Master of Business Administration: Summer Training Project Report

Summer Training Project Report
Undertaken at
Teck Link Sales & Marketing Pvt. Ltd.
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of
the Degree of
Mater of !uine Adminitration
By
Ma"ank #upt
$$%M!A%&'
$$%(')$
Under the Supervision of
Mr* Manih +ain
Managing Director

,entre for Management Studie
+amia Millia -lamia. /ew Delhi 0 $$11&(
Export Process & Documentation
&

Certificate
Thi i to certif" that Ma"ank #upt ha completed hi Summer Training Project
under m" direct uper2iion* 3e underwent the Summer Training on and from $(
MA4 &1$& 5Date of +oining6 to $( Ma" 5Date of ,ompletion6. during which he wa
aigned the tak of Revieing !ocu"ents related to e#port & $"port
%$ncluding all procedure of &#port and $"port' and contact to custo"ers.
which he ha uccefull" completed and the ame i preented in the form the
preent Project Report*
-t i further certified that the project report ubmitted b" Ma"ank (upt reflect
hi7her original work and baed on the work aigned to him7her for the Summer
Training and that the preent project report ha not been ubmitted elewhere for
award of an" degree. diploma or fellowhip*
Signature of Super2ior
Managing Director
+amia Millia -lamia ./ew Delhi%$$11&(
8

!eclaration
-. Ma"ank #upt. a bonafide tudent of M!A 5Full Time6 Programme at the ,entre
for Management Studie. +amia Millia -lamia. /ew Delhi. hereb" declare that -
ha2e undergone the Summer Training at Teck Link Sales & Marketing Pvt. Ltd*
under the uper2iion of Mr. Manish )ain on and from $( Ma" &1$& 5Date of
+oining the 9rgani:ation6 to $( +U; &1$& 5Date of ,ompletion6*
- alo declare that the preent project report i baed on the abo2e ummer
training and i m" original work* The content of thi project report ha not been
ubmitted to an" other uni2erit" or intitute either in part or in full for the award
of an" degree. diploma or fellowhip*
Further. - aign the right to the uni2erit". ubject to the permiion from the
organi:ation concerned. ue the information and content of thi project to
de2elop cae. caelet. cae lead. and paper for publication and7or for ue in
teaching*
Ma"ank #upt
$$%M!A%&'
Place< /ew Delhi
Date<
)

*C+,-.L&!(&M&,T

;ife of human being i full of interaction* /o one i elf%ufficient b"
himelf whene2er an"one i doing ome eriou and important work a lot of
help from the people concerned i needed = one le peciall" obliged toward
them* - cannot forget acknowledging them in few word a without the guidance
= co%ordination of them in m" project report would not ha2e been poible*
A large number of indi2idual contributed to thi project* - am
thankful to all of them for their help and encouragement* M" writing in thi
project report ha alo been influenced b" a number of webite and tandard
te>tbook* A far a poible. the" ha2e been full" acknowledged at the
appropriate place *- e>pre m" gratitude to all of them*
Firt of all - owe m" heartfelt gratitude to m" guide Mr. S.
Veeramani for hi noble guidance throughout the completion of the Project*
- would like to e>tend m" heartfelt thank to Mr. Manish Jain
Managing Director of Teck Link Sales & Marketing Pvt. Ltd. ,e !elhi
!ranch for gi2ing me an opportunit" to work on thi project*
- would alo like to thank Mr. B.P )ain %Senior *dviser' and Mr*
Monika )ain 5&#port Manager6 of Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td*
#urgaon for their guidance. inpiration. and contructi2e uggetion. which
helped me in the Project*
- mut alo thank the management of Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing
P2t* ;td* To pro2ide e>cellent opportunit" and en2ironment to be able to pull m"
project through* ,ooperation of the taff i alo gratefull" acknowledged*
;at but not leat. alo gi2e m" incere thank to all the people to
directl" indirectl" ha2e help and encourage me in finding the wa" to u collecting
the requiite information and completing the project effecti2el" and timel"*
Ma"ank #upt
$$%M!A%&'
(

-/D?@

Title Page ,o.
$"portant *//reviations 0
$ntroduction of study 12
-/3ective of study 14
Research Methodology 15
Research !esign 16
Scope of the Study 17
Li"itations of the study 10
Co"pany Profile 18
Benefits (iven /y co"pany 44
Theoretical /ackground 45
!ata *nalysis and $nterpretations 78

9indings 0:
Bi/liography 84
(lossary 85
A

*//reviations
B

C

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$1

$,TR-!UCT$-, -9 STU!;
Thi project i all about to know e>port import procedure7 documentation
of hipment* Thi project put more focu on to know cutom clearne. to make
e>port % import in2oice. to get hipping bill number from cutom department
etc*Thi project will alo find out how Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* could
utain in the competiti2e world b" pro2iding 2at range of product for cement
manufacturing plant which fle>ible prompt and inno2ati2e in meeting the
requirement of the cutomer* The purpoe of the tud" wa to know about e>port
0 import documentation of eawa" of Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td*
$$

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The "ain o/3ectives of the research ere<
To know about e>port import proce*
To know what are the document required before and after ailing at
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td*
$8

R&S&*RC= M&T=-!-L-(;
Collect data>infor"ation a/out Teck Link Sales & Marketing Pvt.
Ltd. through<
Primar" data collection<%
?%mail
Telephone
-n2oice
Packing ;it
Secondar" data collection<%
-n2oice
Packaging lit
Shipping bill
-nternet
$)

R&S&*RC= !&S$(,
Reearch deign i the baed framework. which pro2ide guideline for
the reearch proce* -t i a map or blue print according to which the reearch i
to be conduct* The reearch deign pecifie the method for data collection =
data anal"i determine the ource of data* Mot pecificall" it wa a kind of
?!escriptive conclusive research@ who take care of who. when. where. what.
how and wh" apect of the in2etigation further the reearcher ued the
tatitical method to er2e the purpoe of project. it permitted the reearch to
deri2e more accurate generali:ation whoe reliabilit" could be meaured*
C&,TR& < Delhi and #urgaon
R&S&*RC= < ?@P;9RAT9R4
R&S&*RC= T&C=,$AU&< DUA;-TAT-E? = DUA//TAT-E?
T--L US&! < T?;?P39/-, = ?%MA-;
!*T* S-URC& < PR-MAR4 = S?,9/DAR4
$(

SC-P& -9 T=& STU!;
The scope of "arketing research could cover the /usiness pro/le"s
relating to the folloings.
T"pe of conumer that compromie preent and potential market*
!u"ing habit and pattern of conumption
Si:e and location of different market. not onl" in -ndia but alo o2erea*
The propect for growth or contruction for the current market being
er2ed*
/ew mantra of emerging egment*
Marketing and manufacturing capabilitie of competitor*
Mot uitable entr" timing*
The current and propecti2e competiti2e poition*
,hance of impro2ement of current channel*
!etter Management of document in office
$A

L$M$T*T$-,S -9 T=& STU!;
,ot a panacea
,ot an e#act science
Li"itation of ti"e
&rroneous findings
,ot e#act tool for forecasting
$n e#perience research staff
,arro conception of "arketing research
$B

C-MP*,; PR-9$L&
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* ha2e more than $1 "ear of e>perience in
uppl" of original pare. equipment. machiner" and olution to cement plant*
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* ha upplied huge range of pare from
?uropean and Aian manufacturer at competiti2e price and fle>ible term and
condition* Abo2e all. Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* i committed to
uppl"ing e2er" pare part or er2ice cutomer plant need to operate* Fhen
une>pected problem occur. cutomer can trut Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t*
;td* to repond rapidl" 0 and accuratel"< a part of Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing
P2t* ;td* qualit" aurance program. Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td*
alwa" double check the documentation to enure that the correct part i
ordered* Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* long e>perience in the
manufacture and pecification of pare part can help enure optimum
performance and cot%effecti2e operation at cutomer plant 0 e2en when it
come to pare part for older legac"*
The ucce of compan" i attributed to heer buine acumen and
Profeional e>pertie of our peronnel* Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td
focu upon deli2er" of high qualit" er2ice along with proacti2e client er2ice to
offer our client a competiti2e ad2antage and create 2alue for their buine*
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td i contantl" in2eting reource to remain
the force to reckon with of the new technologie that are a2ailable toda".
acceing e>teni2e reearch and de2elopment facilitie* 9ur moti2e i to utain
international tandard and "nchroni:e it with quantit" becaue cutomer
atifaction i our major concern* Toda". we ha2e a cro%ection of client acro
the world*
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Pump #earbo>e Seal = #aket ,ompreor
Eal2e ,oupling 3eat ?>changer 3oit
!lower !earing Filter0 Filter ?lement Air cannon
Fan #reaing Unit ?>panion +oint !acktop
!ladder Filter !ag 9il Filtration Rig Magnetic Separator
,"linder /o::le Acoutic ,leaner 3oe
,on2e"or !elt -dler ,hain
3eat Reitant !elt Roller ?arth Mo2ing Machiner" Spare
Sprocket Pulle" !ucket ?le2ator
!elt ,leaner Drum Motor !ulk 3andling ?quipment
Ser2ice
&1
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td i a reputed conultant and a group of
,ement Profeional located in #urgaon 5-ndia6. engaged in pro2iding
conultation to ,ement -ndutr" regarding Plant 9ptimi:ation. Fuel ,onumption
Reduction. Raw Mi> Deigning. Production ?nhancement. ,ommiioning of
/ew Plant. ;a"out Deigning. Spare Part Planning. Feaibilit" Stud" of Plant
Up%gradation and /ew Project. Procurement Aitance. Detailed ?ngineering
demand of 2ariou cutomer acro the globe*
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* can ait cutomer in the following
acti2itie<
,onultation to ,ement -ndutr"*
Project ?ngineering*
Plant 9peration = Maintenance ,ontract*
Turke" ,ement Project* 5Plant ?rection = Fabrication job*6
Suppl" of ?ngineering ?quipment including complete #rinding
Unit*
$' Consultation to Ce"ent $ndustry.
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* i a group of e>pert profeional with 2at
e>perience of working with leading ,ement manufacturer in -ndia and abroad*
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td*can do plant audit. optimi:ation of
,linkeri:ation = #rinding Unit. Raw Mi>
Deigning. Plant Audit. Up%gradation planning and feaibl". Spare Part
-n2entor" planning. Fl" Ah 3andling in ,ement #rinding Unit. ;a" out
9ptimi:ation etc*
$$' Pro3ect &ngineering
&$
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* ha2e recentl" tarted a project engineering
compan" and pro2ide the complete engineering detail related to a ,ement
Plant 2i: . and project feaibilit" tud". la" outing. detailed engineering.
modification. proce impro2ement = optimi:ation etc*
$$$' Plant -peration & Maintenance Contract
Teck ;ink Sale = Marketing P2t* ;td* can take Plant 9peration ,ontract b"
putting up our e>pert in each department working in co 0 ordination with the
e>iting Staff of the plant*
$B' Teck Link Sales & Marketing Pvt. Ltd. can source the
&ngineering $te"s fro" $ndia <
$ Pollution ,ontrol ?quipment*
& Spra"ing /o::le 7 S"tem*
8 ,at !aalt !end
) Fear Reitant ;iner. ,hrome ,arbide 3ammer*
( An" kind of cating job*
A Material ,on2e"ing73andling ?quipment* 5An" T"pe6
B !ag Filter*
C 9il Seal
' #rinding Media
$1 An" kind of Fabrication = Machining job*
$$ 8% Fa" Di2erter 7 &% F Di2erter. Slide #ate etc*
$& ?ngineering ?quipment 2i:* Roller Pre. Stacker Reclaimer. #irth #ear.
Giln Shell. Giln Tire. Support Roller etc*
$8 An" ?lectrical7-ntrumentation item*
$) ,ement #rinding Unit*
$( ,omplete ,ement Plant upto $111 TPD*
Auality
&&
Dualit" ha alwa" been a point of focu for u and we endea2or the parameter
of qualit" with our paion to pro2ide qualit" in each and e2er"thing that we
uppl"* Fe follow tringent qualit" meaure to check the qualit" of product* Fe
belie2e that CAuality is the /est ay of eli"inating co"petitionC and we are
proud to a" that we ha2e been conitentl" maintaining impeccable tandard of
qualit". which ha now become our trademark and ha2e earned u accolade
from our client*The compan" ha a team of e>perienced manpower that
perform for the mot accurate reult* The Reearch and De2elopment team i
one of the hallmark of an" progrei2e organi:ation* ,ontant inno2ation in
qualit" and technolog" are the 2er" factor b" which we work within our
organi:ation and that i reflected in the qualit" tandard that we follow*
Bision
9ur 2iion i our dri2ing force to enure that our client recei2e qualit" product
at cot%effecti2e price* Dualit" % ,utomi:ation % -nno2ation and Ealue
?ngineering ha been the path through which we ha2e alwa" deli2ered the right
product at the right price to our cutomer*
B&,&9$TS ($B&, B; C-MP*,;
&8
9rigin Pickup7Trucking*
Farehouing if required*
,utom ,learance = Documentation at origin*
,arriage b" Sea or Air b" pa"ment of Freight*
-nland Trucking if required*
,utom ,learing of good at detination and Farehouing if need be*
Door Deli2er" of the cargo*

&)
T=&-R&T$C*L B*C+(R-U,!
L-($ST$CS S;ST&M
Logistics i defined b" the council of ;ogitic. 9hio USA a the
Proce of planning. implementing and controlling the efficient. co%effecti2e flow
and torage flow and torage of raw material. in proce in2entor" finihed
good and related information from point of origin to point conumption* More
impl". the objecti2e of ;ogitic S"tem i that the right product reach the right
place in the right quantit" at the right time to atif" cutomer demand*
&L&M&,TS -9 L-($ST$CS S;ST&M
/ature of Product
;ocation of Manufacturing Plant
A2ailabilit" of infratructure uch a Road
A2ailabilit" of different mode of tranportation
Dealer7Ditributor /etwork
#o2ernment Polic"
&(
&L&M&,TS -9 L-($ST$CS S;ST&M
&A
M-!& -9 TR*,SP-RT*T$-,
A-R TRA/SP9RT
-C&*, TR*,SP-RT
RA-; TRA/SP9RT
R9AD TRA/SP9RT
-C&*, TR*,SP-RT
More than '( per cent of international trade i conduced b" ea route ince
ancient time. ea route are being ued for tranportation of cargo from one
continent or countr" to ,oatal hipping i alo ued for tranporting the
cargo from one port within the countr" to another*
For e>ample in -ndia the cargo can be tranported from ,hennai port to
Eiakhapatnam port uing the cotal hipping route*
Sea route are ued for carr"ing bulj commoditie like uch
a coaling and thermal coal mire. fertili:er rock phophate etc. and liquid go
like crude oil ammonium acid etc -deall" the good with high 2olume and kiw
2ak"e are uited die ocean tranport in the era of containeriation e2en the
high 2alue cargo can be afel" enabled the cargo carr"ing capacitie of the
hip to increae man" fold*
-n $'(A. the firt containeried hip belonging to ea land
corp* carried (C twent" feet container* The modern hip ha2e the capacit"
to carr" B111 container*
&B
9ne of the bigget hip owned b" Maerk%ea land i $.$8C
feet long from end to end and $)1 feet wide at mid hip* Such hip are called
Pot%Panama> hip*
Cargo ship categorised into folloings<%
Liners ships < ;iner hip repreent the organi:ed ector of the
hipping indutrie due to their fi>ed chedule of arri2al and departure. Pre%
determined 2o"age and trade route and publihed ocean freight rate* ;iner
hipping i go2erned b" hipping conference and offer the following ad2antage
to hipper<%
Regular ailing to cheduled port of call*
Stable freight rate for a long period of time which help the hipper to
quote , = F price with confidence*
Uniform rate for all hipper*
,o2erage of wide range of port*
Rebate of freight rate baed on lo"alt" agreement*
Tra"p ships<D Tramp hip on the other hand ha2e the
following characteritic 0
The" are free to mo2e an"where on the high ea at their will*
Their 2o"age route and chedule are fle>ible*
&C
The" tra2el from the port to another port o 2ariou trade route looking for the
cargo and carr"ing the ame to 2ariou route looking for the cargo and carr"ing
the ame to 2ariou detination around the world*
The" arri2e or depart without a fi>ed route or chedule*
The" fi> their 2o"age according to a2ailabilit" of cargo and a per the
requirement of the hipper of thee cargoe*
The freight rate of tram hip depend upon the demand and uppl"
condition in the hipping indutr"* -f there i a glut of hipping pace the
tramp freight rate plummet* Fherea in cae of hortage of hipping
pace. the tramp freight rate hoot up*
The cargo pace on the tramp i booked b" the broker located in major
port citie like /ew 4ork. ;ondon. Rotterdam 3amburg. and 3ong% Gong
etc* The" work a a link between tramp operator and hipper*
&'
81
8$
&EP-RT PR-C&!UR& *,! !-CUM&,T*T$-,
8&
$n $ndiaF hip tranport more than '1 per cent of the cargo* -t therefore
intereting to tud" the e>port proceed b" hip documentation related to it*
Proceing of an e>port order%%%%%

i* ?>porter operation tart with the receipt of enquir" b" the e>porter from
importer* !ar on the enquir" e>porter ubmit hi offer gi2ing complete
detail of product technical pecific price deli2er" pa"ment term etc*
ii* After the proce negotiation importer end a purchae order follow b"
letter of credit 5if applicable6*

iii* The e>porter manufacture the good according to the pecification gi2en in
purchae order*
i2* A oon a the good are read" the e>porter in2ite the repreentati2e of
?>port inpection agenc" 5?-A6 for pre hipment inpection and obtain
the certificate of inpection*
2* After that. the e>porter prepared following document<%%%%
-/E9-,?
PA,G-/# ;-ST
AR?$ FR9M ?@S-,? D?PARTM?/T
MAR-/? -/SURA/,? P9;-,4
,9P4 9F PUR,3AS? 9RD?R 7 ;7,
2i* Abo2e thoe documentation end to ,3A b" e>porter*
2ii* !aed on thee document ,3A agent complete the octroi formalitie.
obtain port permit and prepare hipping bill which i a cutom
document*
88
2iii* ,utom department check the e>port cargo on the bai of information
pro2ided on the hipping bill* -f atif" then cargo allow to loaded on the
board of hip*
i>* The hipping line gi2e mate receipt to ,3A agent after the pa"ment of
ocean freight and port due obtain the bill of lading 5!7;6 from hipping
line *!7; i a proof of dipatch of cargo and alo a negotiable document*
>* After that. ,3A agent end 2ariou document back to e>porter which iH
,utom atteted in2oice
,op" of hipping bill
Full et of non board bill of lading*
,op" of purchae order or ;7,
,opie of AR?$ Form
SDF form
>i* After that the e>porter ubmitted abo2e thee document for negotiation to
the bank which include <%%%%
,ommercial in2oice

Packing lit
SDF form
9riginal cop" of purchae order
,ertificate of origin
!ill of e>change
8)
Shipment ad2ice
After that. bank crutini:e thee document and if found correct make
pa"ment to e>porter againt documentation*
8(
8A
&EP-RT $,B-$C&
&L&M&,T -9 &EP-RT $,B-$C&<D
?>porter

,onignee

-n2oice /o* and Date

?>porter Ref*

!u"er order no and date
9ther reference
!u"er 5other than conignee6
,ountr" of origin of good
,ountr" of final detination
Term of deli2er" and Pa"ment
Pre%carriage b"
Place of receipt b" pre%carrier
Eeel7 Flight no*
Port of loading
Port of dicharge
Final Detination
Mark and /o* 7 /o = Gind of pkg*
-tem code
8B
Decription of good
/et weight
#ro weight
Duantit"
Rate ,-F ?UR9
Amount ,-F ?UR9
Amount in word
Declaration<
Authoried ignature
8C
8'
Step -n2ol2ed in ?>port Tranaction<
Step1
-n the cae of firt time e>porter%importer .the" need to appl" to the director
#eneral of Foreign Trade D#FT R?#-9/A; office for getting $"orterD&#porter
Code% $&C ,u"/er'
Step4.
The e>porter ha to regiter with the concerned e>port promotion council in order
to obtain 2ariou permiible benefit gi2en b" the go2ernment .the" need to get
regitered with ale ta> office and e2en &#port Credit (uarantee Corporation
*
Step5
The e>porter can now go in for procuring order .b" firt ending a ample
order.once both e>porter and importer ha2e agreed upon the term and
condition of the contract like pricing Fdocu"entation Ffreight charges
Fcurrency etc.
Step6
Fith e>port order in hand . the e#porter starts "anufacturing goods or
/uying the" fro" other "anufacturer .
Step7.
The e>porter make arrangement for qualit" control and obtain a certificate
confir"ing the Guality of the goods from the inpector of qualit" control*
)1
Step0
?>portable are than dipatch to ports >airports for tranit*
Step8.
The e>port firm ha to appl" to an insurance co"pany for "arine>air
insurance cover5 The e>porter ak the importer to take marine7inurance under
cot and freight .free on board etc*. term of contract*6
Step :*
The e>porter contact the clearing and forwarding agent 5, =F6 for toring the
good in warehoue *A document called Shipping BillF Required for allowing
hipment b" cutom Authorit" i preented b" the forwarding agent*
StepH.
9nce the good are loaded into the hip . a receipt called IMate Is receipt i
iued b" the captain to the hip uperintendent of the port*
Step12.
The uperintendent calculate port charge and hando2er to the e#porter >C&
9 agent .
Step11.
After making the port pa"ment .the ,=F agent or e>porter get the /ill of
lading or *iray Bill From the official agent of the hipping compan" or airline
Step14.
The e>porter applie to the rele2ant ,hamber of ,ommerce for obtaining
Certificate of originF tating that the good of originated from -ndia*
)$
Step15.
The e>porter end a et of document to the importer .tating the date of
ship"entFna"e of vessel . etc*
Step16.
Fithin &$ da" after hipment the e>porter mut preent all the document at hi
bank which crutini:e thee document againt the original letter of credit
>purchase order.
Step17.
The e>porterI bank end thee document to the importerI bank which hould
make the pa"ment on of before the due date*
)&
&EP-RTD $MP-RT !-CUM&,T*T$-,
Co""ercial > Regulatory !ocu"ents
,ommercial et of document are mainl" ued for ,ommerce* -n other
word thee are document normall" e>changed between bu"er and
eller*
Regulator" document are required in dealing with 2ariou regulator"
authoritie uch a cutom. R!-. ?>cie. ;icencing authoritie -npection
and other ?>port Promotion bodie for a2ailing incenti2e etc*
!ocu"ents are categoriJed into to categoriesF
na"ely Co""ercial !ocu"ents and Regulatory
!ocu"ents.
Co""ercial Regulatory
,ommercial -n2oice Shipping !ill
-npection ,ertificate AR?$
-nurance ,ertificate ?>change Declaration Form
5#R7SDF Form6
!ill of ;ading 7 AF! Airwa" !ill
,ertificate of 9rigin ,onular -n2oice
!ill of ?>change
Shipment Ad2ice
Packing ;it
)8
Principal !ocu"ents *u#iliary !ocu"ents
,ommercial -n2oice Performa -n2oice
-npection ,ertificate Mate Receipt
-nurance ,ertificate
,ertificate of 9rigin
!ill of ;ading
Packing ;it
!ill of ?>change
Principal !ocu"ents
Co""ercial $nvoice
An in2oice i 2er" important a it contain the name of the e>porter. importer
and the conignee and the decription of good* -t ha to be igned b" the
e>porter* 9ther document are prepared b" deri2ing information from the in2oice*
-t i required to be preented before different authoritie for different purpoe*
$nspection Certificate
-t i required b" ome importer and countrie in order to get the pecification of
the good hipped atteted* The attetation i uuall" performed b" a
go2ernment agenc" or b" independent teting organiation*
))
$nsurance Certificate
Thi document. obtained from the freight forwarder. i ued to aure the
conignee that inurance will co2er the lo or damage to the cargo during tranit
5marine7air inurance6*
Certificate of -rigin
Thi certificate iued b" the ;ocal ,hamber of ,ommerce indicate that the
good. which are being e>ported. are actuall" manufactured in a pecific countr"
mentioned therein* -t i ent b" the e>porter to the importer and i ueful for the
clearance of the good from the cutom authorit" of the importing countr"*
Bill of Lading
Thi document i iued b" the hipping compan" acknowledging the receipt of
the good mentioned in the bill. for hipment on board of the 2eel*
The !7; i the legal document to be referred in cae of an" dipute o2er the
hipment* -t contain<
The hipping compan"I name and addre
The conigneeI name and addre
The port of loading and port of dicharge
Shipping mark and particular
/umber of package and the good
#ro weight and net weight
Freight detail and name of the 2eel
Signature of the hipping compan"I agent
Packing List
)(
Thi tatement gi2e the packing detail of good in a precribed format* -t i a
2er" ueful document for cutom at the time of e>amination and for warehoue
keeper of the bu"er to maintain a record of in2entor" and to effect deli2er"*
Bills of &#change
-t i an intrument in writing. containing an order. igned b" the maker. directing a
certain peron to a pa" a certain um of mone" onl" to the order of a peron to
the bearer of the intrument* -t i commonl" known a a draft*
*u#iliary !ocu"ents
Perfor"a $nvoice
Performa -n2oice a the name ugget. i a Performa of the in2oice* -t i
prepared b" an e>porter and ent to the importer for necear" acceptance* -t
ugget to a bu"er what the actual in2oice would look like and i ent to him
when he i read" to purchae the good*
Mate Receipt
)A
Port authoritie reco2er port due from e>porter on production
of thi receipt*
9n pa"ment of Dock due. the e>porter or hi agent collect
the receipt from the Port%Trut authoritie and hand o2er to
hipping compan" for preparing !ill of ;ading*
!ill of ;ading i prepared on the bai of MateI Receipt*
-t i of a tranferable nature*
-n cae of acertaining the e>act date of hipment. the mateI
receipt date i alo 2er" important*
/ormall". the date of ?>port i regarded a Jthe date of Mate
Receipt or the date of !ill of ;ading. whiche2er i laterK*
Regulatory !ocu"ents
Shipping Bill>Bill of &ntry
-t i a requiite for eeking the permiion of cutom to e>port good* -t contain
a decription of e>port good b" ea7air* -t contain a decription of e>port good.
number and kind of package. hipping mark and number number. 2alue of
good. the name of the 2eel. the countr" of detination. etc* 9n the other hand.
importer ha2e to ubmit copie of document called !ill of ?ntr" for cutom
clearance* ;ater. a cop" ha to be gi2en to the bank for 2erification*
*R&D1 9or"
)B
Thi form i an application for the remo2al of e>ciable good from the factor"
premie for e>port purpoe* The AR?%$ form ha multiple copie which are
ditributed to different authoritie. including cutom. range office of e>cie.
refund office of e>cie. etc*
&#change !eclaration 9or" %(R>S!9 9or"'
The R!- ha precribed a #R form 5SDF6. a PP form and S9FT?@ form to
declare and e>port tranaction* The #R form contain<
a6 /ame and addre of the e>porter and decription of good*
b6 /ame and addre of the authori:ed dealer through whom proceed of the
e>port ha2e been or will be reali:ed*
c6 Detail of commiion and dicount due to foreign agent or bu"er*
d6 The full e>port 2alue. gi2ing break up of F9!. Freight. -nurance. Dicount and
,ommiion. etc*
*iray Bill
Thi receipt iued b" an airline compan" or it agent for carriage of good i a
contract between the owner of the good and the carrier* -t hould indicate freight
pre%paid or freight to collect* The firt three digit of the Airwa" !ill /umber
repreent the code. which identifie the carrier*
Consular $nvoice
)C
Thi in2oice i needed to be ubmitted for certification to the emba" of the
countr" concerned* -t main purpoe i to enable the importerI countr" to collect
accurate and authenticated information about the 2alue. 2olume. quantit". ource
etc* of the import for aeing import dutie and for tatitical purpoe* -t help
the importer to get good cleared through cutom without an" undue dela"*
-/,9T?RMS
)'
-/,9T?RMS are a et of three%letter tandard trade term mot commonl" ued
in international contract for the ale of good* -t i eential that "ou are aware
of "our term of trade prior to hipment*
K &E. L &E .-R+S 5L named place of deli2er"6
The SellerI onl" reponibilit" i to make the good a2ailable at the SellerI
premie* The !u"er bear full cot and rik of mo2ing the good from there to
detination*
M 9C* L 9R&& C*RR$&R 5L named place of deli2er"6
The Seller deli2er the good. cleared for e>port. to the carrier elected b" the
!u"er* The Seller load the good if the carrier pickup i at the SellerI premie*
From that point. the !u"er bear the cot and rik of mo2ing the good to
detination*
M CPT L C*RR$*(& P*$! T- 5L named place of detination6
The Seller pa" for mo2ing the good to detination* From the time the good are
tranferred to the firt carrier. !u"er bear the rik of lo or damage*
M C$P L C*RR$*(& *,! $,SUR*,C& P*$! T- 5L named place of detination6
The Seller pa" for mo2ing the good to detination* From the time the good are
tranferred to the firt carrier. !u"er bear the rik of lo or damage* The
Seller. howe2er. purchae the cargo inurance*
M !*T L !&L$B&R&! *T T&RM$,*L 5L named terminal at port or place of
detination6
The Seller deli2er when the good. once unloaded from the arri2ing mean of
tranport. are placed at the !u"erI dipoal at a named terminal at the named
port or place of detination* JTerminalK include an" place. whether co2ered
or not. uch a a qua". warehoue. container "ard or road. rail or air cargo
terminal* The Seller bear all rik in2ol2ed in
bringing the good to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or
place of detination*
M !*P L !&L$B&R&! *T PL*C& 5L named place of detination6
(1
The Seller deli2er when the good are placed at the !u"erI dipoal on the
arri2ing mean of tranport read" for unloading at the name place of detination*
The Seller bear all rik in2ol2ed in bringing the good to the named
place*
M !!P L !&L$B&R&! !UT; P*$! 5L named place6
The Seller deli2er the good %cleared for import 0 to the !u"er at detination*
The Seller bear all cot and rik of mo2ing the good to detination. including
the pa"ment of ,utom dutie and ta>e*
&* MAR-T-M?%9/;4 T?RMS
M 9*S L 9R&& *L-,(S$!& S=$P 5L named port of hipment6
The Seller deli2er the good to the origin port* From that point. the !u"er bear
all cot and rik of lo or damage*
M 9-B L 9R&& -, B-*R! 5L named port of hipment6
The Seller deli2er the good on board the hip and clear the good for e>port*
From that point. the !u"er bear all cot and rik of lo or damage*
M C9R L C-ST *,! 9R&$(=T 5L named port of detination6
The Seller clear the good for e>port and pa" the cot of mo2ing the good to
detination*The !u"er bear all rik of lo or damage*
M C$9 L C-ST $,SUR*,C& *,! 9R&$(=T 5L named port of detination6
The Seller clear the good for e>port and pa" the cot of mo2ing the good to
the port of detination*The !u"er bear all rik of lo or damage* The Seller.
howe2er. purchae the cargo inurance*
($
9or $"porter &#porter Code ,u"/er %$&C'
(U$!&L$,&S 9-R *PPL$C*,TS
$*Two copie of the application mut be ubmitted unle otherwie mentioned *
&*?ach indi2idual page of the application ha to igned b" the applicant*
5.a.Part$=Part) ha to be filled in b" all applicant *-n cae of application
ubmitted electronicall". no hard copie of Part $ ma" be ubmitted
*3owe2er in cae where application are ubmitted otherwie .hard cop"
of Part $ ha to be ubmitted
/.9nl" rele2ant portion of Part need to be filled in*
6.*pplication "ust /e acco"panied /y docu"ent as per details given
/elo<
$. 9or $"porter &#porter Code ,u"/er%$&C'
1. !ank Receipt 5in duplicate6 Demand Draft7?FT detail e2idencing pa"ment of
application fee in term of Appendi>&$ !*
&* ,ertificate from the !anker of the applicant firm in the format gi2en in Appendi>
$C A*
8* Self certified cop" of Permanent Account /umber 5PA/6 iued b" -ncome Ta>
Authoritie*
)* Deleted
(* Two copie of paport i:e photograph of the applicant dul" atteted b" the
banker of the applicant*
(&
9or $"port Licence for Restricted $te"s
(U$!&L$,&S 9-R *PPL$C*,TS
7. Two copie of the application mut be ubmitted unle otherwie mentioned*
0. ?ach indi2idual page of the application ha to be igned b" the applicant*
8. a' Part $ = Part ) ha to be filled in b" all applicant* -n cae application
ubmitted electronicall"* /o hard copie of Part $ ma" be ubmitted* 3owe2er. in
cae where application are ubmitted otherwie. hard cop" of Part $ ha to be
ubmitted*
/'. 9nl" rele2ant portion of Part & need to be filled in*
:. Application mut be accompanied b" document a per detail gi2en below<
$$. 9or $"port Licence for Restricted $te"s
$* !ank Receipt 5in duplicate67 Demand Draft7 ?FT detail e2idencing
pa"ment of application fee in term of Appendi> &$ !*
&* Self certified cop" of Performa -n2oice from foreign upplier howing ,-F
2alue of good*
8* Self certified cop" of the Regitration ,ertificate iued b" concerned
authorit"*
)* Self certified cop" of the recommendation letter b" the concerned
authorit"*
(* -n cae import of gift. DonorI letter in original*
A* -n cae of import of Ammunition. a certificate from the ,hartered
Accountant7,ot and Fork Accountant7,ompan" Secretar" howing
ale turno2er of ammunition 5indigenou and imported6 during the
preceding three licening "ear*
(8
9or $"port Certificate under $ndoDUS Me"orandu"
(U$!L$,&S 9$-R *PPL$C*,TS
H. Two copie of the application mut be ubmitted unle otherwie mentioned*
ubmitted*
14. Application mut be accompanied b" document a per detail gi2en below<
$$ *. 9or $"port Certificate under $ndoDUS
Me"orandu"
$* !ank Receipt 5in duplicate67 Demand Draft7 ?FT detail e2idencing
pa"ment of application fee in term of Appendi> &$ !*
&* Self certified cop" of letter from US upplier in upport of requet for
import certificate*
()
9or &#port License for restricted $te"s
(U$!L$,&S 9-R *PPL$C*,TS
15. Two copie of the application mut be ubmitted unle otherwie
mentioned*
ubmitted*
10. *pplication "ust /e acco"panied /y docu"ents as per details given
/elo<
$$$. 9or &#port License for Restricted $te"s
$* !ank receipt 5in duplicate67Demand Draft7?FT detail e2idencing pa"ment
of application fee in term of Appendi> &$ !*
&* Self certified cop" of ?>port 9rder*
((
9or &#port Licence for SC-M&T $te"s
(U$!L$,&S 9-R *PPL$C*,TS
mentioned*
1:. ?ach indi2idual page of the application ha to be igned b" the applicant*
1H. a' Part $ = Part ) ha to be filled in b" all applicant* -n cae application
ubmitted*
42. Application mut be accompanied b" document a per detail gi2en below<
$$$ * 9or &#port Licence for SC-M&T $te"s
1.!ank receipt 5in duplicate67Demand Draft7?FT detail e2idencing pa"ment of
application fee in term of Appendi> &$ !*
4.9or &#port of Special Che"icals in Categories 1B and 1C of schedule4
*ppendi# 5 of $TC %=S' Classification of &#port & $"port ite"s<
a'. Self certified cop" of e>port order*
/'. ?nd Uer certificate indicating the end product for which the item of e>port
will be ued b" end uer in the format gi2en in Appendi> 8A*
5. 9or &#port of all other category ite"s of Schedule 4 *ppendi# 5 of $TC
%=S' Classification of &#ports & $"port ite"s e#cept those given in serial
no. 4 a/ove<
a' Self certified cop" of e>port order*
/' ?nd Uer certificate indicating the end product and7or end purpoe for which
the item of e>port will be ued b" end uer in the format gi2en in Appendi> 8A*
(A
c' Technical Specification of the item to be e>ported 5not e>ceeding one page
for each item6*
d' Self certificate cop" of !ill of ;ading for item e>ported earlier under a ;icence
a per erial no* 8 of Part ! of ub ection --- A*
(B
9or !&PB applications
(U$!L$,&S 9- *PPL$C*,TS
mentioned*
45 a' Part $ = Part ) ha to be filled in b" all applicant* -n cae application
ubmitted*
46. application "ust /e acco"panied /y docu"ents as per details given
/elo<
B C. 9or !&PB applications
$* !ank receipt 5in duplicate67Demand Draft7?FT detail e2idencing pa"ment
of application fee in term of Appendi> &$ !*
&* ?>port Promotion 5?P6 cop" of Shipping !ill56* -n cae of e>port through
notified land cutomer under paragraph )*)1. !ill of ?>port ma" be
accepted in lieu of Shipping !ill*
8* !ank ,ertificate of ?>port and Realiation a gi2en in appendi> && A or
Foreign inward Remittance ,ertificate 5F-R,6 in the cae of direct
negotiation of document or Appendi> &&D in the cae of offetting of
e>port proceed with the appro2al of R!-* -n cae of F-R,. a declaration
from the e>porter that the remittance i in repect of Shipping !ill56 /o
dated hall alo be furnihed*
(C
('
!*T* *,*L;S$S
*ir freight calculation
$ntroduction
Airline that are member of the -nternational Air Tranport Aociation 5-ATA6 are
bound b" their memberhip to compl" with tariff iued b" -ATA* 3owe2er ince
$$th September &11&. airfreight rate are now e>tremel" negotiable* Airfreight
rate co2er tranportation from the airport of loading to the airport of dicharge*
Thee rate do not include the following<
,ollection of air cargo from the conignorN7e>porter premie
Deli2er" of cargo from the airport of detination to the conigneeN
premie
Storage of cargo before or after loading
,utom clearance in the countr" of detination
An" dutie and ta>e that ma" ha2e to be paid
-nurance
Chargea/le>volu"etric eight
Airline freight rate are baed on a Ochargeable weightO. becaue the 2olume or
weight that can be loaded into an aircraft i limited* The chargeable weight of a
hipment will be either the Oactual gro maO or the O2olumetric weightO.
whiche2er i the highet* The chargeable weight i calculated a follow< $ metric
ton P A cubic metre* -n order to etablih if the cargo will be a weight or
2olumetric baed hipment*
A1
Step 1
Meaure the parcel7cargo along the greatet length. width and height of that
parcel* For e>ampleQ $11 cm 5;6 @ $11 cm 5F6 @ $11 cm 536 P $ 111 111 cm8*
/e>t. weigh the parcelQ aume it weigh $(1kg*
Step 2
/ow di2ide the $ 111 111 cm8 b" A 111 P $AA.AA kg* 4ou ha2e now con2erted
the centimeter 5cm6 into kilogram 5kg6
Step 3
/ow compare the weight to the 2olume* -f the weight i $(1 kg then the airline
would bae the freight on the higher amount being< $AA.AA kg
*ir freight calculations
The airline calculate freight baed on weight or 2olume. which e2er "ield the
greatet amount* Airline quote freight rate baed on the following rate
tructure<
A baic minimum charge per hipment*
#eneral cargo rate quoted for per kilogram* Thi rate applie without
reference to the nature or decription of the parcel. which i to be
freighted*
Specific commodit" rate appl" to certain good of pecific decription.
uch a freh produce* Thee rate are lower than the general cargo rate.
and the" pro2ide breakpoint at which the le2el of the rate reduce further*
A$
Example:
1 % (1 Gg R R&&*117per kg
(1 % $11 Gg R R$'*11 per kg
$11 % $(1 Gg R R$B*11 per kg
Unit Load !evice charges
Thee rate are charged per container7U;D without reference to the commodit"
loaded therein* ,alculation of freight rate<
;et u aume the following figure<
The freight rate i R$C*11 per kg
The weight of the parcel i 811 kg
The dimenion are< $$).A cm @ $&1.)cm @ $8&.( cm 5round the cmN up or
down6
Therefore< $$( cm @ $&1 @ $88 cm P $ C8( )11 di2ide b" A 111 P 81(*' kg
5ha2ing con2erted cmN to kgN now round up the kgN to the ne>t half a kilogram
P 81A kg*
A the freight rate quoted b" the airline i R$C*11 per kg. we calculate the price
a follow<
81A kg @ R$C7kg P R( (1C*11
The freight rate will not be calculated on the actual ma 811 kg @ R$C*11 P R(
)11*11 a the airline will alwa" ue the greater amount either the kg. or
2olumetric weight*
A&
Consolidation
,onolidation i an economical method of mo2ing cargo b" emplo"ing a
conolidator* The conolidator recei2e cargo from a number of
upplier7hipper and then combine thee cargoe into one conignment b"
packing the good into a Unit ;oad De2ice* The conolidator then book the Unit
;oad De2ice with an airline* The upplier7hipper would ha2e a contract of
carriage with the conolidator of the cargo and in turn the airline would ha2e a
contract of carriage with the conolidator* The airline would iue an air wa"bill to
the conolidator when accepting the Unit ;oad De2ice and in turn the
conolidator would iue the upplier7hipper with a houe air wa"bill*
The air ay/ill
The air wa"bill. unlike the ocean bill of lading i not a document of title to the
good decribed therein. howe2er it doe perform e2eral imilar function thee
are<
-t i a receipt for the good
-t i e2idence of the contract of carriage between the e>porter and the
carrier
-t incorporate full detail of the conignor7hipper. the conignee7recei2er
and the conignment7good
-t i an in2oice howing the full freight amount
-t mut be produced. be it in an electronic format. at the airport of
dicharge for clearing purpoe
All copie of the air wa"bill. together with the commercial in2oice. packing lit.
certificate of origin and an" other document which ma" be necear" for clearing
the good through cutom. thee document are carried in the flight captainN
bag*
A8
Sea freight calculations
$ntroduction
Seafreight calculation can broadl" be di2ided into two main componentQ
breakbulk and containeried* -n thi ection we deal with how "ou hould
calculate the freight cot of both of thee two t"pe of eafreight*
Break /ulk cargo calculations
!reak bulk cargo. i cargo that i unitied. palletied or trapped* Thi cargo i
meaured along the greatet length. width and height of the entire hipment* The
cargo i alo weighed* Shipping line quote break bulk cargo per Ofreight tonO.
which i either $ metric ton or $ cubic metre. which e2er "ield the greatet
re2enue*
?>ample<
A cae ha a gro ma of & Mt*
The dimenion of the cargo are<
&*( @ $ @ & metre
The tariff rate quoted b" the hipping line i< USD $$1*11 weight or meaure
5freight ton6
Step 1
Multipl" the metre &*( @ $ @ & P ( metre ,ompare to the ma P & Mt*

A)
Step 2
,alculate the freight with the greater amount either the ma or the dimenion* (
@ USD $$1*11 P USD ((1*11
Freight would be paid on the meaurement and not the weight* All hipping line
carr"ing cargo in a break%bulk form init on pa"ment baed on a minimum
freight charge which i equi2alent to one freight ton. one cubic metre or one
metric ton*
9ull Container load calculations and surcharges
Freight rate for container are baed on the container a a unit of freight
irrepecti2e of the commodit" or commoditie loaded therein. 5FAG6 Freight All
Gind* The hipping line quote per bo> 5container6 either a i> or twel2e metre
container* From time to time. abnormal or e>ceptional cot arie in repect of
which no pro2iion ha been made in the tariff* For e>ample a hipping line
cannot predict the mo2ement of the US Dollar or the udden increae of the
international oil price* Thee increae ha2e to be taken into account b" the
hipping line in order to enure that the hipping line continue to operate at a
profit* Thee increae are called urcharge* All hipping line accordingl"
retain the right to impoe an adjutment factor upon their rate taking into
account thee fluctuation* All urcharge are e>preed a a percentage of the
baic freight rate* Surcharge are regularl" re2iewed in the light of unforeeen
circumtance. which ma" arie and bring caue for a urcharge increae*
A(
Bunker *d3ust"ent 9actor %B*9'
O!unkerO i the generic name gi2en to fuel and lubricant that pro2ide energ"
to power hip* The cot of bunker oil fluctuate continuall" and with
comparati2el" little warning*
?>ample<
Freight rate< Port ?li:abeth to Singapore
Freight rate< US Dollar< $ &(1*11 per A%M container
S !AF (*&T
US Dollar $ &(1*11 @ (*&T P US Dollar A(*11
Add the two amount together
Freight rate< U S Dollar $ 8$(*11
Currency *d3ust"ent 9actor %C*9'
The currenc" adjutment factor i a mechanim for taking into account
fluctuation in e>change rate. thee fluctuation occur when e>pene are paid
in one currenc" and monie earned in another b" a hipping compan"* The
currenc" adjutment factor i a mechanim for taking into account thee
e>change rate fluctuation* -t i alwa" e>preed a a percentage of the baic
freight and i ubject to regular re2iew*
?>ample<
S ,AF A*8T
US Dollar $ &(1*11 @ A*8T P US Dollar BC*B(
Freight rate< U S Dollar $ 8&C*B(
AA
.ar Surcharge
The outbreak of hotilitie between nation can ha2e a eriou effect
upon carrier er2icing international trade e2en though the" ma" ail
under a neutral flag* ,arrier ailing within the 2icinit" of a war :one
ma" impoe a war urcharge on freight to compenate for the higher
rik in2ol2ed and the higher le2el of inurance premium. which the"
ma" be obliged to pa"*
?>ample<
S FAR (T
US Dollar $ &(1*11 @ (T P US Dollar A&*(1
Freight rate< U S Dollar $ 8(*(1
All of the abo2e urcharge ma" be applied to a ingle freight rate*
?>ample<
S !AF (*&T
S ,AF A*8T
S FAR (T
Total amount of urcharge $A*(T
US Dollar $ &(1*11 @ $A*(T P US Dollar &1A*&(
5add to freight rate6
US Dollar $ )(A*&(
AB
Port Congestion Surcharge
,ongetion in a port for a period of time can in2ol2e coniderable idle time for
2eel er2ing that port* Fhen a hip lie idle. thi create a huge amount of
lo for the hipN owner* Shipping line therefore ha2e the right to impoe a
urcharge on the freight to reco2er re2enue lot* Another factor which influence
port congetion urcharge would be labour dipute* Port congetion urcharge
are calculated a a percentage of the freight rate a e>preed in the pre2iou
e>ample*
Consolidation services
The conolidator or groupage operator hire a container from a hipping line and
then ell that pace to hi client7e>porter* The benefit for the e>porter i that
mall quantitie which. would not fill a full container load. can be hipped b" ea
freight in a hipping container a an alternati2e to air freighting the good* The
conolidator would charge per metric ton or cubic metre. which e2er "ield the
greatet* ?>ample< US Dollar C'*11 Feight or Meaure* The hipping line would
ha2e a contract of carriage with the conolidator and in turn the conolidator
would ha2e a contract of carriage with the e>porter* The conolidator would be
iued with an combined through bill of lading from the hipping line and then
preent the e>porter with a houe bill of lading 5See bill of lading below6
AC
The Bill of Lading
The bill of lading perform the following function<
A contract of carriage between the hipper of the cargo and the carr"ing
hipping compan"*
The name of the hipper and the recei2er of the good the conignee*
The content of the package a declared b" the hipper*
Shipping detail uch a< port of loading and the port of dicharge*
The bill of lading i a freight in2oice and indicate if the freight cot ha2e
been prepaid b" the e>porter or will be paid b" the importer. Ofreight
collectO*
The bill of lading tate the number of package. weight and dimenion of
the hipment*
-t i a document of title to the good tated thereon*
?2er" original bill of lading igned b" or on behalf of the hipping compan" i a
document of title to the underl"ing good* Thi pecial function of a bill of lading
i achie2ed b" a form of word which tate< O-n witne whereof the underigned
on behalf of the hipping compan" ha igned three bill of lading all of thi tenor
and date. one of which being accomplihed the other to tand 2oidO*
OAccomplihingO the bill of lading require the urrender to the hipping line or it
agent in the port or place of detination one of the igned original bill of lading
dul" endored b" the conignee7importer* Unle and until one of the original bill
of lading a decribed abo2e i urrendered. the hipping line will not releae the
cargo to the conignee7importer* Upon urrender of an" one of the original the
other original bill of lading become 2oid*
A'
&ndorsed Bills of Lading
!ill of lading can onl" be iued with the word Ohipped on boardO. if the cargo
ha actuall" been loaded onto the named 2eel at the port of loading* !"
initing that the e>porter upplie the importer with a Ohipped on boardO bill of
lading. the importer obtain conclui2e e2idence that the good ha2e been
loaded on board the intended 2eel*
Some importer init that the e>porter preent Ohipped on boardO bill a a
condition for pa"ment* ORecei2ed for hipmentO. bill of lading can be iued a
oon a the good ha2e been deli2ered into the cutod" of the carr"ing hipping
compan" or it agent either at the point of receipt or at the port of loading* Thu.
a Nrecei2ed for hipmentO. bill of lading will onl" indicate the hip in which the
cargo i intended to be loaded on* The rik remain that the loading ma". for
man" reaon dela"ed or the cargo ma" not be loaded at all*
!ank reponible for the pa"ment of fund in pa"ment for good under letter of
credit will not releae the fund if the bill of lading ha been endored Orecei2ed
for hipmentO*
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?>port -mport Documentation % Prof* D*,* pai ./abhi Publication
;ogitic in -nternational !uine % Prof* Rajee2 Aerkar
R&9&R&,C&S L $,T&R,&T
www*google*co*in
www*ak*com
www*e>it*net
www*e>imguru*com
www*dgft*com
www*dgft*org
(L-SS*R; $,T&R,*T$-,*L 9R&$(=T T&RMS
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*B$ D *uto"ated Brokerage $nterface< - a "tem a2ailable to U*S* ,utom
!roker with the computer capabilitie and cutom certification to tranmit and
e>change cutom entrie and other information. facilitating prompt releae of
imported cargo*
*cceptance< A time draft 5or bill of e>change6 which the drawee ha accepted
and i unconditionall" obligated to pa" at maturit"* DraweeN act in recei2ing a
draft and thu entering into the obligation to pa" it 2alue at maturit"* An
agreement to purchae good under pecified term*
*dd =oc Charter< A one%off charter operated at the neceit" of an airline or
charterer*
*d Balore" %Caccording to the valueC'< A fi>ed percentage of the 2alue of
good that i ued to calculate cutom dutie and ta>e*
*d"iralty Court< - a court ha2ing juridiction o2er maritime quetion
pertaining to ocean tranport. including contract. charter. colliion. and cargo
damage*
*dvance *gainst !ocu"ents< ;oad made on the ecurit" of the document
co2ering the hipment*
*dvising Bank< A bank that recei2e a letter of credit from an iuing bank.
2erifie it authenticit". and forward the original letter of credit to the e>porter
without obligation to pa"*
*dvisory Capacity< A term indicating that a hipperN agent or repreentati2e i
not empowered to make definite deciion or adjutment without the appro2al of
the group or indi2idual repreented*
*ffiliate< - a compan" that control. or i controlled b" another compan". or i
one of two or more commonl" controlled companie*
*irfreight"ent< An agreement b" a teamhip line to pro2ide cargo pace on a
2eel at a pecified time and for a pecified price to accommodate an e>porter
or importer. who then become liable for pa"ment e2en though he i later unable
to make the hipment*
BA
*gency *gree"ent< The teamhip line appoint the teamhip agent and
define the pecific dutie and area of reponibilit" of that agent*
*ir Cargo *gent< - a t"pe of freight forwarder who peciali:e in air cargo and
act for airline that pa" him a fee 5uuall" (T6* 3e i regitered with
the-nternational Air Tranport Aociation. -ATA 5See alo Air Freight ForwarderQ
Forwarder. Freight Forwarder. Foreign Freight Forwarder6*
*ir 9reight 9orarder< - a t"pe of freight forwarder who peciali:e in air
cargo* 3e uuall" conolidate the air hipment of 2ariou e>porter. charging
them for actual weight and deri2ing hi profit b" pa"ing the airline the lower
conolidated rate* 3e iue hi own air wa"bill to the e>porter. i licened b"
the ,A! 5,i2il Aeronautic !oard6 and ha the tatu of an indirect air carrier
5See alo Air ,argo Agent. Forwarder. Freight Forwarder. Foreign Freight
Forwarder*6
*ir .ay/ill< A bill of landing that co2er both international and dometic flight
tranporting good to a pecified detination* Thi i a non%negotiable document
of air tranport that er2e a a receipt for the hipper. indicating that the carrier
ha accepted the good lited and obligate itelf to carr" the conignment to the
airport of detination according to pecified condition*
*$T*< -nternational Air Tranport Aociation. -ATA. 5French. #erman6*
*llDRisk Clause< - an inurance pro2iion that all lo or damage to good i
inured e>cept that of inherent 2ice 5elf caued6* 5See All Rik -nurance6*
*ll Risk $nsurance< - a claue included in marine inurance policie to co2er
lo and damage from e>ternal caue. uch a fire. colliion. pilferage. etc* but
not againt innate flaw in the good. uch a deca". germination. nor againt
fault" packaging. improper packing7 loading or lo of market. nor againt war.
trike. riot and ci2il commotion 5See Marine -nurance6
*longside< A phrae referring to the ide of a hip* #ood to be deli2ered
OalongideO are to be placed on the dock or barge within reach of the tranport
hipN tackle o that the" can be loaded abroad the hip*
BB
*r/itration Clause< - a tandard claue to be included in the contract of
e>porter and importer. a uggeted b" the American Arbitration Aociation* -t
tate that an" contro2er" or claim will be ettled b" arbitration in accordance
with the rule of the American Arbitration Aociation*
*ssign"ent< The tranfer of the right. dutie. reponibilitie and7or benefit of
an agreement. contract. or financial intrument to third part"*
*ssign"ent of Proceeds< A tipulation within a letter of credit in which ome or
all of the proceed are aigned from the original beneficiar" to one or more
additional beneficiarie*
*.T.< American Term 5Marine -nurance6 A term ued to differentiate between
the condition of American Policie from thoe of other nation. principall"
?ngland*
*uto"ated Brokerage $nterface %*B$'< An electronic "tem allowing
cutomhoue broker and importer to interface 2ia computer with the US
,utom Ser2ice for tranmitting entr" and entr" ummar" data on imported
merchandie*
*uto"ated Co""ercial Syste" %*CS'< The electronic "tem of the US
,utom Ser2ice. encompaing a 2ariet" of indutr" ector. that permit online
acce to information in elected area*
*uto"ated Manifest Syste" %*MS'< The electronic "tem allowing a manifet
in2entor" to be tranmitted to the US ,utom Ser2ice data center b" carrier.
port authorit" or er2ice center computer*
B**< !ritih Airport Authorit"
B*C*< !altic Air ,harter Aociation
Balance of Trade< The difference between a countr"N total import and e>portQ
if e>port e>ceed import. fa2orable balance of trade e>it. if not. a trade deficit
i aid to e>it*
BC
Barter< Trade in which merchandie i e>changed directl" for other merchandie
without ue of mone"* !arter i an important mean of trade with countrie uing
currenc" that i not readil" con2ertible*
B>B< 5See !reak%!ulk ,argo6
Belly Cargo< Freight accommodation below the main deck*
Beneficiary< A firm or peron on whom a letter of credit ha been drawn* The
beneficiar" i uuall" the eller or e>porter*
Ber"uda *gree"ent< An agreement concluded in $')A between the U*G* and
the U*S*. deigned to regulate future international air traffic* Mot go2ernment
accept it principle and follow it inter alia b" limiting traffic right on international
route to one or two carrier*
Berth< - the place beide a pier. qua" or wharf where a 2eel can be loaded or
dicharged*
Berth Liner Service< - a regular cheduled teamhip line with regular
publihed chedule 5port of call 6 from and to defined trade area*
Berth or Liner Ter"s< - an e>preion co2ering aement of ocean freight
rate generall" impl"ing that loading and dicharging e>pene will be for hip
ownerN account. and uuall" appl" from the end of hipN tackle in port of loading
to the end of hipN tackle in port of dicharge*
Bill of Lading< A document that etablihe the term of a contract between a
hipper and a tranportation compan" under which freight i to be mo2ed
between pecified point for a pecified charge* Uuall" prepared b" the hipper
on form iued b" the carrier. it er2e a a document of title. contract of
carriage. and a receipt for good* Alo ee Air Waybill and Ocean Bill of Lading*
Bonded .arehouse< A warehoue torage area or manufacturing facilit" in
which imported good ma" be tored or proceed without pa"ment of cutom
dutie*
B'
Brussels Tariff ,o"enclature ,u"/er %BT,'< The cutom tariff number ued
b" mot ?uropean nation* The United State doe not ue the !T/. but a
imilar "tem known a the 3armoni:e Tariff Schedule*
C**< - the ,i2il A2iation Authorit"* #o2ernment bod" reponible for regulating
U*G* airline*
Ca/otage< - where cargo i carried on what i eentiall" a dometic flight and
therefore not ubject to international agreement that fi> et rate* ,abotage
rate are negotiable between hipper and airline and appl" on flight within a
countr" and to it o2erea territorie*
C*! Can have to "eanings in the industry
C*!< The acron"m meaning Ocah againt document.O a method of pa"ment for
good in which document tranferring title are gi2en to the bu"er upon pa"ment
of cah to an intermediar" acting for the eller*
C*!>C*M< ,omputer Aided Deign7,omputer Aided Manufacturing*
Cage< The tranporting of good b" truck to or from a 2eel. aircraft. or bonded
warehoue. all under cutom cutod"*
Cargo< - merchandie7commoditie7freight carried b" mean of tranportation*
Cargo Receipt< - a receipt of cargo for hipment b" a conolidator 5ued in
ocean freight6*
Carnet< A cutom document permitting the holder to carr" or end merchandie
temporaril" into certain foreign countrie 5for dipla". demontration. or imilar
purpoe6 without pa"ing dutie or poting bond*
Carriers%s' Containers or Shipper%s' Containers< The term ,arrier56
,ontainer56 or Shipper56 ,ontainer56 mean container o2er which the carrier
or the hipper ha control either b" ownerhip or b" the acquiition thereof under
leae or rental from container companie or container upplier or from imilar
ource* ,arrier are prohibited from purchaing. leaing or renting hipper
owned container*
C1
CarrierF Co""on< A public or pri2atel" owned firm or corporation that tranport
the good of other o2er land. ea. or through the air. for a tated freight rate* !"
go2ernment regulation. a common carrier i required to carr" all good offered if
accommodation are a2ailable and the etablihed rate i paid*
Cartel< - an aociation of e2eral independent national or international
buine organi:ation that regulate competition b" controlling the price. the
production. or the marketing of a product or an indutr"*
Cash in *dvance %C.$.*.'< Pa"ment for good in which the price i paid in full
before hipment i made* Thi method i uuall" ued onl" for mall purchae
or when the good are built to order*
Cash *gainst !ocu"ents %C*!'< Pa"ment for good in which a commiion
houe. or other intermediar". tranfer title document to the bu"er upon
pa"ment in cah*
C.C.&.9.< - a ,utom ,entrali:ed ?>amination Facilit"*
Certificate of *nalysis< - a certificate required b" ome countrie a proof of
the qualit" and compoition of food product or pharmaceutical* The required
anal"i ma" be made b" a pri2ate or go2ernment health agenc"* The certificate
mut be legali:ed b" a foreign conul of the countr" concerned. a i the cae
with uch imilar certificate a the ph"toanitar" certificate*
Certificate of $nspection< A document certif"ing that the good were in apparent
good condition immediatel" prior to hipment*
Certificate of Manufacture< A tatement in which a producer pecifie where hi
good were manufactured. certifie that manufacturing ha been completed. and
confirm that the good are at the bu"erN dipoal*
Certificate of -rigin< A tatement igned b" the e>porter. or hi agent. and
atteted to b" a local ,hamber of ,ommerce. indicating that the good being
hipped. or a major percentage of them. originated and were produced in the
e>porterN countr"*
C&S< - a ,utom ?>amination Station
C$
C&9< - a quoted price include cot of good and freight*
C & $< - a quoted price include cot of good and inurance*
C9S %Container 9reight Station'< The term ,FS at loading port mean the
location deignated b" carrier for the recei2ing of cargo to be packed into
container b" the carrier* At dicharge port. the term ,FS mean the bonded
location deignated b" carrier in the port area for unpacking and deli2er" of
cargo*
C9S>C9S %Pier to Pier'< The term ,FS7,FS mean cargo deli2ered b" break
bulk to ,arrierN ,FS to be packed b" ,arrier into container and to be unpacked
b" ,arrier from the container at ,arrierN detination port ,FS*
C9S>C; %Pier to =ouse'< The term ,FS7,4 mean cargo deli2ered break%bulk to
,arrierN ,FS to be packed b" ,arrier into container and accepted b" conignee
at ,arrierN ,4 and unpacked b" the conignee off ,arrierN premie. all at
conigneeN rik and e>pene*
C9S C=*R(& %Container 9reight Charge'< The term ,FS ,harge mean the
charge aeed for er2ice performed at the loading or dicharging port in
packing or unpacking of cargo into7from container at ,FS*
C9S Receiving Service< The term O,FS Recei2ing Ser2iceO mean the er2ice
performed at loading port in recei2ing and packing cargo into container from
,FS to ,4 or hipide* O,FS Recei2ing Ser2iceO referred herein are retricted to
the following
$* Mo2ing empt" container from ,4 to ,FS
&* Dra"age of loaded container from ,FS to ,4 and7or hipN tackle
8* Tall"ing
)* -uing dock receipt7hipping order
(* Ph"ical mo2ement of cargo into. out of and within ,FS
A* Stuffing. ealing and marking container
B* Storage
C* 9rdinar" orting and tacking
C&
'* Preparing carrierN internal container load plan
C$9 %costF insurance and freight'< Seller i reponible for inland freight.
ocean7air freight. and marine7air inurance to the port of final entr" in the bu"erN
countr"* The bu"er i reponible for inland tranportation to hi or her location*
Chargea/le +ilo< Rate for good where 2olume e>ceed i> cubic metre to the
tonne*
Charter< 9riginall" meant a flight where a hipper contracted hire of an aircraft
from an airline* 3a uuall" come to mean an" non%cheduled commercial
er2ice*
Charter Party< The contract between the owner of a hip and the indi2idual or
compan" chartering it* Among other pecification. the contract uuall" tipulate
the e>act obligation of the hip%owner 5loading the good. carr"ing the good to
a certain point. returning to the charterer with other good. etc*6Q or it pro2ide for
an outright leaing of the 2eel to the charterer. who then i reponible for hi
own loading and deli2er"* -n either cae. the charter part" et forth the e>act
condition and requirement agreed upon b" both ide*
Charter party Bill of Lading< A bill of lading iued under a charter part"* -t i not
acceptable b" bank under letter of credit unle o authori:ed in the credit*
Chassis< A wheel aemble including bogie contructed to accept mounting of
container*
C$*< The acron"m meaning Ocah in ad2ance.O a method of pa"ment for good
whereb" bu"er pa" eller in ad2ance of hipment of good*
C.$.9.< - a quoted price include cot of good. inurance and freight*
C.$.T.&.S.< ,ommittee on -nternational Trade of ?ndangered Specie*
Class Rates< A cla of good or commoditie i a large grouping of 2ariou
item under one general heading* All item in the group make up a cla* The
freight rate that appl" to all item in the cla are called cla rate*
Classification< - a cutom term* The placement of an item under the correct
number in the cutom tariff for dut" purpoe* At time thi procedure become
C8
highl" complicatedQ it i not uncommon for importer to reort to litigation o2er the
correct dut" to be aeed b" the cutom on a gi2en item*
Claused Bill of Lading< - a bill of lading which ha e>emption to the receipt of
merchandie in Oapparent good orderO noted*
Clean Bill of Lading< - a bill of lading which co2er good recei2ed in Oapparent
good order and conditionO and without qualification*
Clean !raft< - a draft to which no document ha2e been attached*
c"< ,entimeter
C,S< ,argo /etwork Ser2ice. an -ATA compan"* See -ATA*
Collective Paper< All document 5commercial in2oice. bill of lading. etc*6
ubmitted to a bu"er for the purpoe of recei2ing pa"ment for a hipment*
Co""ercial Risk< Rik carried b" the e>porter 5unle inurance i ecured6
that the foreign bu"er ma" not be able to pa" for good deli2ered on an open
account bai*
Confir"ed Letter of Credit< A letter of credit. iued b" a foreign bank. with
2alidit" confirmed b" a U*S* bank* An e>porter who require a confirmed letter of
credit from the bu"er i aured of pa"ment b" the U*S* bank e2en if the foreign
bu"er or the foreign bank default*
Conference< A group of 2eel operator joined together for the purpoe of
etablihing freight rate*
M RoRo>Container Bessel % Ship deigned to accommodate container and
roll%on roll%off cargo* -t can be elf utaining*
M RoRo>Container>BreakD/ulk Bessel % Deignated to accommodate three
t"pe of cargo. uuall" elf utaining*
Co""ercial Code< A publihed code deigned to reduce the total number of
word required in a cablegram*
Co""odity Specialist< An official authori:ed b" the U*S* Treaur" to determine
proper tariff and 2alue of imported good*
Consignee< Peron or firm to whom good are hipped under a bill of landing*
C)
Consular !eclaration< A formal tatement. made to the conul of a foreign
countr". decribing good to be hipped*
Consular $nvoice< A document. required b" ome foreign countrie. decribing a
hipment of good and howing information uch a the conignor. conignee.
and 2alue of the hipment* ,ertified b" conular official of the foreign. it i ued
b" the countr"N cutom official to 2erif" the 2alue. quantit". and nature of the
hipment*
Co"/i< - an aircraft with pallet or container capacit" on it main deck a well a
in it bell" hold*
Co"/ination Bessels< ,ontainer7!reak%bulk 2eel % thi t"pe of hip
accommodate both container and break%bulk cargo* -t can be either elf
utaining or non%elf utaining*
Co""ercial $nvoice< An itemi:ed lit of good hipped. uuall" included among
an e>porterN collection paper*
Co""on Carrier< A firm or indi2idual that tranport peron or good for
compenation*
Confir"ed Letter of Credit< A letter of credit. iued b" a foreign bank with
2alidit" confirmed b" a U*S* bank*
Confiscation< The taking and holding of pri2ate propert" b" a go2ernment or an
agenc" acting for a go2ernment* ,ompenation ma" or ma" not be gi2en to the
owner of the propert"*
Consignee< The indi2idual or compan" to whom a eller or ipper end
merchandie and who. upon preentation of necear" document. i recogni:ed
a merchandie owner for the purpoe of declaring and pa"ing cutom dutie*
Consignee Marks< A "mbol laced on package for identification purpoeQ
generall" coniting of a triangle. quare. circle. diamond. cro. with letter
and7or number a well a port of dicharge*
C(
Consign"ent< - the ph"ical tranfer of good from a eller 5conignor6 with
whom the title remain. to another legal entit" 5conignee6 who act a a elling
agent. elling the good and remitting the new proceed to the conignor*
Consignor< A term ued to decribe an" peron who conign good to himelf
or to another part" in a bill of lading or equi2alent document* A conignor might
be the owner of the good. or a freight forwarder who conign good on behalf
of hi principal*
Consolidated Ship"ent< An arrangement whereb" 2ariou hipper pool their
bo>ed good on the ame hipment. haring the total weight charge for the
hipment*
Consolidator< An agent which bring together a number of hipment for one
detination to qualif" for preferential airline rate*
Consortiu"< The name for an agreement under which e2eral nation or
national 5uuall" corporation6 of more than one nation. join together for a
common purpoe* -t could be for management or e>ploitation of a natural
reource. a in the cae of ome international petroleum conortium*
Consul< A go2ernment official reiding in a foreign countr". charged with
repreenting the interet of hi or her countr" and it national*
Consular !ocu"ents< Special form igned b" the conul of a countr" to which
cargo i detined*
Consular $nvoice< A document. required b" ome foreign countrie. decribing a
hipment of good and howing information uch a the conignor. conignee.
and 2alue of the hipment* ,ertified b" a conular official of the foreign countr". it
i ued b" the countr"N cutom official to 2erif" the 2alue. quantit" and nature
of the hipment*
Container< The term container mean a ingle rigid. non%dipoable dr" cargo.
inulated. temperature controlled flatrack. 2ehicle rack portable liquid tank. or
open top container without wheel or bogie attached. ha2ing not le than 8(1
cubic feet capacit". ha2ing a cloure or permanentl" hinged door that allow
CA
read" acce to the cargo 5cloure or permanentl" hinged door not applicable to
flatrack 2ehicle rack or portable liquid tank6* All t"pe of container will ha2e
contruction. fitting and fatening able to withtand without permanent
ditortion. all the tree that ma" be applied in normal er2ice ue of
continuou tranportation* All container mut bear manufacturerN pecification*
Container Ship< 9cean going hip deigned to carr" container both internall"
and on deck* Some are elf utaining*
ContaineriJation< - a concept for the ultimate uniti:ing of cargo ued b" both
teamhip line and air cargo line* ,ontainer allow a greater amount of cargo
protection from weather. damage. and theft*
Containers %*ir Cargo'< Man" t"pe of air cargo container are offered< The
container are deigned in 2ariou i:e and irregular hape to conform to the
inide dimenion of a pecific aircraft*
Containers %-cean'< Are deigned to be mo2ed inland on it own chai and
can be loaded at the hipper plant for hipment o2erea* !aic t"pe of
container areQ dr" 2an. open top. half high. hi cube. flat rock. tank container.
refrigerated container. inulated container. tilting container* A2erage outide
dimenion are generall" &1. 8(. and )1 feet in length. C feet wide and C feet
high tandard*
Continuous Bond< - an annual cutom bond inuring compliance with all
regulation and requirement*
Contract Rate< - a charge le2ied b" carrier elling capacit" forward o2er a
gi2en route to a hipper of forwarderQ the client i therefore aured of capacit".
which mut be paid for regardle of load carried*
Coordinating Co""ittee for &#port Controls %C-C-M'< An informal group of
$( wetern countrie etablihed to pre2ent the e>port of certain trategic
product to potentiall" hotile nation*
Correspondent Bank< A bank that. in it own countr". handle the buine of a
foreign bank*
CB
Countertrade< - a reciprocal trading arrangement. which include a 2ariet" of
tranaction in2ol2ing two or more partie*
Countervailing !uties< - a pecial dutie impoed on import to offet the
benefit of ubidie to producer or e>porter of the e>porting countr"*
Credit Risk $nsurance< -nurance deigned to co2er rik of nonpa"ment for
deli2ered good*
Custo"s Bonded .arehouse< - a warehoue where imported good ma" be
tored for a total of three "ear without the pa"ment of dut" or ta>e*
Custo"house Broker< An indi2idual or firm licened to enter and clear good
through ,utom*
Custo"s Court< - the court to which importer might appeal or protet
deciion made b" ,utom officer*
Custo"s Tariff< - a chedule of charge aeed b" the federal go2ernment
on imported good*
Custo"s Union< - an agreement between two or more countrie in which the"
arrange to abolih tariff and other import retriction on each otherN good and
etablih a common tariff for the import of all other countrie*
C.-< The acron"m meaning Ocah with order.O a method of pa"ment for good
where cah i paid at the time of order and the tranaction become binding on
both bu"er and eller*
C; %Container ;ard'< The term ,4 mean the location deignated b" ,arrier in
the port terminal area for recei2ing. aembling. holding. toring and deli2ering
container. and where container ma" be picked up b" hipper or re%deli2ered
b" conignee* /o container "ard 5,46 hall be a hipperN. conigneeN.
/E9,,N. or a forwarderN place of buine. unle otherwie pro2ided*
C;>C9S %=ouse to Pier'< The term ,47,FS mean container packed b"
hipper of carrierN premie and deli2ered b" hipper to ,arrierN ,4. all at
hipperN rik and e>pene and unpacked b" ,arrier at the detination port ,FS*
C;>C; %=ouse to =ouse'< The term ,47,4 mean container packed b"
CC
hipper off ,arrierN premie and deli2ered b" hipper to ,arrierN ,4 and
accepted b" conignee a t ,arrierN ,4 and unpacked b" conignee off ,arrierN
premie. all at the rik and e>pene of cargo*
!angerous (oods< Article or ubtance capable of poing a ignificant rik to
health. afet" or propert". and that ordinaril" require pecial attention when being
tranported*
!*T< Dangerou article tariff*
!ate !raft< Draft that mature in a pecified number of da" after the date it i
iued. without regard to the date of Acceptance* See Draft.
!C*< Department of ,i2il A2iation* ,ommonl" ued term to denote the
go2ernment department of an" foreign countr" that i reponible for a2iation
regulation and granting traffic right*
!!P< Deli2ered dut" paid* Alo known a Ofree domicile*O
!!U< Deli2ered dut" unpaid* Reflect the emergence of Odoor%to%doorO
intermodal or courier contract or carriage where onl" the detination cutom
dut" and ta>e 5if an"6 are paid b" conignee*
!ead Leg< - a ector flown without pa"load*
!ead 9reight< - freight charge paid b" the charterer of 2eel for the
contracted pace. which i left partiall" unoccupied*
!eck Cargo< - cargo carried on deck rather than towed under deck* 9n deck
carriage i required for certain commoditie. uch a e>ploi2e*
!eferred Pay"ent Credit< T"pe of letter of credit pro2iding for pa"ment ome
time after preentation of hipping document b" e>porter*
!eferred Re/ate< The return of a portion of the freight charge b" a carrier or a
conference hipper in e>change for the hipper gi2ing all or mot of hi
hipment to the carrier or conference o2er a pecified period of time 5uuall" A
month6* Pa"ment of the rate i deferred for a further imilar period. during which
the hipper mut continue to gi2e all or mot of hi hipment to the rebating
carrier or conference* The hipper thu earn a further rebate which will not.
C'
howe2er. be paid without an additional period of e>clui2e or almot e>clui2e
patronage with the carrier of conference* -n thi wa". the hipper become tied to
the rebating carrier or conference* Although. the deferred rebate "tem i illegal
in U*S* foreign commerce. it generall" i accepted in the ocean trade between
foreign countrie*
!e"urrage< A penalt" for e>ceeding free time allowed for loading or unloading at
a pier or freight terminal* Alo a charge for undue detention of tranportation
equipment or carrier in port while loading or unloading*
!ensity< Denit" mean pound per cubic foot* The cubage of looe article or
piece. or packaged article of a rectangular. elliptical or quare hape on one
plane hall be determined b" multipl"ing the greatet traight line dimenion of
length. width and depth in inche. including all projection. and di2iding the total
b" $B&C 5to obtain cubic feet6* The denit" i the weight of the article di2ided b"
the cubic feet thu obtained*
!&A< Deli2ered e> qua"7dut" paid*
!estination Control State"ent< An" of 2ariou tatement that the U*S*
go2ernment require to be dipla"ed on e>port hipment and that pecif" the
detination for which e>port of the hipment ha been authori:ed*
!.9.< Dead Freight
!(R< Dangerou #ood Requirement*
!i" .eight< 5Dimenionali:ed Feight6 Determined b" calculating length > width
> height and di2iding b" $AA* ,harged when actual weight i le than the dim*
weight*
!ock Receipt< Fhen cargo i deli2ered to a teamhip compan" at the pier. the
recei2ing clerk iue a dock receipt*
!ocu"ents *gainst *cceptance %!>*'< -ntruction gi2en b" a hipper to a
bank indicating that document tranferring title good hould be deli2ered to the
bu"er 5or drawee6 onl" upon the bu"erN acceptance of the attached draft*
!-T< Department of Tranportation
'1
!raft %or Bill of &#change'< An unconditional order in writing from one peron
5the drawer6 to another 5the drawee6. directing the Drawee to pa" a pecified
amount to a named Drawer at a fi>ed or determinable future date*
!ra/ack< A U*S* cutom law that permit an American e>porter to reco2er
dutie paid on imported foreign raw material or component included in
product that are ubequentl" e>ported out of the United State*
!raee< The indi2idual or firm on whom a draft i drawn and who owe the
tated amount to the drawer*
!ry Lease< The rental of a OcleanO aircraft without crew. ground taff or
upporting equipment*
!ST< The acron"m meaning Odouble tack trainO er2ice. which i the tranport
rail between two point of a trainload of container with two container. one on
top of the other. per chai*
d..< Deadweight 5ton of &.&)1 lb*6
d..c.< Deadweight for cargo
&.*.-.,.< ?>cept a otherwie noted*
&!$ or &!$9*CT< ?lectronic Data -nterchange for Adminitration. ,ommerce and
Tranport. from the U/%backed electronic data interchange tandard bod". to
create electronic 2erion of common buine document that will work on a
global cale* 9ne digital document under conideration. the -nternational
Forwarding and Tranport Meage will do the job of i> different electronic
meage currentl" in ue*
&"pty Leg< Reult from an aircraft primaril" chartered outbound ha2ing cargo
capacit" inbound or 2ice 2era* A cheap form of airfreight*
&ndorse"ent in Blank< ,ommonl" ued on a bank check. an endorement in
blank i an endorement to the bearer* -t contain onl" the name of the endorer
and pecifie no particular pa"ee* Alo. a common mean of endoring bill of
lading dawn to the order of the hipper* The bill are endored OFor***O 5ee !ill of
;ading. 9rder6*
'$
&urodollars< U*S* dollar on depoit outide of the United State to include
dollar on depoit at foreign branche of U*S* bank. and dollar on depoit with
foreign bank*
C&#C< Signifie that the quoted price applie onl" at the indicated point of origin
5e*g* Oprice e> factor"O mean that the quoted price i for the good a2ailable at
the factor" gate of the eller6*
&#. B.L.< ?>change bill of lading*
&#port Broker< The indi2idual who bring together bu"er and eller for a fee.
e2entuall" withdrawing from an" tranaction*
&#port !eclaration< A form to be completed b" the e>porter or their authori:ed
agent and filed in triplicate b" a carrier with the United State ,ollector of cutom
at the point of e>it* -t er2e a twofold purpoe<
$* Primaril". it i ued b" the U*S* !ureau of ,enu for the compilation of
e>port tatitic on United State foreign trade 5for thi reaon an e>port
declaration i required for practicall" all hipment from the United State
to foreign countrie and the United State poeion. e>cept for mail
hipment of mall 2alue. or for thoe of a non commercial character6Q
&* The declaration alo er2e a an e>port control document becaue it
mut be preented. together with the e>port licene. to the United State
,utom at the port of e>port* -f the good ma" be e>ported under general
e>port licene. thi fact mut be tated on the e>port declaration*
&#port License< A document ecured from a go2ernment. authori:ing an
e>porter to e>port a pecific quantit" of a particular commodit" to a certain
countr"* An e>port licene i often required if a go2ernment ha place embargoe
or other retriction upon e>port* See #eneral ?>port ;icene*
&#port Trading Co"pany< A corporation or other buine unit organi:ed and
operated primaril" for the purpoe of e>porting good and er2ice. or of
pro2iding e>port related er2ice to other companie*
&#press< Premium%rated er2ice for urgent deli2erie*
'&
&E.< ?> work* Same a the former O?> Fork*O9*+< Freight All Gind 0 uniform
airline charging cale appl"ing to a number of commoditieQ a oppoed to S,R
5Specific ,ommodit" Rate6 appl"ing to one commodit" onl"*
9*S %free alongside ship'< Seller i reponible for inland freight cot until
good are located alongide the 2eel7aircraft for loading* !u"er i reponible
for loading cot. ocean 7air freight and marine7air inurance*
9atho"< 5/autical6 ,on2erion equi2alent< A feetQ $*C8 meter*
9.C.L.< Full container load. full car load*
9.c.s.< Free of capture and ei:ure*
f.c.s.r.c.c.< Free of capture. ei:ure. riot and ci2il commotion*
9.&.!.< Freight and demurrage*
9&U< Fort" foot equi2alent
9$*T*< -nternational Federation of Freight Forwarder Aociation*
9ifth 9reedo" 9light< Fhere cargo i carried b" an airline between two
countrie in neither of which it i baed*
9.i./.< Free in bunkerQ free into barge*
9lag Carrier< An airline of one national regitr" whoe go2ernment gi2e it partial
or total monopol" o2er international route*
9-B %free on /oard'< Seller i reponible for inland freight and all other cot
until the cargo ha been loaded on the 2eel7aircraft* !u"er i reponible for
ocean7air freight and marine7air inurance*
9.o.d. < Free of damage
9olded< An article folded in uch a manner a to reduce it bulk 88 $78T from it
normal hipping cubage when not folded*
9orce Ma3eure< The title of a tandard claue found in marine contract
e>empting the partie for nonfulfillment of their obligation b" reaon of
occurrence be"ond their control. uch a earthquake. flood or war*
9oreign Trade Mone< A free port in the United Stated di2orced from ,utom
authorit" but under Federal control* Merchandie. e>cept that which i prohibited.
'8
ma" be tored in the :one without being ubjected to the United State tariff
regulation* Alo called Free Trade Uone*
9oreign Trade Mone &ntry< A form declaring good which are brought dut" free
into a Foreign Trade Uone for further proceing or torage and ubequent
e>portation*
9orarderF 9reight 9orarderF 9oreign 9reight 9orarder< An independent
buine that dipatche hipment for e>porter for a fee* The firm ma" hip b"
land. air. or ea. or it ma" peciali:e* Uuall" it handle all the er2ice
connected with an e>port hipmentQ preparation of document. booking cargo
pace. warehoue. pier deli2er" and e>port clearance* The firm ma" alo handle
banking and inurance er2ice on behalf of a client* The U*S* forwarder i
licened b" the Federal Maritime ,ommiion for ocean hipment*
9oul Bill of Landing< A receipt for good iued b" a carrier with an indication
that the good were damaged when recei2ed*
9. P.*.*.C. 9.p.a. %*.C.' < Free of Particular A2erage. American ,ondition%
5Marine -nurance Term6* The American form of claue commonl" ued. a
ditinguihed from that ued b" the ?nglih underwriter* Under the American
claue the underwriter doe not aume reponibilit" for partial loe unle
caued b" tranding. inking. burning or colliion with another 2eel wherea
under the ?nglih claue. the underwriter aume reponibilit" for partial
loe if the 2eel be tranded. unk. burnt or in colliion e2en though uch
ane2ent did not actuall" caue the damage uffered b" the good* ,ondition
5See F*P*A*A*,*6*
9.P.*.< Free of Particular A2erage 5Marine -nurance Term6* A term ued in
marine inurance policie to indicate that while the underwriter i unwilling to
aume liabilit" for ordinar" partial loe due to the peculiar qualitie of the
particular article or to it form of package. he i willing to bear partial loe. the
direct reult of tranding. inking. burning. colliion. or other named peril
9ree *longside< Duoted price include the cot of deli2ering the good
')
alongide a deignated 2eel*
9ree $n %9.$.'< ,ot of loading a 2eel i borne b" the charterer*
9ree $n and -ut %9.$.-.'< ,ot of loading and unloading a 2eel i borne b" the
charterer*
9ree of Capture and SeiJure %9.C.& S.'< An inurance claue pro2iding that lo
i not inured if due to capture. ei:ure. confication and like action. whether
legal or not . or from uch act a pirac". ci2il war. rebellion and ci2il trife*
9ree of Particular *verage %9.P.*.'< A marine inurance claue pro2iding that
partial lo or damage i not inured American condition 5F*P*A*A*,*6* Partial
lo i not inured unle caued b" the 2eel being unk. tranded. burned. on
fire. or in colliion* ?nglih condition 5F*P* A*?*,*6* Partial lo not inured unle
a reult of the 2eel being unk. tranded. burned. on fire. or in colliion*
9ree -ut %9.-.'< ,ot of unloading a 2eel i borne b" the charterer*
9ree Port< A port which i a foreign trade :one. open to all trader on equal
termQ more pecificall" a port where merchandie ma" be tored dut"%free.
pending re%e>port or ale within that countr"*
9ree Trade Mone< A port deignated b" the go2ernment of a countr" for dut"%free
entr" of an" non%prohibited good* Merchandie ma" be tored. dipla"ed. ued
for manufacturing. within the :one and re%e>ported without dutie being paid*
Dutie are impoed on the merchandie 5or item manufactured from the
merchandie6 onl" when the good pa from the :one into an area of the
countr" ubject to the ,utom Authorit"*
9reight 9orarder< An indi2idual or compan" . acting on the behalf of a hipper.
who arrange all necear" detail of hipping and documentation for a
manufacturer or e>porter. which include emplo"ing the er2ice of a carrier of
carrier*
(ang< #roup of te2edore uuall" ) to ( member with uper2ior aigned to
a hold or portion of the 2eel being loaded or unloaded*
(ateay< Port of entr" into a countr" or region*
'(
(*TT< #eneral Agreement on Tariff and Trade. a multilateral treat" intended to
help reduce trade barrier and promote tariff conceion*
(CR< #eneral ,argo Rate* The baic tariff categor" which wa introduced to
co2er mot air cargo now co2er onl" a minorit". the remainder being under S,R
or cla rate*
(eneral *verage< Fhen damage to cargo on board a 2eel e>ceed carrierN
inurance. carrier will releae cargo onl" with an acceptance agreement to claim
onl" a general percentage of all the damage utained*
(eneral &#port License< An" of 2ariou e>port licene co2ering e>port
commoditie for which 2alidated e>port licene are not required* /o formal
application or written authori:ation i needed to hip e>port under a general
e>port licene*
(eneral -rder< #o2ernment contract warehoue for the torage of cargoe left
unclaimed for ten working da" after a2ailabilit"* Unclaimed cargoe are
auctioned publicl" after one "ear*
(ross .eight< ?ntire weight of good. packing. and container.. read" for
hipment*
(.R..t.>(...< #ro Feight*
(S*< #eneral Sale Agent acting on behalf of an airline* Uuall" !roker or
Forwarder*
=ar"oniJed Code< An internationall" accepted and uniform decription "tem
for claif"ing good for cutom. tatitical and other purpoe*
=ar"oniJed Syste"s< A ke" pro2iion of the recentl" igned trade bill. effecti2e
+an* $. $'C'. that etablihe international uniformit" for product claification*
Mot U*S* Trading partner adopted it a "ear earlier. and it wa drafted in
!ruel a decade ago with U*S* repreentati2eN input* -n eence. it i a new
tariff chedule in that it change method of rating ome item*
=atch< The co2er of % or opening% in the deck of a 2eel. through which cargo i
loaded*
'A
=eavy Lifts< Freight too hea2" to be handled b" regular hipN tackle*
=eavy Lift Bessel< Specificall" deigned to be elf utaining with hea2" lift
crane. to handle unuuall" hea2" and7or out%i:ed cargoe*
=ouse *ir .ay/ill< An air wa"bill iued b" a freight conolidator* See Air
Fa"bill*
=u/< A central location to which traffic from man" citie i directed and from
which traffic i fed to other area*
=undredeight %ct.'< A hort ton hundredweight P $11 pound* ;ong ton
hundredweight P $$& pound*
=us/anding< Term ued b" teamhip line. agent. or port captain who are
appointed to handle all matter in aiting the mater of the 2eel while in port
to obtain bunkering. freh water. food and upplie. pa"roll for the crew. doctor
appointment. hip repair. etc*
$*T*< -nternational Air Tranport Aociation*
$C*-< -nternational ,i2il A2iation 9rgani:ation* A peciali:ed agenc" of the
United /ation. with headquarter in Montreal* -t tak i to promote general
de2elopment of ci2il a2iation 5e*g* aircraft deign and operation. afet"
procedure. contractual agreement6*
$CC< -nternational ,hamber of ,ommerce
$.C.T.9.< -ntermodal ,ontainer Tranfer Facilit". an on%dock facilit" for mo2ing
container from hip to rail or truck*
$99< -ntitute of Freight Forwarder*
$gloo< ,ontainer deigned to occup" full main deck width of carr"ing aircraft*
$"port License< A certificate. iued b" countrie e>erciing import control. that
permit importation of the article tated in the licene* The iuance of uch a
permit frequentl" i connected with the releae of foreign e>change needed to
pa" for the hipment for which the import licene ha been requeted*
$nDBond< A cutom program for inland port that pro2ide for cargo arri2ing at a
'B
eaport to be hipped under a ,utom bond to a more con2enientl" located
inland port where the entr" document ha2e been filed* ,utom clear the
hipment there. and the cargo i trucked to it detination. which normall" i
cloe to the inland port*
$ndependent *ction< A mo2e b" whereb" a member of a hipping conference
elect to depart from the pecific er2ice rate et forth b" the conference. gi2ing
ten calendar da" notice of uch action* The conference memberN new chedule
of rate. or rate. officiall" take effect no later than ten da" after receipt of notice
b" the conference*
$nduce"ent< Some teamhip line publih in their chedule the name of a port
and the word b" inducement in parenthee* Thi mean the 2eel will call at
the port if there i ufficient amount of profitable cargo a2ailable and booked*
$nland Carrier< A tranportation line which haul e>port or import traffic between
port and inland point*
$.p.a.< -ncluding particular a2erage
$nspection Certificate< A document certif"ing that merchandie 5uch a
perihable good6 wa in good condition immediatel" prior to hipment*
$ntegrated Carrier< Forwarder which ue own aircraft. whether owned or
leaed. rather than cheduled airline*
$ntellectual Property< 9wnerhip of the legal right to poe. ue or dipoe
of product created b" human ingenuit". including patent. trademark and
cop"right*
$nterline< Mutual agreement between airline to link their route network*
$nter"eddle< Referring to the capacit" to go from hip to train to truck. or the
like. the adjecti2e generall" refer to containeri:ed hipping or the capacit" to
handle ame*
$S-< -nternational Standard 9rgani:ation alo referred to a the -nternational
9rgani:ational for Standardi:ation*
$ncoter"s< A codification of term ued in foreign trade contract that i
'C
maintained b" the -nternational ,hamber of ,ommerce*
$ncre"ental Cost to &#port< The additional cot incurred while manufacturing
and preparing a product for e>port 5 e*g*. product modification. pecial e>port
packaging and e>port adminitration cot*6 Thi doe not include the cot to
manufacture a tandard dometic product. e>port crating and tranportation to
the foreign market*
$rrevoca/le Letter of Credit< A letter of credit with a fi>ed e>piration date that
carrie the irre2ocable obligation of the iuing bank to pa" the e>porter when all
of the term and condition of the letter of credit ha2e been met*
).&..-.< +ettion and wahing o2erboard
)&TS*M< #ood from a hipN cargo. or part of it equipment. that ha2e been
thrown o2erboard to lighten the load in time of danger. or to et a tranded hip
adrift*
)oint Benture< A form of buine partnerhip in2ol2ing joint management and
the haring of rik and profit between enterprie ometime baed in different
countrie*
)ustD$nDTi"e %)$T'< The principle of production and in2entor" control in which
good arri2e when needed for production or ue*
+.!.C.L.< Gnocked down in carload lot
+! 9lat< An article taken apart. folded. or telecoped to reduce it bulk at leat
AA &78T below it aembled i:e*
+.!.L.C.L.< Gnocked down in le than carload lot*
+nock !on %+!'< An article taken apart. folded or telecoped in uch a manner
a to reduce it bulk at leat 88 $78T below it aembled bulk*
+not %,autical'< The unit of peed equi2alent to one nautical mile. or A.1C1*&1
feet per hour or $*C( kilometer per hour*
L>C D Letter of Credit< A document iued b" a bank per intruction b" a bu"er
of good. authori:ing the eller to draw a pecified um of mone" under pecified
term* -ued a re2ocable or irre2ocable*
''
L. & !.< ;o and damage
Lagan< ,argo or equipment to which an identif"ing marker or buo" i fatened.
thrown o2er%board in time of danger to lighten a hipN load* Under maritime law if
the good are later found the" mut be returned to the owner whoe marker i
attachedQ the owner mut make a al2age pa"ment*
Lash< ;ighter Aboard Ship 5ee ;ighter6
Lash Bessel< Deigned to load internall". barge pecificall" deigned for the
2eel* The concept i to quickl" float the barge to the 2eel 5uing tug or
hip wenche6 load thee barge through the rear of the 2eel. then ail*
Upon arri2al at the foreign port. the re2ere happenQ !arge are quickl" floated
awa" from the 2eel and another et of waiting barge quickl" are loaded*
Deigned for quick 2eel turn%around* Uuall" crane%equippedQ handle motl"
breakbulk cargo*
Lay !ays< The date between which a chartered 2eel i to be a2ailable in a
port for loading of cargo*
L.C.L.< ;e than container loadQ le than car load*
Legal .eight< The weight of the good plu an" immediate wrapping which are
old along with the good< e*g*. the weight of a tin can a well a it content*
5See #ro Feight6*
Less than Truck Load %LTL'< Rate applicable when the quantit" of freight i
le than the 2olume or truckload minimum weight*
Letter of Credit< A document iued b" a bank at a bu"erN requet honoring
debt obligation to the eller upon receipt of the document*
Lighter< An open or co2ered barge equipped with a crane and towed b" a
tugboat* Ued motl" in harbor and inland waterwa"*
Lighterage< The cot of loading or unloading a 2eel b" mean of barge
alongide*
Liner< The word OlinerO i deri2ed from the term Oline trafficO which denote
$11
operation along definite route on the bai of definite. fi>ed cheduleQ a liner
thu i a 2eel that engage in thi kind of tranportation. which generall"
in2ol2e the haulage of general cargo a ditinct from bulk cargo*
LiGuidation< The finali:ation of a cutom entr"*
Livestock< ,ommon farm animal*
Lkg. & Bkg.< ;eakage and breakage*
Load 9actor< ,apacit" old a againt capacit" a2ailable. e>preed a a
percentage*
Lo>Lo< The acron"m meaning Olift%on.lift%off.O denoting the method b" which
cargo i loaded onto and dicharged from an ocean 2eel. which in thi cae i
b" the ue of a crane*
l.t. or l.tn.< ;ong ton 5&&)1 lb*6*
Ltge.< ;ighterage
LTL< ;e than truckload
Letter of Credit D pay"ent /y sight draft< The e>porter recei2e guaranteed
pa"ment from the confirming bank in the U*S* upon preentation of the ight draft
and document required b" the letter of credit*
Manifest< A lit of the good being tranported b" a carrier*
Marine $nsurance< An inurance which will compenate the owner of good
tranported o2erea in the e2ent of lo which cannot be legall" reco2ered from
the carrier*
Mariti"e *d"inistration %M*R*!'< A US go2ernment agenc". while not
acti2el" in2ol2ed in 2eel operation. adminiter law for maintenance of
merchant marine for the purpoe of defene and commerce*
Mark< A ued on container in foreign trade. a "mbol or initial hown together
with the port of importation and the final detination. if different* ?>ample< A*#* "
,ia*. !ogota 2ia !arranquilla* Mark are regitered at appropriate cutom
$1$
houeQ the" alo appear on bill of lading and in2oice* -n dometic trade. it i
common to mark container with the name and addre of the recipient. but thi
i rarel" done in foreign trade*
Marking< ?2er" article of foreign origin. or it container. imported into the United
State hall be permanentl" marked in a conpicuou place in a manner which
would indicate to the ultimate purchaer the ?nglih name of the countr" of origin
of the article*
MateNs Receipt< Receipt of cargo b" the 2eel. igned b" the mate 5imilar to
dock receipt6*
Measure"ent Ton< The meaurement ton 5alo known a the cargo ton or
freight ton6 i a pace meaurement. uuall" )1 cubic feet or one cubic meter*
The cargo i aeed a certain rate for e2er" )1 cubic feet or $ cubic meter it
occupie*
Min. B>L< Minimum bill of lading
M.M.< Mercantile marine
M9, %Most 9avored ,ation'< Deignation for countrie which recei2e
preferential tariff rate* Thi i no longer the bet tariff tructure a2ailable*
M>R< MateN Receipt
M>T< Metric Ton 5&&1) lb*6
"t.< ?mpt"
M>B or M.B.< Motor 2eel
M.< Minimum weight factor
,ational Carrier< A flag carrier owned or controlled b" the tate*
n.e.".< /ot elewhere mentioned 5?nglih6
n.e.s.< /ot elewhere pecified
,ested< Three or more different i:e of an article are placed within each other
o that each article will not project abo2e the ne>t lower article b" more than 88
$78T of it height*
$1&
,ested Solid< Three of more different i:e of an article are placed within each
other o that each article will not project abo2e the ne>t lower article b" more
than $7) inch*
,et Ter"s< Free of charterN commiion
,et .eight< 5Actual /et Feight6 Feight of good alone without an" immediate
wrappingQ e*g*. the weight of the content of a tin can without the weight of the
can*
,M9C< /ational Motor Freight ,laification
,o -/3ection Certificate< Document pro2ided b" cheduled or national airline
of man" countrie declaring no objection to a propoed charter flight operated b"
another airline* 9ften demanded b" go2ernment authoritie before the" grant
permiion for a charter flight to take place*
,o -/3ection 9ee< Sum of mone" paid b" a charter airline normall" to a
cheduled airline in order that it wai2e it right of objection to it go2ernment.
thu allowing a charter to take place* Tantamount to a bribe* The amount i
uuall" a fi>ed percentage of the gro cot of a charter* ,ommon practice in the
Middle ?at and Africa*
,.-.&.< /ot otherwie enumerated
,.-.=.P.< /ot otherwie herein pro2ided
,.-.$.< /ot more pecificall" decribed
,.-.$.B.,.< /ot otherwie indicated b" numberQ /ot otherwie indicated b" name*
,onDScheduled 9light< See cheduled flight*
,onDTariff Barriers %,TB'< ?conomic. political. adminitrati2e or legal
impediment to trade other than dutie. ta>e and import quota
,onDBessel -peration Co""on Carrier %,B-CC'< An F*M*,* regitered cargo
conolidator of mall hipment in ocean trade. generall" oliciting buine and
arranging for or performing containeri:ation function at the port* Thee carrier
iue their own bill of lading referred to a a houe bill of lading*
,.-.S.< /ot otherwie pecified
$18
,.T.< /et ton
-cean Bill of Lading< A receipt for cargo in tranit. and a contract between the
e>porter and an ocean carrier for tranportation and deli2er" of good to a
pecified part" at a pecified foreign detination* -ued after the 2eel ha
ailed and the cargo ha been entered in the hipN manifet*
-.!.< 9utide diameter
-!S< An acron"m commonl" ued for the term Ooperating differential ubid".O
which i a pa"ment to an American%flag carrier b" the federal go2ernment to
offet the difference in operating cot between US and foreign 2eel*
-ffDLine< Decribe an airline that ell in a market to which it doe not operate*
An 9ff%;ine carrier will ue another operator to link with it network*
->,< 9rder notif"Q own name
->o< 9rder of
-pen *ccount< A high%rik trade arrangement in which good are hipped to a
foreign bu"er without guarantee of pa"ment*
-pen Policy< A cargo inurance polic" that i an open contractQ i*e*. it pro2ide
protection for all an e>porterN hipment afloat or in tranit within a pecified
geographical trade area for an unlimited period of time. until the polic" i
cancelled b" the inured or b" the inurance compan"* -t i OopenO becaue the
good that are hipped are alo detailed at that time* Thi uuall" i hown in a
document called a marine inurance certificate*
-riginal &Guip"ent Manufacturers %-&M accounts'< ,utomer who
incorporate the e>porterN product into their own merchandie for reale under
their own brand name*
->R < 9wnerN rik
-. & R.< 9cean and Rail
-.r./.< 9wnerN rik or breakage
-.R. !et.< 9wnerN rik of deterioration
$1)
-.R.9.< 9wnerN rik of fire or free:ing
-.R.L.< 9wnerN rik of leakage
-.R...< 9wnerN rik of becoming wet
-.S. & !.< 92er. hort and damage
-cean Bill of Lading< A receipt for cargo in tranit. and a contract between the
e>porter and an ocean carrier for tranportation and deli2er" of good to a
pecified part" at a pecified foreign detination* -ued after the 2eel ha
ailed and the cargo ha been entered in the hipN manifet*
-.!.< 9utide diameter
-!S< An acron"m commonl" ued for the term Ooperating differential ubid".O
which i a pa"ment to an American%flag carrier b" the federal go2ernment to
offet the difference in operating cot between US and foreign 2eel*
-ffDLine< Decribe an airline that ell in a market to which it doe not operate*
An 9ff%;ine carrier will ue another operator to link with it network*
->,< 9rder notif"Q own name
->o< 9rder of
-pen *ccount< A high%rik trade arrangement in which good are hipped to a
foreign bu"er without guarantee of pa"ment*
-pen Policy< A cargo inurance polic" that i an open contractQ i*e*. it pro2ide
protection for all an e>porterN hipment afloat or in tranit within a pecified
geographical trade area for an unlimited period of time. until the polic" i
cancelled b" the inured or b" the inurance compan"* -t i OopenO becaue the
good that are hipped are alo detailed at that time* Thi uuall" i hown in a
document called a marine inurance certificate*
-riginal &Guip"ent Manufacturers %-&M accounts'< ,utomer who
incorporate the e>porterN product into their own merchandie for reale under
their own brand name*
->R < 9wnerN rik
-. & R.< 9cean and Rail
$1(
-.r./.< 9wnerN rik or breakage
-.R. !et.< 9wnerN rik of deterioration
-.R.9.< 9wnerN rik of fire or free:ing
-.R.L.< 9wnerN rik of leakage
-.R...< 9wnerN rik of becoming wet
-.S. & !.< 92er. hort and damage
P.*. < Particular a2erage
Paired< Port of Arri2al -mmediate Releae and ?nforcement Determination* A
U*S* ,utom program that allow entr" documentation for an import hipment to
be filed at one location. uuall" an inland cit". while the merchandie i cleared
b" ,utom at the port of entr". normall" a eaport* Ma" be ineffecti2e with
certain t"pe of high%rik cargoe. uch a quota%regulated te>tile or hipment
from drug%production region* ,itie where there i a natural flow of cargo are
actuall" OpairedO in the programQ e*g*. Atlanta. an inland cit". i linked with
Sa2annah. a eaport* Teted in NCB%NCC. it became generall" a2ailable in mid% NCC*
Pallet< ;oad carr"ing platform to which looe cargo i ecured before placing
aboard the aircraft*
Pallet &#tender< Fahionable metal or cardboard de2ice to increae pallet
capacit"*
Paperless Release< Under A!-. certain commoditie from low%rik countrie not
deignated for e>amination ma" be releaed through an A!-%certified broker
without the actual ubmiion of documentation*
Part Charter< Fhere part of an airlineN cheduled flight i old a if it were a
charter in it own right 59ften wrongl" ued a a "non"m for plit charter6*
Part Load Charter< Fhere a part of an aircraftN load i dicharged at one
detination and a part of it at another* Thi i ditinct from a plit charter where a
number of conignment are carried to the ame detination* -nbound. part load
are treated a ingle entit" charter under the regulation of mot countrie*
Particular *verage< Partial lo or damage to good*
$1A
Perils of the Sea< Mot loe co2ered b" a marine inurance polic" come
within the compreheni2e e>preion Operil of the ea.O which refer to damage
caued b" hea2" weather. tranding. triking on rock or on bottom. colliion
with other 2eel. contact with floating object. etc*
Perisha/les< An" cargo that loe coniderable 2alue if it i dela"ed in
tranportation 5Uuall" refer to freh fruit and 2egetable6*
Phytosanitary $nspection Certificate< A certificate iued b" the U*S*
Department of Agriculture indicating that a hipment ha been inpected and i
free of harmful pet and plant dieae*
Pilferage< A ued in marine inurance policie. the term denote pett" thie2er".
the taking of mall part of a hipment. a oppoed to the theft of a whole
hipment or large unit* Man" ordinar" marine inurance policie do not co2er
againt pilferage. and when thi co2erage i deired. it mut be added to the
polic"*
Pivot .eight< That weight of a U;D abo2e which a higher tariff applieQ in effect.
an incenti2e to ma>imi:e cargo denit"*
Place< A particular treet addre or other deignation of a factor". tore.
warehoue. place of buine. pri2ate reidence. contruction camp or the like.
at a point*
Place of Rest< The term OPlace of RetO a ued in the ,ontaineri:ed ,argo
Rule mean that location on the floor. dock. platform or doorwa" at the ,FS to
which cargo i firt deli2ered b" hipper or agent thereof*
Point< A particular cit". town. 2illage or other communit" or area which i treated
a a unit for the application of rate*
Port *uthority< A go2ernment bod" 5cit". count" or tate6 which in international
hipping maintain 2ariou airport and7or ocean cargo pier facilitie. tranit
hed. loading equipment warehoue for air cargo. etc* 3a the power to le2"
dockage and wharfage charge. landing fee. etc*
$1B
Port Marks< An identif"ing et of letter number and7or geometric "mbol
followed b" the name of the port of detination. which are placed on e>port
hipment* Foreign go2ernment requirement ma" be e>ceedingl" trict in the
matter of port mark*
Port of !ischarge< Port where 2eel i off loaded and cargo dicharge*
Port of &ntry< A port at which foreign good are re%admitted into the recei2ing
countr"*
Port of Loading< Port where cargo i loaded aboard the 2eel lahed and
towed*
Poer of *ttorney< A document that authori:e a cutom broker to ign all
cutom document on behalf of an importer*
PreD*dvice< Preliminar" ad2ice that a letter of credit ha been etablihed in the
form of a brief authenticated wire meage* -t i not an operati2e intrument and
i uuall" followed b" the actual letter of credit*
Prepaid 9reight< #enerall" peaking. freight charge both in ocean and air
tranport ma" be either prepaid in the currenc" of the countr" of e>port or the"
ma" be billed collect for pa"ment b" the conignee in hi local currenc"*
3owe2er. on hipment to ome countrie freight charge mut be prepaid
becaue of foreign e>change regulation of the countr" of import and7or rule of
teamhip companie or airline*
PreDSlung Cargo< ,argo hipped alread" in a cargo ling or net* Uuall"
prepared and loaded at pier read" for arri2al of 2eel and ubequent loading
5i*e* coffee in bag. coconut hell. etc6*
Price Auotation>Profor"a $nvoice< An in2oice prepared b" the eller in
ad2ance of hipment that document the cot of good old. freight. inurance.
and other related charge* -t i often ued b" the bu"er to ecure a letter of
credit. an import licene or a foreign currenc" allocation*
Pri"a 9acie< ;atin. Oon firt appearance*O A term frequentl" encountered in
foreign trade* Fhen a teamhip compan" iue a clean bill of lading. it
$1C
acknowledge that the good were recei2ed Oin apparent good order and
conditionO and thi i aid b" the court to contitute prima facie e2idence of the
condition of the containerQ that i. if nothing to the contrar" appear. it mut be
inferred that the cargo wa in good condition when recei2ed b" the carrier*
Profor"a< Fhen ued with the title of a document. the term refer to an informal
document preented in ad2ance of the arri2al. or preparation of the required
document. in order to atif" a cutom requirement*
Pro ,u"/er< A number aigned b" the carrier to a ingle hipment. ued in all
cae where the hipment mut be referred to* Uuall" aigned at once*
Proof of !elivery< Add%on er2ice in e>pre market. deli2ered either b" phone
or courier* 9ften offered free*
Protest< ,utom form $' allow for a refund of an o2erpa"ment of dut" if filed
within '1 da" of liquidation*
P...< Packed weight
R. & C. < Rail and ,anal
R>C< Reconigned
r. & c.c.< Riot and ci2il commotion
r.c.c. & s.< Riot. ci2il commotion and trike
Re/ate< A deduction taken from a et pa"ment or charge* A a rebate i gi2en
after pa"ment of the full amount ha been made. it differ from a dicount which
i deducted in ad2ance of the pa"ment* -n foreign trade. a full or partial rebate
ma" be gi2en on import dutie paid on good which are later re%e>ported*
Reciprocity< A practice b" which go2ernment e>tend imilar conceion to one
another*
Red Clause Letter of Credit< A letter of credit that allow the e>porter to recei2e
a percentage of the face 2alue of the letter of credit in ad2ance of hipment* Thi
enable the e>porter to purchae in2entor" and pa" other cot aociated with
producing and preparing the e>port order*
R&9(.< RefrigeratingQ Refrigeration
$1'
Regs.< Regitered Tonnage
Retaliation< Action taken b" a countr" to retrain it import from another
countr" that ha increaed a tariff or impoed other meaure that ad2erel"
affect the firt countr"N e>port*
R-R- %R-LL -,DR-LL -99' < Direct dri2e on7dri2e off wheeled 2ehicle on
peciall"%deigned ocean%going 2eel*
Route< an etablihed air paage. from point of departure to terminating tation*
Royalty< a charge on charter flight le2ied b" ome go2ernment before traffic
right are granted* Sometime called a Ono objection fee*O Uuall" a fi>ed
proportion of a total charter 2alue*
Salvage< Recue of good from lo at ea or b" fireQ alo. good o a2ed. or
pa"ment made or due for their recue*
Sanitary and =ealth Certificate< A tatement igned b" a health organi:ation
official certif"ing the degree of purit". cleanline. or poilage of good. and the
health of li2e animal*
Schedule B< Refer to OSchedule !. Statitical ,laification of Dometic and
Foreign ,ommoditie ?>ported from the United State*O !eing replaced under
the 3armoni:ed S"tem*
Scheduled 9light< An" er2ice that operate to a et timetable*
SCR< Specified ,ommodit" Rate* Applied to narrowl" pecified commoditie*
Uuall" granted on relati2el" large hipment* Theoreticall" i of limited time
duration*
Sector< Ditance between two ground point within a route*
SelfDSustaining< Eeel ha it own crane and equipment mounted on board
for loading7unloading* Ued in port where hore crane and equipment are
lacking*
Service< The defined. regular pattern of call made b" a carrier in the pick%up
and dicharge of cargo*
Service Contract< A contract between a hipper and an ocean carrier of
$$1
conference. in which the hipper make a commitment to pro2ide a minimum
quantit" of cargo o2er a fi>ed time period*
Set Up< Article in their aembled condition*
S. & 9.*.< Shipping and forwarding agent*
Ship"ent< Freight tendered to a carrier b" one conignor at one piece at one
time for deli2er" to one conignee at one place on one bill of lading*
Shipper< Term ued to decribe e>porter* Motl" manufacturing companie*
ShipperNs &#port !eclaration< A form required b" the Treaur" Department and
completed b" a hipper howing the 2alue. weight. conignee. detination. etc*.
of e>port hipment a well a Schedule ! identification number*
ShipNs Manifest< An intrument in writing containing a lit of the hipment
compriing the cargo of the 2eel*
ShipNs Tackle< All rigging. etc*. utili:ed on a hip to load or dicharge cargo*
ShortDShipped< ,argo manifeted but not loaded*
Single &ntry Charter< A non%cheduled flight carr"ing the cargo of one hipper*
Sight !raft< A draft pa"able upon preentation to the drawee* ,ompare date
draft and time draft*
S.$.T.< Stopped in Tranit
Site< A particular platform or location for loading or unloading at a place*
S.L. & C. < ShipperN ;oad and ,ount
S.L. & T.< ShipperN ;oad and Tall"
S>,< Shipping /ote
S.-.L.< Ship 9wnerN;iabilit"
Split Charter< Fhere a number of conignment from different hipper are
carried on the ame non%cheduled aircraft* Under U*G* regulation a
noncheduled flight chartered b" a ingle forwarder or agent on behalf of a
number of hipper i till claified a a plit charter* Under U*S* regulation. a
forwarder chartered flight i claified a a ingle entit" although it can
conolidate*
$$$
S.R< Shipping Receipt
S.R. & C.C.< Strike. riot. and ci2il commotion*
SS< SteamhipQ team powered hip 5Steam dri2en turbine6
Standard $nternational Trade Classification %S$TC' < A tandard numerical
code "tem de2eloped b" the United /ation to claif" commoditie ued in
international trade*
S.tn.< Short ton
Stea"ship *gent< A dul" appointed and authori:ed repreentati2e in a pecified
territor" acting in behalf of a teamhip line or line and attending to all matter
relating to the 2eel owned b" hi principal*
Stea"ship Line< ,ompan" i uuall" compoed of the following departmentQ
2eel operation. container operation. tariff department. booking. outbound
rate. inward rate and ale* the compan" can maintain it own in countr" U*S*
office to handle regional ale. operation and7or other matter or appoint
teamhip agent to repreent them doing ame* Some line ha2e liner office in
e2eral region and ha2e appointed agent in other*
Stoage< The lacing of cargo in a 2eel in uch a manner a to pro2ide the
utmot afet" and efficienc" for the hip and the good it carrie*
StrikesF RiotsF and Civil Co""otions< An inurance claue referring to lo or
damage directl" caued b" triker. locked%out workmen. peron participation in
labor diturbance. and riot of 2ariou kind* The ordinar" marine inurance
polic" doe not co2er thi rikQ co2erage againt it can be added onl" b"
endorement*
Su/sidy< An economic benefit granted b" a go2ernment to producer of good
or er2ice. often to trengthen their competiti2e poition*
Sue & La/or Clause< A pro2iion in marine inurance obligating the aured to
do thing necear" after a lo to pre2ent further lo and to act in the bet
interet of the inurer*
$$&
Surety Bond< A bond inuring againt lo or damage or for the completion of
obligation*
Surety Co"pany< An inurance compan"
S...< ShipperN weight
Tally Sheet< ;it of cargo. incoming and outgoing. checked b" Tall" clerk on
dock*
Tare .eight< The weight of the container and7or packing material onl" %
e>cluding the weight of the good inide the container*
Tariff< A general term for an" liting of rate. charge. etc* the tariff mot
frequentl" encountered in foreign trade are< tariff of the international
tranportation companie operating on ea. on land. and in the airQ tariff of the
international cable. radio. and telephone companieQ and the cutom tariff of
the 2ariou countrie. which lit good that are dut" free and thoe ubject to
import dut". gi2ing the rate of dut" in each cae* There are 2ariou clae of
cutom dutie*
T.B.L.< Through bill of lading
Te"perature Controlled Cargo< An" cargo requiring carriage under controlled
temperature*
T&U< Twent" foot equi2alent*
Third 9reedo" Right< Fhere cargo i carried b" an airline. from the countr" in
which it i baed. to a foreign countr"*
T.$.B.< Temporar" -mport ?ntr"*
Ti"e !raft< A draft that mature in a certain number of da". either from
acceptance or date of the draft*
TitleF Passing< The paing of title to e>ported good i determined in large
meaure b" the elling term* For e>ample. if an e>porter ell good c*i*f he ma"
be preumed to pa ownerhip and tender of document* 3owe2er. he ma" hip
on a bill of lading drawn to hi own order. to pre2ent the bu"er from gaining
poeion of the good until the draft i paid or accepted* -n thi cae he retain
$$8
a ecurit" title to the goodQ that i. a title for ecurit" purpoe onl". until the
financial arrangement i carried out* ,aution< depending on the law of the
bu"erN countr". "ou ma" not be able to force paage of title without pa"ment
ha2ing been recei2ed or the bu"er ha2ing accepted deli2er" of the good or a
clear undertanding b" the bu"er being undertood and accepted*
TL< Truckload
Ton< Freight rate for liner cargo generall" are quoted on the bai of a certain
rate per ton. depending on the nature of the commodit"* Thi ton. howe2er. ma"
be weight ton or a meaurement ton*
TonD!eadeight< -ndicate the carr"ing capacit" of the hip in term of the
weight in ton of the cargo. fuel. pro2iion and paenger which a 2eel can
carr"*
TonD!isplace"ent< The weight of the 2olume of water which the full" loaded
hip diplace*
TonD+ilo"eter< Meaure of airline freight capacit"*
TonDRegistered< -ndicate the cubical content or burden of a 2eel in ton of
$11 cubic feet* The pace within a 2eel in unit of $11 cubic feet*
Tracking< A carrierN "tem of recording mo2ement inter2al of hipment from
origin to detination*
Trade< A term ued to define a geographic area or pecific route er2ed b"
carrier*
Traffic Conferences< Rate%fi>ing machiner" operated b" -ATA*
Tra"p< A tramp i a 2eel that doe not operate along a definite route on a fi>ed
chedule. but call at an" port where cargo i a2ailable*
Transfera/le Letter of Credit< A letter of credit that allow all or a portion of the
proceed to be tranferred from the original beneficiar" to one or more additional
beneficiarie*
Transship"ent< The tranfer of a hipment from one carrier to another in
$$)
international trade. mot frequentl" from one hip to another* -n a much a the
unloading and reloading of delicate merchandie i likel" to caue damage.
tranhipment are a2oided whene2er poible*
Transport $nde#< The number e>preing the ma>imum radiation le2el in a
package of U;D*
Truckload< Truckload rate appl" where the tariff how a truckload minimum
weight* ,harge will be at the truckload minimum weight unle weight i higher*
Trust Receipt< Releae of merchandie b" a bank to a bu"er for manufacturing
or ale purpoe in which the bank retain title to the merchandie*
Turnkey Pro3ect< ,apital contruction project in which the upplier 5contractor6
deign and build the ph"ical plant. train the local peronnel on how to
manage and operate the facilit" and preent the bu"er with a elf%utaining
project 5all the bu"er ha to do i Oturn the Ge"O6*
U+*CC< United Gingdom Air ,argo ,lub*
UL!< Unit ;oad De2ice* Pallet or ,ontainer for freight*
Unclean Bill of Lading< A bill containing reer2ation a to the good order and
condition of the good. or the packaging. or both* ?>ample< Obag tornQO Odrum
leakingQO Oone cae damagedQO Oroll chafed*O
Unitisation< The packing of ingle or multiple conignment into U;D or pallet*
Universal Postal Union< 9rgani:ation which negotiate international mail
charge*
B*T %BalueD*dded Ta#'< A ale or conumption ta> which the end uer pa"*
T"picall". thi i a OhiddenO ta>. added to the lit price of the good in quetion*
Baluation Charges< Tranportation charge aeed hipper who declare a
2alue of good higher than 2alue of carrierNN limit of liabilit"*
Bes.< Eeel
Bisa< An in2oice properl" 2alidated b" the Miniter of Trade in regard to quota
entrie*
$$(
Bolu"e .eight< Ued when calculating air freight when the i:e of the carton i
greater than the a2erage weight. calculated b" multipl"ing the length time the
width time the height and di2iding b" $AA*
..*.< Fith A2erage
.arehouse Receipt< A receipt of commoditie depoited in a warehoue.
identif"ing the commoditie depoited* -t i non%negotiable if permitting deli2er"
onl" to a pecified peron or firm. but it i negotiable if made out to the order of a
peron or firm or to a bearer* ?ndorement 5without endorement if made out to
bearer6 and deli2er" of a negotiable warehoue receipt er2e to tranfer the
propert" co2ered b" the receipt er2e to tranfer the propert" co2ered b" the
receipt* Farehoue receipt are common document in international banking*
.arehouseDtoD.arehouse< A claue in marine inurance polic" whereb" the
underwriter agree to co2er the good while in tranit between the initial point of
hipment and the point of detination. with certain limitation. and alo ubject to
the law of inurable interet* Fhen it wa firt introduced. the warehoue%
towarehoue claue wa e>tremel" important. but now it importance i
diminihed b" the marine e>tenion claue. which o2erride it pro2iion*
.ar Risk< The poible aggrei2e action againt a hip and it cargo b" a
belligerent go2ernment* Thi rik can be inured b" a marine polic" with a rik
claue*
.ar Risk $nsurance< -nurance iued b" marine underwriter againt war%like
operation pecificall" decribed in the polic"* -n former time. war rik inurance
wa taken out onl" in time of war. but currentl" man" e>porter co2er mot of
their hipment with war rik inurance a a protection againt loe from
derelict torpedoe and floating mine placed during former war. and alo a a
afeguard againt unforeeen warlike de2elopment* -n the United tate. war
rik inurance i written in a eparate polic" from the ordinar" marine inuranceQ
it i deirable to take out both policie with the ame underwriter in order to a2oid
the ill effect of a poible dipute between underwriter a to the caue 5marine
$$A
peril or war peril6 of a gi2en lo*
.eight< #ro % The weight of the good including packing. wrapper. or
container. internal and e>ternal* The total weight a hipped*
M /et % The weight of the good themel2e without the incluion of an"
wrapper*
M Tare % The weight of the packaging or container*
M Feight7Meaurement Ton % -n man" cae. a rate i hown per
weight7meaurement ton. carrierN option* Thi mean that the rate will be
aeed on either a weight ton or meaurement ton bai. whiche2er will
"ield the carrier the greater re2enue* A e>ample. the rate ma" be quoted
on the bai of &.&)1 pound or )1 cubic feet or of $ metric ton or $ cubic
meter*
M Feight Ton % There are three t"pe of weight tonQ the hort ton. weighing &.111
poundQ the long ton. weighing &.&)1 poundQ and the metric ton weight &.&1)*AC
pound* The lat i frequentl" quoted for cargo being e>ported from ?urope*
.eightF Legal< /et weight of good. plu inide packing*
.eight Load 9actor< Pa"load achie2ed a againt a2ailable. e>preed a a
percentage* ,argo i frequentl" limited b" 2olume rather than weightQ load factor
of $11T are rarel" achie2ed*
.et Lease< An arrangement for renting an aircraft under which the owner
pro2ide crew. ground upport equipment. fuel and o on 5of dr" leae6*
.g.< Feight guaranteed
.harfage< A charge aeed b" a pier or dock owner againt the cargo or a
teamhip compan" for ue of the pier or dock*
.. & $.< Feighing and -npection
.ith *verage< A marine inurance term meaning that hipment i protected for
partial damage whene2er the damage e>ceed a tated percentage*
.ithout Reserve< A term indicating hipperN agent or repreentati2e i
empowered to make definiti2e deciion and adjutment abroad without
$$B
appro2al of the group or indi2idual repreented* See ad2ior" capacit"*
.ith Particular *verage %..P.*.' < An inurance term meaning that partial lo
or damage of good i inured* #enerall" mut be caued b" ea water* Man"
ha2e a minimum percentage of damage before pa"ment* Ma" be e>tended to
co2er lo b" theft. pilferage. deli2er". leakage. and breakage*
.>M< Feight and7or meaurement
..P.*.< Fith Particular A2erage
.>R< Farehoue receipt
..R.< Far Rik
E =eavy< ?>tra 3ea2"
E Strong< ?>tra trong
EE =eavy< Double e>tra hea2"
EE Strong< Double e>tra trong
;>*< 4ork%Antwerp Rule % A code of rule adopted b" an international
con2ention in $C'1. amended in $'&) and again in $'(1. for the purpoe of
etablihing a uniform bai for adjuting general a2erage* ,ertain nationalitie
decline to ober2e certain of the rule adopted* United State hipping interet
generall" abide b" general rule OFO and numbered rule $ to $( and $B to &&.
inclui2e and pecificall" et thi forth in a !ill 9f ;ading ,laue*
;ield< Re2enue. not necearil" profitable. per unit of traffic*

Master of Business Administration: Summer Training Project Report

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