SQL

Structured Query
Language
SQL is the language used to communicate
with the Oracle Database.

SQL was developed by IBM and later
acquired by Oracle

SQL is a non-Procedural language, you
specify what info you want, not how to get it
Why only SQL?
SQL is not a language,but, a set of
commands
SQL is easy to understand as it
contains simple words like
SELECT,INSERT.
SQL is used by a variety of users.
SQL Command Set
Data Definition Language Commands

Data Manipulation Language
Commands

Data Control Language Commands
Step I : Creation of a table
To create a table first
identify the columns
which make up the
table with all
definitions
Tablename should
be unique
Tablename should
start with a alphabet
Tablename cannot
exceed 30 chars
Syntax of CREATE Statement
Create table <tablename>
(< Column 1> <Datatype>(Size),
(< Column 2> <Datatype>(Size),
(< Column 3> <Datatype>(Size),
(< Column n>
<Datatype>(Size));
Step II :Insertion of data
We use the Insert
Statement for this job
The order of the columns
in this command must be
the same while creating
the table
You should not skip any
column values, type
NULL in case you want
to omit a column value
Char, Varchar and Date
values should be
enclosed in Single
Quotes
Syntax of INSERTStatement
Insert into <tablename> values
(Col1,Col2,Col3..Col n);
Example for Creation of
table named EMP
SQL > Create table emp
( empno number(3),
ename varchar2(20),
esal nuber(7,2),
doj date,
desgn varchar2(20),
deptno number(3));


Now, our table is created,we insert data
next
Insertion of data into EMP
table
EMP table consists of
Empno,Ename,Esal,Doj,Desgn,Deptno

SQL> Insert into EMP values
(100,Anil,5000,12-Jan-99,Salesman,10);

SQL> Insert into EMP values
(101,Ajay,3000,13-Jan-99,Clerk,20);

SQL >Insert into EMP values
(100,Raj,9000,15-Jan-99,Manager,10);

Create a table with the following
specifications and add about 10 Records
Structure of STUDENT Table
Rollno
Number(3)
Sname
Varchar2(20)
Branch
Varchar2(20)
Semister
(Varchar2(10)
Phoneno
Number(7)
STUDENT
We are now all set to Query records from the database.
Step III:Retrieval of data
We use the Select
Statement for this job
You can select all rows
and columns from the
table or select as you wish
You can restrict the data
retrieved using a WHERE
Clause
Operators used in
SELECT
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
SQL Operators
Syntax of SELECT Statement
Select * from <Tablename>
{ Where <Condn>}
Select col1,col2...from
<Tablename> { Where <Condn>}
Operators used in SQL
Relational : >, < , = , !=, >= , < =

Logical : AND, OR, NOT

SQL : LIKE, IN, BETWEEN.. AND
Functions
Single Row
Group functions
Sum()
Max()
Min()
Avg()
Count()
Character
Number
Date
Conversion
These functions operate on a set of records or on the
entire table. They are therefore called as Group or
Aggregate Functions
Sum() SQL> Select sum(sal) from emp;

Avg() SQL> Select avg(sal) from emp;

Max() SQL> Select max(sal) from emp;

Min() SQL> Select min(sal) from emp;

count() SQL> Select count(*) from emp;
Group Functions
Group Functions
Sum() SQL> Select sum(sal) from emp where deptno =
10;
Avg() SQL> Select avg(sal) from emp where
desgn=Clerk and deptno = 10;

Max() SQL> Select max(sal) from emp where deptno in
(10,20,30);

Min() SQL> Select min(sal) from emp where doj like
%98;

count() SQL> Select count(*) from emp where sal
between 3000 and 5000;
GROUP BY CLAUSE
Joins
A Select Statement can be called a Join if,
first, the FROM clause names at least two
table specifications and second,if the
WHERE clause has at least one condition
that compares columns from the different
tables.
Types of Joins:
Equi-Join
Non-Equi Join
Outer-Join
Self Join
Examples of Joins
Example of Equi-Joins :
Display the empno,name, deptno and dname .

SQL> Select empno,name,emp.deptno,dname
from emp,dept where
emp.deptno=dept.deptno

The table name is specified before deptno in
the Select Statement as deptno is
ambigious,since it is present in both the
tables.
Example of Non-Equi Join
:

Display all employees falling under Grade 3

SQL> Select emp.empno,ename,esal from emp,sal
where grade=3 and esal between hisal and losal;
EMP SAL
Empno Ename Esal Deptno Grade Losal Hisal
100 Anil 4000 10 1 2000 2999
101 Ajay 3200 20 2 3000 4999
102 John 2800 10 3 5000 5999
103 Allen 5400 20
104 Sanjay 5800 30
Example of Self Join :
Display all employees who are drawing a salary more
than that
of their managers.

SQL>Select w.ename,w.esal,m.ename,m.esal from
emp w,emp m where w.sal>m.sal and w.mgr =
m.empno;
EMP
Empno Ename Esal Deptno Mgr
100 Anil 4000 10 102
101 Ajay 3200 20 103
102 John 2800 10 101
103 Allen 5400 20 101
104 Sanjay 5800 30 102
Example of Outer-Join :

Display all departments which are not present in the EMP table.

SQL>Select empno,ename,dept.deptno from emp,dept
where emp.deptno(+) = dept.deptno;
EMP DEPT
Empno Ename Esal Deptno Deptno Dname Loc
100 Anil 4000 10 10 Sales Chennai
101 Ajay 3200 20 20 Accounts Mumbai
102 John 2800 10 30 Finance Delhi
103 Allen 5400 20 40 R&D Calcutta
104 Sanjay 5800 30
Oracle supports Outer-Join indicator (+) on the LHS of the = Operator only
Integrity Constraints
Integrity Constraints are the rules with which the
contents of a database must comply at all times,
and they describe which updates to the database
are permitted
Types : Table Constraints, Column Constraints
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Check
Foreign Key
Table creation using column
constraints

SQL > CREATE TABLE CONS

(EMPNO NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT PK_KEY PRIMARY KEY,

ENAME VARCHAR2(10) CONSTRAINT UNQ_KEY UNIQUE,

DOJ DATE CONSTRAINT CHK_DAT CHECK(DOJ > '1-JAN-
98'))
Table creation using table
constraints

SQL > create table cons1
(empno number(3) constraint pk1_key primary key,
ename varchar2(10) constraint unq1_key unique,
esal number(7,2),
comm number(4),
constraint chk_sal check((esal+comm) > 5000))
SUB-QUERIES
These are used to specify a subset of rows whose
defining characteristics
(WHERE Clause) are dependent on the values
returned from another Query

Syntax:

Select col1,col2,col3.. From table
Where column= ( Select column from table
where <condn>);
Examples for Sub-queries
1. Display all employees working in the same Dept as Allen.

SQL> Select * from emp where deptno =
(Select deptno from emp where ename = Allen);

2. Display the details of the highest paid employee.

SQL> Select * from emp where esal =
(Select max(sal) from emp;

3. Display the employees who earn more than the highest paid
employee in deptno 30

SQL > Select * from emp where esal >
(Select max(sal) from emp where deptno = 30);
Examples for Sub-queries
4. Display all employees drawing more than than the average sal

SQL> Select * from emp where esal >
(Select avg(sal) from emp);

5.. Which Employees in New York draw a salary more than Scott

SQL> Select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno from emp,dept
where dept.deptno = emp.deptno and loc = New York and
esal > (Select esal from emp where ename = Scott;

6.. Display all emp who have same job as Clark or have a salary
greater than his salary
SQL > Select * from emp where job = ( Select job from emp where
ename = Clark) OR esal > (Select esal from emp where ename =
Clark);
Thank You