STOICHIOMETRY:

AVOGADROS NUMBER:
A mole of a substance is the amount of the substance containing the same number of atoms
as there are carbons in exactly 12 grams of pure C-12 isotope. This represents the amount of
the substance that contains 6.022 x 10
23
particles (atoms, ions or molecules)

Meaning:
1 mole of C contains 6.022 x 10
23
atoms of carbon
1 mole of Na
+
contains 6.022 x 10
23
ions of sodium
1 mole of H
2
O contains 6.022 x 10
23
molecule of water

Example:
In 1.2 moles of calcium sulfate, calculate the number of atoms of each element present. What is the
number of molecules of calcium sulfate?


PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION FROM FORMULA:

Weight of the element in the compound
% composition by wt =
__________________________________________________
x 100%
Weight of one mole of the compound

Examples:
Calculate the % composition of the following compounds.
1. NaCl
2. AgNO
3

3. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

4. HC
2
H
3
O
2



DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA:

Empirical Formula the simplest formula of a compound. It contains the simplest ratio of atoms in the
compound.

Molecular Formula whole number multiple of its empirical formula. This is the true formula of the
compounds.

Examples:
1. Compound X was found to contain 85.69% C and 14.31% H. The molecular weight was
determined to be 55.9 a.m.u. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas.
2. A compound of nitrogen and oxygen is found to be 30% N and 70% O. Determine the empirical
and molecular formulas of the compound if the molecular weight is 91 a.m.u.
3. Determine the molecular formula of the following compounds given the corresponding percent
composition of each element.
Compound Percent Composition Molecular Weights
A Li, 18.8; C, 16.2; O, 65 73.8
B K, 26.6; Cr, 35.3; O, 38.1 294.2




WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

MOLE-MOLE REATIONSHIP:
Sample Problems:
1. How many moles of water produced from the combustion of 1 mole of C
2
H
2
? How many moles of
oxygen needed?
2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2. From the balanced equation: 2H
2
S + 3O
2
2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
How many moles of O
2
are necessary to react with 1.75 moles H
2
S?
How many moles each of SO
2
and H
2
O will be produced?

WEIGHT-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP:
Sample Problems:
1. Based on the balanced equation: 4NH
3
+ 5O
2
4NO + 6H
2
O
How many grams of NH
3
will be required to produce 200 grams of H
2
O?
2. What is the weight in grams of H
3
PO
4
is produced from 250 grams of P
4
O
10
? Calculate the mass
of water needed?
P
4
O
10
+ 6H
2
O 4H
3
PO
4



LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS:
Limiting Reactant totally consumed in the process
Excess Reactant a certain amount of this substance will be left unreacted after a complete reaction
Sample Problems:
1. Fluorine reacts with iron to produce iron (III) fluoride. If 5 grams of fluorine is added to 10 grams
of iron:
a. Determine the limiting and excess reactants.
b. Calculate the weight of iron (III) fluoride obtained from reaction.
c. How much of the excess will be left unreacted?
2. What is the weight of B
2
H
6
that can be prepared from NaBH
4
and 4.56 BF
3
? The equation for the
reaction is:
3NaBH
4
+ 4BF
3
3NaBF
4
+ 2B
2
H
6


THEORETICAL YIELD VS ACTUAL YIELD:
Theoretical Yield is the amount of products obtained if the reaction goes to completion
Actual Yield the actual amount of product obtained
Actual yield
% yield = X 100%
Theoretical Yield

Sample Problems:
1. When 100 grams of water is electrolyzed, 76 grams of oxygen is obtained. Calculate the % yield.
2. Phthalic anhydride, C
8
H
4
O
3
, is made by the controlled oxidation of naphthalene, C
10
H
8
, by the
reaction:
2C
10
H
8
+ 9O
2
2C
8
H
4
O
3
+ 4CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
Since some naphthalene is oxidized to other products, only 65% of
the maximum yield was obtained. How much phthalic acid anhydride would be produced from
the oxidation of 600 kg of C
10
H
8
?




PERCENT PURITY:
Wt of pure compound in a mixture
% purity = X 100%
Total weight of the mixture

Sample Problems:
1. Limestone, a mineral containing CaCO
3
is 75% pure. What is mass of CO
2
produced from the
decomposition of 100 grams of limestone?
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2

2. What is the weight of 95% pure NaCl that is needed to produce 2309 kg of Na
2
SO
4
according to
the reaction?
2NaCl + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl