B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC KINH T - K THUT CNG NGHIP

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

BI GING
TRUYN THNG A PHNG TIN

i tng:

HSSV trnh i hc, Cao ng, TCCN

Ngnh o to: Cng ngh thng tin

Lu hnh ni b

MC LC
LI GII THIU ..................................................................................................1
Chng 1. NHP MN MULTIMEDIA ...............................................................
1.1. Tng quan ..........................................................................................................
1.2. M hnh truyn thng con ngi .....................................................................
1.2.1. H thng vt l ......................................................................................................
1.2.2. S m ha n gin ...............................................................................................
1.2.3. S cm nhn ...........................................................................................................
1.2.4. B nh .....................................................................................................................
1.2.5. H thng nhn thc ...............................................................................................
1.2.6. H thng nh ..........................................................................................................
1.3. c lng v hi t .........................................................................................
1.3.1. S hi t ca vin thng v tin hc .....................................................................
1.3.2. Cc kin trc cho cc ng dng mng .................................................................
1.3.3. Mng my tnh ........................................................................................................
1.3.4. Tch hp ...................................................................................................................
1.3.5. Tnh ton c th vn chuyn c........................................................................
1.3.6. Cc trnh n thng minh .........................................................................................
1.3.7. S hi t .................................................................................................................
Chng 2. KHI NIM CHUNG V M THANH AUDIO V VIDEO ............
2.1. K thut Audio ..................................................................................................
2.1.1. Khi nim ................................................................................................................
2.1.2. ng dng ................................................................................................................
2.1.3. K thut Audio s ..................................................................................................
2.1.4. Gii thiu v m thanh v h thng x l m thanh ...........................................
2.1.5. Mt s khi nim ton hc trong x l m thanh ................................................
2.1.6. Cc m hnh dng trong x l m thanh ................................................................
2.2. K thut Video ..................................................................................................
2.2.1. Tng quan v x l nh v video s ....................................................................
2.2.2. Khi nim c bn v x l nh ............................................................................
2.2.3. Cc phn t c bn ca h thng x l nh s .................................................
2.2.4. L thuyt ton ng dng trong x l nh v video s ........................................

Chng 3. NGUYN L, K THUT V CC CHUN NN D LIU

MULTIMEDIA: M THANH, HNH NH, VIDEO K THUT S .................
3.1. Cng ngh ng truyn tc cao .............................................................
3.2. Mng a phng tin, cc cng ngh v kin trc. ......................................
3.3. Cc giao thc truyn thng a phng tin thi gian thc .........................
3.4. Nguyn l nn d liu ........................................................................................
3.5. Lng t ha nh (Image Quantization) ........................................................
3.6. Cc phng php m ha (Shannon fano v Huffman) ...............................
3.7. K thut nn nh, video ...................................................................................
3.7.1. K thut nn nh JPEG .........................................................................................
3.7.2. Chun nn MPEG, chun H.26X ..........................................................................
Chng 4. BO M CHT LNG DCH V (QoS) TRUYN THNG A
PHNG TIN .......................................................................................................
4.1. Cc loi dch v c bn v yu cu chung ca chng v cht lng dch
v................................................................................................................................
4.1.1. Dch v thoi/telex/Fax/nhn tin ...........................................................................
4.1.2. Dch v truyn thng a phng tin ..................................................................
4.2. Nhu cu v xu hng pht trin ca cc loi dch v truyn thng a
phng tin ..............................................................................................................
4.2.1. Dch v VoIP ...........................................................................................................
4.2.2. Dch v Video thi gian thc ................................................................................
4.2.3. Dch v VPN ...........................................................................................................
4.2.4. Tch hp dch v vin thng trn mng truyn hnh cp (CATV) .....................
4.2.5. Dch v trc tuyn (Online services) ....................................................................
4.2.6. Thng tin c nhn ton cu - Dch v cho tng lai.............................................
Chng 5. MT S NG DNG MULTIMEDIA..................................................
5.1. Mng thng tin ton cu....................................................................................
5.2. H thng hi tho truyn hnh (Videoconference Systems)...........................
5.3. H thng truyn hnh theo yu cu (Video-on-demand System)....................
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................
DANH MC T KHA ..........................................................................................

Chng 1 : NHP MN MULTIMEDIA

1.1. Tng quan
Sn phm ca cng ngh Multimedia v ang xm nhp ngy cng su,
rng vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi. C th ni cc sn phm ca cng ngh
c mt khp mi ni, t cng s n gia nh. N xut hin trong nhiu lnh vc
t gio dc, y t, n vui chi gii tr, nghin cu khoa hc v..v..
Sc mnh ca cc sn phm do cng ngh Multimedia mang li l s a dng
phong ph ca cc dng thng tin. Ngi ta c th thu nhn, s l thng tin thng
qua th gic, thnh gic nh m thanh, hnh nh, vn bn m cng ngh Multimedia
mang li. iu ny lm cho hiu qu thu nhn, s l thng tin cao hn so vi thng
tin ch dng vn bn.
tng t nn mng cho lnh vc cng ngh ny c t nm 1945. ng
Vanner Brush ,gim c c quan nghin cu pht trin khoa hc ca chnh ph M
lc by gi (Director ofthe office Scientific Research and Development in the US
Gouverment) a ra cu hi l, liu c th ch to c loi thit b cho php
lu tr cc dng thng tin thay cho sch, ni mt cch khc chng nh mi thng
tin ch c th lu tr dng sch ? Nhn thc c ngha quan trng ca loi
thit b c tnh cht trn, hng lot cc nh khoa hc, cng ngh tp trung nghin
cu. N l c s hay nn tng ca cng ngh Multimedia ngy nay.
Nm 1960 Ted Nelson v Andrries Van Dam cng b cng trnh ni v k
thut truy nhp d liu di ci tn gi Hypertext v Hypermedia. K thut ny cho
n nay vn c gi nguyn tn v c s dng rng ri trong dch v Web trn
Internet. Nm 1968 Engleband a ra c h thng s dng Hypertext trn my
tnh vi ci tn NLS. B quc phng M thnh lp t chc DARPA (US deference
advanced Research Prject Agency) nghin cu v cng ngh Multimedia. Nm
1978 phng th nghim khng l MIT Media Laboratory chuyn nghin cu v cng
ngh Multimedia c thnh lp. Ch sau mt thi gian ngn hot ng, nhn thc
c tm quan trng v ngha x hi ca cng ngh Multimedia, ngi ta u
t gn 40 triu USD cho phng th nghim ny. Mt lot cc cng ty, cc hng ln
cho ra i cc phng th nghim v Multimedia nh AT & T, BELL, Olivity...Nhng
n lc khng ngng ca cc nh khoa hc,cng ngh cho phep ngi ta gt hi
c nhiu kt qu c tnh cht nn mng cho lnh vc Multimedia .
Nhng kt qu ny a nhanh chng c trin khai ng dng trong cc lnh
vc truyn hnh, vin thng v.v...

1.2. Mt vi khi nim v nh ngha

1.2.1. D liu Multimedia
Thng thng chng ta thng ghi nhn thng tin dng vn bn , cc vn
bn ny c m ho v lu gi trn my tnh, khi chng ta c d liu dng vn
bn. Mt cu hi t ra nu thng tin chng ta thu nhn c mt dng khc nh
m thanh (voice) , hnh nh (Image) th d liu ca n dng no? Chnh iu ny
dn n mt khi nim mi ta gi l d liu Multimedia.
D liu Multimedia l d liu cc dng thng tin khc nhau.
V d d liu Multimedia l cc d liu cc dng thng tin nh
- m thanh (Sound)
- Hnh nh (image)
-Vn bn (text).
- Kt hp ca c ba dng trn.
Khi nghin cu cc d liu cc dng thng tin trn, ngi ta nhn ra rng cn
phi phn chia d liu Multimedia nh hn na. Bi v d liu cc dng m
thanh, hnh nh trong qu trnh "vn ng" theo thi gian c nhng tnh cht rt khc
so vi dng tnh. iu ny i hi k thut, cng ngh x l rt khc nhau.V vy
trong lnh vc cng ngh Multimedia ngi ta chia d liu multimedia cc dng:
1. Vn bn (Text)
2. m thanh (sound)
3. Audio (m thanh ng, c ln iu)
4. Image/ Picture (Hnh nh)
5. Motion picture (nh ng)
6. Video (nh ng kt hp m thanh ng)
7. Animation (hnh nh s dng theo nguyn tc chiu phim)
8. AVI (Audio-Video Interleaved AVI)
9. Kt hp gia cc dng trn.
1.2.2. Cng ngh Multimedia
Mt cch n gin cng ngh Multimedia l cng ngh x l d liu
multimedia
Chng ta cn lu rng khi nim x l d liu trong cng ngh thng tin bao
hm cc cng vic sau: m ha, lu tr, vn chuyn, bin i, th hin d liu. Vi
ngha cng ngh Multimedia l cng ngh m ha, lu tr, vn chuyn, bin
i, th hin d liu multimedia.
5

1.2.3. ng b (synchronic)
ng b l khi nim rt quan trng trong cng ngh multimedia, v chng ta
bit rng d liu multimedia l d liu ca thng tin cc dng khc nhau, mi
dng cn phi c thit b v cng ngh x l khc nhau, khi kt hp chng li v n
ng b lun c t ra. Chng hn ngi ta khng th chp nhn nghe ting
sng n trc khi thy sng bn. Khi nim ng b hay ng b ha
(Sychronization) c ngha quan trng trong cng ngh multimedia. Vy th no l
ng b? hay ng b ha l qu trnh s sp xp cc "s kin" theo trt t thi
gian sao cho cc s kin cng trt t thi gian phi xy ra cng mt thi im.
Cc i tng c xem xt trong lnh vc Multimedia c th l cc thit b
vt l, c hc v cng c th l cc i tng tru tng c xem xt trong lnh
vc lp trnh theo hng i tng. Cc "s kin" c xem xt trong lnh vc
Multimedia c th l m thanh, nh sng, mu sc... v thm ch c th l cc vn
ng c hc ca cc thit b.
1.3. M hnh truyn thng con ngi
dn nhp m hnh truyn thng ca con ngi, chng ta hy xem xt cc
thnh phn hin nhin r rng ca truyn thng con ngi. Trong bt k hi
thoi/giao tip no gia mi ngi, hai knh yu t khc trong h thng truyn
thng l b nh hay vn ha biu th chia s ca n. Mi mt chng ta u c b
nh. N cung cp mi trng suy ngh v vn ha chia s mi trng.
Cc khi nim m ha
Cc xc cm m ha
M ha theo cc t

Cc giao thc lin quan

n nhn thc
Cc giao thc
xc cm
Cc giao thc

Gii m cc khi
nim
Gii m cc xc cm
Gii m theo cc t

li ni

S nh

S nh

Nhn thc

Nhn thc 5

K c

K c

Cm xc

Cm xc

Cc k hiu

Cc k hiu 2
Th gii vt l

Cc knh truyn thng con ngi 1998 IEEE

1
6

Mt s v d ng dng Multimedia
- H thng xy dng v son tho video s.
- Tp ch in t
- Tr chi
- Thng mi in t
- Truyn hnh tng tc iTV
- Truyn hnh hi ngh
- Truyn hnh theo yu cu
- Thc ti o.

Cc dng mi trng v tn hiu

Dng mi trng

Audio

synthesised

synthesis

digital audio

III CC LNH VC NGHIN CU NG DNG

Chng ta bit mt cch tng th, cng ngh multimedia l cng ngh x l
d liu multimedia, tuy nhin chng ta khng bit trong cng ngh gii quyt nhng
vn g? n phn chia thnh bao nhiu lnh vc nghin cu . Trong phn ny chng
ta xem xt mt cch tng th cu trc bn trong ca lnh vc cng ngh ny. S a
dng, phong ph v sinh ng ca cc ng dng cng ngh Multimedia khin cho
cc hc gi quan tm n Multimedia, n nay ngi ta vn cn tranh ci v cch
phn chia cc lnh vc nghin cu, ng dng ca Multimedia. Da vo c th ca
cng ngh v i tng nghin cu, ngi ta tm thng nht cch phn chia cng
ngh Multimedia thnh hai lnh vc chnh sau:

- Trong cc h thng thng tin Miltimedia (Multimedia information) li bao gm cc

lnh vc:

M hnh h thng thng Tin Multimedia (model information multimedia)

Trong lnh vc ny ngi ta gii quyt cc vn sau:

- Cc cu trc logic ca cc ti liu Multimedia (logical Structure of media document)
- Cc phng thc edit, Browse cc ti liu Multimedia
- Cc qu trnh to ra thng tin Multimedia
- Cc dng (Form) cc cng c (Tool) phc v cho x l d liu Multimedia.

M hnh d liu multimedia phn tn (Multimedia distributed processing

Model)
Trong lnh vc ny ngi ta quan tm n cc mc tiu sau:
8

- Cc ngn ng lp trnh thao tc trn d liu l cc ti liu Multimedia.

- Kt hp cc chc nng cn thit vi cc khi nim lp trnh cc khi nim cho
php lp trnh truy nhp vo cc d liu lu tr trn cc thit b ngoi vi multimedia
(Media device control)
- Cc dng d liu Multimedia v cc dch v cn trao i d liu Multimedia
(Interchange)
- Qun tr cc dch v vin thng mc cao.
- Cc m hnh d liu hypermedia, cc my ch (server) p ng dch v hypermedia
(hypermedia engine)
- Cc h iu hnh mng p ng dch v multimedia theo thi gian
thc
-Trong lnh vc cc h thng vin thng Multimedia (Multimedia Communication
Systems)

M hnh cc dch v multimedia trn mng (Multiservice Network multimedia

Model)
Lnh vc ny quan tm nghin cu cc vn sau:
- Mng a dch v (Multiservice) trn cc h thng d liu Multimedia phn tn
- Cc giao thc (protocol) p ng vic giao lu gia cc mng khc nhau c qun l
d liu Multimedia
- Trao i d liu Multimedia trn internet
M hnh h thng Multimedia hi ngh (Multimedia conferencing Model): M hnh
ny gii quyt cc vn kt ni my tnh vi cc h thng vin thng, to nn
mt h thng mng khng thit k trc, c kh nng p ng cc cuc hi tho,
hi ngh theo thi gian thc.
Ch :
-

Ngoi cc m hnh nu cn c m hnh pha trn kt hp ca cc lnh vc

trn to nn cc m hnh p ng cc yu cu a dng ca thc t.

Trong lnh vc Multimedia cn tn ti cc bi phc tp cn phi nghin cu

trong tng li nh nhn dng ting ni, nhn dng nh v.v....

BI TP CHNG 1
1. Trnh by khi nim Multimedia? Cc kha cnh lin quan n multimedia? Cho v
d?
2. nh Bitmap l g? Nu c im ca n?
3. Trnh by cc c trng multimedia trn web?
4. Phn loi cc phng php nn nh
5. Nu cc thnh phn d liu ca multimedia?
6. nh vector l g? Nu c im cu chng?
7. Trnh by qu trnh pht trin mt sn phm multimedia?
8. V s khi ca mt h thng nn tiu biu, gii thch cc thnh phn c bn
trn s ?
9. Nu ng dng ca multimedia (Mua bn giao dch qua mng). Hy nu ng dng
ca a phng tin trong cng tc gio dc, y t, sn xut?
10. Lch s pht trin ca multimedia. (1975-1980-1987-1995)
11. V biu so snh cc khun dng d liu multimedia
12. Xc nh nhng nt chnh ca sn phm multimedia.
13. Trnh by nhng yu cu v th nghim sn phm?
14. Kch bn l g? C cc loi kch bn no? So snh cc loi kch bn v cho v d
minh ha v kch bn chi tit cho sn phm a phng tin?
15. L do cn cp thut ng a phng tin?
16. B cc c vai tr quan trng th no trong thit k sn phm a phng tin?
17. Hy b cc bn lm vic, c my tnh, mn hnh, vn phng phm v ti liu?
18. Th no l qu trnh sn xut a phng tin? Khu no l c bit quan trng?
19. Hy cho bit mt s khi nim n gin v bn quyn v vi phm bn quyn?
20. Vai tr ca ni dung a phng tin?
21. Hy cho bit mt s mc pht trin chnh ca nghin cu, ng dng v a
phng tin?
22. Hy lit k mt s kt qu nghin cu, ng dng v a phng tin m cc c
s trong nc t c, trong thi gian 5 nm gn y?
23. Hy ly v d v tnh cht a phng tin trong giao din ngi dng trong mi
trng Windows, vi loi giao din ca s?
24. Hy ly v d v tnh cht a phng tin trong giao din ngi dng trong mi
trng Windows, vi loi giao din thc n?
25. Thit k sn phm a phng tin c nguyn tc khng? Khi thit k giao din
khun dng, ngi ta tun theo nhng nguyn tc no?
26. Vai tr ca con ngi trong tng tc vi h thng s dng a phng tin?
27. Mt s thit b dng trong a phng tin, hay trong a hnh thi, nh gng in
t, thit b thc o c gi tr g trong tng tc a phng tin?
28. Cc loi d liu a phng tin c cch thu nhp khc nhau ra sao?
29. Chun b thit b g thu nhp d liu a phng tin?
30. Vai tr lnh o n a phng tin trong vic
a. Xy dng n?
b. Qun l ti chnh?

10

31. Vai tr ca ngi dng trong vic xy dng cc iu khon thc hin ca n
a phng tin?
32. Vai tr ca bn quyn i vi
a.
Ngi dng a phng tin?
b.
Ngi sn xut a phng tin?
33. Vic t chc nhm cng tc trong n a phng tin theo nguyn tc g?
34. Mt s vai tr trong n a phng tin?
35. Vic thay i nhn s, c bit cc vai ch cht s nh hng n qu trnh
thc hin n a phng tin kha cnh no?
36. Tch hp d liu a phng tin theo mt s phn mm khuyn co p ng
c cc nguyn tc tch hp no? Ly v d?
37. D liu m thanh thu thp khc m thanh trong video u?
38. D liu video c m t di dng nn, theo chun th hin, v c d li u
meta ra sao?
39. Phn bit tip th sn phm a phng tin vi sn phm tin hc thng thng?
40. B cc hnh nh, vn bn trn giao din ngi my c mt s loi chnh no?
41. Ngi ta to hnh i tng 3D theo m hnh no?
42. Mt s yu cu t ra i vi phng thu m, m bo cht l ng m thnh
trong sn phm a phng tin?
43. Th nghim v nh gi sn phm a phng tin c nhng lu g?
44. Khi lm t liu v n a phng tin, cn m t cc kha cnh no?

11

Chng 2: KHI NIM CHUNG V M THANH AUDIO V VIDEO

2.1 K thut Audio
2.1.1 Khi nim
m thanh (audio): l dao ng cc sng m gy ra p lc lm dch chuyn cc
ht vt cht trong mi trng n hi lm tai ngi cm nhn c cc dao ng
ny. Tai ngi c th nghe c cc dao ng trong khong tn s 20Hz n 20kHz.
m thanh t nhin: L s kt hp gia cc sng m mang tn s khc nhau.
Di ng ca tai: Gii hn bi ngng nghe thy (0dB) n ngng au
(120dB) ca ngi.
Ngng nghe ti thiu: Mc thp nht ca bin m tai ngi c th cm
nhn c m thanh ty thuc vo tng ngi, mc p lc v tn s ca m thanh.
Hiu ng che khut m thanh: Hin tng m thanh m ti ngng nghe
ca mt m tng ln trong khi c mt ca mt m khc (kh nghe hn). c s
dng trong k thut nn.
Hng m thanh: Tai v no c th gip ta xc nh hng m thanh, iu ny
c th ng dng to cc hiu ng m thanh nh stereo, surround.
Vang v tr: Vang l hin tng ko di m thanh sau khi ngun m tt. Tr
l thi gian d m thanh phn x n ch so vi m thanh trc tip. Nu d>50ms th
tr gi l ting vng. Bin ca m thanh c sau mt ln phn x th b suy
gim.
2.1.2 ng dng
m thanh ng vai tr quan trng trong cc ng dng truyn thng a phng
tin.
Cc hiu ng c bit ca m thanh nh m nhc v ting ni c th c a
vo cc ng dng, c bit l cc ng dng trong h thng o to v bn hng t
ng hoc h thng im thng tin. Mt li ch thch bng ting ni c th c
dng din t nhng g ang din ra trn mn hnh hoc lm ni bt v nhn
mnh nhng khi nim then cht. m thanh c th c s dng kt hp vi hnh
nh tnh hoc ng gii thch cho ngi s dng mt tng hay mt quy trnh
hiu qu hn theo cch gii thch ch n gin bng vn bn hay ha, m nhc
c th c s dng thu ht s ch ca khch hng hoc to ra mt phong
cch ring bit.
Trong mt s lnh vc chuyn dng t m thanh c th hnh thnh nn s li
cun ca mt ng dng truyn thng a phng tin, chng hn nh cc h thng
12

ch ng cho ngi khim th,... Mt d n mi y gip cho vic chuyn nht

bo n mt thit b my tnh t ti nh ngi c. Ngi s dng cng c th
chn nghe h thng x l ting ni c ln cc bi bo c chn lc.
Cng ngh x l m thanh ngy cng c ci tin, mi quan tm ca ngi
dng n cc h thng x l v nhn dng ting ni trong cc ng dng kinh doanh,
an ninh,...ngy cng tng ln.
2.1.3 K thut Audio s
my tnh lm vic c vi m thanh, chng phi c chuyn thnh tn
hiu s (digital) t tn hiu tng t (analog). Qu trnh ny gi l "ly mu"
(sampling), mi mt phn ca mt thi gian ly mu, tn hiu tng t c ghi
nhn li thnh nhng bit.
C 2 yu t nh hng n cht lng m thanh:
1. Tn s ly mu:

Tn s ly mu l s ln mu c ly trong mt n v thi gian.

Tn s chung nht l: 11.025 kHz, 22.05 kHz, v 44.1 kHz.

Nu tn s ly mu cao hn th cht lng s tt hn.

2. S bit m ho (kch thc ly mu):

Quyt nh tng lng thng tin c th biu din (m ho).
Minh ha:

Tn hiu analog v digital.

Kch thc ly mu thng thng l 8 bit v 16 bit.

Kch thc ly mu 8-bit cho 256 gi tr dng th hin m thanh, nu 16bit th cho 65. 536 gi tr.

Nu kch thc ly mu cao hn th cht lng s tt hn.

Kch thc file ca 10 giy ng vi gi tr tn s v s bit:

Tn s

S Bit

Kch thc File

44.1 kHz

16

1.76 MB

44.1 kHz

882 KB

22.05 kHz

16

882 KB

13

22.05 kHz

440 KB

11.025 kHz

220 KB

Sng m v cm gic m

Chuyn i
Analog-Digital
X l, Lu tr, Truyn
dn

Ngun tn hiu

(Digital)
Chuyn i

Analog-Digital
(Analog)
2.1.4 Gii thiu v m thanh v h thng x l m thanh

Xut m hin
th
Analog

2.1.4.1. m thanh(Sound)
m thanh v mt cm gic l s cm nhn ca con ngi thng qua thnh
gic v b no. m thanh v mt khoa hc l s vn ng vt l trong mi
trng trung gian ca cc nguyn t theo dng sng, cc sng ny c tn s thay i
theo thi gian. Ngi ta c th m t chuyn ng ca sng m thanh bng mt i
lng lin tc theo thi gian, ni cch khc c th m t m thanh bng i lng
analog theo cch sau:
Sng m thanh lan truyn trong khng kh tc ng ln vt chn c ni vi
ngun in, sng m thanh to nn p sut thay i ln vt chn lm cho in th V
ca ngun in thay i lin tc - in th chnh l biu din s thay i lin t c
ca sng m thanh, ngi ta ni rng i lng biu din s thay i c a sng m
thanh theo thi gian l i lng analog (tng t).

- Chu k v tn s
Nh chng ta bit, i vi sng m c mt s thuc tnh quan trng sau: Chu
k (period), tn s (frequence), tc (speed), bin (amplitude),

14

- Chu k l khong thi gian xut hin lin tip ca nh sng ti mt im; k
hiu T
- Tn s l l s chu k din ra trong mt n v thi gian tnh theo giy. n
v ca tn s tnh bng Hertz (Hz). K hiu l f. Gia chu k v tn s c mi lin h
sau: T=1/f
- Tai ngi nhy cm vi mt di rng cc tn s , bnh thng t 22Hz n
22000 Hz iu ny ph thuc vo sc khe ngi nghe. Di tn t 22Hz n 22000
Hz gi l di nghe c. Ting ni con ngi thng nm trong gii tn 500Hz
n 22000 Hz.
- Tc m thanh ph thuc vo mi trng n lan truyn v d nhit
khng kh, nhit 20c sng m thanh lan truyn vi tc 343,8 met/s.
- rng tn s (Banwithd ) : s khc nhau gia tn s cc i v cc tiu
- Bin (amplitude): l gi tr ln nht ca hm trong mi chu k;
Bin ca sng m thanh l tnh cht quan trng, nh n ngi ta cm nhn
c to nh (loudness) ca m thanh.
- n ca m thanh: n ca m thanh con ngi c th cm nhn c
bng tai
n v o ting n l decibel (db). N c xc nh bi

y
- P1,P2 l nng lng c o bng watt, jul, gram.cm/s.. hay i lng vt
l no m n v o ca n l nng lng trn thi gian (power per time)
- Level l mc n
2.1.4.2. c tnh ca m thanh tng t
Mc ch ca li ni l dng truyn t thng tin. C rt nhiu cch m t
c im ca vic truyn t thng tin. Da vo l thuyt thng tin, li ni c th
c i din bi thut ng l ni dung thng ip, hoc l thng tin. Mt cch
khc biu th li ni l tn hiu mang ni dung thng ip, nh l dng sng m
thanh.

15

Hnh: Dng sng ca tn hiu ghi nhn c t m thanh ca ngi

K thut u tin dng trong vic ghi m s dng cc thng s v c, in
cng nh trng c th lm nn nhiu cch thc ghi m ng vi cc loi p sut
khng kh khc nhau. in p n t mt microphone l tn hiu tng t ca p
sut khng kh (hoc i khi l vn tc). D c phn tch bng cch th c no, th
cc phng php khi so snh vi nhau phi dng mt t l thi gian.
Trong khi cc thit b tng t hin i trng c v x l m thanh tt hn
nhng thit b c in, cc tiu chun x l th hu nh khng c g thay i, mc
d cng ngh c v x l tt hn. Trong h thng x l m thanh tng t, thng tin
c truyn t bng thng s lin tc bin thin v hn.
H thng x l m thanh s l tng c nhng tnh nng tng t nh h
thng x l m thanh tng t l tng: c hai hot ng mt cch trong sut v
to li dng sng ban u khng li. Tuy nhin, trong th gii thc, cc iu kin l
tng rt him tn ti, cho nn hai loi h thng x l m thanh hot ng s khc
nhau trong thc t. Tn hiu s s truyn trong khong cch ngn hn tn hiu
tng t v vi chi ph thp hn.
Thng tin dng truyn t ca m thoi v bn cht c tnh ri rc, v n
c th
c biu din bi mt chui ghp gm nhiu phn t t mt tp hu hn
cc k hiu (symbol).
Cc k hiu t mi m thanh c th c phn loi thnh cc m v (phoneme).
Mi ngn ng c cc tp m v khc nhau, c c trng bi cc con s c gi tr
t 30 n 50. V d nh ting Anh c biu din bi mt tp khong 42 m v.
Tn hiu thoi c truyn vi tc nh th no? i vi tn hiu m thoi
nguyn thy cha qua hiu chnh th tc truyn c lng c th tnh c bng
cch lu gii hn vt l ca vic ni lu lot ca ngi ni to ra m thanh thoi
l khong 10 m v trong mt giy. Mi mt m v c biu din bi mt s nh
phn, nh vy mt m gm 6 bit c th biu din c tt c cc m v c a ti ng
Anh. Vi tc truyn trung bnh 10 m v/giy, v khng quan tm n vn
luyn m gia cc m v k nhau, ta c th c lng c tc truyn trung bnh
ca m thoi khong 60bit/giy.
16

Trong h thng truyn m thoi, tn hiu thoi c truyn lu tr v x l

theo nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Tuy nhin i vi mi loi h thng x l m thanh
th c hai iu cn quan tm chung l:
1. Vic duy tr ni dung ca thng ip trong tn hiu thoi
2. Vic biu din tn hiu thoi phi t c mc tiu tin li cho vic
truyn tin hoc lu tr, hoc dng linh ng cho vic hiu chnh tn hiu thoi
sao cho khng lm gim nghim trng ni dung ca thng ip thoi.
Vic biu din tn hiu thoi phi m bo vic cc ni dung thng tin c th
c d dng trch ra bi ngi nghe, hoc bi cc thit b phn tch mt cch t
ng.
2.1.4.3. Khi nim tn hiu
L i lng vt l bin thin theo thi gian, theo khng gian, theo mt hoc
nhiu bin c lp khc, v d nh:
m thanh, ting ni: dao ng sng theo thi gian (t)
Hnh nh: cng sng theo khng gian (x, y, z)
a chn: chn ng a l theo thi gian
Biu din ton hc ca tn hiu: hm theo bin c lp
V d:
u(t) = 2t2 5
f (x, y) = x2 2xy 6y2
Ch : Thng thng cc tn hiu t nhin khng biu din c bi mt hm
s cp, cho nn trong tnh ton, ngi ta thng dng hm xp x cho cc tn hiu t
nhin.
H thng: l thit b vt l, thit b sinh hc, hoc chng trnh thc hin cc
php ton trn tn hiu nhm bin i tn hiu, rt trch thng tin, Vic thc hin
php ton cn c gi l x l tn hiu.
2.1.4.4. Phn loi tn hiu:
Tn hiu a knh: gm nhiu tn hiu thnh phn ,cng chung m t mt i
tng no (thng c biu din di dng vector, v d nh tn hiu in tim
(ECG-ElectroCardioGram) , tn hiu in no (EEG ElectroEncephaloGram), tn
hiu nh mu RGB.
Tn hiu a chiu: bin thin theo nhiu hn mt bin c lp, v d nh tn
hiu hnh nh, tn hiu tivi trng en.
Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian: l tn hiu c nh ngha ti mi im trong
on thi gian [a,b], k hiu x(t) .

17

Hnh 1.2 Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian

Tn hiu ri rc thi gian: l tn hiu ch c nh ngha ti nhng thi im
ri rc khc nhau, k hiu x(n) .

Hnh 1.3 Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian

Tn hiu lin tc gi tr: l tn hiu c th nhn tr bt k trong on [ , ] min
max Y Y , v d tn hiu tng t (analog).

Hnh 1.4 Tn hiu lin tc gi tr

Tn hiu ri rc gi tr: tn hiu ch nhn tr trong mt tp tr ri rc nh trc
(tn hiu s).
18

Hnh 1.5 Tn hiu ri rc gi tr

Tn hiu analog: l tn hiu lin tc v thi gian, lin tc v gi tr.

Hnh 1.6 Tn hiu analog

Tn hiu s: l tn hiu ri rc v thi gian, ri rc v gi tr.

Hnh 1.7 Tn hiu s

Tn hiu ngu nhin: gi tr ca tn hiu trong tng lai khng th bit trc
c. Cc tn hiu trong t nhin thng thuc nhm ny
Tn hiu tt nh: gi tr tn hiu qu kh, hin ti v tng li u c xc
nh r, thng thng c cng thc xc nh r rng.
2.1.4.5 Phn loi h thng x l:
Gm hai loi h thng l h thng tng t v h thng s. Trong h
thng x l s: l h thng c th lp trnh c, d m phng, cu hnh, sn xut
19

hng lot vi chnh xc cao, gi thnh h, tn hiu s d lu tr, vn chuy n v

sao lu, nhc im l kh thc hin vi cc tn hiu c tn s cao.
2.1.5 Mt s khi nim ton hc trong x l m thanh
2.1.5.1 Php bin i z
Php bin i z ca mt chui c nh ngha bi cp biu thc
Bin i z ca x(n) c nh ngha bi biu thc (1.6a). X (z) cn c gi l
dy cng sut v hn theo
bin z1 vi cc gi tr ca
x(n) chnh l cc h s ca
dy cng sut.
Min hi t ROC l
tr ca z sao cho chui hi t, hay ni cch khc

{ z X (z) < }, l nhng gi

Thng thng, min hi t ca z c dng:

V d: x(n) = (n-n0). Theo cng thc (1.3a), ta c X(z)=z-n0
V d: Cho x(n) = u(n) u(n N) . Theo cng thc (1.3a), ta c

V d: Cho x(n) = an. u(n). Suy ra

Bng 2.1 Chui tn hiu v bin i z tng ng

1. Tuyn tnh

Chui tn hiu
ax1 (n) + bx2 (n)

Bin i z
aX 1 ( z) + bX 2 ( z)

2. Dch

x(n + n0 )

n
z 0 X ( z)

3. Hm m

n
a x(n)

X (a

4. Hm tuyn tnh

nx(n)

5. o thi gian

x(-n)

X(z

6. Tng quan

x(n)*h(n)

X(z)H(z)

7. Nhn chui

x(n)w(n)

z)

2.1.5.2 Php bin i Fourier

Bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ri rc thi gian c cho bi biu thc

20