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r

' .

is

.g

- 2

i) ,
,

ri

ii) ( ).
, ,

: ' ,

.
. .
.

: ' ,

za

.
.

: ,

w.

( ) .


: =

x
t

is

.g

, ( ) .

f :

ri


( ) t,

.
(A)

za

w.

, = x/t,

t = x = ( ), : =

1
, = f , :

= f

x , t.

.g

t x
y = A2( )
T

, :

: t=t1

is

t x
y = A2( + )
T

w.

za

ri

t x
: y = A2 1 y = A2

t1
= .
T

: x, x =x1,
:

is

.g

x
t x
y = A2 1 y = A2 1 = .
T

x=x1 t1 =

x1

t=0. t1 x1,

ri

: x =x1 x,

t x1
: = 2
T

x
= =
=2 t 1

x1
t
x
t
x
t
x
T
x

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

t1 =
=0, t =t1 2 = 0 = 0 = t1 =

za

w.

= 2
t
T

x1

t1 x=x1.

t=t1 :

t1 x
t=t1, : = 2
T
t

=2 1 x
2t1
t1 0

=

2
:

x =0
T

=
=2 1 x

t
x
t
x
x
t

1
1
1

x = t1 = x1
:
=0 0 = 2 = 0 = x =

is

.g

t x
= 2 1
T

x=x1=t1 t1. x1
t1 .

ri

( x=0) t1.

, x=x2-x1 , t.

1 2 t :

za

t x
t x
1 = 2 1 2 = 2 2
T
T

w.

2(x 2 x1 )
t x
t x 2t 2x1 2 t 2x 2 2x 2 2 x1
= 1 2 = 2 1 2 2 =

+
=

= =

T
T T
=

2x


t=t2-t1.

1(x=x1)

x. t2,t1 (t2>t1) 1 :
x
x
t
t
1 = 2 1 1 2 = 2 2 1
T
T

2t
x
t x 2t 2 2x1 2t1 2x1 2(t 2 t1 )
t

+
=
=
= 2 1 = 2 2 1 2 1 1 =

T
T
5


:
,

.g

is

.
.

ri

1,

2 r1 r2 ,

t r
y1 = A2 1
T

t r
y 2 = A2 2
T

za


r r
t r +r
y = 22 1 2 2 1 2
2
2
T

:
t r1 + r2

= 2
2
T

w.

r r
A' = 22 1 2
2

2. .
r1 r2 = = 0,1,2.....

,
2

= 0,1,2.....

is

r1 r2 = (2 + 1)

.g

. .

ri

x=0, t=0 (y=0)

>0. x.

za

t x
y1 = A2
T

t x
y 2 = A2 +
T

, ,

w.

2t
2x

: y = 2

:
2.

x = N , = 0,1,2,3......
2

: .

: x =

: x =

is

: x =

.g

x = (2 + 1) , = 0,1,2,3......
4

ri

.
.

w.

za

t=T/4 t=3T/4 ,
.
.

rad
2

.
2

.g

is

rad.

. .

ri


E
=c
B

za

c. :

.
,

w.

x, :

t x
E = E max 2
T

t x
= max 2
T

.g

is

1. ,
.

ri

2. r a, : a = r

w.

za

n : c

. : n =

n = 1

n > 1

10

n a b
=
n b a

(a) (b)
nb (a) ( n b < n a ),

.g

( b > a ).

is

(a) (b)
nb (a) ( n b > n a ),

Snell : ,

( b < a ).

(a) (b) o

n a a = n b b

a n b
=
b n a

ri

(a).
(b), n a > n b , : b > a .

za

w.

(a).
(b), n a < n b , : b < a

11

( )

, .

is

.g

, .

na b
=
n b a

a a
=
b b

f ( ).

ri

(a) (b)
nb (a) ( n b > n a ),
( a > b ).

(a) (b)

nb (a) ( n b < n a ),

( b > a ).

za

( )
, .

w.

( )
crit. :

crit =

nb
n

12

crit,

( 4). .

4 ,

.g

is


b n> nb. ,

n=n (nb=1), :
1
.
n

w.

za

ri

crit =

13

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