1.

Define operating system (MU AP-96)

An operating system is a set of program that controls, co-ordinates and
sper!ises the acti!ities of the compter hard"are and soft"are.
#. $hat is the role of an os%
An &' acts as an interface (et"een the ser and the compter. )t acts as
*he manager of the resorces of the compter.
+. $rite the fnctions of an &'(,U Ap-9-)
(i) Memory Management.
(ii) Processor management.
(iii) )nterrpt .andling.
(i!) Acconting.
(!) Atomatic /o( se0encing.
(!i) Management and control of )1& de!ices
2. $hat is the need for an &'%
A medim is needed to commnicate (et"een the ser and the m1c. An
&' acts as a medim of interface
3. $hat are the characteristics of an &'(M'U Ap-96)
(i) User friendly .
(ii) 4eep trac5 of the stats of ea6. 78'&U768.
(iii) Allo"s sharing of resorces(.1$ and '1$).
(i!) Pro!ides ade0ate secrity.
(!) Protection.
6. $hat is a process%
A process is (asically a program in e9ection. )t is the nit of "or5 in a
Modern operating system.
-. $hat is meant (y a process state%
$hen a process e9ectes, it changes, its stats. *his is 5no"n as process s
'tate.
:. $at are the !arios process states %
*he !arios process states are
(i) ne"
(ii) ready
(iii) rnning
(i!) sspended
(!) terminated
9. .o" does a process differ from a /o(%(,DU Ap-96).
A process is an acti!e entity "ith a program conter specifying the ne9t
instrctions to e9ecte and a set to associated resorces, "hereas a (atch
'ystem e9ectes /o(s.("hich is a collection of processes).
1;. Differentiate program and a process%
A process is a program in e9ection(ie) A program is a passi!e entity,
$here as a process is an acti!e entity.


11. $hat is process control ,loc5%
8ach process is represented in the operating system (y a process control
,loc5(P6,) also called a tas5 control (loc5.
1#. $hat is the fnction of a process control (loc5%.
A (P6,) contains many pieces of information associated "ith a specific
Process. )t ser!es as the repository for any information that may !ary
<rom process to process.


1+. $hat are the information contained in a P6,%
A P6, contains pieces of information associated "ith a specific process,
=amely
(i) process state
(ii) program conter
(iii) 6PU register
(i!) 6PU schedling information
(!) Memory management information
(!i) Acconting information
(!ii) )1& stats information
12. $hat are the operations on process%
(i) create a process
(ii) destroy a process
(iii) sspend a process
(i!) resme a process
(!) change the priority of a process
(!i) (loc5 a process
(!ii) "a5ep a process
(!iii) dispatch a process
(i9) ena(le a process to commnicate "ith another
13. $hat are the operation in!ol!ed in creating a process%
(i) name the process
(ii) insert it in the system>s 5no"n processes list(or) process ta(le.
(iii) Determine the process>s initial priority
(i!) 6reate the process control (loc5
(!) Allocate the process>s initial resorce.
16. $hat is the ncles or 5ernel of an operating system%
4ernel is the part of the &' "hich directly ma5es interface "ith the
.ard"are system.
1-. $hat are the main fnctions of the 5ernel%
*o pro!ide mechanism for
(i) creation and deletion of processes
(ii) inter process commnication
(iii) synchroni?ation of processes.

1:. $hat are the components of an &'%
&' "hich is a collection of programs are of # types
(i) control program
(ii) sper!isory program
19. $hat is mlti programming%
*he a(ility of 5eeping se!eral /o(s in the memory at one time, "here
*he cp is s"itched (ac5 and forth among them is called as
Mlti programming
#;. $hat is the se of Mlti Programming %
Mlti programming helps to increase 6PU tili?ation, and to decrease the
total time needed to e9ecte the /o(s.
#1. )llstrate the factors that sally determine the degree of Mlti Programming
(M'U@ =o!-96)
(i) *he nm(er of Programs residing in Primary memory.
(ii) Passing of the control of the 6PU rapidly (et"een these programs.
(iii) Protection of ser process from one another.
#2.$hat are the ,enefits of Mlti Programming%
(i) )mpro!es the 'ystem Performance.
(ii) Allo"s *ime 'haring.
(iii) 'pports mltiple simltaneos interacti!e sers
#3. 89plain "hat is Mlti Processing%
*he 'imltaneos Processing of a nm(er of Processes (y a nm(er of
Processors 'imltaneosly at the same time is Mlti Processing.
#6. $hat is the ad!antage of Mlti Processing 'ystems%
A Mlti Processing 'ystem is one in "hich there are more than one 6PU,
interlea!ed "ith each other. 'o it helps in impro!ing the amont of "or5 done.
#-. $hat are the types of Mlti Processing%
(i) 'ymmetric Mlti Processing
(ii) Asymmetric Mlti Processing.
#:. $hat is 'ymmetric Mlti Processing%
)t is one in "hich each processor rns an identical copy of the &' and these
copies commnicate "ith one another as needed.
#9. $hat is Asymmetric Mlti Processing%
)t is one in "hich each processor is assigned a specific tas5. A Master Processor
controls the system and the other Processors are allocated "or5 (y the Master Processor.
+;."hat is *ime 'haring%
*ime 'haring ( or Mlti tas5ing) is a logical e9tension of Mlti Programming. )t
is a form of Mlti Programmed &' "hich operates in an interacti!e mode "ith Aic5
response time.
+1.89plain the concept of *ime 'haring%
Mltiple Bo(s are e9ected (y the 6PU s"itching (et"een them, (t the s"itches
occr so fre0ently that the sers may interact "ith each program "hile it is rnning.
+#. $hat is the (enefit of *ime 'haring%
A *ime 'haring system allo"s many sers to simltaneosly share the compter
resorces.
++.Define 7eal *ime 'ystems (,DU@ AP C96 )
)t is another form of &' "hich are sed in en!ironments "here a large nm(er of
e!ents mostly e9ternal to the compter system mst (e accepted and processed in a short
time or "ithin certain deadlines.
+2. Di!e e9amples of 7eal *ime Application
89>s are
(i) <light 6ontrol
(ii) 7eal *ime 'imlation
(iii) Military Application
(i!) Petrolem 7efinery
(!) Process 6ontrol etc.
+3. $hat is &n-Eine Processing%
*ransferring the contents from the inpt directly on to the 6PU and transferring
the Processed contents onto the printer is &n-Eine Processing.
+-. 89plain &ff-Eine Processing %
7ather than the 6PU reading directly from the inpt, copying the content into
6PU A=D P7&68''.
1. $hat is Memory%
A Memory is the place for storage of data F information (or) it can (e
Defined as the "or5 area of the compter "here the microprocessor finds
its data F instrctions "hile the compter is "or5ing.

#. 'tate the Memory .ierarchy @
6PU 7egisters
6ache Memory

Main Memory
'econdary Memory
+. $hat are the types of memory%
i) )nternal Processor Memory
ii) Primary or Main Memory
iii) 'econdary1A9iliary1,ac5ing 'tore are the types of memory.
2. $hat is primary memory%
*his memory is directly accessi(le (y the processor. )t is mainly (ased
on the )ntegrated circits.
3. $hat is 'torage organi?ation%
'torage organi?ation is the manner in "hich the main storage is !ie"ed.
$hether only a single ser is placed in the main storage or se!eral ser in
the same time and ho" they are spported (y the systems.
6. $hat is storage management%
'torage management determine ho" a particlar storage organi?ation
performs nder !arios policies.
-. .o" are the system implemented%
'ystem are implemented sing each of the storage management strategies
:. $hat are the !arios management strategies%
*he !arios management strategies are
i) <etch strategies
ii) Placement strategies
iii) 7eplacement strategies
9. $hat is contigos storage allocation%
*he earliest compting system re0ired contigos storage
allocation, "here each program had to occpy a single contigos (loc5
of storage locations.
1;. $hat is =on-6ontigos storage allocation%
)n the =on-6ontigos allocation of storage, a program is di!ided into
se!eral (loc5s or segments that may (e placed throghot storage in
pieces, not necessarily ad/acent to one another.
11. Eist the ad!antages and disad!antages of =on-6ontigos storage
allocation @
Advantages: A program is di!ided into se!eral (loc5 or segment that
may (e placed throghot the main storage in pieces not necessarily ad/acent to one
another.
Disadvantages: More difficlt for an operating system to control =on-
6ontigos storage allocation.
1#. $hat is memory management %
Memory management deals "ith the organi?ation and management of
main memory, "hich is one of the most important factors inflencing operating
system design.
1+. $hat is memory allocation%
Memory allocation is primarily concerned "ith the allocating of main
memory of "aited capacity to re0esting processes.
12. $hy is memory management so important%
*he o!erall resorce tili?ation and other performance criteria of a
compter system are largely affected (y the performance of memory management
modle.
13. $hat are the important featres of memory management fnction%
*he important featres of memory management are
i) Protection ii) sharing.
16. $hat is meant (y protection%
)n order to protect one process from another their address space mst (e
spared (y memory management scheme.
1-. $hat is the sharing aspect of memory management%
Memory management mst spport sharing of common data or data
strctre sch as sym(ol ta(le, compilers or assem(lers.
1:. $hat is fi9ed partition mlti programming%
<i9ed partition mlti programming is one in "hich the main storage is
di!ided into a nm(er of fi9ed si?e partitions. 8ach partition cold hold a single /o(.
*he 6PU is s"itched rapidly (et"een sers to create the illsion of simltanienty.
19. $hat is Garia(le partition mlti programming%
Allo"ing /o(s to occpy as mch space ('hort of the fll real storage) as
they need "ith no fi9ed (ondaries (eing o(ser!ed. )nstead, /o(s "old (e gi!en as
mch storage as they re0ire. *his is called !aria(le partition mlti programming.
#;. $hat is the disad!antage of fi9ed partitions%
i) =o single program1process may e9ceed the of the largest partition in a
gi!en system.
ii) Does not spport a system ha!ing dynamic data strctre sch as stac5,
0ee, heap etc.
#1. $hy fi9ed partition is not sita(le for mlti programming%
)t limits the degree of mlti programming "hich in trn may redce the
effecti!eness of short term schedling.
##. $hat is the ad!antage of !aria(le partitions%
'pports processes "hose memory re0irement increases dring their
e9ection. )n this case the &' disad!antages mo!es a process into it.
#+. $hat are the disad!antages of !arios partitions%
i) 7e0ires lost of &' space-time, comple9 memory management algorithm
and (oo5 5eeping operation.
ii) 6ompaction time is !ery high.
iii) Di!en rise to e9ternal fragmentation.
#2. $hat is s"apping%
A process needs to (e in memory for e9ection. A process ho"e!er can
(e (roght or temporarily ta5en ot of memory to a (ac5ing store and then (roght
(ac5 into memory for contined e9ection. *his is 5no"n as s"apping.
#3. $hat are the (enefits of s"apping%
'"apping helps in rnning more /o(s (y 6PU, (y 5eeping only those
programs in memory, "hich are crrently re0ired (y the system, and the rest to (e
s"apped from secondary storage. *his scheme allo"s more /o(s to (e rn that can fie
into memory at one time.

1. Define operating system
An operating system is a set of program that controls, co-ordinates and
sper!ises the acti!ities of the compter hard"are and soft"are.
#. $hat is the role of an os%
An &' acts as an interface (et"een the ser and the compter. )t acts as
*he manager of the resorces of the compter.
+. $rite the fnctions of an %
(i) Memory Management.
(ii) Processor management.
(iii) )nterrpt .andling.
(i!) Acconting.
(!) Atomatic /o( se0encing.
(!i) Management and control of )1& de!ices
##. $hat is the need for an &'%
A medim is needed to commnicate (et"een the ser and the m1c. An
&' acts as a medim of interface
#+. $hat are the characteristics of an &'%
(i) User friendly .
(ii) 4eep trac5 of the stats of ea6. 78'&U768.
(iii) Allo"s sharing of resorces(.1$ and '1$).
(i!) Pro!ides ade0ate secrity.
(!) Protection.
#2. $hat is a process%
A process is (asically a program in e9ection. )t is the nit of "or5 in a
Modern operating system.
#3. $hat is meant (y a process state%
$hen a process e9ectes, it changes, its stats. *his is 5no"n as process s
'tate.
#6. $at are the !arios process states %
*he !arios process states are
(i) ne"
(ii) ready
(iii) rnning
(i!) sspended
(!) terminated
#-. .o" does a process differ from a /o(%
A process is an acti!e entity "ith a program conter specifying the ne9t
instrctions to e9ecte and a set to associated resorces, "hereas a (atch
'ystem e9ectes /o(s.("hich is a collection of processes).
#:. Differentiate program and a process%
A process is a program in e9ection(ie) A program is a passi!e entity,
$here as a process is an acti!e entity.


#9. $hat is process control ,loc5%
8ach process is represented in the operating system (y a process control
,loc5(P6,) also called a tas5 control (loc5.
+;. $hat is the fnction of a process control (loc5H
A (P6,) contains many pieces of information associated "ith a specific
Process. )t ser!es as the repository for any information that may !ary
<rom process to process.


+1. $hat are the information contained in a P6,%
A P6, contains pieces of information associated "ith a specific process,
=amely
(!iii) process state
(i9) program conter
(9) 6PU register
(9i) 6PU schedling information
(9ii) Memory management information
(9iii) Acconting information
(9i!) )1& stats information
+#. $hat are the operations on process%
(i) create a process
(ii) destroy a process
(iii) sspend a process
(i!) resme a process
(!) change the priority of a process
(!i) (loc5 a process
(!ii) "a5ep a process
(!iii) dispatch a process
(i9) ena(le a process to commnicate "ith another
++. $hat are the operation in!ol!ed in creating a process%
(i) name the process
(ii) insert it in the system>s 5no"n processes list(or) process ta(le.
(iii) Determine the process>s initial priority
(i!) 6reate the process control (loc5
(!) Allocate the process>s initial resorce.
+2. $hat is the ncles or 5ernel of an operating system%
4ernel is the part of the &' "hich directly ma5es interface "ith the
.ard"are system.
+3. $hat are the main fnctions of the 5ernel%
*o pro!ide mechanism for
(i) creation and deletion of processes
(ii) inter process commnication
(iii) synchroni?ation of processes.

+6. $hat are the components of an &'%
&' "hich is a collection of programs are of # types
(i) control program
(ii) sper!isory program
+-. $hat is mlti programming%
*he a(ility of 5eeping se!eral /o(s in the memory at one time, "here
*he cp is s"itched (ac5 and forth among them is called as
Mlti programming
+:. $hat is the se of Mlti Programming %
Mlti programming helps to increase 6PU tili?ation, and to decrease the
total time needed to e9ecte the /o(s.
+9. )llstrate the factors that sally determine the degree of Mlti Programming
(M'U@ =o!-96)
(i!) *he nm(er of Programs residing in Primary memory.
(!) Passing of the control of the 6PU rapidly (et"een these programs.
(!i) Protection of ser process from one another.
#2.$hat are the ,enefits of Mlti Programming%
(i!) )mpro!es the 'ystem Performance.
(!) Allo"s *ime 'haring.
(!i) 'pports mltiple simltaneos interacti!e sers
#3. 89plain "hat is Mlti Processing%
*he 'imltaneos Processing of a nm(er of Processes (y a nm(er of
Processors 'imltaneosly at the same time is Mlti Processing.
#6. $hat is the ad!antage of Mlti Processing 'ystems%
A Mlti Processing 'ystem is one in "hich there are more than one 6PU,
interlea!ed "ith each other. 'o it helps in impro!ing the amont of "or5 done.
#-. $hat are the types of Mlti Processing%
(iii) 'ymmetric Mlti Processing
(i!) Asymmetric Mlti Processing.
#:. $hat is 'ymmetric Mlti Processing%
)t is one in "hich each processor rns an identical copy of the &' and these
copies commnicate "ith one another as needed.
#9. $hat is Asymmetric Mlti Processing%
)t is one in "hich each processor is assigned a specific tas5. A Master Processor
controls the system and the other Processors are allocated "or5 (y the Master Processor.
+;."hat is *ime 'haring%
*ime 'haring ( or Mlti tas5ing) is a logical e9tension of Mlti Programming. )t
is a form of Mlti Programmed &' "hich operates in an interacti!e mode "ith Aic5
response time.
+1.89plain the concept of *ime 'haring%
Mltiple Bo(s are e9ected (y the 6PU s"itching (et"een them, (t the s"itches
occr so fre0ently that the sers may interact "ith each program "hile it is rnning.
+#. $hat is the (enefit of *ime 'haring%
A *ime 'haring system allo"s many sers to simltaneosly share the compter
resorces.
++.Define 7eal *ime 'ystems
)t is another form of &' "hich are sed in en!ironments "here a large nm(er of
e!ents mostly e9ternal to the compter system mst (e accepted and processed in a short
time or "ithin certain deadlines.
+2. Di!e e9amples of 7eal *ime Application
89>s are
(!i) <light 6ontrol
(!ii) 7eal *ime 'imlation
(!iii) Military Application
(i9) Petrolem 7efinery
(9) Process 6ontrol etc.
+3. $hat is &n-Eine Processing%
*ransferring the contents from the inpt directly on to the 6PU and transferring
the Processed contents onto the printer is &n-Eine Processing.
+-. 89plain &ff-Eine Processing %
7ather than the 6PU reading directly from the inpt, copying the content into
6PU A=D P7&68''.
1.$hat is a file %
A <ile is a named collection of data.
#. $here does a <ile reside %
A <ile normally resides on a 'econdary Medim sch as a dis5 or tape.
+. $hat are the !arios operations on a file%
&pen
6lose
6reate
Destroy
6opy
7ename
Eist

2. $hat is <ile &rgani?ation %
<ile &rgani?ation refers to the manner in "hich the records of a file are arranged on
'econdary storage.
3. $hat is <ile Golatility %
<ile Golatility refers to the fre0ency "ith the manner in "hich additions and deletions
are made to a file.
6. $hat is file si?e %
*his refers to the amont of information stored in the file.
-. $hat is a file %
An important component of an operating system. <ile systems generally contain.
)) Access Methods
))) <ile Management
)))) A9iliary 'torage Management
)G) <ile )ntegrity Mechanisms.
:. $hat is file managemnet%
<ile management is concerned "ith pro!iding the mechanisms for files to (e stored
7eferenced, shared and secred.