2103241

. .

2554

1
1
2545
2546 1

ii

1
9 10

2

1

fmectt@eng.chula.ac.th

. .

2554

iii

1 .............................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................
2.1 ..................................................
2.2 .....................................................................................
2.3 .........................................................................................
2.4 .........................................................................................
2.5 .....................................................................
2.6 ...................................................................................................................
2.7 ........................................................................
2.8 ..................................................................................................................
2.9 .............................
2.10 ........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................................
3.1 .............................................................................................................
3.2 ...................................
3.3 ...................................................................................
3.4 ...............................................................................
3.5 .........................................................................................
3.6
.......................................................................................................
3.7 ..............................................................................................
3.8 ............................................................................................................
3.9 ...................
....................................................................................................................

1
6
6
7
7
8
10
10
11
13
15
16
17
18
18
18
25
26
32
33
35
38
39
40

iv

4 ..........................................................................................................
4.1 ..........................................................................................................
4.2 .........................................................................................................
4.3 ..................................
4.4 .................................................................................
4.5 ................................................................................................
4.6 ...........................................................................................
4.7 .............................................................
....................................................................................................................
5 .................................................................................
5.1 ...................
5.2 .........
5.3 ............................................................
5.4 ......................................................
5.5 .......................................................................
5.6 ..............................................
5.7 ...........................
5.8 ........................................................................
5.9 .......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
6 ............................................................
6.1 ......................................................................
6.2 ...................................
6.3 ..........................................................................................
6.4 .......................................................................
6.5 ...............................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

41
41
42
42
50
50
51
52
54
55
55
57
60
61
64
68
72
81
81
82
83
83
87
90
91
100
106

7 .................................................................................
7.1 ................................................................................
7.2 .........................................................................
7.3 ........................................................................................
7.4 ...............................................................
7.5 .......................................................................................................
7.6 ........................................................
7.7 .............................................................................
7.8 ......................................................................
....................................................................................................................
8 ........................................................................................................................
8.1 .................................................................................
8.2 - ..................................................................................
8.3 .......................................................................................
8.4 .........................................
8.5 ...................................................................
8.6
........................................................................................................
8.7 ...................................................................................................
8.8 ................................................................................
8.9 ............................................
8.10 ..........................................................
8.11 ....................................
8.12 .......................................................................
....................................................................................................................
9 ............................................................
9.1 ...................................
9.2 ..........................................................................................
9.3 ...............................................................................................

107
107
114
117
119
120
122
123
124
128
129
129
131
132
133
136
137
139
146
154
155
162
166
167
168
168
169
175

vi

9.4 .........................
9.5 ................................................................................
9.6 ..........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
10 ................................................................................
10.1 ..................................................................................
10.2 .......................................................................................................
10.3 .........................................
10.4 ............................................................................................................
10.5 ...............................................................................................
10.6 ..................................................
10.7 ............................................................................
10.8 ................................................................................
10.9 ......................................................................................................
10.10 ......................................................
10.11 ......................................................
10.12 ..............................................................................
10.13 .....................................................................................................
10.14 ........................................................................................................
10.15 ..................................................................................................
10.16 ......................................................................
10.17 .............................................................................
10.18 .........................................
10.19 ...........
10.20 ............................................
10.21 .........................................................................
10.22 ...................................................................
10.23 ....................................................
....................................................................................................................

178
183
188
194
195
195
196
199
205
206
215
216
217
218
225
233
235
239
245
252
253
254
260
261
265
268
270
271
273

vii

.............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.1 ............................................................................
.2 25oC .......................................................................
.3 25oC .....................................................................
.4 25oC, 100 kPa ..................................................
.5 ....................................
.6 100 kPa ...............................................
.7 ...
.8 ...
.9 .
.10 -134 ..
.11 -134

275
276
277
277
278
279
280
281
282
285
287
289
295
296

viii

A
a
B
C
CP
CP0
CV
CV0
D
E
e
g
H
H
HV
h
i
F
KE
k
L
M
m
m&
n
n
N
P
P0

ix
Pabs
Pguage
Pmeff
Q
Q&
q
R
R
r
rC
rP
rV
S
S
Sgen
Sgen HT
S& gen
S 0T
s
sgen
T
T0
t
U
u
V
V&
V
v
v
W
W&

()
()

x
w
x
x
Z
Z

H
R

th

()

()

all

avg
boiler
c

comb.
comp.
cond.
CM
CV
e

evap.
f

fg

xi
i

irr

max
min
net
pump
r

real
regen.
rev
s

sat

surr
total
turbine
1,2,3,... 1,2,3,...

(Thermodynamics)




(
)
18
(Sadi Carnot)

(James Joule)

(Rudulf Clausius)
(William Thomson)
(Lord Kelvin)

2




.. 2554
2,400 MW

1.1 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine)

1.2 (http://kanchanapisek.or.th/kp8/lpa/lpa105.html)

1.3 (http://www.gruppofrattura.it/pdf/
ICMFF9/files/assets/seo/page282.html)

1.4 (http://ict.in.th/21272)

4




60


3,700 MW

1.5 (Turns, 2006: 12))

1.6 (http://www.siamfishing.com/
board/view.php?tid=74725&begin=275)

1.7

(http://radiantfloor.org/2011/01/18/air-conditioner-image)

1.8
http://cset.mnsu.edu/engagethermo/images/Chiller_perspective.jpg

2.1

(thermodynamics system)



(control volume)
(control surface)
(surroundings)
(system boundary)
(control mass)
(closed system)
(open system)


2.1

2.1

7
2.2

2
1)
(classical or macroscopic thermodynamics)






2) (statistical or microscopic thermodynamics)


( 1023)

2.3
(phase)

(state)
(thermodynamic properties) .
. .

(extensive property)
(intensive property)

()

8
(equilibrium)


(thermal equilibrium)
(mechanical equilibrium)
(phase equilibrium)
(chemical equilibrium)

(thermodynamic equilibrium)
2.4



(process) (path)
2.2

2.2
2.3


(quasi-equilibrium process)

9
2.3


2.3 (a)


(nonequilibrium process)


2.3 (b)

1
(a)

1
(b)

2.3

(isothermal process) (isobaric process)
(isochoric process)


(cycle)

10
2.5
(SI units)
(kilogram kg) (second
s) (meter m)

F = ma

(2.1)

(Newton N)
1 N = 1 kg-m/s2

2.1
2.1

(tera)
(giga)
(mega)
(kilo)

1012
109
106
103

T
G
M
k

(milli)
(micro)
(nano)
(pico)

103
106
109
1012

n
p

2.6

11
(sensible energy) (internal
energy)




(latent energy)

(chemical energy)

(nuclear energy)

2.7
(specific volume v)
(density )
v =

V
m

(2.2)

V m

v =

V
n

(2.3)

n


v =

lim

VV

V
m

(2.4)

(continuum hypothesis)
2.4 V V

12
V
(mean free path)
V
m

2.4
2.2
110 m3/kg
0.00010.001
m3/kg
0.000010.01 m3/kg



1000
2.2 25oC, 100 kPa

(m3/kg)
0.855
6.192
0.00100
0.00128
7.937 x 104
1.375 x 104
5.181 x 105
0.01

(kg/m3)
1.169
0.1615
997
783
1,260
7,272
19,300
100

13
2.1
3 kg
10 L
4 L 910 kg/m3

:
mal, Vwater, Voil, oil
:
mtotal

kg
1 m3

m water = water Vwater = 997 3 (10 L )

= 9.97 kg
m
1000
L

3
kg
1 m
m oil = oil Voil = 910 3 (4 L )
= 3.64 kg
m 1000 L

m total = m aluminum + m water + m oil = (3 + 9.97 + 3.64) kg

m total = 16.61 kg

2.8
(pressure P)
()
(normal stress)
Fn
(2.5)
P =
A
Fn A

P =

lim

AA

Fn
A

(2.6)

(Pascal Pa) 1 N/m2
(bar) (atm)
1 bar 105 Pa 1 atm
(atmospheric pressure P0) 101,325 Pa

14
(absolute pressure

Pabs)

(gauge pressure Pguage)
(vacuum
pressure Pvacuum)
Pguage

= P0 + Pabs

Pvacuum = P0 Pabs

(2.7)

H 2.5 B
A H
P=PA
A
H
B

2.5 A B H
B
PB A = PA A + g A H
PB = PA + g H

(2.8)

g 9.81 m/s2

2.8

(mm Hg) (m H2O m WC)

P = g H

15
2.2


(P0)
A B 30 cm

P0

H
B

:
Hl, P0
:
Ptank
A B
A Ptank B H

PA = PB
Ptank = P0 + g H
kg
m
1 kPa
Ptank = 101.325 kPa + 13,580 3 9.81 2 (0.30 m )

1000 Pa
m s
Ptank = 101.325 kPa + 39.966 kPa
Ptank = 141.3 kPa

2.9
(temperature T)

(equality of temperature)

16








2.10
(temperature scale)
(Celsius scale) 18
(Anders Celsius) 0 100
(Celsius scale)
oC
7
(thermodynamic temperature scale)


(Kelvin scale)
K

T(in K) = T(in o C) + 273.15

(2.9)

17

1)
2)
()
3)

4)
8 L
2 cm 80

5)
P0

75 cm 1.3 m (P0)

101.3 kPa
P0

6)

7)

(P0) = 101.3 kPa)
826 kg/m3 112 kPa
H

18

3

3.1
(pure substance) 1)
2) (homogeneous) 3)
-22 (R-22)
CHClF2

H2O
N2 O2 Ar

(simple compressible
substance)

(simple compressible system)



3.2
3.1 (a)


(P0) 101.3 kPa
101.3 kPa
101.3 kPa

19

P0 = 101.3 kPa ()

H2Oo (l)
30 C

H2Oo(l)
100 C

H2O (g)
100oC
H2O (l)

(a)

(b)

(c)

H2O (g)
H2O (g)
100oC

200oC

(d)

(e)

3.1

3.1 (a) 30oC

(compressed liquid subcooled
liquid)
30oC 35oC
40oC 45oC 50oC

100oC

(saturated liquid) 3.1 (b)

100oC
100oC

(saturated vapor)
3.1 (d) 3.1 (d)
100oC 120oC 140oC 160oC 180oC 200oC

(superheat vapor) 3.1 (e)
3.1 (c)
3.1 (c)
3.1 (b) 3.1 (d)

20
(saturated liquid-vapor mixture) (two-phase mixture)

(quality x)
m vap
(3.1)
x =
m total
mvap mtotal

3.1
-
(T-V diagram) 3.2

T
P = 101.3 kPa
200oC
100oC
30oC

e
b

V
3.2 -
101.3 kPa ( )
a b
(incompressible
substance)
b
c d

100oC d
e 100oC
200oC

21
101.3 kPa
101.3 kPa
3.3

P = 10 MPa
P = 1 MPa

311oC

P = 101.3 kPa

180oC
100oC

P = 10 kPa

45.8oC
V
3.3 -
( )

(saturation temperature
Tsat) (saturation pressure Psat)
3.3
3.4

Psat = f(Tsat)

T
3.4

22
3.3

(saturated liquid line)
(saturated vapor line) 3.5

P = 22.09 MPa
P = 10 MPa

T
374.14oC

P = 1 MPa
P = 101.3 kPa

P = 10 kPa

V
3.5 -
( )
(critical point)

(critical temperature Tc) (critical pressure Pc)
(critical volume vc) 374.14oC 22.09 MPa
0.003155 m3/kg
3.1 (c)

(supercricial fluid)
- 3.5

3.6

23

3.6 -
f g




Vtotal = Vliq + Vvap
Vtotal = m liq v f + m vap v g

m v m v
V
v total = tot = liq f + vap g
m tot
m tot
m tot
total
3.1
v = (1 x ) v f + x v g

(3.2)

3.2 v fg
v fg = v f v g

(3.3)

24
3.2
v = vf

(3.4)

+ x v fg

3.4 3.4




(vaporization line)

( )
(
)
(phase
diagram) 3.7

T
3.7


(fusion line)
(sublimation line)
(triple point)
3.8

25


P

3.8
3.3

(two properties
rule)
30oC 101.3 kPa

30oC 101.3 kPa
100oC
101.3 kPa



3.4

26
100oC ( 101.3 kPa)
100
3.4


(table of thermodynamic properties)
1) (saturated table)
2)
(superheat vapor table)

3.1 3.2
3.1 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 702)

(oC)
80
85
90
95
100
105
110

(kPa)
47.39
57.83
70.14
84.55
101.3
120.8
143.3

(m3/kg)

0.001029
3.40715
0.001032
2.82757
0.001036
2.36056
0.001040
1.98186
0.001044
1.67290
0.001047
1.41936
0.001052
1.21014

(kJ/kg)

333.84
2482.19
355.82
2488.40
376.82
2494.52
397.86
2500.56
418.91
2506.50
440.00
2512.34
461.12
2518.09

3.1 1 2
3.4




3 4

27
vfg
3.3 3 4 5
6

3.2 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 710)

(oC)
Sat.
150
200
250
300
400
500

100 kPa (99.62oC)

3
(m /kg)
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg)
1.69400
2506.06
2675.46
1.93636
2582.75
2776.38
2.17226
2658.05
2875.27
2.40604
2733.73
2974.33
2.63876
2810.41
3074.28
3.10263
2967.85
3278.11
3.56547
3131.54
3488.09

(kJ/kg-K)
7.3593
7.6133
7.8342
8.0332
8.2157
8.5434
8.8341

3.2

3.2 100 kPa
2
sat.
99.62oC 2

3.2

28










v compressed liquid (T, P) v f (T )

(3.5)

3.5
3.1

P (kPa)
(a)
(b)
(c)

100

T (oC)
110
200
80

v (m3/kg)

x
0.4

2.4

:

:

(a)
T = 110oC, x = 0.4
x = 0.4

T = Tsat = 110 o C P = Psat = f (Tsat ) 3.1
143.3 kPa 3.2

m3
m3
m3

v = (1 x ) v f + x v g = ( 0.6 ) 0.001052 + ( 0.4 ) 1.21014 = 0.4847

kg
kg
kg

29

P = Psat = 143.3 kPa

v = 0.4847 m3/kg

P = 100 kPa, T = 200oC

P = 100 kPa
Tsat 1)
P = 100 kPa Tsat = 99.62oC 2)
P = 100 kPa 3.2 Tsat = 99.62oC
3) 3.1 P = 100 kPa
3.1
P (kPa)
T (oC)
84.55
95
100

101.3
100
(linear interpolation)
( P = 84.55 kPa, T = 95oC)
( P = 101.3 kPa, T = 100oC)
(b)

T
100oC
(Tsat)

95oC
84.55 kPa

101.3 kPa
100 kPa

( 100 95 ) o C
(Tsat 95)o C
=
( 101.3 84.55 ) kPa
( 100 84.55 ) kPa
o
Tsat = 99.61 C

30
P = 100 kPa Tsat = 99.62oC
T = 200oC -
T
P = 100 kPa

200oC
99.62oC

T > Tsat


P = 100 kPa 3.2 T = 200oC v = 2.17226 m3/kg

v = 2.17226 m3/kg
x

o
3
(c)
T = 80 C, v = 2.4 m /kg
T = 80oC Psat 3.1
Psat = 47.39 kPa v vf vg 3.1
-
T
P = 47.39 kPa
80oC
vf
0.001029 m3/kg

v vg
2.4 m3/kg

v
3.40715 m3/kg

v = 2.4 m3/kg vf vg vf < v < vg

47.39 kPa
x 3.2 x
v = (1 x ) v f + x v g
m3
m3
m3

2.4 = ( 1 x ) 0.001029 + ( x ) 3.40715

kg
kg
kg

x = 0.7043 3.3 3.4 x

31

P = Psat = 47.39 kPa

x = 0.7043

3.2

200 kPa 110oC

0.01 m3
10 m3

:

:
:
P1, V1, V2
:
m, T2



1 (): P1 = 200 kPa
T1 = 110oC

P1 = 200 kPa Tsat =

120.23oC T1 = 110oC Tsat
1 3.5
v compressed liquid (110 o C, 200 kPa) v f (110 o C)
3.1
m3
o
v 1 v f (110 C) = 0.001052
kg

0.01 m 3
V1
V
m =
=
=
v
v1
0.001052 m 3 / kg
m = 9.506 kg

32
2 2
10 m 3
V2
3
v2 =
=
=
1
.
052
m
/ kg
m
9.506 m 3 / kg
2 ( ): P2 = P1 = 200 kPa

v2 = 1.052 m3/kg
2 (e) 3.2 P2 = 200 kPa, vg = 0.88573 m3/kg
v2 vg 2
P2 v2 2
2 3.2
v2 T2 150oC 200oC
3.1 (b) T2
(T2 150 )o C
( 200 150 ) o C
=
( 1.08034 0.95964 ) m 3 / kg
( 1.052 0.95964 ) m 3 / kg
T2 = 188.3oC

1 2 -
T
P1 = P2 = 200 kPa

v1

v2

3.5


- (pressure-volume-temperature surface) 3.9

33

3.9 - - (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 59)

- 3.9
3.6

3.6



(ideal gas) (ideal gas equation)
(ideal gas law)
PV = nRT

Pv = RT

(3.6)

34
R 8.3145 kJ/kmol-K R
3.6

m
n =
(3.7)
M
M (molecular mass) 3.6

PV = mRT

R =

Pv = RT

R
M

(3.8)

(3.9)

R (gas constant)
M R 3.3
3.3 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 686)

Air
Carbon dioxide
Helium
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Steam

CO2
He
N2
O2
H2O

(kg/kmol)
28.97
44.01
4.003
28.013
31.999
18.015

(kJ/kg-K)
0.287
0.1889
2.0771
0.2968
0.2598
0.4615

35
3.7

3.8


(compressibility
factor Z)

z =

Pv
RT

(3.10)

Z 1
Z 1
(real gas)







(reduced temperature Tr) (reduced pressure Pr)

T
P
Pr =
(3.11)
Tr =
Tc
Pc

(compressibility-factor generalized chart) 3.10

36

3.10
(Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 755)

Pr (Pr << 1) Z 1
Tr
101.3 kPa
(
) 3.95 MPa Pr 0.026

37





3.3
200oC 1 MPa
(a) (b) (c)

(b) (c) (a)

:
T, P
:
v , error
(a)

T = 100oC
P = 1MPa

v = 0.20596 m3/kg
v
(b)

R = 0.4615 kJ/kg-K
P = 1 MPa = 1,000 kPa, T = 200oC = 473.15 K
Pv = RT

(1,000 kPa )v

kJ

= 0.4615
(473.15 K )
kg K

v = 0.21836 m3/kg

v estimate v actual
0.21836 0.20596
100 % =
100 %
0.20596
v actual
error = 6.02 %

error =

38

(c)

Tc = 647.3 K, Pc = 22.12 MPa

473.15 K
T
=
= 0.73
Tr =
647.3 K
Tc
1 MPa
T
=
= 0.045
Pr =
22.12 MPa
Tc
3.10 Z = 0.96
Pv = ZRT

(1,000 kPa )v

kJ

= ( 0.96 ) 0.4615
(473.15 K )
kg K

v = 0.20962 m3/kg

v estimate v actual
0.20962 0.20596
100 % =
100 %
0.20596
v actual
error = 1.78 %

error =

6 2
3.8

(equation of state)


3.7



(Van der Waals equation)
RT a
Pv =

v b v2

39
a b
- (Lee-Kesler equation) 12

3.10 3.4

40


3.9


3.9

3.1 (c)

vf < v < vg

vf vg

40
3
1)
2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3)

4)

5)

6)

P (kPa)
200
300
500

T (oC)
150
130

v (m3/kg)

0.7
0.5

122
200

0.15

500 Pa
.1
-134 5oC
-134
30oC
300oC 3 MPa
(a) (b) (c)

(b) (c)
(a)

400 kPa 60oC
200 kPa
30oC

41

4

4.1
(work W) F x

2

W = F dx

W =

F dx

(4.1)

4.1 (a)
4.1 (b)


4.1 (c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

4.1

42
4.2
(Joule J) 1 J = 1 N-m
(specific work w)
W
w =
(4.2)
m
J/kg (m/s)2

(Power W& )
W
W =
W& =
t

W&

(4.3)

W& = F V

W& =

(4.4)

V,

W& = i

(4.5)

i 4.4 4.5

(Watt W) 4.2 1 W = 1 J/s
(horsepower hp)

(metric horsepower) (mechanical horsepower)
(boiler horsepower)
0.735499 kW
4.3

(moving boundary work)

43

A
dL 4.2
A
dL

4.2
P
PA 4.1 W = PA dL
A dL dV
W = P dV

(4.6)

4.6 P V
(integration) P V
- (P-V
diagram) 4.3

P
P2

P1
V2

V1

4.3

44
4.3
4.6 1 2
2

W =

1 2

W = P dV
1

(4.7)

4.3 1 2
dV < 0 4.7 1W2

2 1 dV > 0 1W2
4.7
1W2 dV
1 2 A B
4.4

P
P2

2
B
A
1

P1
V2

V1

4.4
1W2 A
B

(path function)
(inexact differential)
W
4.6 4.7

45

(point
function) (exact differential)
d
4.5 V V
V2 V1
dV

V
V2

V1

4.5
dV
2

dV

= V2 V1 = V

(4.8)

4.8 4.7
1W2 1 2
W2 W1

4.7 P V
1W2 (polytropic process)
P V
PV n =

(4.9)

n n
n

46
(asymptotical
approach) V 0, P P 0, V
4.9 4.7
2

W =

1 2

P dV =

P V P V
C
dV = 2 2 1 1 n 1
n
V
1 n

(4.10)

4.10 n 1 n = 1
2

1W2 =

P dV =

V
V
C
dV = P1 V1 ln 2 = P2 V2 ln 2 n = 1
V
V1
V1

(4.11)

n = 1 PV =
PV = mRT mRT
R
n = 1

4.1
0.5 kg

P0
CM

P0 = 100 kPa 100 kPa
70
H2O
1.5
200 kPa

:

:
:
m, P0, P1, x1, P2, V2=1.5V1
:
1W2
A x
k Fs = kx
y

47

Fy = 0
PA P0 A Fs = 0
P = P0 +

Fs
P0

kx
A

x
V V0
x=
A
V V0
x
k
k
k
P = P0 + 2 (V V0 ) = P0 2 V0 + 2 V

A
A A
V = V0 P = P0


P = C 0 + C1 V



1 (): P1 = 100 kPa
x1 = 0.7

m3
m3

v 1 = (1 x 1 ) v f + x 1 v g = ( 0.3) 0.001043 + ( 0.7 ) 1.69400

kg
kg

m3
v 1 = 1.18611
kg
m3

V1 = m v 1 = (0.5 kg ) 1.18611 = 0.59306 m 3

kg

2 ( ): P2 = 200 kPa
v2 = 1.5 v1 = 1.77917 m3/kg
2

m3

V2 = m v 2 = (0.5 kg ) 1.77917 = 0.88959 m 3

kg

48


P
2

200 kPa
100 kPa

1
0.59306 m3

0.88959 m3 V

4.7
2

1W2

P dV

1
(P1 + P2 )(V2 V1 )
1W2 =
2
1
m3

(
100 + 200 kPa ) 0.88959 0.59306
1W2 =
2
kg

1W2 = 44.48 kJ

-

P

2
V

1
1
Warea 1 = Wspring = k x 2 2 P1
2
V1 V2 Warea 2 = P1 (V2 V1 )

49
4.2
0.6 kg 100 kPa 300 K
250 kPa

CM
:

:
m, P1, T1, P2
:
1W2

1 (): m = 0.6 kg, P1 = 100 kPa, T1 =300 K
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
P1 V1 = m R T1

(100 kPa ) V

kJ

(
)
0
.
6
kg
0
.
287
=

(300 K )
1
kg K

V1 = 0.5166 m 3

2 ( ): m = 0.6 kg, P2 = 250 kPa, T2 = T1 = 300 K

P2 V2 = m R T2

(250 kPa ) V

kJ

= (0.6 kg ) 0.287
(300 K )
kg K

3
V2 = 0.20664 m
2

n = 1 4.11
2
0.20664 m 3
V2
3

P dV = P1 V1 ln = (100 kPa )(0.5166 m )ln

1W2 =
3

V1
0.5166 m
1

1W2 = 47.34 kJ

50

1)

2) n = 1 P1V1 = P2V2
P
1W2 1W2 = P1 V1 ln 1
P2
4.4




3


4.5
(heat Q)

(adiabatic process)
(Joule J)
(calorie cal)
1 cal = 4.18681 J (specific heat transfer q)

51
Q
(4.12)
m
J/kg
(heat transfer rate Q& )

q =

Q
Q& =
Q =
t

Q&

(4.13)

Q 4.13
2

1 Q2

(4.14)

4.6



(heat transfer)

(conduction)
(medium)





(diffusion) 4.6 (a)
(convection)




4.6 (b)

52
(radiation)

4.6 (c)

T2 < T 1

T1

T1

Q&

T2 < T1

T2 < T1

T1

Q&

(a)

(b)

Q&

(c)

4.6
4.7
1)
2)
3)
4.7 4.8

4.7
4.7 (a)
4.7 (b)

53

T1
T2 < T1

T1
T2 < T1

(a)

(b)

4.8
4.8
1 2
4.8 (a) 1
2 4.8 (b)

4.9

4.9 (a)


4.9 (b)

(a)

(b)

4.9

54

1)

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
2) -134 1.5 kg
-134 100 kPa 0oC
-134 80oC
3) 0.3 kg
100 kPa 300 K
160 kPa 600 K
(8.6814 kJ)
4)
5)
6)

55

5

5.1

5.1
1Q2
4W1
1W2
1
4Q1
2

4
3W4

2 3

W3

3 4

5.1
1
2, 3, 4 1


(5.1)
Q = W
(

)

5.1 5.1

Q + Q + Q + Q
1

W + W + W + W

Q 2 + 2 Q 3 + 3 Q 4 + 4 Q 1 = 1W2 + 2W3 + 3W4 + 4W1

56

all

cycle

(5.2)

all

cycle

W Q 5.1 5.2

5.1

QH
200 kJ
W
60 kJ

QL

:

:

:
QL, W
:
QH

Q
cycle

all

all

cycle

QL + QH = W
(200 kJ ) + Q H = ( 60 kJ )

Q H = 260 kJ

(QH)
QH QH

57
5.2

-
5.2 A C
B

P
2
B
A
C
1
V
5.2 -

5.1 A B
2

Q + Q
A

W + W
A

5.1 A C
B
2

Q + Q
C

W + W
C

Q Q
A

(Q W )
1

W W
A

(Q W )
1

58
A C
D, E, Z C
D, E, Z
2

(Q W ) = (Q W ) = (Q W ) = (Q W ) = K = (Q W )
A

Q W

Q W Q W
Q W Q W
(total energy E)

dE = Q W

(5.3)

5.3 1 2

E 2 E 1 = 1 Q 2 1W2

(5.4)

5.3
5.4



(internal energy U)

E = U + KE + PE

(5.5)

KE PE 5.5
5.3 5.4
dU + d( KE ) + d( PE ) = Q W

(5.6)

(U 2 U 1 ) + (KE 2 KE 1 ) + (PE 2 PE 1 ) = 1 Q 2 1W2

(5.7)

59

1
KE = m V 2
PE = m g Z
2
V Z
KE PE 5.6 5.7

dU + m V dV + m g dZ = Q W

(5.8)

(U 2 U1 ) + 1 m (V2 2 V12 ) + m g (Z 2 Z1 ) = 1 Q 2 1W2

(5.9)
2
5.9

(conservation of energy principle)

5.9
5.9


5.3

E = 10 kJ

E = 10 kJ

Q = 10 kJ

(a)

W = 10 kJ

(b)

5.3
10 kJ 5.3 (a)
5.9 Q = +10 kJ E

60
10 kJ 10 kJ 5.3 (b)
5.9 W = 10 kJ E
10 kJ 10 kJ 10 kJ
E = 10 kJ




5.9


( )





5.3 -
5.9


(specific internal energy u)
U
u =
(5.10)
m
J/kg
kJ/kg
uf ug
ufg ug uf
uf ug

61
u = (1 x ) u f + x u g
u = u f + x u fg

(5.11)
(5.12)

uf
0.01oC

5.4

1)

2)

3)

4)

62
5) - -

6)

7)

8)

(iteration)


1 7 8

1 7

5.2
250 L
110oC
300 kPa

CM

H2 O
Q

:

:
:
V, T1, x1, P2
:
1Q2

1 (): T1 = 110oC

x1 = 1

63

v1 = vg = 1.21014 m3/kg
u1 = ug = 2,518.09 kJ/kg

0.25 m 3
V
m= =
= 0.20659 kg
v 1 1.21014 m 3 / kg


2 ( ): P2 = 300 kPa
v2 = v1 = 1.21014 m3/kg

u2 = 3,155.85 kJ/kg
-
P
300 kPa

Psat @110oC

0.25 m3

- dV = 0
2

1W2

P dV

= 0

1 Q2

1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0 PE = 0 1W2 = 0

1 Q2

= U = m (u 2 u 1 )

64

kJ

Q
0
.
20659
kg
3
,
155
.
85
2
,
518
.
09

1 2
kg

1 Q 2 = 131.75 kJ

5.5 -
5.4

2
Q

5.4

2

1W2

P dV
1

P1 = P2 = P

1W2

= P (V2 V1 )

1 Q2

1W2 = U = U 2 U 1

1 Q2

= (U 2 U 1 ) + P (V2 V1 )

= (U 2 U 1 ) + (P2 V2 P1 V1 )

= (U 2 + P2 V2 ) (U 1 + P1 V1 )

65
U + PV U, P V


(enthalpy H)
H U + PV

(5.13)

(specific enthalpy h)
H
(5.14)
h =
= u + Pv
m
J/kg kJ/kg
hf hg
hfg hg hf

h = (1 x ) h f + x h g
h = h f + x h fg

(5.15)
(5.16)

5.4

1 Q2

= (U 2 + P2 V2 ) (U 1 + P1 V1 ) = H 2 H 1

(5.17)

5.17

6



u = h P v
5.2
5.3 uf = 0 kJ/kg 0.01oC

-22 (R-22) hf = 0 kJ/kg 40oC

66
5.3
0.32 kg 500 kPa
500 kPa
300oC
CM

:

H2O
:
:
m, P1, x1, T2
Q
:
1Q2

1 (): P1 = 500 kPa
x1 = 1

v1 = vg = 0.37489 m3/kg
u1 = ug = 2,561.23 kJ/kg
h1 = hg = 2,748.67 kJ/kg

2 ( ): P2 = P1 = P = 500 kPa
T2 = 300oC

v2 = 0.52256 m3/kg
u2 = 2,802.91 kJ/kg
h2 = 3,064.20 kJ/kg
-

P
500 kPa

67

1W2

P dV

= P (V2 V1 ) = P m (v 2 v 1 )

m3

= (500 kPa )(0.32 kg ) 0.52256 0.37489

kg

1W2 = 23.627 kJ

1 Q2

1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0
PE = 0
1 Q2

1W2 = U = m (u 2 u 1 )

kJ

2
3.627
kJ
=
0
.
32
kg
2
,
802
.
91

2
,
561
.
23

1 2
kg

1 Q 2 23.627 kJ = 77.338 kJ
1 Q 2 = 101.0 kJ

5.17
1

Q 2 = H = m (h 2 h 1 )

kJ

Q 2 = 0.32 kg 3,064.20 2,748.67

kg

1 Q 2 = 101.0 kJ

5.17

68
5.6

(specific heat C)



5.5

T+T

T+T

(a)

(b)

5.5 (a) (b)

1) 5.5 (a) dV = 0
1W2 = 0
5.6
Q W = dU + d( KE ) + d( PE )
Q = dU

(specific heat at constant volume CV)

CV =

1 Q

m T V

(5.18)

CV =

1 U
u
=


m T V
T V

(5.19)

69
2) 5.5 (b) dP = 0
5.17 5.17

Q = dH

(specific heat at constant pressure CP)

CP =

1 Q

m T P

(5.20)

5.17
CP =

1 H
h
=
m T P
T P

(5.21)

5.19 5.21

CV CP V
P
C
CP = CV = C

(5.22)

5.19
(partial differential) (ordinary differential)
du = C V dT = C dT

(5.23)

5.14
dh = du + d( Pv ) = du + vdP

5.23
dh = C dT + v dP

(5.24)

70

vdP 5.24
CdT vdP

dh du C dT

(5.25)

5.25
h 2 h 1 u 2 u 1 C (T2 T1 )

5.4
5 kg
250oC
10 L

30oC

(5.26)

CM

:

:

:
:
miron, Tiron,1, Voil, Toil,1
:
Tiron,2, Toil,2

: iron = 7,272 kg/m3, Ciron = 0.42 kJ/kg-K
: oil = 885 kg/m3, Coil = 1.9 kJ/kg-K

kg
m oil = oil Voil = 885 3 (0.01 m 3 )= 8.85 kg
m

dV = 0
2

1W2

P dV
1

= 0

71

1 Q2

1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0 PE = 0
1W2 = 0
1Q2 = 0
dV = 0
0 = U = U 2 U1

U1 = U iron ,1 + U oil ,1 = m iron u iron ,1 + m oil u oil ,1
U 2 = U iron , 2 + U oil , 2 = m iron u iron , 2 + m oil u oil , 2

0 = U 2 U 1 = (m iron u iron , 2 + m oil u oil , 2 ) (m iron u iron ,1 + m oil u oil ,1 )

0 = m iron (u iron , 2 u iron ,1 ) + m oil (u oil , 2 u oil ,1 )

5.26
0 = m iron C iron (Tiron , 2 Tiron ,1 ) + m oil C oil (Toil , 2 Toil ,1 )

2 Tiron,2 = Toil,2 = T2

0 = m iron C iron (T2 Tiron ,1 ) + m oil C oil (T2 Toil ,1 )

kJ
kJ

0 = (5 kg ) 0.42
(T2 523.15 K ) + (8.85 kg ) 1.9
(T2 303.15 K )
kg K

kg K

T2 = 327.58 K = 54.43o C

mcT

72
5.7



u = u (T)

(5.27)

5.1
5.1 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 710)
(oC)
200
300
400

(kPa)
10
2661.27
2812.06
2968.89

100
2658.05
2810.41
2967.85

(%)
0.121
0.059
0.035

(Pc = 22.12 MPa )

10 kPa 100 kPa

10 0.2


5.27
5.27
h = u + Pv
u = u(T) 5.27 Pv = RT

h = u ( T ) + RT

h = h ( T)

(5.28)

73
5.27 5.28
5.19 5.21 5.19 5.21

du
dh

CV =
CP =
dT
dT


0

du
CV0 =
du = C V 0 dT

(5.29)
dT
dh
CP0 =
dh = C P 0 dT

(5.30)
dT
h = u + Pv = u + RT

dh = du + R dT

du dh 5.29 5.30
CV0 CP0
C P0 = C V 0 + R

(5.31)

CP0 CV0 5.31

CP0 = CV 0 + R

(5.32)

5.31 CP0 CV0

5.5 CV CP Q 5.5 (a) (b)
Q 5.5 (b) Q
5.5 (a) Q
CP CV
(extreme case) 5.5
Q 5.5 (a) (b) CP = CV = C

74

5.29 5.30

CP0
5.6 CV0 CP0 5.31
CV0 5.6

5.6
(Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 135)
CP0

CP0 5.6
(monatomic gas) (He) (Ar) CP0


(diatomic gas)
(H2) (O2) (N2) (O2)
CP0
(polyatomic gas)
(CO2) (H2O) CP0

75
CV0 CP0



CV0 CP0 5.29 5.30
2

u 2 u1 =

V0

dT

(5.33)

P0

dT

(5.34)

1
2

h 2 h1 =

5.33 5.34
1) CV0 CP0
CV0 CP0 5.33 5.34

u 2 u 1 = C V 0 ,avg (T2 T1 )

h 2 h 1 = C P 0 ,avg (T2 T1 )

(5.35)
(5.36)

CV0 CP0 CV0 CP0

5.35 5.36
CV0 CP0
5.35 5.36



2) CP0 .5
CV0 5.31 CV0 CP0
5.33 5.34


3) .6
.6 5.34

76
CP0

5.34 (T0)
T1

T2

h 2 h1 =

T0

P0

dT C P 0 dT = h T2 h T1
T0

hT u
uT = hT RT
.6 5.2
5.2
100 kPa (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 688)
T
(K)
280
290
298.15
300
320
340

u
(kJ/kg)
200.02
207.19
213.04
214.36
228.73
243.11

h
(kJ/kg)
280.39
290.43
298.62
300.47
320.58
340.70

2)

5.5
300 K
500 K

5.7

:
:
T1, T2
:
h2 h1

77

CP0
h2 h1
(1)

CP0
5.36 CP0 Tavg
0.5(T1 + T2) = 400 K .5 CP0
T (K)
kJ
CP0
0.25 1.2
= 1.05 0.365 + 0.852 0.393 =
1000
kg - K

avg = Tavg/1000 = 400/1000 = 0.4 avg

CP0,avg CP0,avg = 1.015 kJ/kg-K CP0,avg
5.36
kJ
(500 300 K )
h 2 h 1 = 1.015
kg K
h 2 h 1 = 203.0 kJ / kg

(2)

CP0
CP0 .5
T (K)
kJ
CP0
0.25 1.2
= 1.05 0.365 + 0.852 0.393 =
1000
kg - K

5.34
500 K

h 2 h1 =

0. 5
P0

0.5

dT = 1,000 K C P 0 d = 1,000 K

300 K

0. 3

(1.05 0.365 + 0.85 0.39 )d

2

0.3

0. 5

0.365 2 0.85 3 0.39 4

kJ

= 1,000 K 1.05
+ = 1,000 K 0.50870 0.30544

2
3
4
0. 3
kg
K

h 2 h 1 = 203.3 kJ / kg

(3)

.6
.6 T1 T2
T1 = 300 K
T2 = 500 K

h 1 = 300.47 kJ / kg
h 2 = 503.36 kJ / kg

78
h1 h2
h 2 h 1 = 202.9 kJ / kg

h2 h1 0.2

(2)

CP0 25oC
.4 CP0 = 1.004 kJ/kg-K h2 h1 = 200.8 kJ/kg-K
1
( )


CP0 CP0 25oC
CP0
CP0
25oC T2 500 K 1,200 K
h2 h1 h2 h1
CP0 25oC (3) 7.5

5.6
0.2 kg 100 kPa 33oC
n = 1.2
600 kPa

:
n = 1.2
:
:
m, P1, T1, n, P2
:
1W2, 1Q2

CM
O2

79

1 (): m = 0.2 kg, P1 = 100 kPa, T1 =33oC
R = 0.2598 kJ/kg-K

P1 V1 = m R T1

(100 kPa )V

kJ

(
)
0
.
2
kg
0
.
2598
=

(306.15 K )
1
kg
K

3
V1 = 0.15908 m

P V n = 1.2 PV 1.2 =
1 2
P1 V11.2 = P2 V2 1.2

P1, V1, P2

(100 kPa )(0.15908 m )

3 1. 2

= (600 kPa )(V2 ) 1.2

V2
1
=

0.15908 m 3
6

1
1. 2

V2 = 0.035739 m 3

V2 2 T2
2 ( ): m = 0.2 kg, P2 = 600 kPa, V2 = 0.035739 m3

P2 V2 = m R T2

(600 kPa )(0.035739 m ) = (0.2 kg ) 0.2598 kg kJ K T

3

T2 = 412.69 K

4.10
2

W =

1 2

(
600 kPa )(0.035739 m 3 ) (100 kPa )(0.15908 m 3 )
P2 V2 P1 V1
P dV =
=
1 n
1 1. 2

W = 27.68 kJ

1 2

80

1

Q 2 1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0 PE = 0

1

Q 2 1W2 = U = m (u 2 u 1 )

T1 = 306.15 K T2 = 412.69 K
106 K CV0
5.5
5.5
.4 CV0 25oC 0.662 kJ/kg-K

u 2 u1 = C V 0 ( 25 o C ) (T2 T1 )
kJ
kJ
(
u 2 u 1 = 0.662
412.69 306.15 K ) = 70.529
kg K
kg

u2 u1 1W2
kJ

(
)
Q

27
.
68
kJ
=
0
.
2
kg
70
.
529

1 2
kg

1 Q 2 = 13.57 kJ

1) 1Q2

2) u2 u1 .6
T1 T2 u1 = 199.28 kJ/kg-K u2 =
270.84 kJ/kg-K u2 u1 = 71.557 kJ/kg-K
1Q2 = 13.37 kJ CV0
25oC 1.5

81
5.8
5.6

t t 5.6

dU d( KE )
d( PE )
Q W
+
+
=

dt
dt
t
t
dt

dU d( KE )
d( PE )
+
+
= Q& W&
dt
dt
dt
5.37

(5.37)

dE
= Q& W&
(5.38)
dt
6


5.9
(conservation of mass principle)





E = mc2 c
2.9979 x 108 m/s
5.3 100 kJ 5.3
1.11 x 1012 kg

82

1)
2) 1,200 kg 40 km/hr 80 km/hr

3) 1 m3

0.8 kg 200 kPa

4) 500 kPa 300oC 0.8 m3
200 kPa

5) 2 kg n = 1.2
100 kPa 250oC
300 kPa
6) 300 K
700 K
(a) CP0 25oC
(b) CP0
(c) CP0
(d) .6
7) 200 kPa 800 K 0.5 m3

83

6

6.1

6.1

6.1

dm CV
=
m& i
m& e
(6.1)
dt
mCV m& i m& e

6.1
dmCV/dt

84
dmCV/dt

dmCV/dt

(steady state) 6.1
(continuity equation)
6.1
mCV
1
m CV = dV =
dV
v
m& 6.2

V = Vlocal Vlocal = f(r)

V = Vavg Vavg

(a)

(b)

6.2


6.2 (a) (velocity profile)
(volume flow rate V& )
V& =

local

dA

Vlocal


(uniform flow)
(average velocity Vavg) 6.2 (b)
Vavg =

1
Vlocal dA
A

85
Vavg
V& = Vavg A = V A

(6.2)

avg
V 6.2
6.1
VA
V&
m& = V& =
=
(6.3)
v
v
6.3


m&
6.1
250 kPa 340oC 0.8 m
8.6 m/s

:
:
P, T, D, V
m&
:

: P = 250 kPa, T =340oC
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K

Pv = mRT

(250 kPa )v

kJ

= 0.287
(613.15 K )
kg K

m3
v = 0.70390
kg

A = D 2 = 0.8 2 m 2 = 0.50265 m 2
4
4

86
6.2 V&
V& = V A

V& = (8.6 m/s )(0.50265 m 2 )

m3
V& = 4.323
s
6.3 m&
V&
m& =
v
4.323 m 3 / s
m& =
0.70390 m 3 / kg
kg
m& = 6.141
s

V& (actual
volume flow rate)
250 kPa 340oC
(standard or normal volume flow rate)

15oC, 101.325 kPa 4.323 m3/s (standard) v
v = 0.81618 m3/kg
4.323 m 3 / s
kg
m& =
=

5
.
297
s
0.81618 m 3 / kg




S N SCMH (standard cubic meter per hour)
Nm3/min (normal cubic meter per minute)
A ACMH (actual cubic meter per hour)
0oC, 100 kPa
15oC, 101.325 kPa

87
6.2
5.8
dE CM
= Q& W&
(6.4)
dt

6.3
6.4

6.4 6.4
6.4

6.4 6.4

m& i

W& boundary

W&

m& e
Q&

6.3

6.4

88
dE CV
= Q& W& + E& mass flow ,i E& mass flow ,o
(6.5)
dt
6.4 E& mass flow ,i E& mass flow ,o



5.2 (specific total energy e)

U + KE + PE
V2
E
=
= u+
+ gZ
e =
m
m
2

(flow energy Wflow )

6.4 (a)
6.4 (b)
area A
P
v

F
CV

Wflow

P
v
L

CV

6.4
F L
Wflow = F L = P A L = P V

(wflow)
PV
w flow =
= Pv
(6.6)
m

6.6

89
V2
V2
e + w flow = e + Pv = u +
+ gZ + Pv = h +
+ gZ
2
2


(total enthalpy
htotal)

E& mass flow ,i

V2
h total = h +
+ gZ
2
E& mass flow ,o

E& mass flow ,i = m& i h total ,i

(6.7)

E& mass flow ,e = m& e h total ,e

(6.8)

6.8 6.5
dE CV
= Q& W& + m& i h total ,i m& e h total ,e
dt


dE CV
= Q& W& +
dt
=

m& h
Q& W& + m& h

i total ,i

m& h

e total ,e

V2
+ i + gZ i
2

V2
m& e h e + e + gZ e
2

(6.9)

6.9
6.9

6.5 6.9
E CV = (m e )CV

V2

= m u +
+ gZ
2
CV

(6.10)

6.9

90
6.3

(steady-state process)
1)
2)
3)
4)


(transient)




(steady flow process)


1)


2)
6.1
6.9
dM CV
dE CV
= 0
= 0

dt
dt
3)
6.1 6.9

91
0 =
0 = Q& W& +

m& m&
i

(6.11)

Vi 2

+ gZ i
m& i h i +
2

Ve 2

+ gZ e (6.12)
m& e h e +
2

(single stream device)
m& i = m& e = m&

(6.13)

Ve 2
Vi 2

+ gZ i m& h e +
+ gZ e
0 = Q& W& + m& h i +
2
2

(6.14)

6.14 m&
V2
V2
0 = q w + h i + i + gZ i h e + e + gZ e
2
2

(6.15)

q = Q& / m& w = W& / m& q w

4.2 4.12
6.4
1)
(heat exchanger)

(radiator)

(evaporator)
(recuperator)



(pressure drop)

92




6.5


2

2
1

2
1

6.5
2)
(mixing chamber)


(separate chamber)

93
6.6

6.6
3)
(nozzle)
(diffuser)

6.7

6.13 m& m& = V A / v


m&
m&

Vout > Vin

Vout < Vin

6.7

94
4)
(turbine) (shaft work)

(compressor)
(blower) (fan)

(pump)







6.8

W&

W&

W&

W&

W&

W&

W&

6.8
5)
(throttling valve)

(capillary tube)

95

6.9

6.9
6.2

2.0 kg/s 600 kPa
24 kg/s
25oC 100 kPa 130oC

CV
:

A
:
()
1
2
:

B
m& s , P1, x1, m& a , TA, PA, TB
:
:
x2

1:
P1 = 600 kPa

x1 = 1
h1 = 2,756.80 kJ/kg
.6
A:
PA = 100 kPa, TA = 25oC
.6 TA = 298.15 K hA = 298.15 kJ/kg
B:
PB = PA = 100 kPa, TB = 130oC
.6 TB = 403.15 K hB = 404.50 kJ/kg

96

m& 1 = m& 2 = m& s = 2.0 kg / s

m& A = m& B = m& a = 24 kg / s

Q& = 0 W& = 0
KE PE

m& h

0 = Q& W& +
0 =

Vi 2

+ gZ i
m& i h i +
2

m& e h e

i i

Ve 2

+ gZ e
m& e h e +
2

0 = (m& 1 h 1 + m& A h A ) (m& 2 h 2 + m& B h B )

m& s m& a

0 = m& s (h 1 h 2 ) + m& a (h A h B )
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
0 = 2.0 2,756.80 h 2 + 24 298.62 404.50
s
kg
s
kg
kJ
h 2 = 1,486.29
kg

2:

P2 = P1 = 600 kPa
h2 = 1,486.29 kJ/kg

h 2 = (1 x 2 ) h f + x 2 h g
kJ
kJ
kJ

= (1 x 2 ) 670.54 + (x 2 ) 2,756.80
kg
kg
kg

x2 = 0.3910
1,486.29

97

( )
4



CV

Q&

W& = 0, KE PE Q&

0 = Q& + m& i h i m& e h e
Q& = m& s (h 2 h 1 ) = 2.0

Q& = 2,541 kW

kg
kJ
1,486.29 2,756.80
s
kg

Q&

Q& 2,541 kW

6.3
2 MPa 350oC 100 m/s
45oC 0.92 5 m/s
4 m
0.25 m3/s

98

z1z2
:
:
P1, T1, V1, T2, x2, V2, Z1Z2 , V&1
W&
:

1:
P1 = 2 MPa
T1 = 350oC

v1 = 0.13857 m3/kg
h1 = 3,136.96 kJ/kg
2:

CV

W&
2

T2 = 45oC
x2 = 0.92

kJ
kJ

h 2 = (1 x 2 ) h f + x 2 h g = ( 0.08 ) 188.42 + ( 0.92 ) 2,583.19

kg
kg

h2 = 2,391.61 kJ/kg

m& 1 = m& 2 = m&

V&1 m&
0.25 m 3 / s
V&1
=
m& =
0.13857 m 3 / kg
v1
kg
m& = 1.8041
s

Q& = 0 V1 V2 Z1Z2
KE PE

0 = Q& W& +

Vi 2

+ gZ i
m& i h i +
2

Ve 2

+ gZ e
m& e h e +
2

99
V2
V2
W& = m& 1 h 1 + 1 + gZ1 m& 2 h 2 + 2 + gZ 2
2
2

2
2
V V2
W& = m& (h 1 h 2 ) + m& 1
+ m& g (Z1 Z 2 )
2
V1 2 V2 2

W& = m& (h 1 h 2 ) +
+ g (Z1 Z 2 )
2

kg
kJ 100 2 52 kJ 9.81 ( 4 ) kJ
W& = 1.8041 3,136.96 2,391.61 +

+
kg 2 1,000 kg 1,000 kg
s
kg
kJ
kJ
kJ
W& = 1.8041 745.352 + 4.9875 + 0.03924
s
kg
kg
kg
kg
kJ
W& = 1.8041 750.378
s
kg
W& = 1,354 kW

h1h2 = h, 0.5(V12V22) = ke g(Z1Z2) = pe h
99.3 ke
0.7
pe
pe 0 ke 0

h

6.4

CV
1
2
:

100

m& 1 = m& 2 = m&

Q& = 0 W&
KE PE

Vi 2

+ gZ i
0 = Q& W& +
m& i h i +
2

0 =
m& i (h i )
m& e (h e )

0 = m& (h 1

Ve 2

+ gZ e
m& e h e +
2

m& (h 2 )

m&
h1 = h 2

(isenthalpic process)

6.5
(transient process)

1)
2)
3)

101
6.1
dm CV
=
m& i
m& e
dt
t

dm CV
dt =
dt

(m 2 m 1 )CV =

m& dt m& dt
i

m m
i

(6.16)

6.16
t
6.9
dE CV
= Q& W& +
m& i h total ,i
m& e h total ,e
dt
t

t
t
d (m e )CV
dE CV
dt =
dt = (m 2 e 2 m 1 e 1 )CV
dt
dt

0
t

Q& dt

= Q

0
t

m& h

i total , i

dt =

m h

i total , i

W& dt

= W

0
t

m& h

e total ,e

dt =

m h

e total ,e

(m 2 e 2 m 1 e 1 )CV = Q W + m i h total ,i m e h total ,e

V2 2
V1 2

+ gZ 2 m u 1 +
+ gZ1 = Q W
m2 u2 +
2
2
1
CV

Ve 2
Vi 2

+
+ gZ i
+ gZ e
mi hi +
me he +
2
2

(6.17)

102
6.17
t
6.5
200 L
200 kPa 0.7
400 kPa
300 kPa

:
:
V, P1, x1, Pi, xi, P2
:
m2
400 kPa

400 kPa

1
P1=200 kPa, x1=0.7

i
CV

CV

2
P2=300 kPa

1:
P1 = 200 kPa
x1 = 0.7

m3
m3

v 1 = (1 x 1 ) v f + x 1 v g = ( 0.3) 0.001061 + ( 0.7 ) 0.88573

kg
kg

v 1 = 0.62033 m 3 / kg

103
kJ
kJ

u 1 = (1 x 1 ) u f + x 1 u g = ( 0.3) 504.47 + ( 0.7 ) 2,529.49

kg
kg

u 1 = 1,921.98 kJ / kg

m1
0.2 m 3
V
m1 =
=
v1
0.62033 m 3 / kg
m 1 = 0.32241 kg

i:

Pi = 400 kPa

xi = 1
hi = hg = 2,738.53 kJ/kg

me = 0

(m 2 m 1 )CV =

m m
i

m 2 m 1 = m i

Q = 0 W = 0
KE PE

V2 2

m u + V1 2 + gZ = Q W
+
+
m
u
gZ
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
2

CV

Ve 2
Vi 2

mi hi +
me he +
+ gZ e
+
+ gZ i
2
2

m 2 u 2 m1u1 = m i h i

m 2 u 2 m 1 u 1 = (m 2 m 1 ) h i
m 1 (h i u 1 ) = m 2 (h i u 2 )

104
m2 v2
0. 2 m 3
V
m2 =
=
v2
v2

0.2 m 3
kJ
kJ

0.32241 kg 2 ,738.53 1,921.98 =

2 ,738.53 u 2
kg
v2
kg

kJ
kJ
1,316.31 3 (v 2 ) = 2 ,738.53 u 2
kg
m

v2 u2 P2 = 300
kPa v2 P2 v2
u2
v2 u2

v2
(iteration) P2 300 kPa
v2 u2
2
x2 v2 u2 x2
2:

P2 = 300 kPa
x2

2
m3
m3

v 2 = (1 x 2 ) v f + x 2 v g = (1 x 2 ) 0.001073 + (x 2 ) 0.60582
kg
kg

m3
v 2 = 0.001073 + (0.604747 x 2 )
kg

kJ
kJ

u 2 = (1 x 2 ) u f + x 2 u g = (1 x 2 ) 561.13 + (x 2 ) 2,543.55
kg
kg

kJ
u 2 = 561.13 + (1,982.42 x 2 )
kg
v2 u2 x2 v2 u2
kJ
m3
kJ
1,316.31 3 (0.001073 + (0.604747 x 2 ))
= (2,738.53 561.13 (1,982.42 x 2 ))
m
kg
kg

105
x2
x2 = 0.78316
0 x2 1 2
x2 v2 m2
m3
m3
v 2 = 0.001073 + (0.604747 0.78316 )
= 0.47469
kg
kg
0.2 m 3
V
m2 =
=
v2
0.47469 m 3 / kg
m 2 = 0.4213 kg

1) 2 x2 < 0 x2 > 1
x2 v2
u2
2)
400 kPa

1
P=200 kPa, x=0.7

400 kPa
CV

CV

2
P=300 kPa

i

i
hi = hsupply line = hg(400 kPa) = 2,738.53 kJ/kg
6.4

106

1) -134 5oC 25 mm
-134 0.08 kg/s -134

2)


3) 2 m3
2.4 kg/s
7.2 kg/s
12.8 kg/s

o
4) 1.6 MPa 400 C
420 m/s 1 MPa

5) 90 L/s
100 kPa 300 K 500 kPa 520 K

6) 300 kPa
(101.3 kPa)

7) 200 L 100 kPa 300 K

600 kPa 700 K
250 kPa

107

7

7.1





7.1
W = 10 kJ

Aforward

U = 10 kJ

Bforward

Q = 10 kJ

Breverse

W = 10 kJ

U = 10 kJ

Areverse

Q = 10 kJ

7.1
KE
PE
10 kJ ( Aforward)
10 kJ
10 kJ ( Bforward)

108




10 kJ ( Breverse)
10 kJ 10 kJ
10 kJ (

Areverse) Areverse




Areverse 7.1 U = W = 10 kJ




(heat engine)
(high-temperature energy source)
(energy source)
(low-temperature energy sink) (energy sink)
7.2

QH

QL

7.2

109

5.2

all

cycle

all

cycle

Wnet = Q H + ( Q L )
Wnet = Q H Q L

(7.1)

QL QL
7.1
QL QL 7.1
QL QL 7.2
(working fluid)



7.3

QH

Win

Wout

QL

7.3

110

QH (boiler)
Wout

QL
(condenser)
Win
7.3
Wnet = Wout Win = Q H Q L

7.1

10
7.4

TH

QH

Wnet

QL

TL

7.4
7.3 QH

QL
Wnet
QH Wnet

(thermal efficiency th)

W
(7.2)
th = net
QH

111
Wnet
QH Wnet 7.1 7.2
th
th =

QH QL
QH

= 1

QL
QH

(7.3)

th 20 50
th 55 60
th 30 35
30 40 th
20
(refrigerator) (heat pump)

-134
(R-134a)
(vapor compression refrigeration cycle) 7.5

QH

Wnet

QL

7.5

112

(evaporator) QL
Wnet

(expansion valve)
QL
QH
Wnet 7.5

all

cycle

all

cycle

( Wnet ) = ( Q H ) +
Wnet = Q H Q L

QL

Wnet QH Wnet QH
7.1
10
7.6

TL TH

(cold space)


TH
TL
(heat space)

7.6

113

TH

TH

QH

QL

TL

QH
Wnet

Wnet

QL

TL

7.6
" "
(coefficient of performance (COP) )

QL
TL Wnet
Q
(7.4)
R = L
Wnet
QH TH
Wnet
Q
(7.5)
H = H
Wnet
R H
7.1 Wnet 7.1
7.4 7.5 R H
QL
(7.6)
R =
QH QL
QH
H =
(7.7)
QH QL

114
7.2

- (Kelvin-Planck statement) "

" 7.7

TH

QH
Wnet

7.7 -
-
th 1
(Clausius statement)
" "
7.8

TH

QH

QL

TL

7.8

R H

115




-

-

(perpetual motion machine)

(perpetual motion machine of the first kind PMM1)
7.9
TL
TH

TH

QH

QH

W
WHE HP

QL

Wnet

QL
TL

7.9

(th = 1)
(perpetual motion machine of the second kind PMM2) 7.9

7.10 (a)
7.1

116
TH

TH

QH1=10 kJ

QH,net=2 kJ

QH2=8 kJ

W =5 kJ
WHE=7 kJ HP

QL1=3 kJ

Wnet=2 kJ

Wnet=2 kJ

QL2=3 kJ
TL

(a)

(b)

7.10
7.10 (a)
7.10 (b)

TH
- 7.10 (a)

.. 1918


7.1
14 MJ/kg
200 MW
35

:
HV, W& , th
m& , Q& L
:

117

W& net
th =
Q& H
200 MW
W&
Q& H = net =
= 571.43 MW
th
0.35

TH

Q& H

Q& H = m& HV
MJ
571.43 MW = m& 14
kg
m& = 40.82 kg / s

W& net = 200 MW

Q& L

TL

7.1
W& net = Q& H Q& L
Q& L = Q& H W& net = 571.43 200 MW
Q& L = 371.4 MW

7.1 7.7
Q Q& W W&
7.1 7.2
7.3
(reversible process)

7.11

P1,T1

P1,T1
P2,T2

7.11

118
7.11
1
2
1

(irreversible process)
7.11
7.12
P1 T1

P1,T1

P1,T1

P2,T2
Q

P1, T1

7.12
2
T2 T1


1

119
7.4


1)

2) (unrestrained expansion)

3)

7.1



4)






5)

(internal reversible process) (external reversible process)

7.13

120

T + dT

T + T

(a)

(b)

7.13
7.13
7.13
T 7.13 (a) (b)


7.13 (a) (b)
7.13 (a)
(b) 7.13 (a)
(dT 0)
7.13 (a) 7.13 (a)

(total reversible

process) ""
7.13 (b)
7.13 (b)
7.5
-
th 1

121
18 (Sadi Carnot)


(Carnot engine)
(Carnot cycle) 7.14

T=TL

T=TH

T=TH
QH

T=TH+dTH
1
2

T=TL
T=TH

Q=0

QL

T=TLdTL
3
4

Q=0

7.14

1) TH
TH+dTH
2) TH
TL
3) TL

TLdTL
4) TL
TH



QL QH

122

7.3
7.15

TH+dTH

QH

T=TH
Win

Wout

T=TL

QL

TLdTL

7.15
7.6


1)

2)





7.16 (a) QH Wirr > Wrev

7.1 QL,irr < QL,rev
7.16 (b)
Wirr > Wrev Wnet Wirr Wrev

123
7.16 (b)
QL,net QL,rev QL,irr

TH

TH

QH

QH

QH

Wirr>Wrev

QL,irr<QL,rev

QL,rev
TL

(a)

Wrev

Wirr

QH
Wrev

QL,irr

Wnet

QL,rev
TL

QL,net

(b)

7.16
-
QL,net Wnet

th,irr > th,rev TH TL

th,irr < th,rev TH
TL




-
th,rev TH TL
7.7
2


(thermodynamic temperature scale)

124
TH TL th,rev TH TL

th ,rev = f (TH , TL )

7.8 7.3
Q
1 L = f (TH , TL )
QH
QH
= g (TH , TL )
QL

(7.8)

(7.9)

7.9
QH
QL

TH
TL

(7.10)

7.10 7.3
th ,rev = 1

TL
TH

(7.11)

7.8
7.10
7.6 7.7
R,rev =

QL
TL
=
QH QL
TH TL

(7.12)

HP,rev =

QH
TH
=
QH QL
TH TL

(7.13)

T
QL
th ,rev = 1 L
TH
QH
QL
TL
=
R,rev =
QH QL
TH TL

th ,real = 1
R,real

HP,real =

QH
TH
HP,rev =
QH QL
TH TL

(7.14)
(7.15)
(7.16)

125
7.2

7oC
35oC 8,500 kJ

3.9

:
TL, TH, QL
:
Wnet,rev , Wnet,real/Wnet,rev



TL
R,rev =
TH TL
280.15 K
R,rev =
= 10.005
308.15 280.15 K

TH = 35oC = 308.15 K
QH

R,rev 7.4
QL
R,rev =
Wnet ,rev
8,500 kJ
Q
Wnet ,rev = L =
R,rev
10.005

Wnet,rev

QL = 8,500 kJ

TL = 7oC = 280.15 K

Wnet,rev = 849.5 kJ

3.9
QL
QL
R,real =
Wnet ,real
Wnet ,real =

8,500 kJ
QL
=
= 2,179 kJ
3.9
R,real

Wnet ,real = 2,179 kJ

126

2,179 kJ
Wnet ,real
=
Wnet ,rev
849.5 kJ
Wnet ,real
= 2.57

Wnet ,rev

2.6


10
7.3

180oC
120 MW 50 MW
30oC

:
TH, Q& H , W& net ,real , TL
:


TH TL
th ,rev = 1
th ,rev = 1

TL
TH
303.15 K
453.15 K

TH = 180oC = 453.15 K

= 0.3310

W& net ,real
th ,real =
Q& H

Q& H = 120 MW

W& net , real = 50 MW

Q& L

TL = 30oC = 303.15 K

127

th ,real =

50 MW
120 MW

= 0.4167

th ,real > th ,rev

th ,rev 33 7.11 th ,rev
TH TL TL
th ,rev TH 7.11
TH th ,rev
TH 1,000 K
TL 300 K 7.11 th ,rev = 0.7
TH 453.15 K TH
TH

55-85oC

128

1) 30
(
40 MJ/L)
240 kW

2)

3)

4)
5)

6)

TH

QH,HE= 24 kJ

QH,HP= 26 kJ

Wnet= 16 kJ

QL,HE= 8 kJ

QL,HP= 10 kJ

TL

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

300oC

30oC 80 kW

25oC
0oC 480 kJ
115 kJ

129

8.1

Q
0
(8.1)
T


Q 0
(8.2)

T
all
cycle

8.1
TH

TH
QH

QH
Wrev

Wirr

QL,irr

QL,rev
TL

TL

(a)

(b)

8.1
8.1 8.2 8.1 (a)

Q
=
T

cycle

Q = Q H + Q L ,rev = Q H Q L ,rev

T
T all
TH
TH
TL
L

130

7.10
7.10
Q
(8.3)
= 0
T

8.1 (b) QH, TH

TL th,rev > th,irr

Wirr < Wrev

Q L,irr > Q L,rev

QH
QH W QL
8.1
8.2

Q
=
T

cycle

Q = Q H + Q L ,irr = Q H Q L ,irr

T
T all
TH
TH
TL
L

QL,irr > QL,rev QH, TH TL

Q
QH
L ,irr < 0
TH
TL

Q
(8.4)
< 0
T
8.3 8.4
8.1

Q
0
T

131
8.2 -

8.2

A C B

P
2
B
A
C
1
V
8.2

8.3
Q
=0
T
A B

Q +

T A

Q = 0

T B

A C
2

Q +

T C

Q = 0

T B

Q =

T A

Q

T C

132
A C
D, E, Z C
D, E, Z
2

Q =

T A

Q =

T C

Q =

T D

Q = K =

T E

Q

T Z

(Q/T )
(Q/T )
(Q/T )
(entropy S)
Q
dS =
T rev

(8.5)

8.5
2

S 2 S1 =

Q

T rev

(8.6)

(specific entropy s)
S
(8.7)
s=
m
1 2 S 2 S1

8.6
8.3
kJ/kg-K
sf
sg sfg
sg sf
sf sg

133
s = (1 x ) s f + x s g
s = s f + x s fg

(8.8)
(8.9)

3 -
4 -

-
(temperature-entropy diagram) 8.3

8.3 - (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 258)

-

8.4
7

8.6

134
2

S 2 S1 =

Q = 1 Q 2

T
T rev

(8.10)

8.6
8.6
2

S 2 S1 =

Q = 0

T rev

(8.11)

(isentropic
process)
-
8.4

T
TH
TL

TH

QH

TL

Wnet
1

3
QL

b
S2 = S3

S1 = S4

b
S2 = S3

S1 = S4

(a)

(b)

8.4 -
1 2
TH
8.10
S 2 S1 =

QH
TH

Q H = TH (S 2 S1 )

135
QH 1-2-b-a-1 8.4 (a)
3 4
TL
8.10
S3 S 4 =

QL
TL

Q L = TL (S 3 S 4 )

QL 4-3-b-a-4 8.4 (b)

Wnet
QH QL 1-2-3-4-1
8.4 (b) 2 3
4 1 S

th =

1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 1
Wnet
=
1 - 2 - b - a - 1
QH

8.4 QH QL
Wnet QH QL Wnet

-
8.5

T
2

1 2

S
8.5 -

136
8.5
2

1 Q2

Q = T dS
1

(8.12)

8.5 -


8.5
5.6
5.6
Q = dU + W

Q = T dS

W = P dV

Q W
T dS = dU + P dV

(8.13)

8.13


8.13

5.13
H = U + PV

dH = dU + P dV + V dP

137
8.13
T dS = dH V dP

(8.14)

8.13 8.14 (thermodynamic property relation)

T ds = du + P dv

(8.15)

T ds = dh v dP

(8.16)

8.6
8.2
C 8.6

P
2
B
A
C
1
V
8.6

A B

2

Q +

T A

Q = 0

T B

138
A C

2

Q +

T C

Q < 0

T B

Q >

T A

Q

T C

A 8.6
2

(S 2 S1 )A = Q
T A
1

S 2 S1

2

(S 2 S1 )C = (S 2 S1 )A = Q
1

T A

( S 2 S1 )C
2

(S 2 S1 )C > Q
T C
1
8.2
C

2

S 2 S1 >

Q

T irr

(8.17)

8.6

2

S 2 S1

Q
T

(8.18)

139
8.18
8.18
Q
(8.19)
T
8.19
8.19
dS

8.7
8.6 8.19
Q T

8.19
dS =

Q
+ S gen
T

(8.20)

S gen 0

(8.21)

Sgen (entropy generation)

7.4

Sgen
Sgen
8.20
2

S 2 S1 =

Q
+ 1 S 2 gen
T

(8.22)

8.18 8.22
8.22
(entropy balance equation)

=
+

140

8.22
8.22
Q

1S2 gen

(isolated system) 8.22

S 2 S1 = 1S 2 gen 0

(8.23)

(principle of the increase of entropy)
8.8
7.1

8.22 1S2 gen

1S2 gen

1S2 gen

1S2 gen

5.2

141

8.22

- th 1

( )

th
(
)

142
8.1
160 L 300 kPa 200oC
100oC

:

CM
:

H2 O
:
:
V, P1,T1, T2
Q
:
S2 S1

1 (): P1 = 300 kPa
T1 = 200oC

v1 = 0.71629 m3/kg
s1 = 7.3155 kJ/kg-K

0.16 m 3
V
m= =
= 0.22337 kg
v 1 0.71629 m 3 / kg

2 ( ): T2 = 100oC
v2 = v1 = 0.71629 m3/kg

v 2 = (1 x 2 ) v f + x 2 v g
m3
m3
m3

0.71629 = (1 x 2 ) 0.001044 + (x 2 ) 1.67290

kg
kg
kg

x 2 = 0.42782
x2 s2
s 2 = (1 x 2 ) s f + x 2 s g

143
kJ
kJ

s 2 = ( 0.57218 ) 1.3068
+ ( 0.42782 ) 7.3548

kg K
kg K

s 2 = 3.89423 kJ / kg - K

200 oC
100 oC

3.89423
kJ/kg-K

7.3115
kJ/kg-K

kJ

S 2 S1 = m (s 2 s1 ) = (0.22337 kg ) 3.89423 7.3115

kg K

kJ
S 2 S1 = 0.76333

Sgen

8.2
2.8 kg

600 kPa

120oC

144

:

:
:
m, P1, x1, T2
:
1W2

CM

H2O

1 (): P1 = 600 kPa

x1 = 1

u1 = ug = 2,567.40 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 6.7600 kJ/kg-K

1 Q2

1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0
PE = 0 1Q2 = 0
1W2 = U = m (u 2 u 1 )

u2 2

2

S 2 S1 =

Q
+ 1 S 2 gen
T

1Q2 = 0
1S2 gen = 0
S 2 S1 = 0
s 2 s1 = 0

s 2 = s1

145
2 ( ): T2 = 120oC
s2 = s1 = 6.7600 kJ/kg-K

s2 sf sg T2 = 120oC x2
s 2 = (1 x 2 ) s f + x 2 s g
kJ
kJ
kJ

= (1 x 2 ) 1.5275
+ (x 2 ) 7.1295

kg K
kg

K
kg

x 2 = 0.93404

6.7600

x2 u2
u 2 = (1 x 2 ) u f + x 2 u g
kJ
kJ

u 2 = ( 0.06596 ) 503.48 + ( 0.93404 ) 2,529.24

kg
kg

u 2 = 2,395.62 kJ / kg

u2
1W2 = m (u 2 u 1 )

kJ

(
)
(
)
W
m
u
u
2
.
8
kg
2
,
567
.
40
2
,
395
.
62
=

1 2
1
2
kg

kJ
=

W
4
8
1
.0
1 2
kg

-

T
Tsat @600 kPa

120 oC

6.7600
kJ/kg-K

146
8.8
8.7

8.7

m =

Q = 0, W=0

8.7

(E
(E

2
2

E1 )isolated system = 1 Q 2 1W2

E1 )isolated system = 0

(S

S1 )isolated system =

(S S )
2

1 isolated system

Q
+ 1 S 2 gen
T

= 1 S 2 gen

(8.24)

147

1 2 8.8
2
1

T0

8.8 1 2

148
1
1

(S

S1 )CM1 =

Q
+ 1 S 2 gen CM1
T

(8.25)

1S2 gen CM1 1

2 2
8.8 2
1 T
T0 Q
2 Q 2 Q
2 ( 1)
2

(S

S1 )CM 2 =

Q
+
T

Q
+ 1 S 2 gen CM 2
T0

2 1
2 2
(S 2 S1 )CM 2 0
2

1 S 2 gen CM 2 =

1 1
Q
T T0

T0 > T Q 8.8
1 S 2 gen CM 2
T0 < T Q 8.8
1 S 2 gen CM 2
1 S 2 gen CM 2 Q
1 S 2 gen CM 2

S gen HT
2

S gen HT =

1 1
Q
T T0

(8.26)

149
8.25 8.26

1 S 2 gen CM 1

+ S gen HT = (S 2 S1 )CM1

Q
T0

(total
entropy production Sgen total) T0
CM1 1
CM1
Q
(8.27)
S gen total = (S 2 S1 ) 1 2
T0
8.27
8.8 1 2
8.24
= (S 2 S1 )isolated system

1 S 2 gen

8.27 1S2 gen

Sgen total
(S2 S1 )isolated system = (S2 S1 ) 1TQ 2
0
(S 2 S1 ) (S 2 S1 )CM1

1 CM1

(S

S1 )isolated system = (S 2 S1 )CM1 + (S 2 S1 )non CM1

(S

S1 )non CM1 = 1

Q2
T0

CM1

(S2 S1 )non CM1 = Ssurr = 1TQ 2
(8.28)
0

150
8.28
8.22 T0
8.22 8.28
8.27
Q
(8.29)
S gen total = (S 2 S1 ) 1 2 = S CM + S surr = S total
T0
8.27 8.29
Sgen total (SCM)
(Ssurr)
(Stotal)




8.27
8.3
1.5 kg 800 kPa 150oC
200oC
200oC
800 kPa
CM

:

H2O
:
:
:

m, P1, T1, , T0, T2

Sgen total

Q
T0

151
1 (): P1 = 800 kPa
T1 = 150oC

v1 vf(150oC) = 0.001090 m3/kg

u1 uf(150oC) = 631.66 kJ/kg
s1 sf(150oC) = 1.8417 kJ/kg-K

2 ( ): P2 = P1 = 800 kPa
T2 = 200oC

v2 = 0.26080 m3/kg
u2 = 2,630.61 kJ/kg-K
s2 = 6.8158 kJ/kg-K

1W2

P dV

= P (V2 V1 ) = P m (v 2 v 1 )

m3

= (800 kPa )(1.5 kg ) 0.26080 0.001090

kg

1W2 = 311.652 kJ

Q 2 1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0
PE = 0
1

Q 2 1W2 = U = m (u 2 u 1 )

kJ

Q 2 311.652 kJ = 1.5 kg 2,630.61 631.66

kg

1 Q 2 311.652 kJ = 2 ,998.425 kJ
1 Q 2 = 3,310.077 kJ
1

152
8.27

T0 = 200oC = 473.15 K

Q
S gen total = (S 2 S1 ) 1 2
T0
Q
S gen total = m (s 2 s1 ) 1 2
T0

3,310.077 kJ
kJ

S gen total = 1.5 kg 6.8158 1.8417

473.15 K
kg K

kJ
kJ
6.99583
S gen total = 7.46115
K
K
kJ

S gen total = 0.46532

K
-

T
200 oC
Tsat @800 kPa
150 oC

2
1

1.8417
kJ/kg-K

6.8158
kJ/kg-K

8.22
2

S 2 S1 =

Q
+ S gen CM
T

153

2 2
1
S gen CM = 0

2

S 2 S1 =
2

Q
T

Q


T

150oC 800 kPa

170.43oC
200oC
2

Q
kJ
= S 2 S1 = 7.46115
K
T
2

Q
-
T

Tsat = 170.43oC =
2

443.58 K
2

Q

T

3,310.077 kJ
Q
kJ
1 Q2

=
= 7.46219
K
443.58 K
Tsat @ 800 kPa
T

S 2 S1
T

S gen CM = 0
S gen total = S gen CM + S gen HT = S gen HT

154
8.9

CV CP C
8.15 dV 0
ds

du
T

du 5.23
ds

C dT
T

(8.30)

C
8.30
T
s 2 s1 C ln 2
T1

(8.31)

C C T
8.30
8.31



8.4
10 cm 30 cm
30oC 150oC

:
:
D, L, T1, T2
:
S2 S1
.2 = 2,700 kg/m3 C = 0.90 kJ/kg-K

155

m = V = D 2 L
4

kg
m = 2,700 3 (0.1 m )2 (0.3 m ) = 6.3617 kg

m 4

8.31
T
S 2 S1 = m (s 2 s1 ) = m C ln 2
T1
kJ 423.15 K

(
)
S 2 S1 = 6.3617 kg 0.90
ln
kg K 303.15 K
kJ
S 2 S1 = 1.9095
K

8.10

8.15
T ds = du + P dv

du 5.29 P P = RT/v

C
R
ds = V 0 dT + dv
(8.32)
T
v
8.32
R
CV0 T
2

s 2 s1 =

CV0
v
dT + R ln 2
T
v1

8.16 8.15
T ds = dh v dP

(8.33)

156
dh 5.30 v v = RT/P

C
R
ds = P 0 dT dP
(8.34)
T
P
8.34 8.33
2

s 2 s1 =

CP0
P
dT R ln 2
T
P1

(8.35)

8.33 8.35
5.7
CV0 CP0
8.33 8.35
1) CV0 CP0
CV0 CP0 8.33 8.35

T
v
(8.36)
s 2 s1 = C V 0 ln 2 + R ln 2
T1
v1
P
T
(8.37)
s 2 s1 = C P 0 ln 2 R ln 2
P1
T1
8.36 8.37
CV0 CP0 8.36
8.37 CV0 CP0
2) CP0 .5
CV0 5.31 CV0 CP0
8.33 8.35
3) .6 (standard entropy s0T)

s 0T =

T0

C P0
dT
T

T0 T
CP0

157


P
(8.38)
s 2 s1 = (s 0T 2 s 0T1 ) R ln 2
P1
5.7

8.33 8.35 s2 s1

u2 u1 h2 h1
8.33 8.35 8.35

8.35
2

0=

CP0
P
dT R ln 2
T
P1

(8.39)

CP0 8.39
T
P
0 = C P 0 ln 2 R ln 2
T1
P1

T2 P2
=
T1 P1

R
CP 0

(8.40)

CV0 CP0 5.31

C C
R
k 1
= P0 V 0 =
C P0
C P0
k
k (specific heat ratio)
C
k = P0
C V0

(8.41)

158
8.40
T2 P2
=
T1 P1

k 1
k

(8.42)

8.42
T2 v 1
=
T1 v 2

k 1

P2 v 1
=
P1 v 2

(8.43)
(8.44)

8.42 8.44
8.44
PV k =

(8.45)

8.45 4.9 P V

k
8.5

300 K 1000 K 200 kPa 100 kPa

8.10

:
:
T1, T2
:
s 2 s1
CP0

300 K 1,000 K

159

(1)

CP0
CP0 Tavg 0.5(T1 + T2) = 650 K
.5 CP0
T (K)
kJ
CP0
0.25 1.2
= 0.45 + 1.67 1.272 + 0.393 =
kg
K
1000

avg = Tavg/1000 = 650/1000 = 0.65 avg

CP0,avg CP0,avg = 1.1060 kJ/kg-K CP0,avg
8.37 R = 0.1889 kJ/kg-K
T
P
s 2 s1 = C P 0 ln 2 R ln 2
T1
P1
kJ 1,000 K
kJ 200 kPa

s 2 s1 = 1.1060
0.1889
ln
ln

kg

K
300
K
kg

K

100 kPa

kJ

s 2 s1 = 1.2007
kg K
(2)

CP0
CP0 .5
T (K)
kJ
CP0
0.25 1.2
= 0.45 + 1.67 1.272 + 0.393 =
1000
kg - K

8.35
1 , 000 K

300 K

CP0
dT =
T

0. 3

CP0
d =

1 , 000 K

300 K

0.3

(0.45 + 1.67 1.272 + 0.393 ) d

CP0
1.27
0.39 3
kJ

= 1.165 ( 0.09443)
dT = 0.45 ln + 1.67 2 +

T
2
3 0. 3
kg - K

1 , 000 K

300 K

CP0
kJ
dT = 1.25943
T
kg - K

160

8.35
2

s 2 s1 =

C P0
P
dT R ln 2
T
P1

kJ
kJ 200 kPa

s 2 s 1 = 1.25943

0
.
1889

ln
kg
K
kg

100 kPa
kJ
s 2 s1 = 1.1285
kg K

(3)

.6
.6 T1 T2
kJ
T1 = 300 K s 0T1 = 6.8463
kg K
kJ
T2 = 1,000 K s 0T 2 = 8.1451
kg K

8.38
s 2 s1 = (s 0T 2 s 0T1 ) R ln

P2
P1

kJ
kJ 200 kPa

s 2 s1 = 8.1451 6.8463
0.1889
ln
kg K
kg K 100 kPa

kJ

s 2 s1 = 1.1679
kg K

s2 s1
(3) (1)
(1)
(2) (3) 3
(2) (3)

8.6
100 kPa 30oC 1 m3
700 kPa

161

:

:
:
P1, T1, V1, P2
:
T2, 1W2

CM
He

CV0 CP0 k
.4 R = 2.0771 kJ/kg-K, CV0 = 3.116 kJ/kg-K k = 1.667
1 (): P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 30oC = 303.15 K, V1 = 1 m3
P1 V1 = m R T1

(100 kPa )(1 m )

kJ

= ( m ) 2.0771
(303.15 K )
kg K

m = 0.15881 kg
3

1 Q2

1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0 PE = 0 1Q2 = 0

1W2 = U = m (u 2 u 1 )

1W2

= m (u 1 u 2 ) = m C V 0 (T1 T2 )

S 2 S1 =

Q
+ 1 S 2 gen
T

1Q2 = 0 1S2 gen = 0

s 2 s1 = 0
8.42
k 1
k

T2 P2
=
T1 P1

162

700 kPa
T2

=
303.15 K 100 kPa

1.6671
1.667

T2 = 660.386 K

T2
kJ
(303.15 660.386 K )
1W2 = m C V 0 (T1 T2 ) = 3.116
kg K

1W2 = 1,113.1 kJ

4.10

2

1W2 =

P dV =

P2 V2 P1 V1
1 n

n = k
1W2 =

P2 V2 P1 V1
mRT2 mRT1
R
=
= m
(T2 T1 )
1 k
1 k
1 k

k CV0 CP0 5.31

C P0 C V0

(T2 T1 ) = m ( C V 0 ) (T2 T1 )
W
=
m
1 2
1

(
C
/
C
)

P0
V0
1W2 = m C V 0 (T1 T2 )

8.11
4.3
P V
PV k =

163
P V

P2 v 1
=
P1 v 2

n 1
n

T2 P2
=
T1 P1

T2 v 1
=
T1 v 2

n 1

(8.46)

4.10 4.11
2

1W2

1W2 =

P dV =

P2 V2 P1 V1
1 n

P
V
P dV = P1 V1 ln 2 = P1 V1 ln 1
P2
V1

n 1
n = 1

:
n=0
:
n=1
:
n=k
:
n=
8.7
600 kPa 300 K 0.2 m3
240 K
95 kJ 300 K

CM

:
:
P1, T1, V1, T2, 1W2, T0
Q
:
P2, Sgen total
T0

164

1 (): P1 = 600 kPa, T1 = 300 K, V1 = 0.2 m3
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
P1 V1 = m R T1

(600 kPa )(0.2 m )

kJ

= ( m ) 0.287
(300 K )

kg
K

m = 1.39373 kg
3

n n
2
1W2

2

1W2 =

P dV =

P2 V2 P1 V1
1 n

1 2 P1 V1 = mRT1 P2 V2 = mRT2

P2 V2 P1 V1
mRT2 mRT1
mR (T2 T1 )
=
=
1 n
1 n
1 n
n
n
=

1W2

95 kJ =

(1.39373 kg )(0.287 kJ/kg - K )(240 300 K )

1 n

n = 1.25263
8.46 P2
n 1
n

T2 P2
=
T1 P1

P
= 2
300 K 600 kPa
240 K

1.252631
1.25263

P2 = 198.45 kPa

165

1 Q2

1W2 = E = U + KE + PE

KE = 0 PE = 0

1 Q2

1W2 = U = m (u 2 u 1 )

T1 = 300 K T2 = 240 K
60 K
CV0 CP0 25oC .4 CV0 = 0.717 kJ/kg-K CP0
= 1.004 kJ/kg-K u2 u1
u 2 u 1 = C V 0 @ 25 o C (T2 T1 )
kJ
kJ
(
u 2 u 1 = 0.717
240 300 K ) = 43.02
kg K
kg

u2 u1 1W2
kJ

Q
95
kJ
1
.
39373
kg
43
.
02

1 2
kg

1 Q 2 = 35.0418 kJ

8.27

T0 = 300 K
Q
S gen total = (S 2 S1 ) 1 2
T0
Q
S gen total = m (s 2 s1 ) 1 2
T0

8.37
T
P
s 2 s1 = C P 0 ln 2 R ln 2
T1
P1
kJ 240 K
kJ 198.45 kPa

s 2 s 1 = 1.004
0.287
ln
ln
kg K 300 K
kg K 600 kPa

166
kJ
kJ

s 2 s1 = 0.22404

0.31754
kg K
kg K

kJ
s 2 s1 = 0.093506
kg K

Sgen total
Q
S gen total = m (s 2 s1 ) 1 2
T0
35.0418 kJ
kJ

S gen total = 1.39373 kg 0.093506

kg K
300 K

kJ
kJ
0.11681
S gen total = 0.13032
K
K
kJ

S gen total = 0.01352

K
8.12
8.20
t
t 8.20
S
dS
1 Q
(8.47)
=
+ gen
t
dt
T t



8.47
1
dS
=
Q& + S& gen
(8.48)
dt
T
9

167

1) -

2)
500 L 400 kPa 200oC

3) (stainless steel) 0.6 kg

4 L 30oC
20oC

4)
5) 300 K
1,000 K
(a) CP0 25oC
(b) CP0
(c) CP0
(d) .6
6) 6 MPa 1,800 K
300 kPa
(a) CP0 25oC
(b) .6
7) 100 kPa 160oC
350 L
30oC 50oC

168

9

9.1

6.2 8.48

dS CM
Q&
=
+ S& gen
(9.1)
dt
T
9.1

m& i

W& boundary

si

W&

m& e
Q&

se

9.1




=

9.1

9.1

169

6.8


dS CV
Q&
(9.2)
m& i s i
m& e s e +
=
+ S& gen
dt
T
9.2
T

9.2

9.2

dS CV

dt

m& i s i

m& e s e +

Q&
T

(9.3)

9.2



dS CV
= 0
dt
9.2
0 =

m& s

i i

m& s

e e

Q&

+ S& gen

(9.4)

m& i = m& e = m& 9.4
0 = m& (s i s e ) +

Q&
+ S& gen
T

(9.5)

170
9.5 m&

q
+ s gen
(9.6)
T
sgen
9.6
0 = si se +

s e = s i + s gen

se si

(9.7)

sgen = 0 9.7
se = si

(9.8)

9.8




9.1
100 kPa 300 K
700 kPa 3.0 m3/min

CV
2
:

W&
:

:
:
P1, T1, P2, V&1
1

:
W&

1 :
P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
P1 v 1 = R T1

(100 kPa ) v

kJ

= 0.287
(300 K )
kg K

171

v 1 = 0.861 m 3 /kg

m& 1 = m& 2 = m&

V&1 = 3.0 m3/min = 0.05 m3/s

0.05 m 3 / s
V&1
m& =
=
v1
0.861 m 3 / kg
kg
m& = 0.058072
s

Q& = 0 KE PE

Vi 2

0 = Q& W& +
m& i h i +
+ gZ i
2

W& = m& 1 (h 1 ) m& 2 (h 2 )

Ve 2

m& e h e +
+ gZ e
2

W& = m& (h 1 h 2 )

9.8

s 2 = s1

s 2 s1 = 0

CP0
.6
.6
1:

T1 = 300 K

h1 = 300.47 kJ/kg s 0T1 = 6.86926 kJ/kg-K

172

s 2 s 1 = 0 = (s 0T 2 s 0T1 ) R ln

P2
P1

kJ
kJ 700 kPa

0 = s 0T 2 6.86926
0.287
ln
kg K
kg K 100 kPa

kJ
s 0T 2 = 7.42774
kg K

s 0T 2 .6 T2 h2

2:

s 0T 2 = 7.42774 kJ/kg-K T2 = 520.19 K h2 = 524.18 kJ/kg

T2 = 520.19 K

h2
W& = m& (h 1 h 2 ) = 0.058072

W& = 12.991 kW

kg
kJ
300.47 524.18
s
kg

T2 CP0 25oC
.4 CP0 = 1.004 kJ/kg-K k = 1.400
8.42
T2 P2
=
T1 P1

k 1
k

P1, T1, P2 k T2 = 523.09 K

CP0
W& = m& (h 1 h 2 ) = m& C P 0 (T1 T2 )

W& = 13.007 kW CP0 25oC

1
( P2) 10 bar(g)
CP0

173
9.2
1.5 kg/s 45oC
400 kPa

1
2
:

45oC
:
:
x1, m& 1 , T2, Pmix, x3
CV
3
:
S& gen

Pmix = P1 = P2 = P3
1:
P1 = 400 kPa
x1 = 1

h1 = hg = 2,738.53 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 6.8958 kJ/kg-K
2:

P2 = 400 kPa
T2 = 45oC

h2 hf(45oC) = 188.42 kJ/kg
s2 sf(45oC) = 0.6386 kJ/kg-K

3:

P3 = 400 kPa
x3 = 0

h3 = hf = 604.73 kJ/kg
s3 = sf = 1.7766 kJ/kg-K

0 =

m& m&
i

0 = m& 1 + m& 2 m& 3

m& 3 = m& 1 + m& 2

174

Q& = 0 W& = 0 KE PE

V2
m& i h i + i + gZ i
2

m& e h e

m& h

0 = Q& W& +
0 =

i i

V2
m& e h e + e + gZ e
2

0 = m& 1 h 1 + m& 2 h 2 m& 3 h 3

m& 1 , h1, h2
h3 m& 2 m& 3 m& 3

0 = m& 1 h 1 + m& 2 h 2 m& 3 h 3
0 = m& 1 h 1 + m& 2 h 2 (m& 1 + m& 2 ) h 3
m& 2 (h 3 h 2 ) = m& 1 (h 1 h 3 )

kJ
kg
kJ

m& 2 604.73 188.42 = 1.5 2,738.53 604.73

kg
s
kg

kg
m& 2 = 7.6883
s
m& 2 m& 3
kg
m& 3 = m& 1 + m& 2 = 1.5 + 7.6883
s
kg
m& 3 = 9.1883
s

S& gen S& gen


( Q& = 0)

0 =

m& i s i

m& e s e +

Q&
+ S& gen
T

175
S& gen =

m& s

e e

m& s

i i

S& gen = m& 3s 3 (m& 1s1 + m& 2 s 2 )

kg
kJ kg
kJ
kg
kJ

S& gen = 9.1883 1.7766

1.5 6.8958
7.6883 0.6386

s
kg
K
s
kg
K
s
kg
K

kW
S& gen = 1.0704

9.3

9.2
dSCV
=
m& i s i
m& e s e +
dt
t

dS CV
dt =
dt

d (m s )CV
dt

m& s dt
i i

i i

dt = (m 2 s 2 m 1 s1 )CV

m s

Q&
+ S& gen
T

m& s dt = m s

e e

e e

S&

gen

dt = 1 S 2 gen

Q&
dt =
T

1
T

Q& dt =

Q&
dt
T

(m 2 s 2 m 1 s1 )CV =

m isi

m ese +

Q&
dt + 1 S 2 gen
T

(9.9)

176
9.3
400 L 400 kPa 400 K

200 kPa

:
:
V, m1, Pi, Ti, P2
:
1S2 gen
400 kPa,400 K

400 kPa,400 K

i
CV

1
m1 = 0

CV

2
P2 = 200 kPa

400 kPa 400 K .6

i:

Pi = 400 kPa, Ti = 400 K .6

Ti = 400 K
hi = 401.30 kJ/kg s 0Ti = 7.15926 kJ/kg-K

(m1 = 0) (me = 0)

(m 2 m 1 )CV =
m2 = mi

m m
i

177
Q = 0 W = 0

KE PE
m1 = 0 me = 0

V2 2

m u + V1 2 + gZ = Q W
m
u
gZ
+
+
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
2

CV

Vi 2
Ve 2

mi hi +
me he +
+
+ gZ i
+ gZ e
2
2

m2u2 = mihi

m 2 = m i
u2 = hi
u 2 = 401.30

kJ
kg

.6 u2 T2 s 0T 2

2:

T2 = 555.429 K s 0T 2 = 7.49558 kJ/kg-K

u2 = 401.30 kJ/kg

P2 = 200 kPa, T2 = 555.429 K, V2 = 400 L =0.4 m3

R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
P2 V2 = m 2 R T2

(200 kPa )(0.4 m )

3

m2

kJ

= (m 2 ) 0.287
(555.429 K )

kg
K

= 0.50186 kg

Q = 0 m1 = 0 me = 0

(m 2 s 2 m 1 s1 )CV =

m isi

m ese +

Q&
dt + 1 S 2 gen
T

178
1 S 2 gen

= m 2s2 m i si

m 2 = m i
8.38
1 S 2 gen
1 S 2 gen

1 S 2 gen

1 S 2 gen
1 S 2 gen

= m 2 (s 2 s i )

P
= m 2 (s 0T 2 s 0Ti ) R ln 2
Pi

200 kPa
kJ
kJ

ln
= (0.50186 kg ) 7.49558 7.15926
0.287

kg K
kg K 400 kPa

kJ

= (0.50186 kg ) 0.53525

kg K

kJ
= 0.26862

1S2 gen
9.4

9.6
q
0 = si se +
+ s gen
T

ds =

q
+ s gen
T

q = T ds T s gen

179
Tds 8.16
q = dh v dP T s gen
i e
e

q =

q = dh v dP T s
i

q = he hi

v dP T s
i

gen

gen

q 6.15
Vi 2
Ve 2

0 = q w + hi +
+ gZ i h e +
+ gZ e
2
2

w =

1
v dP + (Vi 2 Ve 2 ) + g (Z i Z e )
2

T s

gen

(9.10)

T Sgen
9.10


9.10
e

w =

v dP +

1 2
(Vi Ve 2 ) + g (Z i Z e )
2

(9.11)

9.11 (1)




(2)

180
0.00010.001 m3/kg 0.11 m3/kg 1,000


1,000 (3) 9.11
9.11


9.11
9.11
e

w=

v dP

(9.12)

9.12 4.7

1 w2

P dv
1

4.7
9.12

9.11
9.11
1
w = v (Pe Pi ) + (Vi 2 Ve 2 ) + g (Z i Z e )
(9.13)
2

9.13
1
0 = v (Pi Pe ) + (Vi 2 Ve 2 ) + g (Z i Z e )
(9.14)
2
9.14 (Bernoulli equation)

181

9.12
4.3 8.11

Pv n =
9.12
e

w =

P
v dP = Pi v i ln e
Pi

i
e

w =

v dP =

n 1

(Pe v e Pi v i )

n 1

(9.15)

n = 1

(9.16)

9.15 9.16

n 1

n R Ti Pe n
nR

(Te Ti ) =

w =
1
n 1
(9.17)

n 1
n 1 Pi

P
n = 1
(9.18)
w = R Ti ln e
P
i
n = k n = 1
i Pi Ti
Pe 9.17 9.18
n = 1

n = 1
(n = 1)
(n = k k > 1)

182
9.4
12.5 kg/s
100 kPa 25oC 7.5 kW
(a) (b) 12 m

:

:

:
m& 1 , P1, T1, W& , H
:
:
P2
2
CV

CV

12 m

W&

W&

(a)

(b)

v = vf(25oC) = 0.001003 m3/kg
9.13

kg
s

7.5 kW
W&
kJ
=
= 0. 6
w =
m&
12.5 kg / s
kg
m& 1 = m& 2 = m& = 12.5

183
(a)
9.13
9.13
w = v (Pe Pi ) = v (P2 P1 )

P2 w
m3
kJ
0.6 = 0.001003 (P2 100 kPa )
kg
kg
P2 = 698.2 kPa

(b) 12 m
9.13 Z1 = 0
Z2 = 12 m 9.13

w = v (Pe Pi ) + g (Z i Z e ) = v (P2 P1 ) + g (Z1 Z 2 )

P2 w
m2/s2 kJ/kg
1 kJ / kg
kJ
m3
m
0.6 = 0.001003 (P2 100 kPa ) + 9.81 2 (0 12 m )
1,000 m 2 / s 2
kg
kg
s
P2 = 580.8 kPa

(a) (b) (a)

(b) (a)
9.5
8.8
9.2
A B
A B

184

CVB

W&

CVA

m& e

m& i
Q&

TA
TB

9.2 A B
B A
A TA TB
A
dSCV A
dt

= m& i s i m& e s e +

Q&
+ S& gen A
TA

(9.19)

m& i e A
B Q&

dSCV B
dt

= m& i s i + m& e s e

Q&
+ S& gen B
TA

(9.20)

dS CV A dS CV B
dS net
=
+
= S& gen A + S& gen B = S& gen total 0
(9.21)
dt
dt
dt
9.21 8.29 8

185
9.19 9.20 B
TB A
TB TA B S& gen B
8.26

1 1
S& gen B = S& gen HT = Q&
TA TB
9.20
dSCV B
1 1
Q&
= m& i s i + m& e s e
+ Q&
TA
dt
TA TB
dSCV B
Q&
= m& i s i + m& e s e
dt
TB

(9.22)

A dS CV A / dt = 0
( dS net / dt ) (
S& gen total ) dSCV B / dt 9.22
dS net
Q&
= S& gen total = m& i s i + m& e s e
(9.23)
dt
TB
A
9.21 t
SCV net = SCV A + SCV B = S gen A + S gen B = S gen total 0

(9.24)

SCV A

S CV A = (m 2 s 2 m 1s1 )CV A

(9.25)

S CV B 9.22 t
Q
SCV B = m i s i + m e s e
TB
9.25 9.26 9.24

S CV net = S gen total = (m 2 s 2 m 1s1 )CV A m i s i + m e s e

Q
TB

(9.26)

(9.27)

186
9.5
7.5 m3/min 200 kPa 30oC
120oC
130oC

:

:
V& , P1, T1, T2, T0
:
:
S& gen total

CV
1

Q
T0

1
1:
P1 = 200 kPa, T1 = 30oC = 303.15 K
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
P1 v 1 = R T1

(200 kPa )v

kJ

=
0
.
287

(303.15 K )
1
kg K

v 1 = 0.43502 m 3 / kg

m& 1 = m& 2 = m&

V&1 = 7.5 m3/min = 0.125 m3/s

0.125 m 3 / s
V&1
=
m& =
v1
0.43502 m 3 / kg
m& = 0.28734 kg / s

W& = 0 KE PE

0 = Q& W& +

Vi 2

+ gZ i
m& i h i +
2

Ve 2

+ gZ e
m& e h e +
2

187
Q& = m& 2 (h 2 ) m& 1 (h 1 )
Q& = m& (h 2 h 1 )

30oC 120oC
90oC

CP0 25oC
.4
25oC CP0 = 1.004 kJ/kg-K
kg
kJ
Q& = m& C P 0 (T2 T1 ) = 0.28734 1.004
(393.15 303.15 K )

s
kg K
Q& = 25.964 kW
S& gen total 9.23
T0

S& gen total =

m& i s i +

S& gen total = m& (s 2 s1 )

Q&
T0

m& e s e

Q&
Q&
= m& 1s1 + m& 2 s 2
T0
T0

CP0 25oC
8.37

T
P Q&
T Q&
S& gen total = m& C P 0 ln 2 R ln 2
= m& C P 0 ln 2
T1
P1 T0
T1 T0

S& gen total

S& gen total
S& gen total

kg
kJ 393.15 K 25.964 kW

= 0.28734 1.004

ln

s
kg K 303.15 K 403.15 K
kW
kW
= 0.074997
0.064404
K
K
kW
= 0.01059

.6
0.5

188
9.6

(Ti Pi) (Pe)

9.3 i
e es

i e
9.7
T

Ti

Pi

Pe

Te
Tes

es

9.3

6.14 Q& = 0
W& = m& (h i h e )

(9.28)

189
9.28 i e W&
9.28 i es
W& s = m& (h i h es )

(9.29)

W& s
Pi, Ti Pe
(turbine isentropic efficiency turbine)
W&
w
h h
turbine =
=
= i e
(9.30)
W& s
ws
h i h es
turbine

70 85



(Ti Pi) (Pe)
9.4
T
Te
Tes

es

Pe

Pi

Ti

9.4

9.28
9.29

( W& s )
Pi, Ti Pe (compressor isentropic

190
efficiency comp.) (pump isentropic efficiency
pump)
W&
w
h h
comp . pump = s = s = i es
(9.31)
W&
w
hi he
comp.

70 85

(Ti Pi) (Pe)

9.5
T
Ti

Pi
i
Pe

Te
Tes

e
es

9.5

6.14

Ve 2 / 2 = h i h e

(9.32)

Ves 2 / 2 = h i h es

(9.33)

Pi, Ti Pe
(nozzle isentropic efficiency nozzle)
nozzle

h h
Ve 2 / 2
= 2 = i e
Ves / 2 h i h es

nozzle

90 97

(9.34)

191
9.6
2 MPa 300oC 20 kg/s
15 kPa
82

CV
:

1
:

W&
:
:
P1, T1, m& 1 , P2, turbine
2
:
W& , S& gen

1:
P1 = 2 MPa
T1 = 300oC

h1 = 3,023.50 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.7663 kJ/kg-K

m& 1 = m& 2 = m& = 20 kg / s

100

9.8

s 2 = s1



2s:
P2s = P2 = 15 kPa
s2s = s1 = 6.7663 kJ/kg-K

2s
s 2s = (1 x 2 s ) s f + x 2 s s g

192

6.7663

kJ
kJ
kJ

= (1 x 2 s ) 0.7548
+ (x 2 s ) 8.0084

kg K
kg K
kg K

x 2s = 0.82876

2s
kJ
kJ

h 2s = (1 x 2 s ) h f + x 2 s h g = ( 0.17124 ) 225.91 + ( 0.82876 ) 2,599.06

kg
kg

h 2s = 2,192.684 kJ/kg

Q& = 0 KE PE

Vi 2

0 = Q& W& +
m& i h i + + gZ i
2

W& = m& 1 (h 1 ) m& 2 (h 2 ) = m& (h 1 h 2 )

Ve 2

m& e h e + + gZ e
2

1 2s
W& s = m& (h 1 h 2 s )
kg
kJ
W& s = 20 3,023.50 2,192.684 = 16,616.3 kW = 16.616 MW
s
kg

W&
turbine =
W& s
W& = turbine Ws = 0.82 (16.616 MW )

W& = 13.625 MW

2

W& = m& (h 1 h 2 )
kJ
kg
13,625.38 kW = 20 3,023.50 h 2
kg
s
h 2 = 2,342.231 kJ/kg

193
2:

P2 = 15 kPa
h2 = 2,342.231 kJ/kg

2
h 2 = (1 x 2 ) h f + x 2 h g
2,342.231

kJ
kJ
kJ

= (1 x 2 ) 225.91 + (x 2 ) 2,599.06
kg
kg
kg

x 2 = 0.89178

2s
kJ
kJ

s 2 = (1 x 2 ) s f + x 2 s g = ( 0.10822 ) 0.7548
+ ( 0.89178 ) 8.0084

kg K
kg K

s 2 = 7.22339 kJ / kg - K

9.4


0 =

m& i s i

m& e s e +

Q&
+ S& gen
T

S& gen = m& 2 (s 2 ) m& 1 (s1 ) = m& (s 2 s1 )

kg
kJ
S& gen = 20 7.22339 6.7663

s
kg K
kW
S& gen = 9.1419
K

-
T
T1

P1
1
P2

T2s = T2

2s 2

2s 2 P2s = P2 T2s = T2

194

1)

2) -134 1.4 MPa 80oC 10 m/s
-134 300 kPa -134

3) 400 L/s 700 kPa 800 K
100 kPa

4)

5)

6)

7)

3 m3
100oC
0.6

100oC
100oC

H2O

101.3 kPa
35 L/s
200 kPa 5.6 kW

-134 1.2 MPa 60oC
1.5 kg/s 40oC

33oC
100 kPa 300 K
500 kPa 130 kJ/kg

195

10

10.1
7


(power cycle)




(gaseous cycle)
(vapor cycle)

(closed cycle)
(open cycle)



7.2
W
th = net
QH

7.5

(ideal cycle)

196
10.2
(Rankine cycle)
(steam power plant)

(simple Rankine cycle)
1)
2) (boiler)
3)
4) (condenser)
- 10.1 (a) 10.1 (b)
3

P2 = P3
Q& H

Tboil.

P1 = P4

2
Tcond.

W& turbine

(a)

W& pump

Q& L

(b)

10.1 -
1
2



3

4 (
10.1 (a) 4 )

197
1
P1 = P4 (condenser
pressure) P2 = P3 (boiler pressure)


(boiling temperature)

(condensing temperature.)

10.2 (a) 8.4
(Wnet) -
1-2-3-4-1 (QH)
2 3 a-2-3-b-a

th =

1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 1
Wnet
=
QH
a - 2 - 3 - b - a

7.5

25oC
25oC
25oC
25oC
25oC

198



1 atm
100oC

100oC 1 atm

1-2-3-4-1 10.3
T
3
2

4 4

2
1

10.3 -
10.2 (a) 1-2-3-4-1 10.3 3
2
4 1 3 2
1-2-3-4-1 10.3
4

4



3
3 4
4
(moisture content)
1

199

(cavitation)
1 1 1
2
2

10.3


-


7.11
th ,rev = 1

TL
TH

TH TL
TH TL
10.4
T
3

2
1

a a

P4
P4

10.4
P4 P4
1-4-4-1-2-2-1 a-2-2-a-a

200



TL
7.11 4
4 4
4

10.5
T
3

2
1
a

4
b b

10.5
3 3
3-3-4-4-3
3-3-b-b-3
3-3-b-b-3

TH
3

4 4
P3 P3
10.6
T3 T3 10.6

201
T

P3 P3
3 3

2
1
a

4
b b

10.6



4-4-b-b-4

4-4-b-b-4


TH TH

P3 P3

4
4

202
10.1
50 kg/s
3 MPa 500oC 10 kPa

:
1)
2) KE PE
3) m& = 50 kg/s
:
:
m& , P3, T3, P4
:
W& net , th
T

P = 3 MPa
3

500 C

Q& H

W& pump

P = 10 kPa

W& turbine

Q& L

1:

2:

P1 = P4 = 10 kPa
x1 = 0
v1 = vf = 0.001010 m3/kg
h1 = hf = 191.81 kJ/kg
s1 = sf = 0.6492 kJ/kg-K
P2 = P3 = 3 MPa
s2 = s1 = 0.6492 kJ/kg-K

203
2 P2 s2

2 8.16
T ds = dh v dP

ds = 0
1 2

v = v1 1 2
2

0 =

dh v dP = (h h ) v (P P )
2

h 2 = h 1 + v 1 (P2 P1 )

m3
kJ
h 2 = 191.81 + 0.001010 (3,000 10 kPa )
kg
kg
h 2 = 194.83 kJ / kg
3:

4:

7.2337

P3 = 3 MPa
T3 = 500oC
h3 = 3,456.48 kJ/kg
s3 = 7.2337 kJ/kg-K

P4 = 10 kPa
s4 = s3 = 7.2337 kJ/kg-K

s 4 = (1 x 4 ) s f + x 4 s g
kJ
kJ
kJ

= (1 x 4 ) 0.6492
+ (x 4 ) 8.1501

kg K
kg K
kg K

x 4 = 0.87783

4
kJ
kJ

h 4 = (1 x 4 ) h f + x 4 h g = ( 0.12217 ) 191.81 + ( 0.87783) 2 ,584.63

kg
kg

h 4 = 2 ,292.294 kJ/kg

204


:

:


W& pump = m& (h 1 h 2 )
kg
kJ
W& pump = 50 191.81 194.83 = 150.995 kW
s
kg

:


W& turbine = m& (h 3 h 4 )
kg
kJ
W& turbine = 50 3,456.48 2,292.294 = 58,209.28 kW
s
kg

W& net = W& pump + W& turbine = 150.995 + 58,209.28 kW

W& net = 58,058.29 kW = 58.058 MW

:


Q& boiler = Q& H = m& (h 3 h 2 )
kg
kJ
Q& H = 50 3,456.48 194.83 = 163,082.51 kW
s
kg

58,058.29 kW
W& net
th =
=
Q& H
163,082.51 kW
th = 0.3560 = 35.60 %

W& net

205
:

:


Q& cond . = Q& L = m& (h 1 h 4 )
kg
kJ
Q& L = 50 191.81 2,292.294 = 105,024.22 kW
s
kg

5.2

all

cycle

all

cycle

W& net = Q& H + Q& L = 163,082.51 + ( 105,024.22 ) kW = 58,058.29 kW

10.4
10.3


(reheat cycle) - 10.7 (a)

10.7 (b)
3

T
3

Q& H

W& turbine

5
4

2
1

W& pump

6 6

(a)

(b)

10.7 -

Q& L

206
3

(intermediate pressure)
4
5

6
3
1-2-3-6-1
6 6

3

3 3
1-2-3-6-1
10.5
(regenerative cycle)



10.8
T

P2 = P3
3
2
P1 = P4

2
1

10.8




2 2

207

(feed
water heater)

(open

feedwater heater direct-contact feedwater heater)



10.9
5

Q& H

5
4
3

2
7

(a)

6
4

W& pump2

W& pump1

W& turbine

Q& L

(b)

10.9 -

5
6
7
1
2 2
6 3
6
3
4

208
(closed feedwater heater indirectcontact feedwater heater)



(trap)
(Cengel and Boles, 2007: 584)
10.10
5

Q& H

3
7

(a)

W& pump2

2
3

W& pump1

W& turbine

Q& L

(b)

10.10 -

6 7
6
2
2 8 6
3 2 8
6 3

3 4 4
8 9
2
8
3

209
(Moran and Shapiro,
2004: 373) 10.11
5

Q& H

8
1

W& pump1

(a)

1
3

W& turbine

Q& L

(b)

10.11 -



6 2 6
3 2 8
2 8 6 3
8
3
3
3 4
4
10.11 (a)

210



(deaeration)


10.2

50 kg/s 3 MPa 500oC
10 kPa 500 kPa
500oC

:
1)
2) KE PE
:
m& , P5, T5, P8, P6, T7
:
:
W& net , th
T

P=3 MPa
5 7

500 C

4
3

P=500 kPa

P = 10 kPa

2
1

Q& H

7
4

W& pump2

W& turbine

W& pump1

Q& L

10.1

211
1:

P1 = P8 = 10 kPa
x1 = 0
v1 = vf = 0.001010 m3/kg
h1 = hf = 191.81 kJ/kg

2:
P2 = P6 =500 kPa
2 10.1

v = v1
h 2 = h 1 + v 1 (P2 P1 )

m3
kJ
h 2 = 191.81 + 0.001010 (500 10 kPa )
kg
kg
h 2 = 192.305 kJ / kg
3:

P3 = P6 = 500 kPa
x1 = 0
v3 = vf = 0.001093 m3/kg
h3 = hf = 640.21 kJ/kg

4:
P4 = P5 = 3 MPa
4 2

v = v3
h 4 = h 3 + v 3 (P4 P3 )

m3
kJ
h 4 = 640.21 + 0.001093 (3,000 500 kPa )
kg
kg
h 4 = 642.943 kJ / kg
5:

6:

P5 = 3 MPa
T5 = 500oC
h5 = 3,456.48 kJ/kg
s5 = 7.2337 kJ/kg-K

P6 = 500 kPa

s6 = s5 = 7.2337 kJ/kg-K
h6 = 2,942.216 kJ/kg ()

212
7:

P7 = P6 =500 kPa
T7 = 500oC
h7 = 3,483.82 kJ/kg
s7 = 8.0872 kJ/kg-K

8:

8.0872

P8 = 10 kPa
s8 = s7 = 8.0872 kJ/kg-K

s 8 = (1 x 8 ) s f + x 8 s g
kJ
kJ
kJ

= (1 x 8 ) 0.6492
+ (x 8 ) 8.1501

kg K
kg K
kg K

x 8 = 0.99161

8
kJ
kJ

h 8 = (1 x 8 ) h f + x 8 h g = ( 0.00839 ) 191.81 + ( 0.99161) 2 ,584.63

kg
kg

h 8 = 2 ,564.565 kJ/kg

:
:

m& 3 = m& 6 + m& 2
m& 3 m& 3 = m& = 50 kg / s m& 6 = y m&
y
m& 2
m& = y m& + m& 2
m& 2 = (1 y )m&

0 =
m& i h i
m& e h e
0 = m& 6 h 6 + m& 2 h 2 m& 3 h 3

213
y m&

0 = y m& h 6 + (1 y ) m& h 2 m& h 3

640.21 192.305 kJ / kg
h h
y = 3 2 =
h6 h2
2 ,942.216 192.305 kJ / kg
y = 0.16288

y m& 2
m& 6

:
1
:


W& pump1 = m& 1 (h 1 h 2 ) = (1 y ) m& (h 1 h 2 )
kg
kJ
W& pump1 = ( 1 0.16288 ) 50 191.81 192.305 = 20.715 kW
s
kg
:
2
:

W& pump 2 = m& 3 (h 3 h 4 ) = m& (h 3 h 4 )

kg
kJ
W& pump 2 = 50 640.21 642.943 = 136.625 kW
s
kg

:


W& turbine =
W& turbine = 50

m& h m& h =
i i

e e

m& (h 5 h 6 ) + (1 y ) m& (h 7 h 8 )

kg
kJ
kg
kJ
3,456.48 2 ,942.216 + ( 1 0.16288 ) 50 3,483.82 2 ,564.565
s
kg
s
kg
W& turbine = 64,189.564 kW

W& net = W& pump1 + W& pump 2 + W& turbine = ( 20.715) + ( 136.625) + 64 ,189.564 kW

W& net = 64 ,032.23 kW = 64.032 MW

214
:

:


Q& boiler = Q& H =
Q& H = 50

m& h m& h = m& (h h ) + (1 y ) m& (h h )

e e

i i

kg
kJ
kg
kJ
3,456.48 642.943 + ( 1 0.16288 ) 50 3,483.82 2,942.216
s
kg
s
kg
Q& H = 163,346.26 kW

64 ,032.23 kW
W& net
th =
=
Q& H
163,346.26 kW
th = 0.3920 = 39.20 %

1) W& net
10.1
:

:


Q& cond . = Q& L = m& 8 (h 1 h 8 ) = (1 y ) m& (h 1 h 8 )
kg
kJ
Q& L = ( 1 0.16288 ) 50 191.81 2 ,564.565 = 99,314.035 kW
s
kg
5.2
W& net = Q& H + Q& L = 163,346.260 + ( 99,314.035 ) kW = 64 ,032.225 kW

2)

W& net = W& pump1 + W& pump 2 + W& turbine = ( 20.715) + ( 136.625) + 64 ,189.564 kW

0.25

215
e

9.12 w =

v dP 9.4

1
10.6


1)
9.6

2)
9.6

10.12
T
3

2s
1

2
4s 4

10.12 -

3)




4)

216
5)

10.7

(generator)





(cogeneration system)

10.13
(Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 398)

Q& H

8
4

W& pump2

W& turbine

6
7
2

W& pump1
3

Q& L

10.13
6

6

6 8 (condensate)

3

217
10.8



(spark-ignition engine SI engine)
(compression-ignition engine CI
engine)

(gas turbine engine)






(air-standard cycle)
1)
2)
3)

4)

5)
(air-standard assumption)
25oC
(cold-air-standard assumption)

218
10.9

(Brayton cycle)



1)
2) (combustion chamber)
3)
4)

-
10.14 (a) 10.14 (b)
T

P2 = P3

Q& H

P1 = P4

4
2

(a)

W& net

(b)

10.14 -
1
P1 P2

P1 = P4 P2 = P3
(pressure ratio
rP)

219
rP =

P
P2
= 3
P1
P4

(10.1)

10.14
4 1
10.14 (b)

- 10.15 (a) 10.15 (b)

Q& H

P2 = P3

P1 = P4
4

W& net

2
1

(a)

Q& L

(b)

10.15 -


:

w comp . = h 1 h 2 = C P 0 (T1 T2 )

q comb . = q H = h 3 h 2 = C P 0 (T3 T2 )

w turbine = h 3 h 4 = C P 0 (T3 T4 )
w net = w comp . + w turbine = C P 0 (T3 T4 + T1 T2 )

th =

w net C P 0 (T3 T4 + T1 T2 )
T T
T (T / T 1)
=
= 1 4 1 = 1 1 4 1
T2 (T3 / T2 1)
qH
C P 0 (T3 T2 )
T3 T2

(10.2)

220
1 2 3 4

P2 T2
=
P1 T1

k
k 1

P3 T3
=
P4 T4

P1 = P4 P2 = P3
T2 T3

=
T1 T4

k
k 1

T4 T3
=
T1 T2

10.2
th = 1
th = 1

P
T1
= 1 1
T2
P2
1

k 1
k

= 1

(P2 / P1 )( k 1 ) / k
(10.3)

rP ( k 1 ) / k

k
P1
P2 10.3
P2 rP th -
10.16
T

P2 = P3

3
3

P2 = P3
P1 = P4

2
1

10.16
P2 P2
2-2-3-3-2

221
10.3
T3 T3
T3 T3

P1 T1
T3
P1, T1 T3 10.3 rP
th 10.17
T
T3

rP3

rP2 rP1
3 3

4
4

2
2
T1

rP4

4
1

P1 = P4

rP1 < rP2 < rP3 < rP4

rP1
rP2
rP3
rP4

1-2-3-4-1
1-2-3-4-1
1-2-3-4-1
1-2-3-4-1

10.17
P1, T1 T3
rP rP1 rP4 th
10.3
rP1 rP rP rP4
rP

P1, T1 T3
rP = (T3 / T1 )k /( 2 k 2 )


9.31 9.30
10.18

222
T

3 P2 = P3
P1 = P4

2s

4s

10.18
10.3
100 kPa 300 K
13 1,500 K

:
1)
2) KE PE
3)
:
P1, T1, rP, T3
:
w net , th
T

1,500 K

P2 = P3

Q& H

P1 = P4 = 100 kPa
2

4
2
300 K

W& net

10.1

223

h 2 h 1 = C P 0 (T2 T1 )
25oC R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, CP0 = 1.004 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.4
1 :

P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K

2 :

rp = P2/P1 = 13
P2 = 13 (100kPa) = 1,300 kPa

1 2 8.42
k 1
k

T2 P2
= = (rP )( k 1 ) / k = ( 13) ( 1.4 1 ) / 1.4 = 2.08099
T1 P1
T2 = 2.08099 (300 K ) = 624.296 K

3 :

P3 = P2 = 1,300 kPa, T3 = 1,500 K

4 :

P4 = P1 = 100 kPa

3 4
k 1
k

k 1
k

1
T4 P4
1
= = =
T3 P3
13
rP
T4 = 0.48054 (1,500 K ) = 720.812 K

1.4 1
1. 4

= 0.48054

:

:


w comp . = h 1 h 2 = C P 0 (T1 T2 ) = 1.004
w comp . = 325.594 kJ / kg

kJ
(
300 624.296 K )
kg K

224

:


w turbine = h 3 h 4 = C P 0 (T3 T4 ) = 1.004
w turbine = 782.305 kJ / kg

kJ
(1,500 720.812 K )
kg K

w net = w comp . + w turbine = 325.594 + 782.305 kJ / kg

w net = 456.712 kJ / kg

:


q comb . = q H = h 3 h 2 = C P 0 (T3 T2 ) = 1.004
q comb . = 879.206 kJ / kg

w net 456.712 kJ / kg
th =
=
879.206 kJ / kg
qH
th = 0.5195 = 51.95 %

kJ
(1,500 624.296 K )
kg K

1)



w comp . 325.594 kJ / kg
=
= 0.416 42 %
w turbine 782.305 kJ / kg
58

1

225
60 80
60

2) 10.3 rP = 13 k = 1.4

10.3


3) qL
4 1

kJ
(300 720.812 K )
q L = h 1 h 4 = C P 0 (T1 T4 ) = 1.004
kg K
q L = 422.495 kJ / kg

w net = q H + q L = 879.206 + ( 422.495) kJ / kg = 456.712 kJ / kg

10.10

(regenerator) 10.3 (
) 4
2 4
2 2




(regenerator)
(regenerative Brayton cycle)

10.19

226
T

P2 = Px = P3

P1 = Py = P4

4
2

Q& H

W& net

(a)

(b)

10.19 -
T2

Tx T4
Ty x
T4

Tx = T4
Ty = T2

qH

Tx T3
T2 T3

T
th = 1 1 rP ( k 1 ) / k
T3

(10.4)

10.3 10.4 T1/T3

10.3 10.4
10.20

227

0.9

0.8
0.7

rP

0.6
0.5

T1/T3 = 1/5

0.4

T1/T3 = 1/4

0.3
0.2

T1/T3 = 1/3

0.1
0

10

th

15

20

25

10.20

10.20
rP T1/T3 0t
2 4
10.21 P1, T1 T3
T

rP3 rP2 rP1

3 3

T3
2
2
T1

4
4

P1 = P4

rP1 < rP2 < rP3

rP1 1-2-3-4-1
rP2 1-2-3-4-1
rP3 1-2-3-4-1

10.21 T2 T4
10.21 rP1 1-2-3-4-1 T2
T4 th
rP2 1-2-3-4-1

228
T2 T4
th
th 10.20 rP3
1-2-3-4-1 T2 T4
th
th
Tx = T4
10.19 (a)

(effectiveness regen.)
regen . =

q regen . real
q regen . max

hx h2
h h
= x 2
hx' h2
h4 h2

(10.5)

qregen. real qregen. max

10.22 (b) 10.5
T T
T T
(10.6)
regen . = x 2 = x 2
Tx ' T2
T4 T2
Tx Tx = T4 Tx
regen 1
Tx Tx 10.22 (a)
T

3
x

P2 = Px = P3

4
y

qregen. real

P1 = Py = P4

x T x < T4

qregen. max

(a)

x Tx = T4

(b)

10.22 -

229

0.85

10.4
100 kPa 300 K
13 1,500 K
85 87
75

:
1)
2) KE PE
3)
:
P1, T1, rP, T3, comp., turbine, regen.
:
w net , th
T

1,500 K
x
2s
300 K

x
4s

P2 = P3

P1 = P4 = 100 kPa
4

Q& H

W& net

25oC R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, CP0 = 1.004 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.4
1 :

P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K

230
2s :

rp = P2/P1 = 13
P2 = P2s = 13 (100kPa) = 1,300 kPa

1 2s
k 1
k

T2 s P2 s
= = (rP )( k 1 ) / k = ( 13) ( 1.4 1 ) / 1.4 = 2.08099
T1 P1
T2 s = 2.08099 (300 K ) = 624.296 K

2 :

P2 = 1,300 kPa

2s T2
h h
T T
comp . = 1 2 s = 1 2 s
h1 h 2
T1 T2
300 624.296 K
0.85 =
300 T2 K
T2 = 681.525 K
3 :

P3 = P2 = 1,300 kPa, T3 = 1,500 K

4s:

P4s = P4 = P1 = 100 kPa

3 4s
k 1
k

k 1
k

1
T4 s P4 s
1
= = =
T3 P3
13
rP
T4 s = 0.48054 (1,500 K ) = 720.812 K

4 :

1.4 1
1. 4

= 0.48054

P4 = 100 kPa

4s T4
h h
T T
turbine = 3 4 = 3 4
h 3 h 4 s T3 T4 s
1,500 T4 K
0.87 =
1,500 720.812 K
T4 = 822.106 K
x :

Px = P2 = 1,300 kPa

Tx

231
Tx ' = T4 = 822.106 K

Tx T4 T4s

x :

Px = Px = P2 = 1,300 kPa

Tx
T T
T T
regen . = x 2 = x 2
Tx ' T2 T4 T2
Tx 681.525 K
0.75 =
822.106 681.525 K
Tx = 786.961 K
T2 T2s



:
( )
:

w comp . = h 1 h 2 = C P 0 (T1 T2 ) = 1.004
w comp . = 383.051 kJ / kg

kJ
(300 681.525 K )
kg K

:
( )
:

w turbine = h 3 h 4 = C P 0 (T3 T4 ) = 1.004
w turbine = 680.606 kJ / kg

kJ
(1,500 822.106 K )
kg K

w net = w comp . + w turbine = 383.051 + 680.606 kJ / kg

w net = 297.554 kJ / kg

232
:

:


q comb . = q H = h 3 h 2 = C P 0 (T3 Tx ) = 1.004
q comb . = 715.891 kJ / kg

297.554 kJ / kg
w
th = net =
715.891 kJ / kg
qH
th = 0.4156 = 41.56 %

kJ
(1,500 786.961 K )
kg K

1) 1) 10.3
2)
3)

wcomp.
wturbine
wnet
qH
th
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
%
1)
325.594
782.305
456.712
879.206
51.95
2)
383.051
680.606
297.554
821.749
36.21
3)
383.051
680.606
297.554
715.891
41.56
2) 1) wnet wcomp./wturbine
41.6 56.3 qH 2)
T2 T2s wnet qH
th 3) 2)
qH
wnet th
2)
10.4 th

233
10.11
9.4







(intercooling)
10.23
T

Q& int.coolin g
2

(a)

Q& H

Q& reheat

W& net

(b)

10.23 -

P1
P4 P1
P2 (intercooler)
2 3 P2 P4
10.23 (a)
P5 P6 (reheater)
6 7 P7
P8 10.23 (a)
10.23 (b)

234

P1 P4
10.24
T

8
8

4
4
3

2
1

10.24 -


( 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-1) ( 14-5-8-1) 2-3-4-4-2
P1 P4

6-7-8-8-6

- 10.25
T
Tavg high

Tavg low
s

10.25 -

235

Tavg low Tavg high
10.25

(Ericsson cycle)

10.12

10.26 (a)

Vmin

B
S

Vmax

Vmin

TDC

TDC

Vmax

BDC

(a)

BDC

(b)

(c)

10.26
(V = Vmin)
= 0o (top dead center TDC)

236
10.26 (b)
(V = Vmax) = 180o
(bottom dead center BDC) 10.26 (c) 10.26 (a)
(translation)
(rotation) (crank)
(connecting rod)

10.26 (a) B (bore)
S
(stroke) r S = 2r
N (displacement
Vdisplace.)

Vdisplace . = N (Vmax Vmin ) = N B 2 S

(10.7)
4

(compression ratio rV)
V
(10.8)
rV = max
Vmin

Wnet = P dV = Pmeff (Vmax Vmin )

(10.9)

Pmeff (mean effective pressure)

RPM

RPM
(10.10)
60
f f 0.5
(four-stroke engine) f 1 (two-stroke engine)

10.27
W& net = f Pmeff Vdisplace .

237
P

Patm

()
()

Vmin(TDC)

Vmax(BDC)

(a)

(b)

10.27 -












10.27 (a)






10.27 (a)

238


10.28

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

10.28
10.28 (a)

10.28 (b)
(crankcase)

10.28 (b)
10.28 (c)

10.28 (d)


10.28 (d)

10.28 (a)

239
10.13




1)
2)
3)
4)
-
10.29 (a) 10.29 (b)
P
3

QH

Q=0
Vmin

2
4

Vmax

Vmin(TDC)

QL

Q=0

Vmax(BDC)

(a)

(b)

10.29 -
1
2

Vmin 3

4

Vmax 1

240

2 q3

= q H = u 3 u 2 = C V 0 (T3 T2 )

q = q L = u 1 u 4 = C V 0 (T1 T4 )

4 1

w net = 2 q 3 + 4 q 1 = C V 0 (T3 T2 + T1 T4 )

th =

w net C V 0 (T3 T4 + T1 T2 )
T T
T (T / T 1)
= 1 4 1 = 1 1 4 1
=
qH
C V 0 (T3 T2 )
T3 T2
T2 (T3 / T2 1)

(10.11)

1 2 3 4

T2 V1
=
T1 V2

k 1

T3 V4
=
T4 V3

k 1

V1 = V4 = Vmax V2 = V3 = Vmin
T2 T3
T4 T3

=
=
T1 T4
T1 T2
10.8
rV =

Vmax
V
= 1
Vmin
V2

10.11
V
T
th = 1 1 = 1 2
T2
V1

k 1

= 1

(rV )k1

(10.12)

k

10.12
10.30

241

0.7

0.6

0.5

rV

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

th

10

12

14

16

10.30

7 11 10.30
Vmax Vmin Vmax
Vmin

Vmin Vmax Vmax
Vmax
Vmin Vmin
Vmin/2 Vmin
2 10.29
Vmin (autoignition)
(engine knock)

(additive)


(octane number)

242
1920
(tetraethyl lead TEL)









10.5
100 kPa 300 K
970 kJ/kg
2,100 K

:
1)
2) KE PE
3)
:
P1, T1, qH, T3
:
rV, P3, th

s
2
s

4
1

Vmin(TDC)

Vmax(BDC)

243
25oC R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, CV0 = 0.717 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.4
1 :
P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K
P1 v 1 = R T1

(100 kPa )v

kJ

=
0
.
297

(300 K )
1

kg
K

3
v 1 = 0.861 m / kg

970 kJ/kg
2 3
: 2 3

q = q H = u 3 u 2 = C V 0 (T3 T2 )
kJ
kJ
(2,100 T2 K )
970 = 0.717
kg
kg K
T2 = 747.141 K
2 3

T2 1 2
k 1

T2 v 1
= = (rV )k 1
T1 v 2
747.141 K
= (rV )1.4 1
300 K

rV = 9.788

3
v 1 0.861 m / kg
v2 =
=
= 0.087963 m 3 / kg
rV
9.788

2 :
T2 = 747.141 K, v2 = 0.087963 m3/kg
P2 v 2 = R T2

m3
kJ

P2 0.087963 = 0.287
(747.141 K )
kg
kg
K

P2 = 2,437.72 kPa

3 :
T3 = 2,100 K, v3 = v2 = 0.087963 m3/kg
P3 v 3 = R T3

244
m3
kJ

P3 0.087963 = 0.287
(2,100 K )
kg
kg
K

P3 = 6,851.74 kPa

v4 = v1 = 0.861 m3/kg
3 4
k 1

k 1

1
T4 v 3
1 1.4 1

= = =
= 0.40153

T3 v 4
r

9
.
788

V
T4 = 0.40153 (2,100 K ) = 843.214 K

4 :
T4 = 843.214 K, v4 = v1 = 0.861 m3/kg
P4 v 4 = R T4

m3
kJ

P4 0.861 = 0.287
(843.214 K )
kg
kg K

P4 = 281.071 kPa

: 1 2

1

w 2 = u 1 u 2 = C V 0 (T1 T2 ) = 0.717

w 2 = 320.600 kJ / kg

: 3 4

3 w 4 = u 3 u 4 = C V 0 (T3 T4 ) = 0.717
3

w 4 = 901.115 kJ / kg

kJ
(300 747.141 K )
kg K

kJ
(2,100 843.214 K )
kg K

w net = 1 w 2 + 3 w 4 = 320.600 + 901.115 kJ / kg = 580.515 kJ / kg

580.515 kJ / kg
w
th = net =
qH
970 kJ / kg
th = 0.5985 = 59.85 %

245

1) wnet qL
4 1
kJ
(
)
(300 843.214 K ) = 389.485 kJ / kg
q
=
q
=
u

u
=
C
T

T
=
0
.
717
4 1
L
1
4
V0 1
4
kg K
w net = q H + q L = 970 + ( 389.485) kJ / kg = 580.515 kJ / kg
2) rV th 10.12 rV = 9.788
k = 1.4 th
3) P2 P4 P2 P4

P4 P4
4 1
1 4
P1 v 1 = R T1
P4 v 4 = R T4
v 1 = v 4
P4 / P1 = T4 / T1
P4, P1, T4 T1
10.14

1)
2)
3)
4)

246
-
10.31 (a) 10.31 (b)
P

QH

Q=0
3

Vmin

4
s

Vmin(TDC)

QL

Q=0

Vmax

Vmax(BDC)

V
1

(a)

(b)

10.31 -
10.8
V
V
rV = max = 1
Vmin
V2
V3 V2 V3 V2
(cutoff ratio rC)
V
rC = 3
V2

q = q H = h 3 h 2 = C P 0 (T3 T2 )

2 3

5.17
4 q1

= q L = u 1 u 4 = C V 0 (T1 T4 )

w net = 2 q 3 + 4 q 1 = C P 0 (T3 T2 ) + C V 0 (T1 T4 )

th =

w net C P 0 (T3 T2 ) + C V 0 (T1 T4 )

C T T
T (T / T 1)
=
= 1 V0 4 1 = 1 1 4 1
(10.13)
qH
C P 0 (T3 T2 )
C P 0 T3 T2
k T2 (T3 / T2 1)

247
1 2
T2 V1
=
T1 V2

k 1

= (rv )k 1

2 3
T3 V3
=
= rC
T2 V2
4 1
T4 P4 P4 P3 P2 P4 P2 V3
= =
=
=
T1
P1
P3 P2 P1
P3 P1 V4

V1
V
= 3 = (rC )k
V2
V2

10.13
(rC )k 1
th = 1 k1
(rV ) k (rC 1)
1

(10.14)

10.14


10.30 10.32
0.8

rC = 1 (Otto)
rC = 2
rC = 3
rC = 4

0.7
0.6
0.5

rV

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10

th

15

20

25

10.32
10.14 10.12 th
th th

248

rC
10.14
rV
10.32 rV rC
rC
10.14 rC = 1

rV
- - 10.33
1-2-3-4-1 1-2-3-4-1

2-3 2-3 10.33 (b)
2-3-3-2


rV
P

P
v

3
3
4

s
s

4
1
Vmax

Vmin

(a)

(b)

10.33 - -

249




14 24
10.32





10.13

10.6
21 1.8
100 kPa 300 K

:
1)
2) KE PE
3)
:
P1, T1, rV, rC
:
T3, P4, th

250

P
3

s
4
s

Vmin(TDC)

Vmax(BDC)

25oC R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, CV0 = 0.717 kJ/kg-K, CP0 = 1.004 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.4
1 :
P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 300 K

P1 v 1 = R T1

(100 kPa ) v

kJ

=
0
.
287

(300 K )
1
kg K

v 1 = 0.861 m 3 / kg

rV = 21
3
v 1 0.861 m / kg
=
= 0.041 m 3 / kg
v2 =
rV
21
1 2
k 1

T2 v 1
= = (rV )k 1 = ( 21) 1.4 1 = 3.3798
T1 v 2
T2 = 3.3798 (300 K ) = 1,013.93 K

2 :
T2 = 1,013.932 K, v2 = 0.041 m3/kg
P2 v 2 = R T2

kJ

P2 ( 0.041) = 0.287
(1,013.93 K )
kg K

P2 = 7,097.53 kPa

rC = 1.8
v 3 = rC v 2 = 1.8 (0.041 m 3 / kg ) = 0.0738 m 3 / kg
3 :
P3 = P2 = 7,097.53 kPa, v3 = 0.0738 m3/kg
P3 v 3 = R T3

251
m3

(0.0738 kPa ) 0.0738 kg = 0.287 kg kJ K (T3 )

T3 = 1,825.08 K

v4 = v1 = 0.861 m3/kg 3
4
k 1

k 1

k 1

v v
v v
T4 v 3
= = 3 2 = 3 2 =
T3 v 4
v 2 v1
v2 v4
T4 = 0.37430 (1,825.08 K ) = 683.129 K

rC

rV

k 1

1.4 1

1.8
=
21

= 0.37430

4 :
T4 = 683.129 K, v4 = v1 = 0.861 m3/kg
P4 v 4 = R T4

m3
kJ

P4 0.861 = 0.287
(683.129 K )
kg
kg K

P4 = 227.710 kPa

: 2 3

2 q 3 = q H = h 3 h 2 = C P 0 (T3 T2 ) = 1.004

q H = 814.390 kJ / kg

: 4 1

q = q L = u 1 u 4 = C V 0 (T1 T4 ) = 0.717

4 1

q L = 274.704 kJ / kg

kJ
(1,825.08 1,013.43 K )
kg K

kJ
(300 683.129 K )
kg K

w net = q H + q L = 814.390 + ( 274.704 ) kJ / kg = 539.687 kJ / kg

w net 539.687 kJ / kg
th =
=
qH
814.390 kJ / kg
th = 0.6627 = 66.27 %

252

1) wnet wnet qH
qL wnet
1 2
1

w 2 = u 1 u 2 = C V 0 (T1 T2 ) = 0.717

kJ
(300 1,013.93 K )= 511.889 kJ / kg
kg K

2 3
3

m3

P dV = P2 (v 3 v 2 ) = 7,097.53 kPa 0.0738 0.041 = 232.799 kJ / kg

2 w3 =
kg

3 4
3

w 4 = u 3 u 4 = C V 0 (T3 T4 ) = 0.717

kJ
(1,825.08 683.129 K )= 818.778 kJ / kg
kg K

w net = 1 w 2 + 2 w 3 + 3 w 4 = 511.889 + 232.799 + 818.778 kJ / kg = 539.687 kJ / kg

2) rV rC th 10.14
3) P4 4 1
10.5
P4 / P1 = T4 / T1
P4, P1, T4 T1
10.15
(Stirling cycle)

1)
2)
3)
4)
- -
10.34 (a) 10.34 (b)

253
P

4
v

4
1

(a)

2
a

1
c

(b)

10.34 - -

1 2
3 4
(external combustion engine)


2Q3 a-2-3-b-a 1Q4 c-1-4-d-c
2Q3 1Q4 QH 3Q4

QL 1Q2 3Q4 1Q2

10.16
10.1

(refrigeration cycle)



Q
R = L
Wnet

254


Q
H = H
Wnet
10.17

10.2


10.35
T

10.35 -
10.35

1 4



10.36

1) 3 4
4
3

255
2)

3)

4)

2 3

3 2
1 2
2
1
4
1
(evaporator)
1 4
3

P2 = P3
Q& H

P1 = P4

2
4

(a)

4
2

W& comp.

Q& L

W& turbine
1

(b)

10.36 -

4 3

2
1
9.12
1,000

256
2 1
(expansion valve)
6.4



(vapor-compression refrigeration cycle)

10.37
T

Tcond.

P2 = P3
2

W& comp.

P1 = P4
Tevap.

Q& H

(a)

Q& L

(b)

10.37 -

1)
2)
3)
4)

1
2

3


4

257

1

P1 = P4
(evaporator pressure) P2 = P3
(condenser pressure)
(evaporating
temperature Tevap.)

(condensing temperature Tcond.)

-


4 1
2 3
7.4 7.5

10.7
-134 (R-134a)
10oC
1.2 MPa

:
1)
2) KE PE
: -134
:
Tevap., Pcond.
:
q H , R

258
-

P2 = P3 = 1.2 MPa

P1 = P4
4

2:

3:

4:

T1 = Tevap. = 10oC
x1 = 1
h1 = hg = 392.28 kJ/kg
s1 = sf = 1.7319 kJ/kg-K

W& comp.

1:

10oC

Q& H

Q& L

P2 = 1.2 MPa
s2 = s1 = 1.7319 kJ/kg-K
h2 = 429.527 kJ/kg

P3 = P2 = 1.2 MPa
x3 = 0
h1 = hf = 266.056 kJ/kg

T4 = Tevap. = 10oC
h4 = h3 = 266.056 kJ/kg

:

:


q cond . = q H = h 3 h 2 = 266.056 429.527 kJ / kg
q H = 163.471 kJ / kg

259
:

:

w comp . = h 1 h 2
w comp . = 392.28 429.527 kJ / kg = 37.247 kJ / kg

:

:


q evap . = q L = h 1 h 4
q L = 392.28 266.056 kJ / kg = 126.224 kJ / kg

126.224 kJ / kg
q
q
Q&
R = L = L = L =
W& net
w net
37.247 kJ / kg
w comp .
R = 3.389

1)

2)


3)
w net = q H + q L = ( 163.471) + 126.224 kJ / kg = 37.247 kJ / kg

4)
( Q& L ) (cooling load)

260
10.18


hfg vg

1920
(chlorofluorocarbons) (CFCs)


-12 (R-12) -11 (R-11)
1970



(hydrochlorofluorocarbons) (HCFCs)

-22 (R-22)
-22 5 -12 -22
-22


(hydrofluorocarbons) (HFCs)

261

134- (R-134a)
-12 134-
134-
1,400


25oC
20oC






10.19

1)

2 10.38
2 10.38
2)




1 10.38
3)


10.38 3

262
T
2
Tcond.

2s

2 P2 = P3

3
P1 = P4

Tevap.

10.38 -
4)


10.8
-134 (R-134a)
5oC 10oC
1 MPa 80
35oC

:
1)
2) KE PE
: -134
:
Tevap., T1, P2, comp., T3
:
T2, R
5oC
P1 = P4 = Psat(5oC) = 244.5 kPa
1) 2)
3)
-

263
T

P2 = P3 = 1 MPa
2s

Q& H

35 C
o
o

10 C
5 C

3
P1 = P4
4

1:

2s:

P1 = Psat(5oC) = 244.5 kPa

T1 = 10oC
h1 = 408.463 kJ/kg
s1 = 1.7782 kJ/kg-K
P2s = P2 = 1 MPa
s2s = s1 = 1.7782 kJ/kg-K
h2s = 440.692 kJ/kg

W& comp.

Q& L

h1 h2s comp. comp.

h2
h h
comp . = 1 2 s
h1 h 2
408.463 440.629 kJ / kg
0.8 =
408.463 h 2 kJ / kg
h 2 = 448.749 kJ / kg
2:

P2 = 1 MPa
h2 = 448.749 kJ/kg

T2 = 66.56oC

3:

P3 = P2 = 1 MPa
T3 = 35oC

h3 hf(35oC) = 249.10 kJ/kg

264
4:

P4 = Psat(5oC) = 244.5 kPa

h4 = h3 = 249.10 kJ/kg

2 2
2s
:

:

w comp . = h 1 h 2
w comp . = 408.463 448.749 kJ / kg = 40.286 kJ / kg

:

:


q evap . = q L = h 1 h 4
q L = 408.463 249.10 kJ / kg = 159.363 kJ / kg

wcomp. qL
10.7
159.363 kJ / kg
qL
qL
Q& L
R =
=
=
=
W& net
w net
40.286 kJ / kg
w comp .
R = 3.956

1)
qH
q cond . = q H = h 3 h 2 = 249.10 448.749 kJ / kg = 199.649 kJ / kg

w net = q H + q L = ( 199.649 ) + 159.363 kJ / kg = 40.286 kJ / kg

2)
2 2s

265
w comp . = 408.463 440.692 kJ / kg = 32.229 kJ / kg
159.363 kJ / kg
q
R = L =
= 4.945
32.229 kJ / kg
w comp .

25

3) 1
(degree of superheat)
3 (degree of subcool)
10.20

7.12 7.13


(cascade refrigeration system)

10.39 10.39 (b)
1-2-3-4-1
5-6-7-8-5


Tevap.1
Tcond.2
1-6-7-4-1 Tevap.1
Tcond.2

2-6-6-5-2 10.39 (a)

Q& L Q& L
a-b-4-4-a 10.39 (a)

266
Q& H

W& comp.2

6
Tcond.2
Tevap.2
Tcond.1
Tevap.1

7
3

W& comp.1

Q& L

(a)

(b)

10.39 -

(flash chamber) 10.40
6.4
10.40 (b)

3

9

267
Q& H

Tint.

Tevap

2
8

W& comp.2

Tcond

W& comp.1

Q& L

(a)

(b)

10.40 -

10.40 (a)
2-6-6-5-2 a-b-4-4-a

1-6-74-1




Tint Tevap 10.40 (a)

268
10.21

(absorption refrigeration cycle)


1,000



(absorbent)
10.41
.
QH
NH3

NH3

.
QL

.
Qgen.

NH3 + H2O

NH3

NH3 + H2O
.
Qabsorb.

.
Wpump
NH3

10.41 -

269
10.41

(absorber)





(generator)





( W& pump )
( Q& gen . )

Q& L
R =
(10.15)
W& pump + Q& gen .





10.41

1.5
5

270
10.22

(air-standard
refrigeration cycle)

10.42 10.43
T

P2 = P3

2
3

Tambient

P1 = P4

Trefrig. space

W& net

Tsupply

Q& H

(a)

(b)

10.42 -

Tambient

P2 = P3

3
1
4

(a)

W& net

P1 = P4

Trefrig. space

Q& H

Q& L

(b)

10.43 -

1 (Trefrig. space)
2

271
(Tambient) 3

4
10.42 4
(Tsupply) Trefrig. space

Trefrig. space
1 P1
P4 4
10.43
Trefrig. space 1
P1 P4

(cryogenic refrigeration)
(liquefaction)
10.23

(combined cycle)




10.44

272



Q& H

W& gas
B

W& steam

W& pump

Q& L

10.44

10.45



.
QH
NH3

Q& H
4

NH3 + H2O
5

W& gas

NH3
.
QL

NH3 + H2O
.
Qabsorb.

.
Wpump

10.45

273

1) 2.4 kg/s
2.5 MPa 7.5 kPa
250oC

2) 1)

250oC
1 MPa 250oC

1)
3)

4)

5)

8 MPa 7.5
kPa
800 kPa
500oC 8

160oC

Q& H

6
8

W& pump1

1
3

W& turbine

Q& L

4 MPa
10 kPa 400oC
82 87

90 kPa 290 K
850 kJ/kg 1,400 K

274
100 kPa
300 K 1,600 K
650 K

7) 11.5

95 kPa 305 K
700 K 87
90 0.8

8) 100 kPa 300 K
10.5 6,200 kPa


9) 95 kPa 305 K
6,500 kPa 2,000 K


10) -134
30oC 2,000 kPa

11) -134
150 kPa 10oC
1,200 kPa 70oC

12)

6)

275

. . : ,
2548.

Borgnakke, C., and Sonntag, R.E. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics. 7th edition. Asia: John Wiley &
Sons, 2009.
Cengel, Y. A., and Boles, M. A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 6th edition, Singapore:
McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 5th edition, USA: John
Wiley & Sons, 2002.
Moran, M. J., and Shapiro, H. N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. 5th edition, USA:
John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Turns, S. R. Thermodynamics: Concepts and Applications. 1st edition, Hong kong: Cambridge
University Press, 2006.
American Society of Heating and Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Handbooks:
Fundamentals: USA, 2001.

276

2
2)
4) 9.701 kg
6) 1.320 m

7
1) 72 L/hr
5) 169.8 kW
6) 35.0

3
2) (b) 270.1 kPa, 0.46827,
(d) 0.001062 m3/kg, ,
4) 393.2 kPa
6) 5.654 kg

8
2) 278.8 kJ, 362.7 kJ
3) 0.004580 kJ/K
6) (a) 764.8 K
(b) 868.3 K
7) 0.01976 kJ/K

4
2) 10.224 kJ
3) 8.6814 kJ
5
3) 2,765.0 kJ/kg, 2,914.3 kJ/kg
5) 158.840 kJ
7) 100 kJ, 407.27 kJ
6
1) 9.506 m/s
3) 10.4 min
5) 23.36 kW
7) 0.3384 kg

9
2) 269.6 m/s
4) 0 kJ/K
5) 7.061 m
7) 84.43, 454.39 K
10
1) 0.7599, 2,113.2 kW, 0.3251
3) 1,125.83 kJ/kg, 0.4135
5) 404.56 kJ/kg, 0.4760
7) 1,578.0 K, 360.98 kJ/kg, 0.4765
9) 782.79 K, 1.961, 0.6518
11) 0.8152, 2.309

277

.1 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 684) (Cengel and Boles, 2007: 122)

Tc
Pc
vc
TTP
PTP
3
(kg/kmol)
(K)
(MPa)
(m /kg)
(K)
(kPa)

NH3
17.031
405.5
11.35
0.00426
195.40
6.076

Ar
39.948
150.8
4.87
0.00188
83.81
68.9

CO2
44.01
304.1
7.38
0.00212
216.55
517

CO
28.01
132.9
3.50
0.00333
68.10
15.37

He
4.003
5.19
0.227 0.00143
2.19
5.1

H2
2.016
33.2
1.30
0.00323
13.84
7.04

N2
28.013
126.2
3.39
0.0032
63.18
12.6

O2
31.999
154.6
5.04
0.00229
54.36
0.152

SO2
64.063
430.8
7.88
0.00191
197.69
1.67

H2O
18.015
647.3
22.12
0.00317
273.16
0.61
-22
CHClF2
86.469
369.3
4.97
0.00191
115.76

CH4
16.043
190.4
4.60
0.00615
90.68
11.7
-134
CF3CH2F
102.03
374.2
4.06
0.00197
169.85
0.39

278

.2 25oC (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 685)

Cp0

()
(kg/m3)
(kJ/kg-K)
()

2120
0.92

()
1800
0.84

3250
0.51

2000-2500
0.61

1200-1500
1.26

2200
0.88
(304)
()
2500
0.8

()
200
0.66

2750
0.89

o
(0 C)
917
2.04

700
1.2

1180
1.44

920
2.3

1380
0.96

()
1100
1.67
()
1500
0.8
()
2100-2500
0.92

2330
0.70
()
560
2.1

720
1.26

510
1.38

100
1.72

(kg/m3)

Cp0
(kJ/kg-K)

2700
8400
8300
19300
7272
7820
11340
1778
8666
10524
971
7304
19300
7144

0.90
0.38
0.42
0.13
0.42
0.46
0.13
1.00
0.44
0.24
1.21
0.22
0.13
0.39

279

.3 25oC (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 685)

Cp0

()
(kg/m3)
(kJ/kg-K)
()

604
4.84
, Bi

879
1.72
, Pb

556
2.47
, Hg

1584
0.83
, K

680
2.9
, Na

783
2.46
, Sn

750
2.08
, Zn

1260
2.42

815
2.0

787
2.55
-
692
2.23

885
1.9

910
1.8

510
2.54
-12
1310
0.97
-22
1190
1.26
-32
961
1.94
-125
1191
1.41
-134
1206
1.43

997
4.18

(kg/m3)

Cp0
(kJ/kg-K)

10040
10660
13580
828
929
6950
6570

0.14
0.16
0.14
0.81
1.38
0.24
0.50

280

.4 25oC, 100 kPa (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 686)

Cv0

R
Cp0
(kg/kmol)
(kJ/kg-K) (kJ/kg-K) (kJ/kg-K)

28.97
0.287
1.004
0.717

NH3
17.031
0.4882
2.130
1.642

Ar
39.948
0.2081
0.520
0.312

CO2
44.01
0.1889
0.842
0.653

CO
28.01
0.2968
1.041
0.744

He
4.003
2.0771
5.193
3.116

H2
2.016
4.1243
14.209
10.085

CH4
16.043
0.5183
2.254
1.736

N2
28.013
0.2968
1.042
0.745

O2
31.999
0.2598
0.922
0.662
-22
CHClF2
86.469
0.09616
0.658
0.562
-134
CF3CH2F 102.03
0.08149
0.852
0.771

SO2
64.059
0.1298
0.624
0.494

H2O
18.015
0.4615
1.872
1.410

k
1.400
1.297
1.667
1.289
1.399
1.667
1.409
1.299
1.400
1.393
1.171
1.106
1.263
1.327

281

.5 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 687)

Cp0 = C0 + C1 + C22 + C33 = T()/1000

C0
C1
C2
C3
0.85

1.05
0.365
0.39

NH3
1.4
1.0
1.60
0.7

Ar
0.52
0
0
0

0.45
1.67
1.27
0.39
CO2

CO
1.10
0.46
1.0
0.454

He
5.193
0
0
0

13.46
4.6
6.85
3.79
H2

1.2
3.25
0.75
0.71
CH4

1.11
0.48
0.96
0.42
N2

0.88
0.0001
0.54
0.33
O2
-22
0.2
1.87
1.35
0.35
CHClF2
-134
0.165
2.81
2.23
1.11
CF3CH2F

SO2
0.37
1.05
0.77
0.21

H2O
1.79
0.107
0.586
0.20
: 250 1500 K

282

.6 100 kPa (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 688-691)

()
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
M = 28.9 kg/kmol
M = 28.9 kg/kmol

u
h
S0

u
h
(K)
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
(K)
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg)
200
142.77
200.17
6.46260
720
528.44
735.10
220
157.07
220.22
6.55812
740
544.33
756.73
240
171.38
240.27
6.64535
760
560.32
778.46
260
185.70
260.32
6.72562
780
576.40
800.28
280
200.02
208.39
6.79998
800
592.58
822.20
290
207.19
290.43
6.83521
850
633.42
877.40
298.15 213.04
298.62
6.86305
900
674.82
933.15
300
214.36
300.47
6.86926
950
716.76
989.44
320
228.73
320.58
6.93413
1000
759.19 1046.22
340
243.11
340.70
6.99515
1050
802.10 1103.48
360
257.53
360.86
7.05276
1100
845.45 1161.18
380
271.99
381.06
7.10735
1150
889.21 1219.30
400
286.49
401.30
7.15926
1200
933.37 1277.81
420
301.04
421.59
7.20875
1250
977.89 1336.68
440
315.64
441.93
7.25607
1300
1022.75 1395.89
460
330.31
462.34
7.30142
1350
1067.94 1455.43
480
345.04
482.81
7.34499
1400
1113.43 1515.27
500
359.84
503.36
7.38692
1450
1159.20 1575.40
520
374.73
523.98
7.42736
1500
1205.25 1635.80
540
389.69
544.69
7.46642
1600
1298.08 1757.33
560
404.74
565.47
7.50422
1700
1391.80 1879.76
580
419.87
586.35
7.54084
1800
1486.33 2002.99
600
435.10
607.32
7.57638
1900
1581.59 2126.95
620
450.42
628.38
7.61090
2000
1677.52 2251.58
640
465.83
649.53
7.64448
2200
1871.16 2502.63
660
481.34
670.78
7.67717
2400
2066.91 2755.78
680
496.94
692.12
7.70903
2600
2264.48 3010.76
700
512.64
713.56
7.74010
2800
2463.66 3267.35
3000
2664.27 3525.36

S0
(kJ/kg-K)
7.77044
7.80008
7.82905
7.85740
7.88514
7.95207
8.01581
8.07667
8.13493
8.19081
8.24449
8.29616
8.34596
8.39402
8.44046
8.48539
8.52891
8.57111
8.61208
8.69051
8.76472
8.83516
8.90219
8.96611
9.08573
9.19586
9.29790
9.39297
9.48198

283

.6 100 kPa ()

R = 0.2968 kJ/kg-K
M = 28.013 kg/kmol

u
h
S0
(K)
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
200
148.39
207.75
6.4250
250
185.50
259.70
6.6568
300
222.63
311.67
6.8463
350
259.80
363.68
7.0067
400
297.09
415.81
7.1459
450
334.57
468.13
7.2692
500
372.35
520.75
7.3800
550
410.52
573.76
7.4811
600
449.16
627.24
7.5741
650
488.34
681.26
7.6606
700
528.09
735.86
7.7415
750
568.45
791.05
7.8176
800
609.41
846.85
7.8897
850
650.98
903.26
7.9581
900
693.13
960.25
8.0232
950
735.85 1017.81
8.0855
1000
779.11 1075.91
8.1451
1100
867.14 1193.62
8.2572
1200
957.00 1313.16
8.3612
1300
1048.46 1434.31
8.4582
1400
1141.35 1556.87
8.5490
1500
1235.50 1680.70
8.6345
1600
1330.72 1805.60
8.7151
1700
1426.89 1931.45
8.7914
1800
1523.90 2058.15
8.8638
1900
1621.66 2185.58
8.9327
2000
1720.07 2313.68
8.9984

(K)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000

R = 0.2598 kJ/kg-K
M = 31.999 kg/kmol
u
h
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg)
129.84
181.81
162.41
227.37
195.20
273.15
228.37
319.31
262.10
366.03
296.52
413.45
331.72
461.63
367.70
510.61
404.46
560.36
441.97
610.86
480.18
662.06
519.02
713.90
558.46
766.33
598.44
819.30
638.90
872.75
679.80
926.65
721.11
980.95
804.80 1090.62
889.72 1201.53
975.72 1313.51
1062.67 1426.44
1150.48 1540.23
1239.10 1654.83
1328.49 1770.21
1418.63 1886.33
1509.50 2003.19
1601.10 2120.77

S0
(kJ/kg-K)
6.0466
6.2499
6.4168
6.5590
6.6838
6.7954
6.8969
6.9903
7.0768
7.1577
7.2336
7.3051
7.3728
7.4370
7.4981
7.5564
7.6121
7.7166
7.8131
7.9027
7.9864
8.0649
8.1389
8.2088
8.2752
8.3384
8.3987

284

.6 100 kPa ()

R = 0.1889 kJ/kg-K
M = 44.01 kg/kmol

u
h
S0
(K)
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
200
97.49
135.28
4.5439
250
126.21
173.44
4.7139
300
157.70
214.38
4.8631
350
191.78
257.90
4.9972
400
228.19
303.76
5.1196
450
266.69
351.70
5.2325
500
307.06
401.52
5.3375
550
349.12
453.03
5.4356
600
392.72
506.07
5.5279
650
437.71
560.51
5.6151
700
483.97
616.22
5.6976
750
531.40
673.09
5.7761
800
579.89
731.02
5.8508
850
629.35
789.93
5.9223
900
676.69
849.72
5.9906
950
730.85
910.33
6.0561
1000
782.75
971.67
6.1190
1100
888.55 1096.36
6.2379
1200
996.64 1223.34
6.3483
1300
1106.68 1352.28
6.4515
1400
1218.38 1482.87
6.5483
1500
1331.50 1614.88
6.6394
1600
1445.85 1748.12
6.7254
1700
1561.26 1882.43
6.8068
1800
1677.61 2017.67
6.8841
1900
1794.78 2153.73
6.9577
2000
1912.67 2290.51
7.0278

(K)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000

R = 0.4615 kJ/kg-K
M = 18.015 kg/kmol
u
h
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg)
276.38
368.69
345.98
461.36
415.87
554.32
486.37
657.90
557.79
742.40
630.40
838.09
704.36
935.12
779.79 1033.63
856.75 1133.67
935.31 1235.30
1015.49 1338.56
1097.35 1443.49
1180.90 1550.13
1266.19 1658.49
1353.23 1768.60
1442.03 1880.48
1532.61 1994.13
1719.05 2226.73
1912.42 2466.25
2112.47 2712.46
2318.89 2965.03
2531.28 3223.57
2749.24 3487.69
2972.35 3756.95
3200.17 4030.92
3432.28 4309.18
3668.24 4591.30

S0
(kJ/kg-K)
9.7412
10.1547
10.4936
10.7821
11.0345
11.2600
11.4644
11.6522
11.8263
11.9890
12.1421
12.2868
12.4244
12.5558
12.6817
12.8026
12.9192
13.1408
13.3492
13.5462
13.7334
13.9117
14.0822
14.2454
14.4020
14.5524
14.6971

285
.7 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 702-705)

3
3
(kJ/kg)
(m /kg)
(kJ/kg-K)
(m /kg)
o
( C)
(kPa)
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hg
sf
sg
0.01
0.6113 0.001000 206.132
0 2375.33
0 2501.35
0 9.1562
5
0.8721 0.001000 147.118
20.97 2382.24
20.98 2510.54 0.0761 9.0257
10
1.2276 0.001000 106.377
41.99 2389.15
41.99 2519.74 0.1510 8.9007
15
1.705
0.001001 77.925
62.98 2396.04
62.98 2528.91 0.2245 8.7813
20
2.339
0.001002 57.7897
83.94 2402.91
83.94 2538.06 0.2966 8.6671
25
3.169
0.001003 43.3593
104.86 2409.76 104.87 2547.17 0.3673 8.5579
30
4.246
0.001004 32.8932
125.77 2416.58 125.77 2556.25 0.4369 8.4533
35
5.628
0.001006 25.2158
146.65 2423.36 146.66 2565.28 0.5052 8.3530
40
7.384
0.001008 19.5229
167.53 2430.11 167.54 2574.26 0.5724 8.2569
45
9.593
0.001010 15.2581
188.41 2436.81 188.42 2583.19 0.6386 8.1647
50 12.350
0.001012 12.0318
209.30 2443.47 209.31 2592.06 0.7037 8.0762
55 15.758
0.001015
9.56835 230.19 2450.08 230.20 2600.86 0.7679 7.9912
60 19.941
0.001017
7.67071 251.09 2456.63 251.11 2609.59 0.8311 7.9095
65 25.03
0.001020
6.19656 272.00 2463.12 272.03 2618.24 0.8934 7.8309
70 31.19
0.001023
5.04217 292.93 2469.55 292.96 2626.80 0.9548 7.7552
75 38.58
0.001026
4.13123 313.87 2475.91 313.91 2635.28 1.0154 7.6824
80 47.39
0.001029
3.40715 334.84 2482.19 334.88 2643.66 1.0752 7.6121
85 57.83
0.001032
2.82757 355.82 2488.40 355.88 2651.93 1.1342 7.5444
90 70.14
0.001036
2.36056 376.82 2494.52 376.90 2660.09 1.1924 7.4790
95 84.55
0.001040
1.98186 397.86 2500.56 397.94 2668.13 1.2500 7.4158
100 101.3
0.001044
1.67290 418.91 2506.50 419.02 2676.05 1.3068 7.3548
105 120.8
0.001047
1.41936 440.00 2512.34 440.13 2683.83 1.3629 7.2958
110 143.3
0.001052
1.21014 461.12 2518.09 461.27 2691.47 1.4184 7.2386
115 169.1
0.001056
1.03658 482.28 2523.72 482.46 2698.96 1.4733 7.1832
120 198.5
0.001060
0.89186 503.48 2529.24 503.69 2706.30 1.5275 7.1295
125 232.1
0.001065
0.77059 524.72 2534.63 524.96 2713.46 1.5812 7.0774
130 270.1
0.001070
0.66850 546.00 2539.90 546.29 2720.46 1.6343 7.0269
135 313.0
0.001075
0.58217 567.34 2545.03 567.67 2727.26 1.6869 6.9777
140 361.3
0.001080
0.50885 588.72 2550.02 289.11 2733.87 1.7390 6.9298
145 415.4
0.001085
0.44632 610.16 2554.86 610.61 2740.26 1.7906 6.8832
150 475.9
0.001090
0.39278 631.66 2559.54 632.18 2746.44 1.8417 6.8378

286
.7 ()

3
(kJ/kg)
(m /kg)
o
( C)
(kPa)
vf
vg
uf
ug
155 543.1
0.001096
0.34676 653.23 2564.04
160 617.8
0.001102
0.30706 674.85 2568.37
165 700.5
0.001108
0.27269 696.55 2572.51
170 791.7
0.001114
0.24283 718.31 2576.46
175 892.0
0.001121
0.21680 740.16 2580.19
180 1002.2
0.001127
0.19405 762.08 2583.70
185 1122.7
0.001134
0.17409 784.08 2586.98
190 1254.4
0.001141
0.15654 806.17 2590.01
195 1397.8
0.001149
0.14105 828.36 2592.79
200 1553.8
0.001156
0.12736 850.64 2595.29
205 1723.0
0.001164
0.11521 873.02 2597.52
210 1906.3
0.001173
0.10441 895.51 2599.44
215 2104.2
0.001181
0.09479 918.12 2601.06
220 2317.8
0.001190
0.08619 940.85 2602.35
225 2547.7
0.001199
0.07849 963.72 2603.30
230 2794.9
0.001209
0.07158 986.72 2603.89
235 3060.1
0.001219
0.06536 1009.88 2604.11
240 3344.2
0.001229
0.05976 1033.19 2603.95
245 3648.2
0.001240
0.05470 1056.69 2603.37
250 3973.0
0.001251
0.05013 1080.37 2602.37
255 4319.5
0.001263
0.04598 1104.26 2600.93
260 4688.6
0.001276
0.04220 1128.37 2599.01
265 5081.3
0.001289
0.03877 1152.72 2596.60
270 5498.7
0.001302
0.03564 1177.33 2593.66
275 5941.8
0.001317
0.03279 1202.23 2590.17
280 6411.7
0.001332
0.03017 1227.43 2586.09
285 6909.4
0.001348
0.02777 1252.98 2581.38
290 7436.0
0.001366
0.02557 1278.89 2575.99
295 7992.8
0.001384
0.02354 1305.21 2569.87
300 8581.0
0.001404
0.02167 1331.97 2562.96
374.1 22089
0.003155
0.00315 2029.58 2029.58

(m3/kg)
hf
653.82
675.53
697.32
719.20
741.16
763.21
785.36
807.61
829.96
852.43
875.03
897.75
920.61
943.61
966.77
990.10
1013.61
1037.31
1061.21
1085.34
1109.72
1134.35
1159.27
1184.49
1210.05
1235.97
1262.29
1289.04
1316.27
1344.01
2099.26

hg
2752.39
2758.09
2763.53
2768.70
2773.58
2778.16
2782.43
2786.37
2789.96
2793.18
2796.03
2798.48
2800.51
2802.12
2803.27
2803.95
2804.13
2803.81
2802.95
2801.52
2799.51
2796.89
2793.61
2789.65
2784.97
2779.53
2773.27
2766.13
2758.05
2748.94
2099.26

(kJ/kg-K)
sf
sg
1.8924 6.7934
1.9426 6.7501
1.9924 6.7078
2.0418 6.6663
2.0909 6.6256
2.1395 6.5857
2.1878 6.5464
2.2358 6.5078
2.2835 6.4697
2.3308 6.4322
2.3779 6.3951
2.4247 6.3584
2.4713 6.3221
2.5177 6.2860
2.5639 6.2502
2.6099 6.2146
2.6557 6.1791
2.7015 6.1436
2.7471 6.1083
2.7927 6.0729
2.8382 6.0374
2.8837 6.0018
2.9293 5.9661
2.9750 5.9301
3.0208 5.9837
3.0667 5.8570
3.1129 5.8198
3.1593 5.7821
3.2061 5.7436
3.2533 5.7044
4.4297 4.4297

287
.8 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 706-709)

3
3
(kJ/kg)
(m /kg)
(kJ/kg-K)
(m /kg)
o
(kPa)
( C)
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hg
sf
sg
0.6113
0.01 0.001000 206.132
0 2375.30
0.01 2501.30
0 9.1562
1
6.98 0.001000 129.20802
29.29 2384.98
29.29 2514.18 0.1059 8.9756
1.5
13.03 0.001001 87.98013
54.70 2393.32
54.70 2525.30 0.1956 8.8278
2
17.50 0.001001 67.00385
73.47 2399.48
73.47 2533.49 0.2607 8.7236
2.5
21.08 0.001002 54.25385
88.47 2404.40
88.47 2540.03 0.3120 8.6431
3
24.08 0.001003 45.66502 101.03 2408.51 101.03 2545.52 0.3545 8.5775
4
28.96 0.001004 34.80015 121.44 2415.17 121.44 2554.37 0.4226 8.4746
5
32.88 0.001005 28.19251 137.79 2420.49 137.79 2561.45 0.4763 8.3950
7.5
40.29 0.001008 19.23775 168.76 2430.50 168.77 2574.79 0.5763 8.2514
10
45.81 0.001010 14.67355 191.79 2437.89 191.81 2584.63 0.6492 8.1501
15
53.97 0.001014 10.02218 225.90 2448.73 225.91 2599.06 0.7548 8.0084
20
60.06 0.001017
7.64937 251.35 2456.71 251.38 2609.70 0.8319 7.9085
25
64.97 0.001020
6.20424 271.88 2463.08 271.90 2618.19 0.8930 7.8313
30
69.10 0.001022
5.22918 289.18 2468.40 289.21 2625.28 0.9439 7.7686
40
75.87 0.001026
3.99345 317.51 2477.00 317.55 2636.74 1.0258 7.6700
50
81.33 0.001030
3.24034 340.42 2483.85 340.47 2645.87 1.0910 7.5939
75
91.77 0.001037
2.21711 394.29 2496.67 384.36 2662.96 1.2129 7.4563
100
99.62 0.001043
1.69400 417.33 2506.06 417.44 2675.46 1.3025 7.3593
125
105.99 0.001048
1.37490 444.16 2513.48 444.30 2685.35 1.3739 7.2843
150
111.37 0.001053
1.15933 466.92 2519.64 467.08 2693.54 1.4335 7.2232
175
116.06 0.001057
1.00363 486.78 2524.90 486.97 2700.53 1.4848 7.1717
200
120.23 0.001061
0.88573 504.47 2529.49 504.68 2706.63 1.5300 7.1271
225
124.00 0.001064
0.79325 520.45 2533.56 520.69 2712.04 1.5705 7.0878
250
127.43 0.001067
0.71871 535.08 2537.21 535.34 2716.89 1.6072 7.0526
275
130.60 0.001070
0.65731 548.57 2540.53 548.87 2721.29 1.6407 7.0208
300
133.55 0.001073
0.60582 561.13 2543.55 561.45 2725.30 1.6717 6.9918
325
136.30 0.001076
0.56201 572.88 2546.34 573.23 2728.99 1.7005 6.9651
350
138.88 0.001079
0.52425 583.93 2548.92 584.31 2732.40 1.7274 6.9404
375
141.32 0.001081
0.49137 594.38 2551.31 594.79 2735.58 1.7527 6.9174
400
143.63 0.001084
0.46246 604.29 2553.55 604.73 2738.53 1.7766 6.8958
450
147.93 0.001088
0.41398 622.75 2557.62 623.24 2743.91 1.8206 6.8565
500
151.86 0.001093
0.37489 639.66 2561.23 640.21 2748.67 1.8606 6.8212

288
.8 ()

3
(kJ/kg)
(m /kg)
o
(kPa)
( C)
vf
vg
uf
ug
550
155.48
0.001097
0.34268 655.30 2564.47
600
158.85
0.001101
0.31567 669.88 2567.40
650
162.01
0.001104
0.29268 683.55 2570.06
700
164.97
0.001108
0.27286 696.43 2572.49
750
167.77
0.001111
0.25560 708.62 2574.73
800
170.43
0.001115
0.24043 720.20 2576.79
850
172.96
0.001118
0.22698 731.25 2578.69
900
175.38
0.001121
0.21497 741.81 2580.46
950
177.69
0.001124
0.20419 751.94 2582.11
1000
179.91
0.001127
0.19444 761.67 2583.64
1100
184.09
0.001133
0.17753 780.08 2586.40
1200
187.99
0.001139
0.16333 797.27 2588.82
1300
191.64
0.001144
0.15125 813.42 2590.95
1400
195.07
0.001149
0.14084 828.68 2592.83
1500
198.32
0.001154
0.13177 843.14 2594.50
1750
205.76
0.001166
0.11349 876.44 2597.83
2000
212.42
0.001177
0.09963 906.42 2600.26
2250
218.45
0.001187
0.08875 933.81 2601.98
2500
223.99
0.001197
0.07998 959.09 2603.13
2750
229.12
0.001207
0.07275 982.65 2603.81
3000
233.90
0.001216
0.06668 1004.76 2604.10
3250
238.38
0.001226
0.06152 1025.62 2604.04
3500
242.60
0.001235
0.05707 1045.41 2603.70
4000
250.40
0.001252
0.04978 1082.28 2602.27
5000
263.99
0.001286
0.03944 1147.78 2597.12
6000
275.64
0.001319
0.03244 1205.41 2589.69
7000
285.88
0.001351
0.02737 1257.51 2580.48
8000
295.06
0.001384
0.02352 1305.54 2569.79
9000
303.40
0.001418
0.02048 1350.47 2557.75
10000
311.06
0.001452
0.01803 1393.00 2544.41
20000
365.81
0.002035
0.00583 1785.47 2293.05
22089
374.14
0.003155
0.00315 2029.58 2029.58

(m3/kg)
hf
665.94
670.54
684.26
697.20
709.45
721.10
732.20
742.82
753.00
762.79
781.32
798.64
814.91
830.29
844.87
878.48
908.77
936.48
962.09
985.97
1008.41
1029.60
1049.73
1087.29
1154.21
1213.32
1266.97
1316.61
1363.23
1407.53
1826.18
2099.26

hg
2752.94
2756.80
2760.30
2763.50
2766.43
2769.13
2771.63
2773.94
2776.08
2778.08
2781.68
2784.82
2787.58
2790.00
2792.15
2796.43
2799.51
2801.67
2803.07
2803.86
2804.14
2803.97
2803.43
2801.38
2794.33
2784.33
2772.07
2757.94
2742.11
2724.67
2409.74
2099.26

(kJ/kg-K)
sf
sg
1.8972 6.7892
1.9311 6.7600
1.9627 6.7330
1.9922 6.7080
2.0199 6.6846
2.0461 6.6627
2.0709 6.6421
2.0946 6.6225
2.1171 6.6040
2.1386 6.5864
2.1791 6.5535
2.2165 6.5233
2.2514 6.4953
2.2842 6.4692
2.3150 6.4448
2.3851 6.3895
2.4473 6.3408
2.5034 6.2971
2.5546 6.2574
2.6018 6.2208
2.6456 6.1869
2.6866 6.1551
2.7252 6.1252
2.7963 6.0700
2.9201 5.9733
3.0266 5.8891
3.1210 5.8132
3.2067 5.7431
3.2857 5.6771
3.3595 5.6140
4.0137 4.9269
4.4297 4.4297

289
.9 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 710-715)

o
50 kPa (81.33oC)
10 kPa (45.81 C)

v
u
h
s
v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat.
14.67355 2437.89 2584.63
8.1501
3.24034 2483.85 2645.87
7.5939
50
14.86920 2443.87 2592.56
8.1749
100
17.19561 2515.50 2687.46
8.4479
3.41833 2511.61 2682.52
7.6947
150
19.51251 2587.86 2782.99
8.6881
3.88937 2585.61 2780.08
7.9400
200
21.82507 2661.27 2879.52
8.9037
4.35595 2659.85 2877.64
8.1579
250
24.13559 2735.95 2977.31
9.1002
4.82045 2734.97 2975.99
8.3555
300
26.44508 2812.06 3076.51
9.2812
5.28391 2811.33 3075.52
8.5372
400
31.06252 2968.89 3279.51
9.6076
6.20929 2968.43 3278.89
8.8641
500
35.67896 3132.26 3489.05
9.8977
7.13364 3131.94 3488.62
9.1545
600
40.29488 3302.45 3705.40
10.1608
8.05748 3302.22 3705.10
9.4177
700
44.91052 3479.63 3928.73
10.4028
8.98104 3479.45 3928.51
9.6599
800
49.52599 3663.84 4159.10
10.6281
9.90444 3663.70 4158.92
9.8852
900
54.14137 3855.03 4396.44
10.8395
10.82773 3854.91 4396.30
10.0967
1000
58.75669 4053.01 4640.58
11.0392
11.75097 4052.91 4640.46
10.2964

(oC)
Sat.
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

v
(m3/kg)
1.69400
1.93636
2.17226
2.40604
2.63876
3.10263
3.56547
4.02781
4.48986
4.95174
5.41353
5.87526

100 kPa (99.62oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2506.06 2675.46
7.3593
2582.75 2776.38
7.6133
2658.05 2875.27
7.8342
2733.73 2974.33
8.0332
2810.41 3074.28
8.2157
2967.85 3278.11
8.5434
3131.54 3488.09
8.8341
3301.94 3704.72
9.0975
3479.24 3928.23
9.3398
3663.53 4158.71
9.5652
3854.77 4396.12
9.7767
4052.78 4640.31
9.9764

v
(m3/kg)
0.88573
0.95964
1.08034
1.19880
1.31616
1.54930
1.78139
2.01297
2.24426
2.47539
2.70643
2.93740

200 kPa (120.23oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2529.49 2706.63
7.1271
2576.87 2768.80
7.2795
2654.39 2870.46
7.5066
2731.22 2970.98
7.7085
2808.55 3071.79
7.8926
2966.69 3276.55
8.2217
3130.75 3487.03
8.5132
3301.36 3703.96
8.7769
3478.81 3927.66
9.0194
3663.19 4158.27
9.2450
3854.49 4395.77
9.4565
4052.53 4640.01
9.6563

290
.9 ()

300 kPa (133.55oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat.
0.60582 2543.55 2725.30
6.9918
150
0.63388 2570.79 2760.95
7.0778
200
0.71629 2650.65 2865.54
7.3115
250
0.79636 2728.69 2967.59
7.5165
300
0.87529 2806.69 3069.28
7.7022
400
1.03151 2965.53 3274.98
8.0329
500
1.18669 3129.95 3485.96
8.3250
600
1.34136 3300.79 3703.20
8.5892
700
1.49573 3478.38 3927.10
8.8319
800
1.64994 3662.85 4157.83
9.0575
900
1.80406 3854.20 4395.42
9.2691
1000
1.95812 4052.27 4639.71
9.4689

(oC)
Sat.
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

v
(m /kg)
0.37489
0.42492
0.47436
0.52256
0.57012
0.61728
0.71093
0.80406
0.89691
0.98959
1.08217
1.17469
3

500 kPa (151.86oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2561.23 2748.67
6.8212
2642.91 2855.37
7.0592
2723.50 2960.68
7.2708
2802.91 3064.20
7.4598
2882.59 3167.65
7.6328
2963.19 3271.83
7.7937
3128.35 3483.82
8.0872
3299.64 3701.67
8.3521
3477.52 3925.97
8.5952
3662.17 4156.96
8.8211
3853.63 4394.71
9.0329
4051.76 4639.11
9.2328

v
(m3/kg)
0.46246
0.47084
0.53422
0.59512
0.65484
0.77262
0.88934
1.00555
1.12147
1.23722
1.35288
1.46847

400 kPa (143.63oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2553.55 2738.53
6.8958
2564.48 2752.82
6.9299
2646.83 2860.51
7.1706
2726.11 2964.16
7.3788
2804.81 3066.75
7.5661
2964.36 3273.41
7.8984
3129.15 3484.89
8.1912
3300.22 3702.44
8.4557
3477.95 3926.53
8.6987
3662.51 4157.40
8.9244
3853.91 4395.06
9.1361
4052.02 4639.41
9.3360

v
(m /kg)
0.31567
0.35202
0.39383
0.43437
0.47424
0.51372
0.59199
0.66974
0.74720
0.82450
0.90169
0.97883

600 kPa (158.85oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2567.40 2756.80
6.7600
2638.91 2850.12
6.9665
2720.86 2957.16
7.1816
2801.00 3061.63
7.3723
2881.12 3165.66
7.5463
2962.02 3270.25
7.7078
3127.55 3482.75
8.0020
3299.07 3700.91
8.2673
3477.08 3925.41
8.5107
3661.83 4156.52
8.7367
3853.34 4394.36
8.9485
4051.51 4638.81
9.1484

291
.9 ()

800 kPa (170.43oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat.
0.24043 2576.79 2769.13
6.6627
200
0.26080 2630.61 2839.25
6.8158
250
0.29314 2715.46 2949.97
7.0384
300
0.32411 2797.14 3056.43
7.2327
350
0.35439 2878.16 3161.68
7.4088
400
0.38426 2959.66 3267.07
7.5715
500
0.44331 3125.95 3480.60
7.8672
600
0.50184 3297.91 3699.38
8.1332
700
0.56007 3476.22 3924.27
8.3770
800
0.61813 3661.14 4155.65
8.6033
900
0.67610 3852.77 4393.65
8.8153
1000
0.73401 4051.00 4638.20
9.0153

(oC)
Sat.
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

v
(m /kg)
0.16333
0.16930
0.19235
0.21382
0.23452
0.25480
0.29463
0.33393
0.37294
0.41177
0.45051
0.48919
3

1200 kPa (187.99oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2588.82 2784.82
6.5233
2612.74 2815.90
6.5898
2704.20 2935.01
6.8293
2789.22 3045.80
7.0316
2872.16 3153.59
7.2120
2954.90 3260.66
7.3773
3122.72 3476.28
7.6758
3295.60 3696.32
7.9434
3474.48 3922.01
8.1881
3659.77 4153.90
8.4149
3851.62 4392.23
8.6272
4049.98 4637.00
8.8274

v
(m3/kg)
0.19444
0.20596
0.23268
0.25794
0.28247
0.30659
0.35411
0.40109
0.44779
0.49432
0.54075
0.58712

1000 kPa (179.91oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2583.64 2778.08
6.5864
2621.90 2827.86
6.6939
2709.91 2942.59
6.9246
2793.21 3051.15
7.1228
2875.18 3157.65
7.3010
2957.29 3263.88
7.4650
3124.34 3478.44
7.7621
3296.76 3697.85
8.0289
3475.35 3923.14
8.2731
3660.46 4154.78
8.4996
3852.19 4392.94
8.7118
4050.49 4637.60
8.9119

v
(m /kg)
0.14084
0.14302
0.16350
0.18228
0.20026
0.21780
0.25215
0.28596
0.31947
0.35281
0.38606
0.41924

1400 kPa (195.07 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2592.83 2790.00
6.4692
2603.09 2803.32
6.4975
2698.32 2927.22
6.7467
2785.16 3040.35
6.9533
2869.12 3149.49
7.1359
2952.50 3257.42
7.3025
3121.10 3474.11
7.6026
3294.44 3694.78
7.8710
3473.61 3920.87
8.1160
3659.09 4153.03
8.3431
3851.05 4391.53
8.5555
4049.47 4636.41
8.7558

292
.9 ()

1600 kPa (201.40 oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat.
0.12380 2595.95 2794.02
6.4217
250
0.14184 2692.26 2919.20
6.6732
300
0.15862 2781.03 3034.83
6.8844
350
0.17456 2866.05 3145.35
7.0693
400
0.19005 2950.09 3254.17
7.2373
500
0.22029 3119.47 3471.93
7.5389
600
0.24998 3293.27 3693.23
7.8080
700
0.27937 3472.74 3919.73
8.0535
800
0.30859 3658.40 4152.15
8.2808
900
0.33772 3850.47 4390.82
8.4934
1000
0.36678 4048.96 4635.81
8.6938

(oC)
Sat.
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000

v
(m /kg)
0.09963
0.11144
0.12547
0.13857
0.15120
0.16353
0.17568
0.19960
0.22323
0.24668
0.27004
0.29333
3

2000 kPa (212.42 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2600.26 2799.51
6.3408
2679.58 2902.46
6.5452
2772.56 3023.50
6.7663
2859.81 3136.96
6.9562
2945.21 3247.60
7.1270
3030.41 3357.48
7.2844
3116.20 3467.55
7.4316
3290.93 3690.14
7.7023
3470.99 3917.45
7.9487
3657.03 4150.40
8.1766
3849.33 4389.40
8.3895
4047.94 4634.61
8.5900

v
(m3/kg)
0.11042
0.12497
0.14021
0.15457
0.16847
0.19550
0.22199
0.24818
0.27420
0.30012
0.32598

1800 kPa (207.15 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2598.38 2797.13
6.3793
2686.02 2910.96
6.6066
2776.83 3029.21
6.8226
2862.95 3141.18
7.0099
2947.66 3250.90
7.1793
3117.84 3469.75
7.4824
3292.10 3691.69
7.7523
3471.87 3918.59
7.9983
3657.71 4151.27
8.2258
3849.90 4390.11
8.4386
4048.45 4635.21
8.6390

v
(m /kg)
0.07998
0.08700
0.09890
0.10976
0.12010
0.13014
0.13998
0.15930
0.17832
0.19716
0.21590
0.23458

2500 kPa (223.99 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2603.13 2803.07
6.2574
2662.55 2880.06
6.4084
2761.56 3008.81
6.6437
2851.84 3126.24
6.8402
2939.03 3239.28
7.0147
3025.43 3350.77
7.1745
3112.08 3462.04
7.3233
3287.99 3686.25
7.5960
3468.80 3914.59
7.8435
3655.30 4148.20
8.0720
3847.89 4387.64
8.2853
4046.67 4633.12
8.4860

293
.9 ()

3000 kPa (233.90 oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat.
0.06668 2604.10 2804.14
6.1869
250
0.07058 2644.00 2855.75
6.2871
300
0.08114 2750.05 2993.48
6.5389
350
0.09053 2843.66 3115.25
6.7427
400
0.09936 2932.75 3230.82
6.9211
450
0.10787 3020.38 3344.00
7.0833
500
0.11619 3107.92 3456.48
7.2337
600
0.13243 3285.03 3682.34
7.5084
700
0.14838 3466.59 3911.72
7.7571
800
0.16414 3653.58 4146.00
7.9862
900
0.17980 3846.46 4385.87
8.1999
1000
0.19541 4045.40 4631.63
8.4009

(oC)
Sat.
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
900
1000

v
(m /kg)
0.03944
0.04532
0.05194
0.05781
0.06330
0.06857
0.07368
0.07869
0.08849
0.09811
0.10762
0.11707
3

5000 kPa (263.99oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2597.12 2794.33
5.9733
2697.94 2924.53
6.2083
2808.67 3068.39
6.4492
2906.58 3195.64
6.6458
2999.64 3316.15
6.8185
3090.92 3433.76
6.9758
3181.82 3550.23
7.1217
3273.01 3666.47
7.2588
3457.67 3900.13
7.5122
3646.62 4137.17
7.7440
3840.71 4378.82
7.9593
4040.35 4625.69
8.1612

v
(m3/kg)
0.04978
0.05884
0.06645
0.07341
0.08003
0.08643
0.09885
0.11095
0.12287
0.13469
0.14645

4000 kPa (250.40 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2602.27 2801.38
6.0700
2725.33 2960.68
6.3614
2826.65 3092.43
6.5820
2919.88 3213.51
6.7689
3010.13 3330.23
6.9362
3099.49 3445.21
7.0900
3279.06 3674.44
7.3688
3462.15 3905.94
7.6198
3650.11 4141.59
7.8502
3843.59 4382.34
8.0647
4042.87 4628.65
8.2661

v
(m /kg)
0.01803
0.02242
0.02641
0.02975
0.03279
0.03564
0.03837
0.04358
0.04859
0.05349
0.05832

10000 kPa (311.06 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2544.41 2724.67
5.6140
2699.16 2923.39
5.9442
2832.38 3096.46
6.2119
2943.32 3240.83
6.4189
3045.77 3373.63
6.5965
3144.54 3500.92
6.7561
3241.68 3625.34
6.9028
3434.72 3870.52
7.1687
3628.97 4114.91
7.4077
3826.32 4361.24
7.6272
4027.81 4611.04
7.8315

294
.9 ()

15000 kPa (342.24 oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat.
0.01034 2455.43 2610.49
5.3097
350
0.01147 2520.36 2692.41
5.4420
400
0.01565 2740.70 2975.44
5.8810
450
0.01845 2879.47 3156.15
6.1403
500
0.02080 2996.52 3308.53
6.3442
550
0.02293 3104.71 3448.61
6.5198
600
0.02491 3208.64 3582.30
6.6775
650
0.02680 3310.37 3712.32
6.8223
700
0.02861 3410.94 3840.12
6.9572
800
0.03210 3610.99 4092.43
7.2040
900
0.03546 3811.89 4343.75
7.4279
1000
0.03875 4015.41 4596.63
7.6347

v
(m3/kg)
0.00583
0.00994
0.01270
0.01477
0.01656
0.01818
0.01969
0.02113
0.02385
0.02645
0.02897

30000 kPa

(oC)
375
400
425
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000

v
(m /kg)
0.001789
0.002790
0.005304
0.006735
0.008679
0.010168
0.011446
0.012596
0.013661
0.015623
0.017448
0.019196
3

u
(kJ/kg)
1737.75
2067.34
2455.06
2619.30
2820.67
2970.31
3100.53
3221.04
3335.84
3555.60
3768.48
3978.79

h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
1791.43
3.9303
2151.04
4.4728
2614.17
5.1503
2821.35
5.4423
3081.03
5.7904
3275.36
6.0342
3443.91
6.2330
3598.93
6.4057
3745.67
6.5606
4024.31
6.8332
4291.93
7.0717
4554.68
7.2867

20000 kPa (365.81 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
2293.05 2409.74
4.9269
2619.22 2818.07
5.5539
2806.16 3060.06
5.9016
2942.82 3238.18
6.1400
3062.34 3393.45
6.3347
3174.00 3537.57
6.5048
3281.46 3675.32
6.6582
3386.46 3809.09
6.7993
3592.73 4069.80
7.0544
3797.44 4326.37
7.2830
4003.12 4582.45
7.4925

40000 kPa

v
(m /kg)
0.001641
0.001908
0.002532
0.003693
0.005623
0.006984
0.008094
0.009064
0.009942
0.011523
0.012963
0.014324
3

u
(kJ/kg)
1677.09
1854.52
2096.83
2365.07
2678.36
2869.69
3022.61
3158.04
3283.63
3517.89
3739.42
3954.64

h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
1742.71
3.8289
1930.83
4.1134
2198.11
4.5028
2512.79
4.9459
2903.26
5.4699
3149.05
5.7784
3346.38
6.0113
3520.58
6.2054
3681.29
6.3750
3978.80
6.6662
4257.93
6.9150
4527.59
7.1356

295
.10 -134 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 736-737)

3
(kJ/kg)
(m3/kg)
(m /kg)
(oC)
(kPa)
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hg
55
22.2 0.000689 0.78678 132.36 346.50
132.37 364.00
50
29.9 0.000695 0.59657 137.60 349.31
137.62 367.16
45
39.6 0.000701 0.45853 143.15 352.15
143.18 370.32
40
51.8 0.000708 0.35696 148.95 355.00
148.98 373.48
35
66.8 0.000715 0.28122 154.93 357.86
154.98 376.64
30
85.1 0.000722 0.22402 161.06 360.73
161.12 379.80
26.3
101.3 0.000728 0.19020 165.73 362.89
165.80 382.16
25
107.2 0.000730 0.18030 167.30 363.61
167.38 382.95
20
133.7 0.000738 0.14649 173.65 366.50
173.74 386.08
15
165.0 0.000746 0.12007 180.07 369.39
180.19 389.20
10
201.7 0.000755 0.09921 186.57 372.27
186.72 392.28
5
244.5 0.000764 0.08257 193.14 375.15
193.32 395.34
0
294.0 0.000773 0.06919 199.77 378.01
200.00 398.36
5
350.9 0.000783 0.05833 206.48 380.85
206.75 401.32
10
415.8 0.000794 0.04945 213.25 383.67
213.58 404.23
15
489.5 0.000805 0.04213 220.10 386.45
220.49 407.07
20
572.8 0.000817 0.03606 227.03 389.19
227.49 409.84
25
666.3 0.000829 0.03098 234.04 391.87
234.59 412.51
30
771.0 0.000843 0.02671 241.14 394.48
241.79 415.08
35
887.6 0.000857 0.02310 248.34 397.02
249.10 417.52
40 1017.0 0.000873 0.02002 255.65 399.46
256.54 419.82
45 1160.2 0.000890 0.01739 263.08 401.79
264.11 421.96
50 1318.1 0.000908 0.01512 270.63 403.98
271.83 423.91
55 1491.6 0.000928 0.01316 278.33 406.01
279.72 425.65
60 1681.8 0.000951 0.01146 286.19 407.85
287.79 427.13
65 1889.9 0.000976 0.00997 294.24 409.46
296.09 428.30
70 2117.0 0.001005 0.00866 302.51 410.78
304.64 429.11
80 2633.6 0.001078 0.00645 319.96 412.22
322.79 429.19
90 3244.5 0.001195 0.00461 339.51 410.75
343.38 425.70
100 3973.2 0.001557 0.00264 368.55 396.74
374.74 407.21
101.2 4064.0 0.001969 0.00197 382.97 382.97
390.98 390.98

(kJ/kg)
sf
0.7256
0.7493
0.7740
0.7991
0.8245
0.8499
0.8690
0.8754
0.9007
0.9258
0.9507
0.9755
1.0000
1.0243
1.0485
1.0725
1.0963
1.1201
1.1437
1.1673
1.1909
1.2145
1.2381
1.2619
1.2857
1.3099
1.3343
1.3849
1.4404
1.5228
1.5658

sg
1.7874
1.7780
1.7695
1.7620
1.7553
1.7493
1.7453
1.7441
1.7395
1.7354
1.7319
1.7288
1.7262
1.7239
1.7218
1.7200
1.7183
1.7168
1.7153
1.7139
1.7123
1.7106
1.7088
1.7066
1.7040
1.7008
1.6970
1.6862
1.6671
1.6098
1.5658

296
.11 -134 (Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009: 738-741)

o
200 kPa (10.22 oC)
100 kPa (26.54 C)

v
u
h
s
v
u
h
s
o
3
3
( C)
(m /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
(m /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat. 0.19257 362.73
381.98
1.7456
0.10002 372.15 392.15
1.7320
20 0.19860 367.36
387.22
1.7665
10 0.20765 374.51
395.27
1.7978
0.10013 372.31 392.34
1.7328
0 0.21652 381.76
403.41
1.8281
0.10501 379.91 400.91
1.7647
10 0.22527 389.14
411.67
1.8578
0.10974 387.55 409.50
1.7956
20 0.23392 396.66
420.05
1.8869
0.11436 395.27 418.15
1.8256
30 0.24250 404.31
428.56
1.9155
0.11889 403.10 426.87
1.8549
40 0.25101 412.12
437.22
1.9436
0.12335 411.04 435.71
1.8836
50 0.25948 420.08
446.03
1.9712
0.12776 419.11 444.66
1.9117
60 0.26791 428.20
454.99
1.9985
0.13213 427.31 453.74
1.9394
70 0.27631 436.47
464.10
2.0255
0.13646 435.65 462.95
1.9666
80 0.28468 444.89
473.36
2.0521
0.14076 444.14 472.30
1.9935
90 0.29302 453.47
482.78
2.0784
0.14504 452.78 481.79
2.0200
100 0.30135 462.21
492.35
2.1044
0.14930 461.56 491.42
2.0461

(oC)
Sat
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110

v
(m3/kg)
0.06787
0.07111
0.07441
0.07762
0.08075
0.08382
0.08684
0.08982
0.09277
0.09570
0.09861
0.10150

300 kPa (0.56 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
378.33
398.69
1.7259
385.84
407.17
1.7564
393.80
416.12
1.7874
401.81
425.10
1.8175
409.90
434.12
1.8468
418.09
443.23
1.8755
426.39
452.44
1.9035
434.82
461.76
1.9311
443.37
471.21
1.9582
452.07
480.78
1.9850
460.90
490.48
2.0113
469.87
500.32
2.0373

v
(m3/kg)
0.05136
0.05168
0.05436
0.05693
0.05940
0.06181
0.06417
0.06648
0.06877
0.07102
0.07325
0.07547

400 kPa (8.84 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
383.02 403.56
1.7223
383.98 404.65
1.7261
392.22 413.97
1.7584
400.45 423.22
1.7895
408.70 432.46
1.8195
417.03 441.75
1.8487
425.44 451.10
1.8772
433.95 460.55
1.9051
442.58 470.09
1.9325
451.34 479.75
1.9595
460.22 489.52
1.9860
469.24 499.43
2.0122

297
.11 -134 ()

500 kPa (15.66 oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat 0.04126 386.82
407.45
1.7198
20 0.04226 390.52
411.65
1.7342
30 0.04446 398.99
421.22
1.7663
40 0.04656 407.44
430.72
1.7971
50 0.04858 415.91
440.20
1.8270
60 0.05055 424.44
449.72
1.8560
70 0.05247 433.06
459.29
1.8843
80 0.05435 441.77
468.94
1.9120
90 0.05620 450.59
478.69
1.9392
100 0.05804 459.53
488.55
1.9660
110 0.05985 468.60
498.52
1.9924
120 0.06164 477.79
508.61
2.0184
130 0.06342 487.13
518.83
2.0440
140 0.06518 496.59
529.19
2.0694

(oC)
Sat
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140

v
(m3/kg)
0.02571
0.02711
0.02861
0.03002
0.03137
0.03268
0.03394
0.03518
0.03639
0.03758
0.03876
0.03992

800 kPa (31.30 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
395.15
415.72
1.7150
403.17
424.86
1.7446
412.23
435.11
1.7768
421.20
445.22
1.8076
430.17
455.27
1.8373
439.17
465.31
1.8662
448.22
475.38
1.8943
457.35
485.50
1.9218
466.58
495.70
1.9487
475.92
505.99
1.9753
485.37
516.38
2.0014
494.94
526.88
2.0271

v
(m3/kg)
0.03442
0.03609
0.03796
0.03974
0.04145
0.04311
0.04473
0.04632
0.07488
0.04943
0.05095
0.05246
0.05396

600 kPa (21.52 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
390.01 410.66
1.7179
397.44 419.09
1.7461
406.11 428.88
1.7779
414.75 438.59
1.8084
423.41 448.28
1.8379
432.13 457.99
1.8666
440.93 467.76
1.8947
449.82 477.61
1.9222
458.82 487.55
1.9492
467.94 497.59
1.9758
477.18 507.75
2.0019
486.55 518.03
2.0277
496.05 528.43
2.0532

v
(m3/kg)
0.02038
0.02047
0.02185
0.02311
0.02429
0.02542
0.02650
0.02754
0.02856
0.02956
0.03053
0.03150

1000 kPa (39.37 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
399.16 419.54
1.7125
399.78 420.25
1.7148
409.39 431.24
1.7494
418.78 441.89
1.7818
428.05 452.34
1.8127
437.29 462.70
1.8425
446.53 473.03
1.8713
455.82 483.36
1.8994
465.18 493.74
1.9268
474.62 504.17
1.9537
484.16 514.69
1.9801
493.81 525.30
2.0061

298
.11 -134 ()

1200 kPa (46.31 oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat 0.01676 402.37
422.49
1.7102
50 0.01724 406.15
426.84
1.7237
60 0.01844 416.08
438.21
1.7584
70 0.01953 425.74
449.18
1.7908
80 0.02055 435.27
459.92
1.8217
90 0.02151 444.74
470.55
1.8514
100 0.02244 454.20
481.13
1.8801
110 0.02333 463.71
491.70
1.9081
120 0.02420 473.27
502.31
1.9354
130 0.02504 482.91
512.97
1.9621
140 0.02587 492.65
523.70
1.9884
150 0.02669 502.48
534.51
2.0143
160 0.02750 512.43
545.43
2.0398

(oC)
Sat
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160

v
(m /kg)
0.01215
0.01239
0.01345
0.01438
0.01522
0.01601
0.01676
0.01748
0.01817
0.01884
0.01949
0.02013
3

1600 kPa (57.90 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
407.11
426.54
1.7051
409.49
429.32
1.7135
420.37
441.89
1.7507
430.72
453.72
1.7847
440.79
465.15
1.8166
450.71
476.33
1.8469
460.57
487.39
1.8762
470.42
498.39
1.9045
480.30
509.37
1.9321
490.23
520.38
1.9591
500.24
531.43
1.9855
510.33
542.54
2.0115

v
(m3/kg)
0.01414
0.01503
0.01608
0.01704
0.01793
0.01878
0.01958
0.02036
0.02112
0.02186
0.02258
0.02329

1400 kPa (52.42 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
404.98 424.78
1.7077
413.03 434.08
1.7360
423.20 445.72
1.7704
433.09 456.94
1.8026
442.83 467.93
1.8333
452.50 478.79
1.8628
462.17 489.59
1.8914
471.87 500.38
1.9192
481.63 511.19
1.9463
491.46 522.05
1.9730
501.37 532.98
1.9991
511.39 543.99
2.0248

v
(m /kg)
0.00930
0.00958
0.01055
0.01137
0.01211
0.01279
0.01342
0.01403
0.01461
0.01517
0.01571

2000 kPa (67.48 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
410.15 428.75
1.6991
413.37 432.53
1.7101
425.20 446.30
1.7497
436.20 458.95
1.7850
446.78 471.00
1.8177
457.12 482.69
1.8487
467.34 494.19
1.8783
477.51 505.57
1.9069
487.68 516.90
1.9346
497.89 528.22
1.9617
508.15 539.57
1.9882

299

.11 -134 ()

3000 kPa (86.20 oC)

v
u
h
s
(oC)
(m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
Sat 0.00528 411.83
427.67
1.6759
90 0.00575 418.93
436.19
1.6995
100 0.00665 433.77
453.73
1.7472
110 0.00734 446.48
468.50
1.7862
120 0.00792 458.27
482.04
1.8211
130 0.00845 469.58
494.91
1.8535
140 0.00893 480.61
507.39
1.8840
150 0.00937 491.49
519.62
1.9133
160 0.00980 502.30
531.70
1.9415
170 0.01021 513.09
543.71
1.9689
180 0.01060 523.89
555.69
1.9956

v
(m3/kg)
0.00252
0.00428
0.00500
0.00556
0.00603
0.00644
0.00683
0.00718
0.00752

6000 kPa

(oC)
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180

v
(m /kg)
0.001059
0.001150
0.001307
0.001698
0.002396
0.002985
0.003439
0.003814
0.004141
0.004435
3

u
(kJ/kg)
328.34
346.71
368.06
396.59
426.81
448.34
465.19
479.89
493.45
506.35

h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
334.70
1.4081
353.61
1.4595
375.90
1.5184
406.78
1.5979
441.18
1.6843
466.25
1.7458
485.82
1.7926
502.77
1.8322
518.30
1.8676
532.96
1.9004

4000 kPa (100.33 oC)

u
h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
394.86 404.94
1.6036
429.74 446.84
1.7148
445.97 465.99
1.7642
459.63 481.87
1.8040
472.19 496.29
1.8394
484.15 509.92
1.8720
495.77 523.07
1.9027
507.19 535.92
1.9320
518.51 548.57
1.9603

10000 kPa

v
(m /kg)
0.000991
0.001040
0.001100
0.001175
0.001272
0.001400
0.001564
0.001758
0.001965
0.002172
3

u
(kJ/kg)
320.72
336.45
352.74
369.69
387.44
405.97
424.99
443.77
461.65
478.40

h
s
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
330.62
1.3856
346.85
1.4297
363.73
1.4744
381.44
1.5200
400.16
1.5670
419.98
1.6155
440.63
1.6649
461.34
1.7133
481.30
1.7589
500.12
1.8009