u o ] . o 1 +hu s i Y l u s o i dBandr^,ld,fh
M H z -€.S=entrar a[edlrie,t
\r. rnd
% ^*;i;;;t rnodula ted a1r fe"r u
bJ *tne
occup ied .nnodu|o Hornindal
Lb AM H^
r,,rr
Thz {tlod .lla'orn
Cal
r,t O'8.
u trM t^-rii'l., pe-ak &t equenl
Cb) The- 'nodu la biao
de-vtaYion % 4oo FIz
t -li+'ln Pectk ke4u*5
Cc). l-lr e- nnodurlabtoro lJ
trM
deviaHan -"o ql 8 oH z .
d; aHorn ta Pr.4 tJtth Paak PhaSe-
deviaH On qt O'L "l'ad'iang
-9oluti an :
Griveyr.
fr\ = 4kVz , 4c= 4,|4Hz-
Amp li brde- Ca.) = 2V
(al essentr'at Band,,ridtn srg AM
= Z| 4kl*2.
= 8 kH'z.
(n YnodutaLiovr
iS trM t^liHr paa k $en deviaAn
tir 4oo fr2.
6 P = A+/+^ , B p , q= z ( p + D { ' r
6l-
L+ ? SoHz.
= L = B o ^ = o , 0 2 -
+^ 4*r&
Br o a = z ( t P)# t
= z (t +o ,O +xrot
= Z ( l . A 2 )+ T , r o B .
= 8'L6okHz-
/ l l ^ .
A$ = F = o'!rad"ians'
Bpyl= z( l+o'r)*'4-^'"3
= B.g kHz*
{
Ig
(D,?og.@, A sine wa\e +C+)= 2 sin 62-Bx tost
,tzTvenc4 rnodulates a- cooMHz cQTri€z gd
serctittviS A
Arnpiit"d{ A . The- trM ryYtodulator
lok *rl1
(a), wri tz h z eq,.alr'on for +hz nrcdr]lqW
Cq{r ieT
( b) t/Jha' i5 *I.z eand uiiCt-I" requ\red tD
Pa ss l'1re* trt'4 cawiev ?
(c) uho-t tr +he_ r6tio % rynodrtlot€d +o J+tr
r"yrrnod.rtated corrrierr Po.ev 7
Solulio)A'
(e) equa*ion % rn odube.ed coytiest.
F tr r
Yqfi6 = P.
P-
Yo*to = I
6g
PaQz @)
C' An' FM Ca^rt\e"r has a p e a k d e r i a J o n %
t'one-
15 t(Hz and Lb modurlated bJ O,. l- k flz-
gde ba,nds d "e,g +1""-
(bl How rnanY signi&'ca^f
t\erJ rra v e ?
tru ea^{
easz Pr=.qircdev'Cf,
PeVe-aY 4o.{ +he
urh eyL
(b).
tt YoHz.
Solu.ti of '.
(a) (=1'rV€,n
* 7 5k u z
L+ =
ftnr = j'kHz-
P = L+. ='Irl1y'+'
-F"n
1Au rnb<-r el\ sid.eband parvs = t + F = t+^Tg
=1b
x"( numfur
% rg n[ica,"r.fsi d e- bo,nQ
trM co"(ri er tnatre- = LX"T6 : l5L
(o A q = La wz-
p= lo *z- - o.ol il
:..k*u
1.ro : -1 . 0 I
? >^d n_bond Paivs = t - r p: l + o ' o |
Y-\urn
fuc t,Anidicanr slde- uend
%
Ftltt C-avyrgf V.O"IZ = 2X l'O l =2, OL
I
b6
?qu@
(A hJave LB d escvibedry e-ct)z$Lotll?jL,a*
trnd
H"L tJaV€-
Ca) awrale Po$er q
rnod ufatio,n u on 11^/-
(O rut1a-U ru "d'
cq.lri 9f ( * v , * i , P M ,- ' ) ?
phase- de"t\ahon
CO. urha-r tJ +hu vnoxirnur4 "rad,ians.
t_}.e c-arri ey in
% +tequencl de$aho^
#te floxi^nlurn
CO unnat 6
q t\e ea"vvieY , ifl Hz ?
tuhaL ts 14te aPf ox iYnate barrd r^ridfh
CO. *\e trAYe- tvt l4z 7
OccoPied Q ,
-So lu-Li on . _ rJ
'l1ne-t^ro-ve- YT e D
te
Ca) a\ef^!e- Poogt q
: -_ =rz'5Natts'
E ry PM
.,l rrYtco'D
CO rv.'. % froove;^
t' H?'n?
Cc) 'rrnortirnurr\ Vhasz cl'svi atton h+
= Lq = Lo
Hr /A6*rt,o
'
ct'e,^'+o}to
G) Ynaxi rno'n fu{u*3
L+ = P"^P L5qL.55 Hz-
=
= -19LFLo
?-11
A(
(0. skeLrh a duncffor q' brnz insFe.nlqneoos
v
t:rqr^gy der','olrao"{ +1t- Caffigr. .
fiu+D
k E'nmat { i :
= 3ox lo3Ftz
,at h
b
(s".)
(c)
OCt) ,rnvadu,qr,.r
kE n,utr$nf .
(s.n,f,ptrr
d
r44
f
t cvct
! .
yAL@
u,^.,aYe-cosro*| Tr?qu*Z a-
Cel The' lodulates
The modulabor sens-rtiviLy Sookttzlv
ca./^riet T
CA). u,yhat U +ha rn&Tivnuyrrr
$e4uenq devtAtion
1 J
t?r g caxvl,t
% *\e- '4/1 phase-
rnaximu,Urvl Dha<, devdo Hon q +l'w-
( b). u,i.tat i.t
et'
co,"rYi 61
So luiion I
Solu,tlOrn:
'.
P=3-
O,ryox',rvo*,e- Bandtptdth occDPlad t @t
urare- t} Caccor, ^*r"6 +a cr.trtson)
L (t+?)*^ = Bp'".
Br,q= z( r-Fttr-
7'E
z lL.79LhHL
A.L : P -
L
Pe= *t2- a At= Eoz<Y
A.o = loo
Ac =- toV
CettL€{ ltzluency C4.) = 1oo}rtHz
&en'..;,q! e{*ariorl .
XcC+) = Ac_bs( ,a.t + 5 cos t.Lsx rd+)
/c(-t) = 1o cos C 2]T-('08)L + E-cDs
6.Lsr ro+e)
Aveta3z Pot'"reY= 8 W
heqvzna-J ( +.) = LOAM++2.
rylessagekq*z (+-) = lkHz-
;lffi;"#;iti?L;ffxJ"#?
b?,
, +,^; *$,',
vn's* bz rncluded
f ;:d;11{#F1y."rcq,.on
*n,"^._^""; .n
+-t,L Bandoid +fi q +14L k)av€- ' @
(il bd^o-t b
(O An FM urqvs a delctibo-d \
ect)
Sketch +h e- f-zqrer"tt de|\nqjilon q t1"i s cc{rYlsr
'For tzo , Grve- units -
Soltrtton - )g
(a) quaLtnT q ft4 "rnodulaborou*tuf
ru tt) : (U.t
ALicrig +P sivlc.:*O
"ctQ = Ac cDsC,oct +F s in th^ b)
H er e
A2- *.'= 81,2-
t1n - ?c ,
=F
, A Q =5
L - -
,
Ac: +
P=5
'rrtS+Or\holteoos aregtlzJ\AJ
tb) hiqhe-sL
J
% fu
&lQ"ve-.
n
A+
P =1m 9 ^ t x t o 5=
4ct; : Loox106+9'AtoB
(v = Lo0.0o5v\ t+L
4ct1 = oo; u tt
4-oo-
o G'xen.
7r
-F = zkfiz-
A+ ( r"oukgu^"J dexiohw',) = lot<Hz
ro #"d
no q| s id .band Par{s ( a,acardtnS tz: ca'trsan
)
no Q{
sid:b4= ( ttf)
Palc'
^r.r
p= tJ.r 10 = 5
fy1
P=s
1no s ld e Bond p..i"s . l*F
1
l+F=f,
""ro q srd e >^r4 I
t>
Pa"tS
b(sec)
\ +rrru q\ donc'a")
[i t4 stetch Phol. deano*tan
% firne-'
Wryn)
€-gua*iq g rnodolated cavrien
&C+)= AcQrs
C..b I Pf xF)d+)
+ (s"c)
I
*[s<-c)
l I M l-rz-
'or,d *y0,
h cruin, s€rr-x',{r
A
vl3
[<tde
aL
2V ui t-h
bo k Vzf ^tolb
rnodolef-
a. ",iodolaJ
t Csec)
-
Ir t
ojrn;.tn,#t- *-l*',s-F--
( j"og frhl)i<- o'IvM#A
lL{
"nodo(al,
We @. A Cg.;rier 2 cos Aq+ U tr14
rness qqe il Ct) -u Ct-t e^r
b,l ;" "d-= uCt)-('+
unir J-"" d,; d.dtrlotr
Ii*r"';
-9€,nlrilnvrfu U 6oot He-/v '
:
v
( zr x 5oo*>)
t (s..)
'rt
\" @ The pulsL# )q(t -D
2ucb) ---_ Fyeqoerna
T n o d u l ab e g A ce^(yley . -flie- rnod,rlojor= Seyuti+rv'/
'(/,
Ek frLl'Votf ske-fcjn oA do, Clton ? ttme
(oD trveQuenq devia,kl'cn-
J dev i a,t1on
(b) PLro.Se- ?q
(o). -Sotulton Fal r.letq de.rio-h'1
-5y'Z
lokttz-
t(sec)
eci-)IP* d.e-"tcrhro
t (so-c)
lq) P?a@ .
.An trM modrtldw ho-\ ;ts ou-I-pwt- q Pvgaan
onddul6-te4l -sinurSoid{p cct-i.ri€rr q 6 vva}t3 a"erct+
qr
Poa?tf ""a C erubey- +"rqquer01 1,5 looM Hz Tt-..'
-1
; , ' , u - t . . l r - r ' , -;- , , , , , , * : ' , - ' , ,: . { t ) *: ,''*)'-:J..t( +*F) uhat/-
u (+) rA - - l , Tl.L
unil- step mod olalo{
- sen\,Hv'in u
J
o t {r \r '^
I O K 1 z / tv vr-' -,,-* ^-t
' '-' ' equo'-hcn qf
Co), t.rvit e +1,/--7{nodtllaf-"ed Carrr(v^
(b). ske*-c,"&! I d*nT..$.*,-Y:,4
(C), _Ske-l-cr. &t a. d* o,l.;onq tilne- {+..l* irul-onforreo
deno-hcnnq {4i caryn€,rr, '
ryu*$ ^
tf mod,olo'td co^rriern W
0l flualacn
Y.c+)= Ac co5c.rd+touF(..(+)-tr(+-s)df)
J /
\{k)-= A4= T .r
*3u-)
-3oht1
(e
eufr)e"r)
sC9 fr^d"g)
>q(%x,sa fcsc.)
'6
6) Pgu@ ,A
Ca^rr ie{ 6 C-osfdt
[rcqven\
"ncd o\a-te-d q \?cla-ngutarFIS<-
exitH',q
ry
-clrd
berueei t =o t=L sado..da. Tl^L ar^4 n1
o{ +t,*- Prls e- t} !vott-. cnd' +1,,L rnodolo,+or
s€/uiHvlt u ro k 6L/ vol1- gl
(a) skelcJ.1
't4L' o {..rro-.1da,{i o.*toq
J^,'eq 7E4^ttrs
CeAA-al- ( rriodotald cs\nder' c_,
d-O\l\C.|izrt {irnn :
Sotuttoo
frel ,^Y de'io+va
Cd) S ( tt l*-z
l xt o \
b(s e-)
z(,
(b) Pho-^e d e,rriG+iz\n
ecr)
2'trx [,sxtx2--
t Ge-c)
'O
?1u@ ' sa{v.*-
@@)
r o Pf l-@ "{euo^f(or Pl=^t 4
,vnod.oto,beQL,
-J 1 sstro"ttb
,-v a^ Au'o$c^ q
arnplrbud+ to t=3 sac.v fl'*-
modola*c
t:o
€xtendrg '." zr..cres/v
l-^
8L
se..,.s,*;ry , €v^
fnod ofuLe4 ca'ryrt
CA) . uJYit e- e*,ro.I-ron% -t J-''^
( b) F\d ++"- ave'roqi 1xu:e-rr
rnodo\o-Lad cql-.rre'',^
u9n oJ, d e^tia}iry' "d f+L'-
(c) -shce1-c;l^..{-e^L &Kq
caY.fi€\. o) d-onc-Fion g ttme-
++'- esl.er
(d) DrGLo phoxe- deri+tt" 3
o) g tima
.|urrCFr'cfrr
r",odota}<{ ca^nr\ u'- @-\ dcrtC}t"o
(") _SkelCJ- *{,.*
% {1nne_
o tt-1
I
2v(ry"b-I =;ryP
s€L)
3., xg
94ot{-
t fs<-c)
il
' 20) A carie{ t\ trn4 vrtodt)lated 4 a sine.uev€-
Lkrrn. -,1 ^ Pelct +ieguu)01 d"avial-ran qJ
%
ibr.dz . Accwdin3to ca"{lsoo CvX{D6) G+
i' **tz rlcr "d sid ebnds +^o* t'nusf-
(a) L'rhoi
be- PAsscd b4 R.tr afft, W a'CceP+as.v
J
nn-;ffiI a +4'--
* +!,- occ.,
Ba^d,,.,;dt+r ?ieA
(b) ''
*o e{ua-h'ryrfl v vobtern@
k)anrc-
<q,!,#?:t
S o l u Hc ^ :
')1o s;cla ba''cl'' +,to.* mtlsl*
G). %
be- P"^ob ry R-r Rtll'r\ W
> 2( t+
acco-Pta.FtcYY-oLPHo't r)
= 2_(r+*)
= ,( ,+ z ('rE)'
I S f t )
z^to- / =LT/*,\.
-5ctulicno
@l fi"equ-"oJ de"tc'ttr"1
4(tner
2t<lo-2oht+-
t t
t(-Sec \
(D fl'\a^L d.ercuarn
b G<-c)
} . f
zL) Mod oto*rno L^ Pl.4 rnod.otclor sanfifiuiy
r.^
F) shce*c-\
e.qu*y
'
dt rio+pn"r
(O pho^L d.e-Mto,+.sD"
(g) ry{ de-u,qfior
f-ts.c-1
*kU
(D ?hq.u. Ae"tc.+g,,)
sca"na4
2_qkt",Xt
L, Tne3saQz @s to>t .-
o
(v7',- 6t
CeYri e{ ,6ag to6t
rnod olajisr u\ try1 .
?7
Tequ
m;,ffi(a+) 2l"nz
tJ' eand t':;d+h \n Hz- dcapl"d
\- ' ' v/na,+
(dD l* *rat. )'
ry {+.- rnodolaj'ed .nodDt"b-C
"{
1-t"+ e4traiion Y
CD*,*[..
U +l*- allg/ag{- WrD@t
Cc) t ^:tno-t
o tu-{l 6n ', (u=ae\
= z(+F)4". U r;")
CO Banolu:id+h , = o'06
\
= z[r+ 4.e_\+^
4-J
= "fl* l")
z L(
_bL+ ro) = 338'3ofla-
,-TI
(E eqla*ton q mocloto,L"d
v \
Ic Ct) = A. cos(orct * P s \n u,4t )
= C crs-rcSt+ o,ogsrnW ro=t)
A.L 1'a
Cc), kuetale- locow ?L D G I &wa.lrs
=
Q-D A t rave, tj dercnlrd 4 E{
46s( zrr-(ne)t + Fsin fr 1fl*)@ur.1r.ab ++{
'|fA7 q
tu9tleb+ ins,tar\tanaoos
+*?
+r*-
UqAfi- ,
(tr). L,:t"a* B +-l,u- g@od,cr:rdt/, occrlPied t
41't- tJalrc n 114- ?rcblero
*uo)
(^), Mgt"o'\+i ntrar i,-otep$ d-"?
t4a = #.+
A
kE"n^v
l-le^r- +. = I O Sy j z _,
F =F to3Hz-
p= b- s .-/ \ Lf :5V
S'Itl
^ , t .n
. Tr ryt
c\X r. + AS
=
I I 57,(lo3
[Alt .
= \ z- kH '?--I
t _'"=-- -**
6 rx:sto6+ b modc'rlqte
br) 4 cffi1 re{ J-,qvenul
wtodola J bor
b.{ lhe pulse x(t) -" ilt
[gu.-rvl
J (n: b,
s€.n:ifivi t1 ta F k Hz / v o f t €q
(q) urr i,ba ++',e- eqvaUanqt.l.u YYlod'vlole
Wa.ve?
(b) ){aw *r'te- irrstartlanel,: d€4u-7 devia'
-ti tn"z
caff i€{ ujir+o
-l-t\{-
% "rnSfGnkavte.ortsPhas deviaxoq
(o D{aD +he-
{i rne-'
q ++'{- c-atv\er' ux+h
(\ ; 1 'rnod'd
;vJno*-t-b-il,L_a.v€{^3.Pouretcl+1'*-
tatad u-ro..Ve?
xc r )
-9atu*ion';
)((t)= Acco;(wrt'"w:
, - (
* ro.trnlouiO(E)-q Ct-4)d'r
J \
l olr= { ) EL-t6rAc-=+t
+ 2r*F'
x(rt) = + .os(zr(ro[;t sin (zr,(z.
*b,s)x#)
ycCu)= 4a,s(rrr(rot)b
t (zn(2.q-^r#))b
P^,#sn
1r(+) = 4 cos(z-rU
#)#
/lr
t. 1..) G4rr13,v;R .,.rcl15d{'
O f"*F phaai-cJn^iotr',
1 l \ ^ ' *
^.TI
ut l
rn€setr7e-xCt) ^rnd'Aate-t
P1" ("zr) the- /vnx-
T-t-'a-'wrod0la-ho
a cQ-{Yie{'x(+) = 3u(t+D -- 6uC t)
S u1^',Hn,y C$ o.5 *ad /rltl^l
-c'u t' ,
cd pnc4 de"tolal
oCj)
3x o . t
t Cs-c)
-&hoC ?
A^1" ^o1 Ag^rr+o"r
.
@lp ry) =t^>G)
tffilv*-,*Y '
(ru_)
t (s..-)
.(
, f ^'od/s*--
'- Y)l -
/L\\
I
" r A
(y''T -' od El :,3 SelondA'
v\ |Peri
trT'{e- v -,
??). A
t' -SA1Q,{Q-
-l-,-0:l,,A,t
-'::::
---2Vol'ts'7hJ)e ; o d O-'
"'L/e'i|@ - Lett
a/,.d al*pu+dd
'16 *+q 1L-- t + f r n
.,1;#'-Senit+ivlI u
nnodoloil
co,^tq€r t '
cas to.,
( ?1t rc) qV
'
zz,q do-g{ l'{olt
ee-}
'JavL &L o' do'^cjia'r
6 (a) s k d d^ *lq *oa.r |at.u6[
q* y::, *, *oF\
'.^o'o*{d
f,ff'^P'lr
; q Gn Frl ..'rece-l{e'{' uyha*
+h4-
4+'Q-ol? u:av{-
;5*s\'eilh
So ln '.
$I"nl 'r
f rr-l dfarr.zl-G,d
eo.r.j trcq,d.e,utaho"
(o 6x '}rt6
@ @
tfs<.-)
- gNSl*x
(h)'n
b Cse.)
modulatedwave is
6. If the detectoris an envelopedetectorand the
power ratio
V ACi* O.Scosi,0O0t)cos(6.i8x10it ), find the (average)signalto noise
at the outPut of the receiver'
wave is
,n.'' If the detectoris an FM detector and the modulated
,,./ il;;t;ioti*+ror0.28x10,000t), power)signalto noiseratio
findthe(average
at the receiver outPut'
a
g. Sketch the phaseieviation for }-2millisec. of an FM carrier modulated by
- The modulator sensitivity is
IKHzrq,rur. *uro" of amplitude * or 2volts.
lOKHz/volt.
g. A wave is given by 3cos1,000tcos1,000,000t. Draw a phasordiagramof the wave
for t: 0.001sec.
for t from 0 to 0'01 sec"
10. In prob. 9, sketchthe wave in the time domain
{t\) 1
!
iD*t
Iu;
nrb
= ll o,,afu\ *W=
@1*\u
'nf3
Sni
4b
68)
lYt^,\ t
a 9a ,'a.
(s/*)u - @ /
{/n/h
"nts, U
l o
t
. t A
|i ' ir' ,r 1' Jr ,
--r-l
lvttzfij"
- -----',:f
Br.?t.
' ,,
,
" "rrt(b#
S R , ='1 I a ,
S6 ,,J{
i".Fi
r1Bu,f , i$l
l: r-
ni#
"A
;f
( ,i:i
t
'+stP' "l:4
. .,
Ap-<i'tdnt
,
A Awc,o3ttirrtr
',.9--a"trsq.-
<x, Lt>t-_'1,
a i ;F S-?"q'L-
,: o'1 i{: titi<c
Jg = ia lo6,olslrt)
F-n
@ € 1 u i l i o o o 1 F t l M p ) , . , t a l " a6 1 1
u. --- --
tiinin,f,lll;,.',". ia). " oalid
xatg)
qd s s
= Aci(tl6suat
f x . t r 1 . h , r n , ( t ^ , , r1 F a : a ^ - ? B.'illl:1-:,*). anr,.
vr!^) Aat^ '
I Bbck dbqtqd
FzO
d
al' si;ii dnqiam .QAu mododr
x(t)+q|--+ tsBsc
|( t f el,ttuaty 7 ua w l-t$:
(\ .f u<.| ^, I n,,,,,,| ( A1.1 i:-tgft,
r*T*I' dnqraa
6 t ?"ut 1:l^pr1 l)r'1:,7!.r' ^f.tt,F. , lt_il:iir^,,r1)
,t r ,t, !'.,... .b+
il.+*"9;*fp*"^ufi9^M i
T%
l'fulr*l t'"t i
A) r'"""3' LT-i;4Iq;;'";,-,_f,,'"ri, l J . b . r ' i '
,.
O '
r'l
----
0.,
I -
t;
I
I
t.t
-/ 1 [ u t + + o). -r u f t - r . r ) ]
:.'="L
+ zai
* o* q,,,?rr'tti
z
iffi-
(ar 4*:.1.
[h) ryq+lo & Pouer la
. frt4y 1;t,,1 l - r r v i r l l a . . l, +h- umEv (ot) louer
--'-.., \ .. ,.' Ns.'aeuoad 4a kor\rq{h\
epo-e.=lH#; randmrs fitlc'Lt
Ll ' KEil
. , / , 6'
:
(El = Ftavulcq
ohl{,
-
li). er.pctarl
. r^,??i- I -
dr'dir.',,
):-> t'u'
.QAM/0psk b,
. L'lYansdltttr. . .
Jq---n-glt). \
,)tv n,bu
11.r.,," oru
'r4lll ir^r"'
rii(rr?)t11]l1,.'l,.,",",|iffitrl*lm*ffijf5
" I
r *-;)ttcc Intr,ff:l{'iu*1ffi.,1o,Hffiffi
o't I .-t 'l*"' l,"q,,i*Hi;#,:+f,ll{,,1 p'n-*,, I53:ffHt^lS
-
t ---.---3 I -rr\
ru) |liffigfuftf*".o
infrrffiLn+-,-.-.., lul.i,'rt:l*,-",
'^-ffi[a^*,*,,..,
F*),Fffrf*r"t
+l v&oyv o"t'f-
e t* e"v,or^o,
I Ii . A.b,(hr i6;fr;4,
r?-*,, |
cr+,,," |, @ 9-1-.-ffi:"-q
iF6tht*#-g
Etq,)- ,rrl-a,i,-,t-i,' t^r'-'A.'-t(; 'V'i'o1 l:ii:'fri$rl}t"'.Cffi
xril)=Aocp{(r..r.r
t r',1.6r-?.,
,x@t,.. 61q] ji;r";q:#'#tm
+ zTrri(uut-zrtr.))rtl Hr*fi';
'iJilfllilll ry
| -'o' |,"fli ,u ;'
' j'1" "l
X.'n) t A f
y+ $4nL,,r(rrrr^,rr
c ^ r r ' r t f ' t ' a ' l r ' r q tj iotsct 5'n{rrn'yl
- l } . + x r 4, 4 - I ' " - - - ;.".*|
.- ,
---
,,,,,,| -- -- --j I r , ri# ;=:'="(i,::r,^
,1..*7=
a. ^F.i*oi.iJ f,.nlp) =4f";tr Et^) - h,
B:asl ' qJ,rtr) 'c.f*B*tt
"ro)aatn.^+
2 \ f^Q:t-r)
) .,r_*L,
I:!i| ; {,i":i' f ! r o@ -I.t+)
= 2 JrlB) cor(u..F1 n t s4t)
\ , "t1+^
,kh l
l
i