!

&

x At
maxt

(...)

max A
max 2

... a amaxt
( )

x A (t )

...
( )

max (t )

max A

a amax (t )

max 2

...

( )

F Dx

2
D m x =

F = Fa

T 2

...

m
D

= F

,
...

D
m

1 2
Dx
2

1
K m 2
2
1
1 2
E DA2 U max mmax
Kmax
2
2

fisikis zitimata

1
DA 2 2t
2

U E 2t

1
DA 2 2t
2

K E 2t

( 0 )

1
K E Dx2
2

1
U E m 2
2

+ U = E = DA2 =

1 + U1 = K2 +U2

2 x 2

a m2 2

dK dWF F dx F
dt
dt
dt
dU dK
dt
dt

dx
dt

, ddt ,

dp F
dt

fisikis zitimata

% 100%

Hook

F =k

=
=
U = 1 k 2
2

W U U
F

W U U
W

U mgh

U

W
U

F
Fa

,
W F ,

W
K K
F

(m=0)
.

,
,
, ,
(
) ,
(..
,
).

fisikis zitimata

q Qt
i It
I Q
2 LC

f =

= 2

1
2 LC
1
LC

2
1 q2 1 Q 2

2t = E t
UE
2C 2C
2
1
1
U B Li2 LI 2 2t = E t
2
2

1 Q2 1 2
E
LI
2 C 2

E =U

t = 0 q = +Q
i = 0

Emax

Bmax

U +U = E
E
B

1 Q 2 = 1 LI 2
2 C
2
1 q 2 + 1 Li 2 E
2 C
2

i, q
i = Q2 - q2 ( )
( )

C= q
C= Q
Vc
VCmax

V = q V = Qt V = V
t
C
C
Cmax
C
C C
..
E - L i VL
t

L,C : VL = VC

fisikis zitimata

1/C

i/t

UE

UB

Q
+
+
+

-Q

q=0
-

t=0

T/4

+
+
+

T/2

i=0
q=0

i=-I
3T/4

i=0
+Q
+
+
+

i=+I

i=0

t=0, q 0 i 0 0:

q = Q(t+0)
i = I(t+0)

) :

dq
i
dt

) :

C=

q
Vc

Vc

q
C

dVc 1 dq

dt C dt

dVc i

dt C

) :

dUE
Vc i
dt

dUB
dUE

Vc i VL i
dt
dt

) :

VL = VC

di q

dt C

di
q

= -2q
dt
LC
fisikis zitimata

(). f
fo .

f=f

=f

fo

F ' b

F ma F F ma

b Dxma

A=A0e-t

t nT
:

Ao A1 A2
A
A

....... n 1 n .... .
A1 A2 A3
An
An 1
E

2
2
1
1
1
DA2 D A0et DA02 et E E e2t
0
2
2
2

A A0et

t 1
t 1
t 1
A0
1
A0e 2 e 2 e 2 2 t 1 ln 2
2
2
2

t 1 n 2

fisikis zitimata

x = x1+x2
x2 A2 (t )

...
x1 A1t &
,
2
2
A A1 A2 2 A1 A2

A 2

.
1 2

: x = A (t+)

...
,

x1 A1t

&

x2 A2 t

1 2
2
t)( 1
t)
2
2
1 2
x A' t

x 2A(

f f1 f 2

()
1 2

:

1 2
2

2 f

1
f

2 f1 2 f 2
2

f1 f 2
2

2
f1 f 2

fisikis zitimata

( 0)

x
t f
y At

t x
= -2 2 -
T

t x
= 2 -
T

( y A (t 0 ) )

t x

y = A 2 - +
T

( t=t1)
y
t1

t x

y A 2
T
t x
y A 2

t x
= 2 -
= - y
T

x,
t:
x
= 2

= -2 y

t
t
= t
= 2
T

y= A2 -

x1 = t1

x
( x1 = 12/4 = 3)

fisikis zitimata

:
2

r1

r2

r1

r
t1 t < t 2 = 2

0 t < t 1 =

y = y1+y2

y = 0

t r
y = A2 - 1
T
r -r
t r + r2
t t 2 y = 2A2 1 2 2 - 1

2
2
T
.

...
:
t r + r2
= 2 - 1

2
T

r -r
r +r

y = 2A2 1 2 2 t - 1 2
2
2
T
r +r

y = 2 t - 1 2
2
T
r -r
A' = 2A2 1 2 | A ' |
2
.

r1

r
t1 t < t 2 = 2

0 t < t1 =

=0

=0

t r
= 2 - 1
T
t r +r
t t2

= '2 - 1 2
2
T
t r +r
= -2 y = -2 ' 2 - 1 2
2
T

r1 r2 N
r1 r2 (2 N 1)

N 0,1,2,....

N 0,1,2,....
2

fisikis zitimata

-2

-1

r2

r1

-3

-2

-1

- - - - -

12 ,
.

y = y1+y2

x
t
y 2 A 2 2

T
= '

2t
T

= - 2 '

A' = 2

xK

2t
T

x (2 K 1)

= 0,1,2,..

= 0,1,2,..

: = 0

: = rad

fisikis zitimata

&

E
c
B

Emax
c
Bmax

( )

t x
E Emax 2
T
t x
B Bmax 2
T

c
E

.

c
.
.

1 2

c = 0f

= f

o
n
1 n2
=
2 n1
=

Snell
K

naa n
b
b

:
n > 1 < c
n = 1
()
n ()

Snell

n
n
b
=
crit =
n n

(na > nb )

: > crit
(na > nb ).
fisikis zitimata

:
1. : : =

ds
(1).
dt

2. :

d
(2).
dt

: =

3. :

2
: = = 2r (3).
r
:
1. : : =
2.

d
(4).
dt

d
(5).
dt
2

1
2

R
1

2
d
t+dt

ds
1

d
dt
ds

dt

ds d ( R) R d R
dt

dt

dt

d
dt
fisikis zitimata

2 2
2
2 R

a d d ( R) d R a R
dt
dt
dt

0 , ,
t
, t ,
1
t a t 2
2
cm R ,
acm a a R

d
dt

Fl
Fd

Fx = 0

F = 0

Fy = 0

= 0

Steiner

I m1r12 m2 r22 ....

I p I cm Md 2

Ia

L pr L mr
L I

L L1 L2 L3 ...

fisikis zitimata

( )

....

dL
dt

dL
dt

= 0 L =
=

L L

I11 I 22

1
K I 2
2
1
1
2
K Mcm
I 2
2
2

dW d
W
P
1 2 1 2
W I
I
2
2

fisikis zitimata

xcm

cm

dxcm
dt

acm

dcm
dt

cm = 0, cm = ,

ds
dt

d
dt

cm =
cm 0 cmt
xcm = 0t 21 acmt 2

d
dt

= 0 , =

= 0 , =

= 2/r = 2r

x cm = cm t

d
dt

s t

= t

=
0 t

=
= 0 t

s = 0t 21 a t 2

= 0t 21 at 2

cm = S = R
cm = = R
cm = = R

F
m
F = 0 = 0 =
F = mcm
P = m

= 0 = 0 =
()
= ( )
L = I

dp
F
dt

dL

dt

F = 0 p =

F =

WF = Fx

dWF
= PF =F
dt
2
K = 21 mcm

= 0 L =
= WF =

dW
F = P =
F
dt
K = 21 2
1 2
1 2
2 - 2 = W

1 m2 - 1 m2 = W
2

F
2

1 m2 + 1 I2 ) - ( 1 m2 1 I2 ) = W + W
(2
2

2
2
F

fisikis zitimata

dp
0
0 p

dt
m m
2m2
1' 1 2 1

m1 m2
m1 m2 2

2'

2m1
m m
1 2 1 2
m1 m2
m1 m2

2 = 0 1'

m1 m2

m1 m2 1

2m1

m1m2 1
= Q = () ()

2'

%=

()

100%

fisikis zitimata

A
A
S
S

= - ST

f
f
A S S

,, = -

f
A

f
f
A
S

Doppler
,, = +

= + ST

f
f
A S S

f
f
A S S

fisikis zitimata