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Mc lc
Li gii thiu
1. CHT HOT NG B MT
1.1 nh ngha
1.2 S hnh thnh Micell
2. CC TNH CHT C BN
2.1 Tnh thm t
2.2 Kh nng to bt
2.3 Kh nng ha tan
2.4 Kh nng hot ng b mt
2.5 Kh nng nh ha
2.6 im Kraft im c
2.7 HLB
3. PHN LOI CC CHT HOT NG B MT
3.1 Cc cht hot ng b mt khng sinh ion
3.2 Cc cht hot ng b mt anion
3.3 Cc cht hot ng b mt cation
3.4 Cc cht hot ng b mt lng tnh
4. MT S YU T NH HNG N TNH CHT CA CC CHT
HOT NG B MT
4.1 Nhit
4.2 Loi phn t
4.3 Cht in ly
5. GII THIU MT S CHT HOT NG B MT
5.1 Cetylpyridinium clorua (CPC)
5.2 Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)
5.3 Natri lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)


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Li gii thiu
cuc sng hin i, nhu cu v cc cht ty ra ngy cng c quan
tm v tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu c i vi con ngi. bt k
u, bt k ai cng u s dng nhng sn phm nh kem nh rng, sa tm,
x phng tm, x phng git Tt c hnh thnh nn ngnh cng nghip sn
xut cc cht ty ra. Ngnh cng nghip ny t trn vic s dng v pht
trin cc cht hot ng b mt v ph gia cho cc cht hot ng b mt. Cht
hot ng b mt khng nhng c ng dng nhiu trong lnh vc ty ra m
cn nhiu ng dng khc:
Trong cng nghip dt nhum: Cht lm mm cho vi si, cht tr
nhum
Trong cng nghip thc phm: Cht nh ha cho bnh ko, b sa v
hp
Trong cng nghip m phm: Cht ty ra, nh ha, cht to bt
Trong ngnh in: Cht tr ngm v phn tn mc in
Trong nng nghip: Cht gia cng thuc bo v thc vt,
Trong xy dng: Dng nh ha nha ng, tng cng ng rn
ca b tng
Trong du kh: Cht nh ha dung dch khoan
Trong cng nghip khong sn: Lm thuc tuyn ni, cht nh ha, cht
to bt lm giu khong sn
y ch xin gii thiu s lc v cc cht hot ng b mt, tnh cht,
phn loi v gii thiu mt s cht hot ng b mt c s dng ph bin.
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1. CHT HOT NG B MT
1. 1 nh ngha:
Cht hot ng b mt l cc cht c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt
ca cht lng. Phn t cht hot ng b mt gm hai phn: u k nc
(Hydrophop) v u a nc (Hydrophyl). V tnh cht hot ng b mt ph
thuc vo hai phn ny.
u k nc phi di, mch Carbon t 8 21, ankyl thuc mch
ankal, anken mch thng hay c gn vng cylo hoc vng benzene
u a nc phi l mt nhm phn cc mnh nh cacboxyl (COO-),
Hydroxyl (-OH), amin (-NH
2
), sulfat (-OSO
3
)
1.2 S hnh thnh Micelle:
Cc phn t ca cht hot ng b mt gm mt phn k nc v mt
phn a nc. Micell c hnh thnh khi mt nng nht inh, cc phn
t cht hot ng b mt tp hp li vi nhau, u a nc c bao quanh bi
cc phn t nc s hng ra ngoi v u k nc t vo bn trong hnh thnh
cc Micelle c dng hnh cu, hnh tr hay mng.
Nng ph hp vi vic hnh thnh cc Micell c gi l nng
Micell ti hn (CMC)
Micell hnh cu

i vi mt s hp cht hu c thc t khng tan trong nc nhng li
ha tan trong Micelle ca cc cht hot ng b mt hay gi l s ha tan ha.
Nh vy, cht hot ng b mt l cht trung gian ha tan gia cht hu c v
nc.
Cc Micelle hn hp hnh thnh khi cc cht hu c b ha tan vo trong
micelle v c chia lm ba loi: phn t khng cc, phn t bn cc v phn
t c cc.
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S ha tan cht hu c ca cc Micelle ph thuc vo s lng v kch
thc ca cc Micelle. S lng cc Micelle cng nhiu, ha tan cng tt.
kch thc Micelle cng ln, ha tan cc cht hu c cng d dng.

2. CC TNH CHT C BN
2.1 Tnh thm t:
Tnh thm t to iu kin vt cn git ra, cc vt bn tip xc vi
nc mt cch d dng nn ng vai tr rt quan trng.
Vi si c kh nng thm t d dng nhng nc kh thm su vo
bn trong cu trc v sc cng b mt rt ln, nht l khi vi si b dy bn
bng du m. V th, dng x phng lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc v
vi si nc.
2.2 Kh nng to bt:
Bt c hnh thnh do s phn tn kh trong mi trng lng. Hin
tng ny lm cho b mt dung dch cht ty ra tng ln.
Kh nng to bt v bn bt ph thuc vo cu to ca chnh cht ,
nng , nhit ca dung dch, pH v hm lng ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong
dung dch cht ty ra.
2.3 Kh nng ha tan:
Tnh ha tan ph thuc vo cc yu t:
Bn cht v v tr ca nhm a nc. Nhm a nc u mch d ha
tan hn nhm gia mch.
Chiu di ca mch Hydrocacbon. Nhm k nc mch thng d ha
tan hn mch nhnh.
Nhit
Bn cht ca ion kim loi: vi ion Na
+
, K
+
d ha tan hn cc ion Ca
2+
,
Mg
2+

2.4 Kh nng hot ng b mt:
Nc c sc cng b mt ln. Khi ha tan x phng vo nc, sc cng
b mt ca nc gim. Mt lp hp th nh hng hnh thnh trn b mt
nhm a nc hng vo nc, nhm k nc hng ra ngoi. Nh c lp hp
th m sc cng b mt ca nc gim v b mt nc khng kh c
thay bng k nc khng kh (gia cc pha)
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Kh nng hot ng b mt

2.5 Kh nng nh ha:
Nh tng l h phn tn khng bn vng nn mun thu c h bn
vng th phi cho thm cht nh ha.
X phng thng c dng lm cht n nh nh tng. Tc dng ca
chng l lm gim sc cng b mt ca hai hng du nc. sau , lm cho
h nh tng d dng n nh.
2.6 im Kraft im c:
Kh nng ha tan ca cc cht hot ng b mt anion tng ln theo
nhit . Kh nng ha tan ny tng trng t ngt khi tc nhn b mt ha
tan to thnh Micell. im Kraft l im m ti nhit cc Micell c
th ha tan c.
tan ca cc cht hot ng b mt NI ph thuc vo lien kt hydro
trong nc vi chui polyoxyetylen. Nng lng ca lin kt hydro rt ln khi
tng nhit v khi s mt nc lm gim tan. im c l im ti
nhit cc cht hot ng b mt NI khng ha tan c.
2.7 HLB (tnh a nc tnh a du cn bng)
HLB l mt n v o lng lng tnh i cc ca phn t
Gi tr ca HLB
1 4 khng phn tn trong nc
3 6 t phn tn
8 10 phn tn c nhng n nh
13 dung dch trong


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3. PHN LOI CC CHT HOT NG B MT
C nhiu cch phn loi cht hot ng b mt nhng cch phn loi
theo cu to ha hc l hp l nht. Phn loi theo cu to ha hc chia cht
hot ng b mt ra lm 2 loi: cht sinh ra ion v cht khng sinh ra ion. Cht
sinh ra ion c chia lm ba loi: hot tnh anion, hot tnh caction v lng
tnh.
3.1 Cht hot ng b mt khng sinh ion (NI)
Cc cht ty ra khi ha tan vo trong nc khng phn ly thnh ion gi
l cht ty ra khng sinh ion.
NI c kh nng hot ng b mt khng cao. m du vi da, ly du t.
Lm bn bt, to nh tt. C kh nng phn gii sinh hc. t chu nh hng
ca nc cng v pH ca mi trng, tuy nhin c kh nng to phc vi mt
s ion kim loi nng trong nc....
Hin nay tng hp chng, phng php c dng ph bin nht l
qu trnh etoxy ha t ru bo vi oxyt etylen.
Cng thc chung: R-O-(CH2-CH2-O-)
n
H.
Cc ru bo ny c ngun gc thin nhin nh du thc vt, m ng
vt thng qua phn ng H
2
ha cc axit bo tng ng.
Hoc bng con ng t ru tng hp: bng cch cho olefin-1 phn
ng vi H2SO4, ri thy phn (thu c ru bc 2). Trong thng mi, loi
ny c tn gi: tecitol 15-s-7, union caride 15-s-9...
Cht hot ng b mt khng sinh ion c phn loi thnh cc dng c
bn sau:
Copolimer c cng thc chung: HO-(OE)n-(OP)m-(OE)n-H, hoc HO-
(OP)n-(OE)m-(EP)n-H. T s PO/OE c th thay i: 4 - 1 hoc 9 - 1. Trng
lng phn t thp nht: 2000vC, thng dng nht hin nay l loi n = 2 v m
= 30, chng to bt km nn dng ph bin trong cc sn phm ty ra chuyn
dng cho my: my ra chn, my git, khng gy hi cho mi trng, c tnh
yu. Tuy nhin dng lng khng ln v kh nng phn hy sinh hc chm.
Cc oxit amin, ankyl amin, ru amit, polyglycerol ete, polyglucosit
(APG)... Nhm ny c tnh cht ni tri l rt n nh vi cht ty c clo, nc
javel, cht oxy ha... thng dng lm tc nhn nn, tng tnh n nh bt, lm
st, to nh nh x c cho sn phm ... c bit d b phn hy sinh hc, l
oxit amin, ankyl amin, ankylmonoetanolamit, polyglycerol ete, ankyl
polyglucosit (APG), sunfonat Betain, ankylaminopropylsunfo betain, betain
etoxy ha.
3.2 Cht hot ng b mt anion
Cht hot ng b mt m khi ha tan vo nc phn ly ra ion hot ng
b mt m, chim phn ln kch thc ton b phn t hay chnh l mch
Hidrocacbon kh di, v ion th hai khng c tnh hot ng b mt. l cht
hot ng b mt anion
C kh nng hot ng b mt mnh nht so vi cc loi khc. Lm tc
ng ty ra chnh trong khi phi liu. Kh nng ly du cao. To bt to nhng
km bn... B th ng ha hay mt kh nng ty ra trong nc cng, cng
tm thi, cc ion kim loi nng (Fe3+, Cu2+...)
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Cht hot ng b mt anion rt a dng v t rt lu con ngi bit
s dng trong cng vic git gi. Chia lm hai loi chnh.
C ngun gc thin nhin: chnh l sn phm t phn ng x phng
ha ca cc estec axit bo vi glyxerin (du c, du da, du nnh, du lc, du
cao su... m heo, m cu, m b, m hi cu, m c voi...)
C ngun gc t du m: Thng qua phn ng ankyl ha, sunfo ha cc
dn xut anlkyl, aryl, ankylbenzen sunfonic.
3.3 Cht hot ng b mt cation
Cht hot ng b mt m khi ha tan vo nc phn ly ra ion hot ng
b mt dng, chim phn ln kch thc ton b phn t hay chnh l mch
Hidrocacbon kh di, v ion th hai khng c tnh hot ng b mt.
C kh nng hot ng b mt khng cao. Cht hot ng b mt cation
c nhm i nc l ion dng, ion dng thng thng l cc dn xut ca
mui amin bc bn ca clo.
m du vi da, ty du t, khng dng vi mc ch to bt. Lm bn
bt, to nh tt... C kh nng phn gii sinh hc km, hin nay ngi ta dng
clorua ditearyl diamin amoni bc bn v kh nng phn gii sinh hc tt hn.
Tng lai trn th trng, s c cc cation dng nhm chc este d phn
gii sinh hc hn cho mi trng, v gim kh nng gy d ng khi s dng.
Ch yu lm trit tiu tnh in cho tc, vi si... nn lng dng rt t.
3.4 Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh
Nhng cht hot ng b mt m ty theo mi trng l axit hay bazo
m c hot tnh cation vi axit hay anion vi bazo, hay ni cch khc l cht
hot ng b mt c cc nhm lng cc va tch in m va tch in dng
(amin, este).
C kh nng hot ng b mt khng cao, pH thp chng l cht hot
ng b mt cationic v l anionic pH cao. C kh nng phn hy sinh hc.
Lng dng khong 0,2% -1% trong cc sn phm ty ra.
Phn loi:
Trong nhm cc cht hot ng b mt lng tnh, hin nay cc dn
xut t betain c s dng rng ri nht. Chng gm cc nhm chnh sau:
Ankylamino propyl betain.
Khi R l gc lauryl th c tnh ty ra rt tt, kh nng to bt mnh,
khng l kh da, du cho da... hin nay trn th trng thng thy phi trong:
du gi, sa tm, nc ra chn... vi tn gi: cocoamino propyl betain
(CAPB).


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4. MT S YU T NH HNG N CC TNH CHT CA CC
CHT HOT NG B MT
4.1 Nhit :
Nhit cng cao, ha tan ca cc cht hot ng b mt cng tt,
nht ca cc cht bn dng lng cng gim, ha tan ca cht bn cng ln,
phn ng trung ha cht bn c tnh axit v phn ng x phng ha cht bo
xy ra cng d dng, lm tng hiu sut git ty.
Tuy nhin, nhit cao cng lm gim hot tnh ca mt s cht hot
ng b mt d ha tan, gim bn ca h nh. Mt s loi vi khng th
chu c nhit dung dch cao.
i vi cc cht hot ng b mt NI, s hp ph tng theo nhit v
sau im c, sc cng b mt v giao din ca cc cht NI c thay i.
4.2 Loi phn t:
Sc cng b mt hay giao din ph thuc vo loi phn t cu thnh nn
cht hot ng b mt.
i vi cht hot ng b mt Anion, khi thm gc CH2 vo trong dy
cht bo, sc cng b mt gim i (gim nng ). C th lm gim hnh
thnh Micell bng cch lm mt tnh i xng trong phn t bng cch phn
nhnh hoc thay th hai nhnh ngn hn thnh mt nhnh di duy nht. hp
ph cng tng ln theo di ca dy k nc.
i vi cht hot ng b mt NI, khi tng dy bo C12 C14 sc cng
b mt gim v khi kh nng phn cc ca u phn cc gim. S hp ph
gim khi tng s oxyetylen a nc.
4.3 Cht in ly:
S hp ph: thm cht in ly s lm gim ha tan ca cc tc nhn
b mt dn n lm tng s hp ph cc giao din.
Cc cht in ly s lm gim CMC v cc cht in ly trong dung dich
cht ty ra s ngn cn kh nng hnh thnh cc Micell.


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5. GII THIU MT S CHT HOT NG B MT
5.1 Cetylpyridinium clorua (CPC)
Cetylpyridinium clorua l mt hp cht cation amoni bc bn, c s
dng trong mt s loi nc sc ming , kem nh rng , thuc xt hng, thuc
kh mi, v thuc xt mi. N l mt cht kh trng dit vi khun v cc vi
sinh vt khc. N c chng minh l c hiu qu trong vic ngn nga rng
mng bm v gim vim nu. N cng c s dng nh l mt thnh
phn trong mt s thuc tr su. Tuy nhin, CPC cng c cho l gy ra cc
vt bn mu nu gia cc rng tng t nh chlorhexidine.

Cetylpyridinium clorua c cng thc phn t C
21
H
38
NCL v dng tinh
khit ca n l trong trng thi rn nhit phng. N c im nng chy
l 77C khi khan hoc 80-83C trong monohydrat ca n. N khng ha tan
trong acetone, acetic acid, hoc ethanol. CPC c mi hi, d chy, c hi khi
nut v rt c khi ht vo.
Trong mt s sn phm, bromide cetylpyridinium c s dng thay
th. Tnh cht ca chng hu nh ging ht nhau. CMC ca CPC l 0,00124M,
tng ng vi 0,042% trong nc.
5.2 Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), laurilsulfate dodecyl sulfate natri hoc natri
(SDS hoc NaDS) (C
12
H
25
SO
4
Na) l mt cht hot ng b mt anion c s
dng trong nhiu sn phm v sinh lm sch. Phn t c mt ui 12 nguyn
t carbon, gn lin vi mt nhm sulfate, c trng cho tnh cht cn thit ca
mt cht ty ra .
SLS l mt hot ng b mt hiu qu cao v c s dng trong bt
k cng vic i hi phi c vic loi b cc vt bn v b nhn. V d, n
c tm thy nng cao hn vi sn phm cng nghip bao gm cht ty
ra sn nh, v x phng ra xe. N c s dng nng thp hn vi kem
nh rng, du gi, v bt co ru.
SLS cha c chng minh l gy ung th khi mt trong kch ng trc
tip ln da hoc tiu ha. Tuy nhin, n c th gy kch ng da trn khun mt
v nu dng lin tc hn mt gi i vi ngi trung nin.
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5.3 Natri lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)
Natri lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), hoc sodium laureth sulfate, l mt
cht hot ng b mt anion, c tm thy trong nhiu sn phm chm sc c
nhn (x phng, du gi, kem nh rng, vv.) SLES l mt cht to bt rt hiu
qu.
Cng thc ha hc ca n l CH
3
(CH
2
)
10
CH
2
(OCH
2
CH
2
)
n
OSO
3
Na. i
khi s i din bi n c quy nh trong tn, cho sulfate laureth-2, v d: Cc
sn phm thng mi l khng ng nht trong s nhm ethoxyl, trong n l
c ngha. ph bin cho cc sn phm thng mi l n = 3.
SLES, SLS v ALS l nhng cht hot ng b mt c s dng trong
nhiu sn phm m phm ty ra. Chng c tnh cht tng t nh x phng .

Mc d SLES c xem l an ton khi nng c s dng trong
cc sn phm m phm. N l mt cht kch thch tng t nh cc cht ty
ra, vi s kch ng tng theo nng . Mt s sn phm c cha SLES
c tm thy c cha nng thp ca cht gy ung th c bit n 1,4-
dioxane.




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