WCDMA RFOptimization Guide

W-RF Optimization Operations Guide For internal use only
2006-01-18 Huawei Confidential No Spreading Without Permission Page 1 of 65

Product name Confidentiality level
WCDMA RNP For internal use only
Product version
Total 66 pages
3.1

W-RF Optimization Operations Guide
(For internal use only)

Prepared by He Fengming Date 2006-01-18
Reviewed by Xie Zhibin, Jiao Anqiang,
Hua Yunlong, Hu Wensu,
Wan Liang, Ai Hua, and
Yan Lin
Date
2006-03-15
Reviewed by Qin Yan Date 2006-03-15
Approved by Date

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All Rights Reserved



Revision Records
Date Revised version Description Author
2004-12-05 1.00 Initial transmittal Zhou Xinjie
2005-03-02 1.01 Revising it according to review Zhou Xinjie
2006-01-18 3.0 Simplifying tasks of RF optimization,
enhancing operability, and adding
content based on KPI optimization
He Fengming
2006-02-27 3.01 Replacing CQT method with indoor
test; Clarifying solution scale of
interference and access problems;
Deleting content of removing neighbor
cells; updating RF optimization flow
chat
He Fengming
2006-03-15 3.02 Removing content of repeaters and
baseline; Adding optimization target
and method for SHO Factor based on
DT; updating partial cases; adding
cases for cluster division; Combining
blind coverage and coverage voids to
weak coverage; adding simple method
for removing neighbor cells
He Fengming
2006-04-18 3.03 According to the review by change
control board (CCB), changing the
interval of VP tests to 15s, adding
other simple causes to imbalance of
uplink and downlink, correcting some
grammatical mistakes.
He Fengming
2006-05-13 3.1 Adding HSDPA-related content;
changing the RF optimization
objectives of unloaded R99 and
HSDPA networks in urban and
suburban areas
Wu Yue and Wang
Dekai



Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to RF Optimization .................................................................................... 9
1.1 Contents of RF Optimization ................................................................................................. 9
1.2 Document Structure ............................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 2 Basic Processes for RF Optimization ......................................................................... 11
2.1 Flow Chat of RF Optimization ............................................................................................. 11
2.2 Detailed Sections of RF Optimization .................................................................................. 12
2.2.1 Test Preparations ...................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Problem Analysis ...................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 Test Preparations .......................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Deciding Optimization Goal ................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Dividing Clusters .................................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Deciding Test Route ............................................................................................................ 20
3.4 Preparing Tools and Data ................................................................................................... 21
3.4.1 Preparing Software ................................................................................................... 21
3.4.2 Preparing Hardware .................................................................................................. 21
3.4.3 Preparing Data .......................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 4 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Drive Test ............................................................................................................................ 23
4.1.1 DT Types ................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Setting DT Indexes ................................................................................................... 24
1) Start Genex Probe 1.3 software.............................................................................................. 24
2) Select Configuration > System Config > Test Plan .............................................................. 24
3) Set DT indexes as shown in Figure 4-1 ................................................................................. 24
Figure 4-1 Setting DT .......................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Indoor Test .......................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 Collecting RNC Configuration Data ..................................................................................... 25
Chapter 5 Coverage Problem Analysis ......................................................................................... 27
5.1 Coverage Problem Types .................................................................................................... 27
5.1.1 Weak coverage ......................................................................................................... 27
5.1.2 Cross-cell Coverage ................................................................................................. 28
5.1.3 Unbalanced Uplink and Downlink ............................................................................. 28
5.1.4 No Primary Pilot ........................................................................................................ 29
5.2 Coverage Analysis Processes ............................................................................................. 29
5.2.1 Downlink Coverage Analysis .................................................................................... 29
5.2.2 Uplink Coverage Analysis ......................................................................................... 33
Figure 5-4 Distribution of UE transmit power ...................................................................................... 34
5.3 Coverage Problem Cases ................................................................................................... 35
5.3.1 Weak Coverage Cases Due to Improper Engineering Parameters .......................... 35
5.3.2 Cross-cell Coverage Due to Improper NodeB Location ........................................... 36
5.3.3 Coverage Restriction Due to Improper Installation of Antennas .............................. 38
Chapter 6 Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis ................................................................................. 40
6.1 Pilot Pollution Definition and Judgment Standards ............................................................. 40
6.1.1 Definition ................................................................................................................... 40
6.1.2 Judgment Standards ................................................................................................. 40
6.2 Causes and Influence Analysis ........................................................................................... 40
6.2.1 Causes Analysis ....................................................................................................... 40
6.2.2 Influence Analysis ..................................................................................................... 42
6.3 Solutions to Pilot Pollution ................................................................................................... 42
6.3.1 Antenna Adjustment.................................................................................................. 42
6.3.2 PICH Power Adjustment ........................................................................................... 44
6.3.3 Using RRU or Micro Cells ......................................................................................... 45



6.4 Process for Analyzing Pilot Pollution Problem .................................................................... 46
6.5 Optimization Cases for Eliminating Pilot Pollution .............................................................. 47
6.5.1 Data Analysis before Optimization ............................................................................ 47
6.5.2 Data Analysis after Optimization ............................................................................... 52
Chapter 7 Handover Problem Analysis ......................................................................................... 55
7.1 Neighbor Cell Optimization .................................................................................................. 55
7.1.1 DT Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 55
7.1.2 Removing Redundant Neighbor Cells ...................................................................... 60
7.2 SHO Factor based on DT Analysis ..................................................................................... 61
7.2.1 Definition of SHO Factor based on DT ..................................................................... 61
7.2.2 General Principles and Methods in Optimization ...................................................... 61
Chapter 8 Adjustment Methods ..................................................................................................... 63
Chapter 9 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 64
Chapter 10 Appendix: Coverage Enhancement Technologies .................................................. 65
10.1 Coverage-enhancing Technologies ................................................................................... 65
10.1.1 TMAs ....................................................................................................................... 65
10.1.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity .............................................................................. 65
10.1.3 RRU ........................................................................................................................ 65
10.1.4 Micro Cells .............................................................................................................. 65
References: ...................................................................................................................................... 66



List of Tables
Table 3-1 List of RF optimization goals ............................................................................................ 15
Table 3-2 Recommended software for RF optimization................................................................... 21
Table 3-3 Recommended hardware for RF optimization ................................................................. 21
Table 3-4 Data to be collected before optimization.......................................................................... 22
Table 4-1 Configured parameters to be checked ............................................................................. 25



List of Figures
Figure 2-1 RF optimization flow chat ................................................................................................ 12
Figure 3-1 Divided clusters in a project ............................................................................................ 20
Figure 4-1 Setting DT ....................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 5-1 RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell ........................................................................................ 31
Figure 5-2 Distribution of pilot SC for the 1st Best ServiceCell ........................................................ 32
Figure 5-3 Analyzing comparison of UE and scanner coverage ...................................................... 33
Figure 5-4 Distribution of UE transmit power ................................................................................... 34
Figure 5-5 Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (before optimization) .............................................. 35
Figure 5-6 Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization).................................................. 36
Figure 5-7 Cross-cell coverage before optimization ......................................................................... 37
Figure 5-8 Few cross-cell coverage areas after optimization ........................................................... 38
Figure 5-9 Coverage restriction due to antenna blocked by roof ..................................................... 38
Figure 5-10 Optimizing antennas by adjusting feeders .................................................................... 39
Figure 6-1 Pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth............................................................. 43
Figure 6-2 Pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt ............................................................ 43
Figure 6-3 Pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells.......................................................... 44
Figure 6-4 Pilot pollution due to ambient factors .............................................................................. 45
Figure 6-5 Survey photo of each cell related to pilot pollution ......................................................... 46
Figure 6-6 Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. ........................................................................................ 48
Figure 6-7 Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. ................................................................................... 48
Figure 6-8 The 2nd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. ..................................................................... 49
Figure 6-9 The 3rd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. ...................................................................... 49
Figure 6-10 The 4th best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd...................................................................... 50
Figure 6-11 Composition of pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. .............................................................. 50
Figure 6-12 RSSI near Yuxing Rd. ................................................................................................... 51
Figure 6-13 RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. .................................................................. 51
Figure 6-14 RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. ........................................................................... 52
Figure 6-15 Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization .......................................................... 53
Figure 6-16 Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization ..................................................... 53
Figure 6-17 RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization ...................................... 54
Figure 6-18 RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization ............................................... 54
Figure 7-1 Changing conditions for judging neighbor cells .............................................................. 56
Figure 7-2 Generating neighbor cell analysis report by using Assistant .......................................... 57
Figure 7-3 Result of missing neighbor cells ..................................................................................... 57
Figure 7-4 Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by UE before call drop ........................................ 59
Figure 7-5 Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by scanner before call drop ................................. 59
Figure 7-6 RSCP for candidate of 4th Best ServiceCell ................................................................... 62



W-RF Optimization Guide

Key words: WCDMA, network optimization, and RF optimization
Abstract: This document describes tasks to be completed during RF optimization stage in
WCDMA network optimization. The tasks include RF optimization goal, flow,
procedure, input and output, and precautions concerning RF optimization.

Acronyms and abbreviations:
Acronyms and
abbreviations
Full spelling
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
DT Drive Test
KPI Key Performance Indicator
MML Man Machine Language
OCNS Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator
OMC Operation and Maintenance Center
PS Packet-Switched domain
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RSCP Received Signal Code Power
RTWP Received Total Wideband Power
VIC Very Important Cell
VIP Very Important People
VP Video Phone
RNO Radio Network Planning
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
CQI Channel Quality Indicator





1 Introduction to RF Optimization
During RF optimization stage, as one of RNO, you optimize radio frequency (RF)
signals. This aims to control pilot pollution and SHO Factor based on DT in
optimizing signal coverage, so that the distribution of radio signals is normal in
next service parameters optimization stage.
1.1 Contents of RF Optimization
RF optimization includes the following aspects:
Pilot signal coverage optimization
It includes the following two parts:
Weak coverage optimization for ensuring seamless coverage by pilot
signals in the network
Primary pilot cell optimization for ensuring proper coverage areas by
each primary pilot cell, clear edge of primary pilot cells, and that
alternation of primary pilot cells is reduced as possible.
Pilot pollution optimization
Pilot pollution refers to that excessive pilots of approximately equivalent
strength cover an area without a primary pilot. Pilot pollution might cause
increasing of downlink interference, call drop due to frequent handover, low
network capacity. The problems must be solved by adjusting engineering
parameters.
Handover optimization
It consists of two parts:
Checking missing neighbor cells, verifying and perfecting list of
neighbor cells, solving handover, call drop, and downlink interference
problems.
Ensuring proper SHO Factor based on DT by adjusting engineering
parameters properly.
1.2 Document Structure
This documents consists of the following chapters:
Chapter 1 Introduction to RF Optimization
Chapter 2 Basic Processes for RF Optimization
Chapter 3 Test Preparations
Chapter 4 Data Collection
Chapter 5 Coverage Problem Analysis
Chapter 6 Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis
Chapter 7 Handover Problem Analysis



Chapter 8 Adjustment Methods
Chapter 9 Summary
Chapter 10 Appendix



2 Basic Processes for RF Optimization
Once all the sites are installed and verification is complete, RF optimization starts.
In some situations for a tight schedule, RF optimization might start after the
construction of partial sites is complete. RF optimization is usually performed after
80% of total sites in a cluster are constructed.
RF optimization stage is one major stage of RNO. It aims at the following aspects:
Optimizing signal coverage
Control pilot pollution
Control SHO Factor based on DT
RF optimization also involves optimizing list of neighbor cells.
When the indexes like DT and traffic measurement after RF adjustment meets
KPI requirements, RF optimization stage ends. Otherwise you must reanalyze
data and adjust parameters repeatedly until all KPI requirements are met. After
RF optimization, RNO comes to parameter optimization stage.
2.1 Flow Chat of RF Optimization
RF optimization includes the following four parts:
Test preparations
Data collection
Problem analysis
Parameter adjustment
0 shows the RF optimization flow chat.



RF optimization flow chat
In 0, the data collection, problem analysis, and parameter adjustment might be
repeatedly performed according to optimization goal and actual on-site situations
until RF indexes meet KPI requirements.
2.2 Detailed Sections of RF Optimization
2.2.1 Test Preparations
During test preparations, proceed as below:
Decide KPI goals for optimization according to the contract



Divide clusters properly and decide test route with the operator
The KPI test acceptance route is especially important.
Prepare tools and materials for RF optimization
This ensures smooth RF optimization.
2.2.2 Data Collection
Collect the following data:
UE and scanner data
Collect UE and scanner data by the following methods:
DT
Indoor test
Signaling tracing
Call data tracing at RNC side
Configuration data
The configuration data and the call data tracing help to locate problems.
Data collection is a precondition for problem analysis.
2.2.3 Problem Analysis
You can locate problems by analyzing collected data. After analyzing coverage
problems, pilot pollution problems, and handover problems, provide
corresponding adjustment solutions. After adjustment, test the adjustment result.
If the test result cannot meet KPI requirements, reanalyze problems and readjust
parameters until all KPI requirements are met.
Due to weak coverage, pilot pollution, and missing neighbor cells, the following
problems are related to location:
Downlink interference
Access problems
Call drop problems
The previous problems occur regularly. You can solve them by repeated
optimization.
If the coverage is good, pilot pollution and missing neighbor cells are not present,
the access and call drop problems need to be solved during parameter
optimization stage. You can refer to corresponding guidebooks. The period for
solving uplink interference problems (RTWP is over high but no high traffic
matches it) is long, even as long as the RF optimization ends. For solutions, see
WCDMA Interference Solution Guide.
Output an updated list of engineering parameters and list of cell parameters after
RF optimization. The list of engineering parameters reflects adjustment of
engineering parameters (such as down tilt and azimuth) during RF optimization



stage. The list of cell parameters reflects the adjustment of cell parameters (such
as neighbor cell configuration) during RF optimization stage.



3 Test Preparations
Test preparations include the following four aspects:
Deciding optimization goal
Dividing clusters
Deciding DT route
Preparing tools and data
3.1 Deciding Optimization Goal
The key of RF optimization is to solve problems as below:
Weak coverage
Pilot pollution
High SHO Factor based on DT
Actually, different operators might have different standards on KPI requirements,
index definition, and attention. Therefore the RF optimization goal is to meet the
coverage and handover KPI requirements in the contract (commercial
deployment offices) or planning report (trial offices).
Define the indexes as required by contract as below:
The index definition is the percentage ratio of the sampling points with the index
(such as CPICH Ec/Io) greater than the reference value in all sampling points.
Usually after RF optimization, the network must meets the index requirements
listed in 0.

Note:
0 provides reference indexes, only for guiding RNO engineers to clarify the RF
optimization objectives, not for actual project bidding. Different projects may have
different indexes. The contract decides the actual indexes and values.

0 lists the RF optimization objectives according to analysis of and suggestion to
coverage by existing network.
List of RF optimization objectives in R99 networks
Index Reference Remarks
CPICH Ec/Io 9dB
97% in
urban area
According to test result from the scanner,
in unloaded and outdoor conditions, in



97% in
suburban
area
planning coverage areas, test in a
grid-like route to cover all cells.
CPICH RSCP 95dBm
98% in
urban area
According to test result from the scanner,
in unloaded and outdoor conditions, in
planning coverage areas, test in a
grid-like route to cover all cells. The
coverage level request is basic. If
operators have penetration loss request,
add the penetration loss to the coverage
level.
95% in
suburban
area
SHO Factor based on DT 30%40%
The SHO Factor based on DT should be
5% to 10% lower than the goal, because
the following optimizations cause the soft
handover factor to increase
Pilot pollution ratio 5%

The RF optimization of HSDPA services aims to improve the distribution of UE
CQI.
According to theoretical analysis, the CQI reported by UE and PCPICH Ec/Nt
have relationship as below:
CQI
UE
= Ec/Nt
PCPICH
+ MPO + 10log16 + 4.5dB
Wherein,
Nt = (1- a) * Ior + Ioc + No
a is the orthogonal factor
lor is the signals of serving cell
loc is the interference signals from neighbor cells
No is the thermal noise
Io = Ior + Ioc + No
Therefore, PCPICH Ec/Nt is approximately equal to PCPICH Ec/Io.
MPO = Min (13,CellMaxPower PcpichPower MPOConstant)
The maximum transmit power of a cell is usually 43 dBm, and the pilot channel
power is 33 dBm. When MPOConstant is 2.5 dB, the default configuration by
RNC, the MPO is 7.5 dB.
The 4.5 dB is obtained according to the linear relationship between the SNR of all
the subscriber's HS-PDSCHs and the corresponding CQIs. Namely, SNR =
4.5dB + CQI
UE
, and SNR = Ec/Nt
HS-PDSCH
+ 10log16.



When calculating CQI
UE
at UE side, the UE assumes that the total transmit power
of HS-PDSCH is P
HS-DSCH
= P
PCPICH
+ MPO. Wherein, P
PCPICH
is the transmit
power of PCPICH. Therefore, Ec/Nt
HS-PDSCH
= Ec/Nt
PCPICH
+ MPO. As a result,
the CQI reported by UE is as below:
CQI
UE
= Ec/Nt
PCPICH
+ MPO + 10log16 + 4.5dB
According to previous analysis, the offset between CQI
UE
and PCPICH Ec/Io is 24
dB. Therefore, in terms of actual optimization, to optimize CQI is to optimize
Ec/Io.
Assume that the cell power is dynamically distributed between R99 and HSDPA
networks. After receiving CQI
UE
from UE, the NodeB adjust the CQI as below:
The CQI adjusted by NodeB, CQI
NodeB
= ( P
cell
- P
common
P
R99
P
HS-SCCH

(P
PCPICH
+ MPO ) + CQI
UE.
Wherein,
P
cell
is the maximum transmit power of cell
P
common
is the CCH power of cell
P
R99
is the power of downlink associated DPCH for R99 or HSDPA
subscribers.
P
HS-SCCH
is the HS-SCCH power.
Assume:
P
cell
= 43 dBm
P
common
is 20% of total power of cell
No R99 subscribers are in the cell
P
R99
is too low to neglect
P
HS-SCCH
is 5% of total power of cell
Therefore,
CQI
NodeB
= 1 + CQI
UE
According to experience in actual test, based on the difference between the Ec/Io
from scanner and the Ec/Io from UE, reserve a margin of 1 dB. At the edge of cell,
an HSDPA subscriber may occupy total power of cell, so the throughput rate at
cell edge is equivalent to the throughput rate at cell edge for the single subscriber.
Error! Reference source not found. lists the relationship among the CQI
reported by UE, pilot Ec/Io, and throughput rate at MAC-HS layer (MPO = 7.5
dB).
Relationship among the CQI reported by UE, pilot Ec/Io, and throughput rate at
MAC-HS layer
9 > CQI 15 > CQI 9 CQI 15
Subscribers'
feeling
Poor Fair Good



throughput rate at
MAC-HS layer for
single subscriber
0320 kpbs
320 kbps to1.39
Mbps
> 1.39 Mbps
Ec/Io > 15dB 15dB to 9dB 9dB

The throughput rate provided in Error! Reference source not found. is based
on the test in the following conditions:
The codes and lub are not restricted.
The category 12 UE has a subscribed rate of 2 Mpbs.
The subscribed type is background or interactive service
Power is dynamically distributed. Namely, without R99 subscribers, all the
power is used by the HSDPA subscriber to guarantee rate as high as
possible.
According to the requirements on RF optimization of unloaded R99 network,
the CPICH Ec/Io 9 dB. After HSDPA is introduced, power is dynamically
distributed, and the single HSDPA subscriber at cell edge uses all the power.
Meanwhile, the downlink load reaches 90%, and CPICH Ec/Io 15.5dB.
If operators' requirement on throughput rate at cell edge is not the recommended
values as listed in Error! Reference source not found., search the required
value in 0.
0 lists the mapping relationship of HSDPA Catogory12 UE CQI and TB size. The
CQIs that is larger than 13 or smaller than 5 are excluded. The rate at MAC-HS
layer for the subscriber is (TBsize / 2ms) * (1 BLER), wherein, the BLER is 10%.
Mapping relationship of HSDPA Catogory12 UE CQI and TB size
CQI TB Size
5 365
6 365
7 365
8 711
9 711
10 1055
11 1405
12 1742
13 2083



As previously mentioned, to optimize HSDPA is to optimize Ec/Io of target
networks. Therefore, in terms of optimization method, the HSDPA and R99
networks are consistent. The following optimization flow will not distinguish
HSDPA networks from R99 networks.
3.2 Dividing Clusters
According to the features of UMTS technologies, the coverage and capacity are
interactional and the frequency reuse factor is 1. Therefore RF optimization must
be performed on a group of or a cluster of NodeBs at the same time instead of
performing RF optimization on single site one by one. This ensures that
interference from intra-frequency neighbor cells are considered during
optimization. Analyze the impact of the adjustment of an index on other sites
before adjustment.
Dividing clusters involves approval by the operator. The following factors must be
considered upon dividing clusters:
According to experiences, the number of NodeBs in a cluster depends on
the actual situation. 1525 NodeBs in a cluster is recommended. Too many
or few NodeBs in a cluster is improper.
A cluster must not cover different areas of test (planning) full coverage
services.
Refer to the divided clusters for network project maintenance of the operator.
Landform factor
Landforms affect signal propagation. Mountains block signal propagation, so
they are natural borders for dividing clusters. Rivers causes a longer
propagation distance, so they affect dividing clusters in various aspects. If a
river is narrow, the signals along two banks will interact. If the transportation
between two banks allows, divide sites along the two banks in the same
cluster. If a river is wide, the upstream and downstream will interact. In this
situation, the transportation between two banks is inconvenient, dividing
clusters by the bank according to actual situation.
A cell-like cluster is much usual than a strip-like cluster.
Administrative areas
When the coverage area involves several administrative areas, divide
clusters according to administrative areas. This is easily acceptable by the
operator.
DT workload
The DT must be performed within a day for a cluster. A DT takes about four
hours.
0 shows divided clusters in a project.



Divided clusters in a project
In 0:
JB03 and JB04 belongs to dense urban areas.
JB01 belongs to express way areas.
JB02, JB05, JB06, and JB07 belong to urban areas.
JB08 belongs to suburban area.
The number of NodeBs in a cluster is 1822.
3.3 Deciding Test Route
Confirm the KPI DT acceptance route with the operator before DT. If the operator
already has a decided DT acceptance route, you must consider this upon
deciding the KPI DT acceptance route. If the objective factors like network layout
cannot fully meet the coverage requirements of decided test route by the operator,
you must point this out.
The KPI DT acceptance route is the core route of RF optimization test routes. Its
optimization is the core of RF optimization. The following tasks, such as
parameter optimization and acceptance, are based on KPI DT acceptance route.
The KPI DT acceptance route must cover major streets, important location, VIP,
and VIC. The DT route should cover all cells as possible. The initial test and final
test must cover all cells. If time is enough, cover all streets in the planned area.
Use the same DT route in every test to compare performances more accurately.
Round-trip DT is performed if possible.
Consider actual factors like lanes and left-turn restriction while deciding test route.
Before negotiating with the operator, communicate these factors with local drivers
for whether the route is acceptable.



3.4 Preparing Tools and Data
Prepare necessary software (listed in 0), hardware (listed in 0), and various data
(listed in 0), because the following test and analysis are based on them.
3.4.1 Preparing Software
0 lists the recommended software for RF optimization
Recommended software for RF optimization
No. Software Function Remarks
1 Genex Probe DT
Above
V1.3
2
Genex
Assistant
Analyzing DT data and checking
neighbor cells
Above
V1.3
3 Genex Nastar
Analyzing performance, checking
health, and locating problems

4 Mapinfo
Displaying maps and generating route
data

3.4.2 Preparing Hardware
0 lists the recommended hardware for RF optimization
Recommended hardware for RF optimization
No. Device Specification Remarks
1 Scanner DTI Scanner
2
Test terminal
and data line
U626, E620, Qualcomm, and so on
At least two
test terminals.
If there is
HSDPA
request, use
the data card
E620. U626
does not
support
HSDPA.
3 Laptop PM1.3G/512M/20G/USB/COM/PRN
4
Vehicle
mounted
DC to AC, over 300W



inverter
3.4.3 Preparing Data
0 lists the data to be collected before optimization
Data to be collected before optimization
No. Needed data
Whether is
necessary
Remarks
1 List of engineering parameters Yes
2 Map Yes
By Mapinfo or in
paper
3 KPI requirements Yes
4
Network configuration
parameters
Yes
5 Survey report No
6 Single site verification checklist No
7
Floor plan of the target
buildings
Yes For indoor test



4 Data Collection
During RF optimization stage, the key is the optimization of radio signals
distribution, with the major means of DT and indoor test. Before test, confirm with
the customer care engineers the following aspects:
Whether the target NodeBs, RNCs, and related CN are abnormal due to
being disabled, blocked, congested, and transmission alarms.
Whether the alarms have negative impact on the validity of test result data.
If the alarms exist, solve the problems before test.
DT is a major test. Collect scanner and UE data of radio signals by DT test. The
data is applicable in analyzing coverage, handover, and pilot pollution problems.
Indoor test involves the following areas:
Indoor coverage areas
Indoor coverage areas include inside buildings, department stores, and
subways.
Inside areas of important facilities
Inside areas of important facilities include gymnasiums and government
offices.
Areas required by the operator
Areas required by the operator include VIC and VIP.
Test the previous areas to locate, analyze, and solve the RF problems.
Indoor test also involves in optimizing handover of indoor and outdoor
intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-system.
The DT and indoor test during RF optimization stage is based on VP service.
According to the contract (commercial deployment offices) and planning report
(trial offices), if seamless coverage by VP service is impossible in areas, such as,
suburban areas and rural areas, the test is based on voice services. For areas
with seamless coverage by PS384K service or HSDPA service required by the
contract (commercial deployment office) or planning report (trial office), such as
office buildings, press centers, and hot spot areas, the test is based on the above
services.
4.1 Drive Test
4.1.1 DT Types
According to different full coverage services in the planned areas, DT might be
one of the following:
3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded VP
According to simulation result and experiences, if the test result meets



requirements on VP service coverage, the test result will also meet identical
coverage requirements of PS144K, PS128K, and PS64K services.
3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded voice service
3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded PS384K
3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded HSDPA
4.1.2 Setting DT Indexes
The following paragraphs take VP service for example.
Setting DT indexes proceeds as below:
Start Genex Probe 1.3 software
Select Configuration > System Config > Test Plan
Set DT indexes as shown in 0
For setting voice, PS384K, and HSDPA services, see WCDMA Test Guide 3.1.

Setting DT
For setting DT, see the following table.
Index Meaning
Enable
Whether to implement this index. True for implementation. False
for non-implementation. The recommended value is True.
Call
Number
Called number. Whether the called terminal supports VP must be
confirmed.
Setup
Time (s)
The maximum time for setting up calls. It ranges from 2030s. The
recommended value is 25s.
Calling
Time (s)
The time for a single call from call start to normal end of call. Set it
great enough according to actual DT route. The recommended
value is 99999s.



Idle Time
(s)
Call internal time. The recommended value is 10s.
Call Count
Total call times. Set it great enough according to actual DT route.
The recommended value is 999 times.

Collect call data tracing at RNC side while performing drive test. This help to
locate and analyze problems.
Data to be collected includes:
Traced signaling messages of single subscriber
For the detailed description and collection method of call tracing data, see
WCDMA Equipment Room Operations Guide.
4.2 Indoor Test
GPS signals are unobtainable in door test. Obtain the plan of the target area
before test.
Indoor test consists of walking test and vertical test. Perform walking test to obtain
horizontal signals distribution inside buildings by selecting Indoor
Measurement > Walking Test. Perform vertical test to obtain vertical signals
distribution by selecting Indoor Measurement > Vertical Test. For the detailed
method, see WCDMA Test Guide 3.1.
Indoor test services are services by seamless coverage required in the contract
(commercial deployment office) or planning report (trial office). The method for
indoor test and requirements on collecting call tracing data are the same as DT.
4.3 Collecting RNC Configuration Data
During RF optimization stage, collect neighbor cell data of network optimization
and other data configured in RNC database. In addition, check whether the
configured data is consistent with the previously checked/planned data.
While checking configured data, feed back the improperly configured data (if
found) to product support engineers. During checking, pay special attention to
handover reselection parameters and power setting parameters, as listed in 0.
Configured parameters to be checked
Type Content to be checked
Handover
reselection
parameter
IntraFreqNCell (intra-frequency neighbor cell)
InterFreqNCell (inter-frequency neighbor cell)
InterRATNCell (inter-system neighbor cell)



Power
configuration
parameter
MaxAllowedULTxPower (maximum uplink transmit power of UE)
PCPICHPower (PCPICH transmit power)
HSDPA cell
configuration
Whether the HSDPA cell is activated
HS-PDSCH code configuration
HS-SCCH configuration
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH power configuration

For handover reselection parameters, check list of neighbor cells, including
intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-system neighbor cells.
Output an updated Radio Parameter Configuration Data Table and parameter
revision records. This is useful in problem analysis and following optimization
stages.
Collecting data proceeds as below:
Start RNC LMT
Collect MML scripts
Convert neighbor cell configuration data in MML scripts to Excel files by using
Nastar
Save the data in the format in which the data can be imported to Assistant.
For details, see WCDMA Equipment Room Operations Guide and Nastar User
Manual.



5 Coverage Problem Analysis
Coverage problem analysis is key to RF optimization. It involves signal
distribution. The coverage problems to be analyzed include:
Weak coverage
Cross-cell coverage
Unbalance uplink and downlink
No primary pilot cell
5.1 Coverage Problem Types
5.1.1 Weak coverage
Introduction
Weak coverage refer to that the RSCP of pilot signals in a coverage area is
smaller than 95 dBm. It might be in:
Valley areas
Hillside back
Elevator well
Tunnel
Underground garage
Basement
Areas inside high buildings
If the pilot signals are weaker than that required by full coverage services (such
as VP and PS64K), or just meet the requirements, if the PICH Ec/Io cannot meets
the lowest requirements on full coverage services due to increased
intra-frequency interference, problems like difficult access of full coverage
services will occur.
If the RSCP of pilot signals is weaker than that of minimum access threshold in a
coverage area, the UE cannot camp on the cell, so the UE drops off the network
due to failing in location updating and location registration.
Solutions
For previous problems, use the following methods:
Increase pilot transmit power, adjust antenna down tilt and azimuth, increase
antenna height, use antennas with higher gain to optimize coverage.
If subscribers are abundant in the non-overlapped areas of neighbor NodeBs
or the non-overlapped areas are great, construct new NodeBs or expand the
coverage range of neighbor NodeBs. This ensures a software handover area



with enough great size. Pay attention to that increasing of coverage areas
might cause intra-frequency and inter-frequency interference.
Construct new NodeBs or add RRU in valley and hillside back areas with
weak coverage to expand coverage range.
Use RRU, indoor distributed system, leakage cable, and directional antenna
to solve problems in signal dead zone like elevator well, tunnel, underground
garage, basement, areas inside buildings.
5.1.2 Cross-cell Coverage
Introduction
Cross-cell coverage refers to that the coverage range of some NodeBs is beyond
the planned range and discontinuous primary pilot coverage areas form in
coverage areas of other NodeBs.
For example, if the NodeBs with a height much higher that the average height of
adjacent buildings transmit signals along upland or roads over far, a primary pilot
coverage area form in the coverage area of other NodeBs, an "island" forms.
Therefore, if a call accesses the "island" and the nearby cells of the "island" is not
configured as the neighbor cells, call drops once the UE leaves the island.
Though the nearby cells of the "island" is configured as the neighbor cells, the
"island" is over small, call also drops due to delayed handover.
If the two-side areas along a gulf are improperly planned, cross-cell coverage
occurs on these areas due to short distance between two sides of the gulf.
Consequently, interference occurs.
Solutions
For the previous problems, use the following methods:
For cross-cell coverage, prevent antennas from transmitting signals
straightforward along roads or reduce cross-cell coverage areas by using
sheltering effect of adjacent buildings. Meanwhile you must avoid
intra-frequency interference to other NodeBs.
For over high NodeBs, change the site. You might have difficulties in finding
new sites due to property and equipment installation. In addition, too large
mechanism down tilt causes aberration of antenna direction maps. Therefore
you can eliminate the "island" effect and reduce NodeB coverage areas by
adjusting pilot transmit power and using electric down tilt.
5.1.3 Unbalanced Uplink and Downlink
Introduction
Unbalanced uplink and downlink refers to the following situations in uplink and
downlink symmetric services:



The downlink coverage is good but the uplink coverage is restricted. More
specific, the UE transmit power reaches the maximum which still cannot
meet uplink BLER requirements.
The downlink coverage is restricted. More specific, the downlink DCH
transmit power reaches the maximum which still cannot meet downlink
BLER requirements.
If the uplink and downlink are unbalanced, call drops easily. The probable cause
is restricted uplink coverage.
Solutions
For the unbalanced uplink and downlink problems, check for interference by
monitoring RTWP alarms of NodeB. For the method, see WCDMA Interference
Solution Guide.
Other causes may lead to unbalanced uplink and downlink, such as:
Uplink and downlink gain of repeaters and interference amplifier are faulty.
In an Rx/Tx detach system, the Rx diversity antenna-feeder system is faulty.
NodeB problems, such as power amplifier failure
For previous problems, check the work state whether there are alarms, whether it
is normal. Solve the problem by replacing NEs, isolating faulty NEs, and adjust
NEs.
5.1.4 No Primary Pilot
Introduction
No primary pilot areas refer to the areas where no primary pilot is or the primary
cell changes frequently. In no primary pilot areas, UE hands over frequently, so
the system efficiency is lowered and probability of call drop increases.
Solutions
In no primary pilot areas, you can enhance the coverage by strong signals of a
cell (or near cells) and reduce the coverage by weak signals of other cells (or far
cells) by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth.
5.2 Coverage Analysis Processes
5.2.1 Downlink Coverage Analysis
Downlink coverage analysis involves analyzing CPICH RSCP obtained by drive
test.
The quality standard of CPICH RSCP must be combined with the optimization
standard. Assume that the optimization standard is as below:
CPICH_RSCP 95 dBm >= 95%
Scanner test result in outdoor unloaded



conditions
The corresponding quality standard is:
Good if CPICH_RSCP 85 dBm
Fair if 95 dBm CPICH_RSCP < 85 dBm
Poor if CPICH_RSCP < 95 dBm
Mark the areas with weak coverage or common seamless coverage of large
areas for further analysis. Mark the areas with downlink coverage voids, analyze
the distance relations with neighbor NodeBs and environments, and check the
following:
Whether the CPICH RSCP of neighbor sites is normal
Whether coverage can be enhanced by adjusting antenna down tilt and
azimuth.
During adjusting antennas, avoid new coverage voids while eliminating some
coverage voids. If the coverage voids cannot be eliminated by adjusting antennas,
construct sites to solve it.
Anayzing Pilot Coverage Strength
Usually, the strongest RSCP received by each scanner in the coverage area must
be above 95 dBm.
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell, and you
can obtain the distribution of weak coverage area, shown in 0.
In 0, weak coverage areas with RSCP smaller than 95 dBm in the DT route.
According to scanner and UE, the pilot RSCP is acceptable. If the scanner
antenna is mounted outside the car, and the UE is inside the car, there is a
penetration loss of 5 to 7 dB. Use scanner data to avoid incomplete pilot
information measured by UE due to missing neighbor cells.



RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell
Analyzing Primary Pilot Cell
Cell primary pilot analysis is analyzing cell scramble information obtained in DT.
The content to be checked include (by Assistant):
Weak coverage cell
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC, and you can obtain
the signal distribution of each cell (scramble). According to DT data, if the
scramble signals of a cell are not present, probably some sites cannot
transmit signals during test. If a cell cannot transmit signals during DT, the
DT of relative areas must be re-performed. Very weak coverage might be
result of blocked antennas, so you must check the survey report of the site
and check installation of on-site antennas. No (poor) coverage cell might be
due to that the DT route does not cover the cell coverage area. In this case,
reevaluate the DT route for the rationality and perform DT again.
Cross-cell coverage cell
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC, and you can obtain
the signal distribution of each cell (scramble). If the signals of a cell are
widely distributed, even in the neighbor cells and the cells next to its
neighbor cells, the signals of the cell is present, the cell encounters a
cross-cell coverage which might be due to over high site or improper down
tilt of antenna. The cross-cell coverage cells interferes neighbor cells, so the
capacity declines. You can solve the problem by increasing the down tilt of
antenna or lowering the height of antenna. Avoid forming new weak
coverage areas while solving cross-coverage problems. Pay special
attention to the adjustment of engineering parameters which might cause



coverage voids. Be conservative that cross-cell coverage is better than
coverage voids if no other choices are available.
No primary pilot cell
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based SC for 1st Best ServiceCell, and
you can obtain the scramble distribution of the best cell. If multiple best cells
changes frequently in an cell, the cell is a no primary pilot cell, as shown in 0
No primary pilot cell forms due to the following causes:
Cross-cell non-seamless coverage due to over high site
Pilot pollution in some areas
Coverage voids at edges of coverage areas
Therefore intra-frequency interferences forms which causes ping-pong
handover and affects performances of service coverage.

Distribution of pilot SC for the 1st Best ServiceCell
Analyzing comparison of UE and Scanner Coverage
Missing neighbor cells, improper parameters of soft handover, cell selection and
reselection cause the consistent between scanner primary pilot cell and camped
cell in idle mode or Best ServiceCell in the active set in connection mode of UE.
After optimization, the Ec/Io for 1st Best ServiceCell of UE and scanner is
consistent. In addition, the coverage map of UE is marked by clear bordering
lines of Best ServiceCell, as 0.



Analyzing comparison of UE and scanner coverage
5.2.2 Uplink Coverage Analysis
The corresponding quality standard is:
Good if CPICH_RSCP 85 dBm
Fair if 95 dBm CPICH_RSCP < 85 dBm
Poor if CPICH_RSCP < 95 dBm
Uplink coverage analysis is analyzing UE transmit power obtained in DT.
The quality standards of UE transmit power must be combined with optimization
standards. Assume the optimization indexes of UE transmit power as below:
UE_Tx_Power 10
dBm
>= 95%
The test result of voice service by test
handset. Assume the maximum transmit
power of UE is 21 dBm.

The defined corresponding quality standards are:
Good if UE_Tx_Power 0 dBm
Fair if 0 dBm < UE_Tx_Power 10 dBm
Poor if UE_Tx_Power > 10 dBm
For areas with poor index, judge whether the increasing of UE transmit power is
due to call drop or poor uplink coverage. Geographically displayed on the map,
the former is as a point of sudden increment with call drop while the latter is an
area with seamless coverage unnecessarily with call drop.



Mark the areas with weak coverage or large common seamless coverage for
further analysis. Check whether downlink CPICH RSCP coverage voids exist in
the areas with uplink coverage voids. Solve the problem with both uplink and
downlink weak coverage by analyzing downlink coverage analysis. If only the
uplink coverage is poor without uplink interference (see WCDMA Interference
Solution Guide), solve the problems by adjusting down tilt and azimuth of antenna,
and adding TMAs.
Analyzing Uplink Interference
Check for uplink interference by tracing and analyzing RTWP data. For details,
see WCDMA Interference Solution Guide.
Distribution of UE Transmit Power
The distribution of UE transmit power reflects the distribution of uplink
interference and uplink path loss. In 0, UE transmit power is lower than 10 dBm
normally. Only when uplink interference and coverage area edge exist will the UE
transmit power increase sharply to 21 dBm (Some UEs that support HSDPA,
such as E620, with a power class of 3, the maximum transmit power is 24 dBm),
and the uplink is restricted. Comparatively restricted uplink coverage occurs
much easily in macro cells than in micro cells.

Distribution of UE transmit power



5.3 Coverage Problem Cases
5.3.1 Weak Coverage Cases Due to Improper Engineering Parameters
Phenomenon
In 0, the pilot RSCP is lower than 95 dBm in the marked red area. This belongs
to weak coverage, which might cause call drop.

Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (before optimization)
Analysis
In 0, the problem lies in that Xiajiao Sugar Plant sector B mainly covers the
marked area but Materials Building sector A partially covers the marked area.
Initially engineers consider enhancing the coverage of the marked area by
adjusting the two cells. According to the survey report, other buildings opposite
Materials Building prevent sector A from transmit signals, so adjusting antenna
fails to enhance the coverage of the areas.
Solutions
Keep the parameter configuration of Materials Building sector A, but adjust the
azimuth of Xiajiao Sugar Plant sector B from 170 to 165, down tilt from 10 to
8.
0 shows the coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization)



Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization)
In 0, the coverage in the marked area is enhanced clearly after adjusting
engineering parameters of Xiajiao Sugar Plant.
5.3.2 Cross-cell Coverage Due to Improper NodeB Location
Phenomenon
In a trial office, the Erqi Rd. NodeB is 60-meter high, over 20 meters than nearby
buildings. This causes cross-cell coverage easily and brings intra-frequency
interference to other NodeBs, as shown in 0.



Cross-cell coverage before optimization
Aanalysis
For a high NodeB problem, adjust fixed electric down tilt of antenna from 2 to 6.
Because the Erqi Rd. NodeB is at the edge of network coverage, reduce
interferences to other NodeBs by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. In this
case, no equipment is removed. Engineers solve the cross-cell coverage by
increasing mechanism down tilt and adjusting azimuth.
Solutions
After adjustment of down tilt to 4, the most cross-cell coverage areas are
eliminated, with only few cross-cell coverage areas, as shown in 0.



Few cross-cell coverage areas after optimization
For similar high NodeBs, you can combine adjustable down tilt of electric antenna
and mechanism antenna to better control signal coverage.
5.3.3 Coverage Restriction Due to Improper Installation of Antennas
Phenomenon
From 0, the antenna of a project is mounted on a roof (10-meter tall).

Coverage restriction due to antenna blocked by roof



At the optimization stage after network construction, in front of the traffic lights
below antennas, video quality declines due to VP mosaic and PS384K service is
reactivated.
Analysis
In terms of planning, 3G and 2G antennas are mounted in a co-location site.
According to coverage test data of 2G antenna, 2G signals does not fluctuate
sharply under the site and under the traffic lights. Namely, if the 3G and 2G
antennas are in the same location, 3G signals will cover the areas around traffic
lights. The problem lies in that the 3G antenna is mounted too close to the wall on
the roof and the wall blocks signals so the special installation conditions of
antennas are not met. In addition, the 2G antenna and its installation parts affect
the pattern of 3G antenna. This changes the radiation pattern of 3G antenna.
According to the installation scene, adjusting location of 3G antenna is difficult.
Solutions
According to discussion between 2G and 3G engineers, the minimum adjustment
solution without affecting 2G coverage is as below:
Connect the 3G and 2G TX/RX feeder to two feeders of outside wideband
polarization antenna
Connect the 3G and 2G RX feeder to two feeders of inner wideband antenna.
0 shows the connection.

Optimizing antennas by adjusting feeders



6 Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis
6.1 Pilot Pollution Definition and Judgment Standards
6.1.1 Definition
The pilot pollution is that excessive strong pilots exist in a point but no primary
pilot is strong enough.
6.1.2 Judgment Standards
Pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:
The number of pilots that meet the following condition is more than Th
N

CPICH_RSCP > Th
RSCP_Absolute

(CPICH_RSCP
1st
- CPICH_RSCP
(ThN +1)th
)< Th
RSCP_Relative

Assume that Th
RSCP_Absolute
= 100 dBm, Th
N
= 3, and Th
RSCP_Relative
= 5 dB, and
then pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:
More than three pilots meet the following condition
CPICH_RSCP > 100 dBm.
(CPICH_RSCP
1st
- CPICH_RSCP
4th
) < 5 dB
6.2 Causes and Influence Analysis
6.2.1 Causes Analysis
Ideally the signals in a cell is restricted within its planned range. However the
signals cannot reach the ideal state due to the following factors of radio
environment:
Landform
Building distribution
Street distribution
Waters
Pilot pollution is the result of interaction among multiple NodeBs, so it occurs in
urban areas where NodeBs are densely constructed. Normally typical areas
where pilot pollution occurs easily include:
High buildings
Wide streets
Overhead structure
Crossroad
Areas round waters



Improper Cell Distribution
Due to restriction to site location and complex geographic environment, cell
distribution might be improper. Improper cell distribution causes weak coverage of
some areas and coverage by multiple strong pilots in same areas.
Over High NodeB or Highly-mounted Antenna
If a NodeB is constructed in a position higher than around buildings, most areas
will be with in the line-of sight range. Therefore signals are widely transmitted.
Over high site cause difficult control of cross-cell coverage, which causes pilot
pollution.
Improper Antenna Azimuth
In a network with multiple NodeBs, the antenna azimuth must be adjusted
according to the following factors:
NodeB distribution of the entire network
Coverage requirements
Traffic volume distribution
The sector azimuth of each antenna is set to cooperate with each other. If the
azimuth is improperly set:
Some factors might cover the same area. This causes excessive pilot
pollution.
Weak coverage exist in some areas without primary pilot.
The previous two situations might lead to pilot pollution. Therefore you must
adjust the antenna according to actual propagation.
Improper Antenna Down Tilt
Setting antenna down tilt depends on the following factors:
Relative height to around environment
Coverage range requirements
Antenna types
If the antenna down tilt is improper, signals are received in the areas which are
covered by this site. Therefore interferences to other areas causes pilot pollution.
Even worse, interferences might cause call drop.
Improper PICH Power
When the NodeBs are densely distributed with a small planned coverage rang
and the PICH power is over high, the pilot covers an area larger than the planned
area. This causes pilot pollution.



Ambient Factors
The signals cannot reach the planned state due to the following factors of radio
environment:
Landform
Building distribution
Street distribution
Waters
The ambient factors include:
High buildings or mountains block signals from spreading
The signals of a NodeB to cover a target area are blocked by high buildings
or mountains, so the target area will have no primary pilot. This causes pilot
pollution.
Streets or waters influences signals
When the antenna direction is pointing a street, the coverage range is
expanded by the street. When the coverage range of a NodeB overlaps with
the coverage range of other NodeBs, pilot pollution occurs.
High buildings reflect signals
When high glassed buildings stand near a NodeB, they will reflect signals to
the coverage range of other NodeBs. This causes pilot pollution.
6.2.2 Influence Analysis
Pilot pollution causes the following network problems.
Ec/Io Deterioration
Multiple strong pilots interferes useful functional signals, so Io increases, Ec/Io
decreases, BLER increases, and network quality declines.
Call Drop Due to Handover
More than three strong pilots or no primary pilot exists in multiple pilots, frequent
handover occurs among these pilots. This might cause call drop.
Capacity Decline
The interference of the areas with pilot pollution increases, the system capacity
declines.
6.3 Solutions to Pilot Pollution
6.3.1 Antenna Adjustment
According to the test, change pilot signal strength of an area with pilot pollution by
adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. This changes the distribution of pilot



signals in the area. The principle for adjustment is enhancing primary pilot and
weakening other pilots.
To enhance pilot coverage of an area, adjust the antenna azimuth pointing the
area. To weakening pilot coverage of an area, adjust the antenna azimuth
pointing the opposite direction of the area. Adjusting down tilt is similar. You can
increase the cell coverage range by reducing antenna down tilt and reduce cell
coverage range by increasing antenna down tilt.
Adjusting antennas is restricted to a range. If the down tilt is over small, you might
enhance cell coverage but causes cross-cell coverage. If the down tilt is over
large, you might weaken cell coverage but you might change the antenna pattern.
0 shows the pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth.

Pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth
In 0, the area marked in black encounters pilot pollution due to improper azimuth
of the antenna of SC100 sector (scramble No. is 100). The SC100 sector covers
the area with an antenna azimuth of 90, so the coverage is poor with weak
signals and no primary pilot, which cause pilot pollution.
After adjustment of the antenna azimuth from 90 to 170, the primary pilot
signals become stronger and pilot pollution is eliminated.
0 shows the pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt.

Pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt



In 0, the area marked in blacked encounters pilot pollution due to improper
antenna down tilt. The down tilt of SC360 cell is 2, so the coverage area is large,
cross-cell coverage is difficult to control, and interferences to other areas form.
After adjustment of antenna down tilt of SC360 cell from 2 to 7, the cross-cell
coverage by SC360 cell is eliminated and pilot pollution is eliminated.
Some areas with pilot pollution is inapplicable to the previous adjustment. You
can use the following methods based on actual situation:
Change the antenna to a different type
Add reflection device or isolation device
Adjust installation position of antenna
Adjust NodeB location
6.3.2 PICH Power Adjustment
Pilot pollution is caused by the coverage by multiple pilots. A direct method to
solve the problem is to form a primary pilot by increasing the power of a cell and
decreasing the power of other cells.
An over large down tilt causes aberration of antenna pattern. To reduce coverage
range by pilot, you can decrease PICH power. Over small down tilt causes
cross-cell coverage. To increase coverage range by pilot, you can increase PICH
power. Adjusting power and adjusting antenna must cooperate.
0 shows the pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells.

Pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells
In 0,



The distance between NodeB A and NodeB B is 1260 meters.
The distance between NodeB A and NodeB C is 2820 meters.
The distance between NodeB B and NodeB C is 2360 meters.
The distances is unbalanced, so the pilot pollution is difficult to eliminate.
The optimization is to reduce weak pilot strength and eliminate pilot pollution,
detailed as below:
Ensure seamless coverage between cells by not adjusting transmit power of
SC20 and SC30 cells.
Decrease the PICH power of SC10, SC40, and SC50 cells by 3 dB. These
cells have little impact on seamless coverage.
6.3.3 Using RRU or Micro Cells
If adjusting power and antenna is not effective to solving pilot pollution, use RRU
or micro cells.
Using RRU or micro cells aims to bring a strong-signal coverage in the area with
pilot pollution, so the relative strength of other signals decreases.
When a network expansion is necessary or more requirements is on network
quality, using RRU or micro cells is recommended. Micro cells are used in traffic
hot spot areas, they support multiple carriers. Micro cells are used if large
capacity is needed. Compared with using RRU, using micro cells is more
expansive.
0 shows pilot pollution due to ambient factors.

Pilot pollution due to ambient factors
The area marked in black encounters pilot pollution due to ambient factors. The
area is covered by SC60 cell of NodeB A, SC110 cell or NodeB B, and SC130 cell
of NodeB C. However, shown in 0, hills prevent NodeB A from transmitting signals,
high buildings prevent NodeB B and NodeB C from transmitting signals, so the
signals from NodeB A, NodeB B, and NodeB C are weak. On the contrary, SC240



and SC250 cells of NodeB D have good propagation conditions in this direction.
Therefore the cross-cell coverage is serious and pilot pollution occurs.

Survey photo of each cell related to pilot pollution
High buildings or hills blocks the area, so no strong pilot is present in the area.
For this problem, adjusting antenna down tilt has little effect on eliminating pilot
pollution. Instead adding RRU helps solve the problem.
6.4 Process for Analyzing Pilot Pollution Problem
The process for analyzing pilot pollution problem proceeds as below:
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell and EcIo
for 1st Best ServiceCell. Select the areas with high RSCP and poor EcIo as
candidate areas with pilot pollution.
Analyze scanner-based Whole PP. Select the areas corresponding to candidate
areas as the key areas with pilot pollution.
Locate the cells that cause pilot pollution of the key areas.
Based on RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell, judge whether the pilot pollution is
caused by existence of multiple strong pilots or lack of a strong pilot. For the
former cause, you can solve the problem by weakening other strong pilots.
For the latter cause, you can solve the problem by strengthening some
strong pilot.
Analyze the RSCP and Ec/Io distribution of areas related to pilot pollution and
confirm the cells that need eliminating the coverage of an area and that need
enhancing the coverage of an area. Based on the actual environment,
analyze the specific causes to pilot pollution (for analyzing causes, see



6.2.1). For specific causes, provide solutions to pilot pollution (for solution,
see 6.3). While eliminating pilot pollution in an area, consider the influence to
other areas and avoid causing pilot pollution or coverage voids to other
areas.
Retest after adjustment. Analyze RSCP, Ec/Io and Whole PP. If they cannot meet
KPI requirements, re-optimize the network by selecting new key areas until
KPI requirements are met.

Note:
In the new optimization, do not adjust the cells that was adjusted in last
optimization. You can add other key areas analyzed by Whole PP (the part that
does not correspond to the candidate areas)

6.5 Optimization Cases for Eliminating Pilot Pollution
The following sections take an optimization by a project and describes the
process for analyzing pilot pollution.
1

6.5.1 Data Analysis before Optimization
Locating Pilot Pollution Point
0 shows the pilot pollution point near Yuxing Rd. SC270 cell is planned to cover
the area with pilot pollution.

Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd.

1
No new complete case is available, so an old case is used here. The future version will
provide new cases.



Analyzing Signal Distribution of Cells Near Pilot Pollution Point

Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

The 2nd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.



The 3rd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

The 4th best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.



Composition of pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd.
From 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0, though SC20 cell is planned to cover the area, but the best
ServiceCell is as listed in the following table:
Best ServiceCell Primary Others
1st best ServiceCell SC220 SC260 and SC270
2nd best ServiceCell SC270 SC260, SC220, and SC200
3
rd
best ServiceCell SC200 SC270 and SC260
4th best ServiceCell SC200 SC270 and SC260
Analyzing RSSI Distribution Near Pilot Pollution Point
0 shows the RSSI near Yuxing Rd..

RSSI near Yuxing Rd.
0 shows the RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd..



RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.
As shown in 0, the RSSI of the areas with pilot pollution is not large, about 100
dBm to 90 dBm. As shown in 0, the RSCP of Best ServiceCell is between 105
dBm to 100 dBm. The pilot pollution of the area is caused by no strong pilot, so
you can solve the problem by strengthening a strong pilot.
Analyzing RSCP Distribution of Related Cells
0 shows the RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd.

RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd.
The SC270 cell is planned to cover the area. 0 shows RSCP of RSCP distribution
of SC270 cell. The signals from SC270 cell are weak in the area with pilot
pollution.
According to on-site survey, the residential area is densely distributed by 6-floor
or 7-floor buildings. The test route fails to cover the major streets, and is
performed in narrow streets with buildings around, so the signals are blocked.



The suggestion is to adjust the azimuth of SC270 cell from 150 to 130 and the
down tilt from 5 to 3. This enhances the coverage of SC270 cell.
6.5.2 Data Analysis after Optimization
After analysis of DT data, the expected result after adjustment is that the
coverage area by SC270 cell increases and the coverage is enhanced.
0 shows the pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.

Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization
0 shows the best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.

Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization
0 shows the RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.



RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization
0 shows the RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.

RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization
According to the DT data, the pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization is
eliminated, the signals from SC270 cell after optimization are stronger, and the
SC270 becomes the best ServiceCell. This complies with the expected result.



7 Handover Problem Analysis
During RF optimization stage, the involved handover problem is about neighbor
cell optimization and SHO Factor based on DT control.
Control the size and location of handover areas by adjusting RF parameters. You
can eliminate handover call drop due to sharp fluctuation and increase handover
success rate.
For other handover problems, see WCDMA Handover and Call Drop Problem
Optimization Guide.
7.1 Neighbor Cell Optimization
The neighbor cell optimization includes adding and removing neighbor cells.
Missing neighbor cells causes that a strong-pilot cell cannot be listed into the
active set so the interference increases as strong as call drop occurs. For missing
neighbor cell, you must add necessary neighbor cells.
Redundant neighbor cells causes that the neighbor cell information is excessive
and unnecessary signals cost occurs. When the neighbor cell list is fully
configured, the needed neighbor cell cannot be listed. For this problem, remove
redundant neighbor cells.
During RF optimization stage, missing neighbor cell is a key problem. The
methods for adding neighbor cells are listed below.
7.1.1 DT Data Analysis
Scanner Data Analysis
The daemon analysis tools can usually check for missing neighbor cells. The
principle is as below:
Compare the pilots scanned by scanner and the configured pilots of neighbor
cell list.
Locate these pilot scrambles that meet the handover conditions and that are
not in the neighbor cell list. Output them as a missing neighbor cell report.
The following checks and methods related to missing neighbor cells are based on
Assistant.
Type information about NodeB and neighbor cells
For details, see Assistant User Manual.
Decide conditions for judging neighbor cells
Change the conditions for judging neighbor cells by selecting Modify
Dataset Property. The default configuration is that if the difference between



the pilot of candidate cell and the base cell is within 5 dB the candidate cell
can be listed as a neighbor cell. The configuration must comply with the
actual configuration of system (overall parameters), as shown in 0.

Changing conditions for judging neighbor cells
The parameters and meanings are as below (according to default
configuration of RNC1.5, you just list the parameters to be changed):

Parameter Meaning
Recommended
value
1A Threshold 1A event threshold 3 dB
1A Hysteresis 1A event hysteresis 0 dB
1A Time to
Trigger
Time to trigger 1A event 0.320s
1B Threshold 1B event threshold 6 dB
1B Hysteresis 1B event hysteresis 0 dB
1C Hysteresis 1C event hysteresis 4 dB
1D hysteresis 1D event hysteresis 4 dB
Count Threshold
Times threshold for judging
neighbor cells
10

Generate a missing neighbor cell report



Generating neighbor cell analysis report by using Assistant
Proceed as shown in 0, the Assistant generates a neighbor cell analysis
report in the format of Excel. This Excel-formatted report contains four sheets:
Scanner Statistic, Scanner Result, Imported Config, and Scanner vs Config.
Wherein, the Scanner vs Config sheet is for comparing neighbor cells
generated by scanner and the configured neighbor cells.
0 shows the result of missing neighbor cells.

Result of missing neighbor cells



For the missing neighbor cells generated automatically by Assistant, you must
check according to the location information of the cell on the map whether to add
the missing neighbor cells to the neighbor cell list. For the missing neighbor cells
due to cross-cell coverage, the primary task is to solve coverage problem by
adjusting RF parameters. If this fails, you can temporarily solve the problem by
adding neighbor cells.
UE Data Analysis
The daemon analysis tool can seldom analyze UE data automatically and
generate missing neighbor cells, so RNO engineers must analyze the missing
neighbor cells one by one for confirmation. Missing neighbor cell might cause call
drop or access failure or cause Ec/Io to deteriorate for a period. Based on data
analysis by scanner, you can easily locate these points with missing neighbor
cells, detailed as below:
Compare the active set Ec/Io distribution diagram measured by UE and that
measured by scanner
The spots with missing neighbor cells has a poor Ec/Io measured by UE and
a strong Ec/Io scanned by scanner. Locate the areas for further analysis.
Check the points with poor Ec/Io and check whether the strongest scramble by
scanner is neither in active set nor in monitoring set. If yes, move to the third
step for confirmation. If the scramble exists in the monitoring set, the
problem is not about missing neighbor cell but about Ec/Io deterioration due
to handover (reselection) delay and soft handover failure.
Check the latest intra-frequency measurement control whether the neighbor cell
list contains the strong scrambles by scanner
You can also directly check the neighbor cells continuation of the base cell
under the RNC for deciding missing neighbor cells.
The following paragraphs describes a case about call drop due to missing
neighbor cell.
Check the Ec/Io coverage information of active set measured by UE, and you can
find that the Ec/Io of the active set is weak near call drop point and the signals are
as weak as lower than 15 dB. The base cell is SC209 cell, as shown in 0.



Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by UE before call drop
You also need to check data from scanner about the call drop point for the points
with poor signals. The signals , from SC128 cell, measured by scanner is strong,
as shown in 0.

Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by scanner before call drop
From 0 and 0, SC128 encounters missing neighbor cell. For confirmation, check
the message process behind to front for intra-frequency measurement control
message. Check whether SC128 exists in the list of intra-frequency neighbor
cells. The result is that SC128 is not in the list of intra-frequency neighbor cells,
therefore the call drop is caused by missing neighbor cell.
If only UE recorded data in the test without data from scanner, confirm by the
following method whether the problem is caused by missing neighbor cell:
Check scrambles of all cells listed in active set measured by UE before call drop
Check scramble information of the cell where UE camps again after call drop and
check whether the scrambles are in active set and monitoring set before call



drop
If yes, the call drop might be due to missing neighbor cell.
Check the list of neighbor cells
7.1.2 Removing Redundant Neighbor Cells
According to the protocol, the maximum WCDMA neighbor cells is 32. The base
cell itself is also included in the intra-frequency neighbor cell list, so the actual
intra-frequency neighbor cell is 31 at most. If there are already 31 or more
neighbor cells, adding necessary neighbor cells in optimization is difficult.
Therefore, you must remove some redundant neighbor cells.
Principles
You must be very careful to remove redundant neighbor cells. If the necessary
neighbor cells are removed, problems like call drop occur. Therefore follow the
principles below:
Before removing neighbor cells, check the revision records of neighbor cells
whether the neighbor cells to be removed are those that were added in
previous DT and optimization.
After removing neighbor cells, perform comprehensive test, including DT and
call quality test (CQT) in important indoor spots, and check for abnormalities.
If there are abnormalities, restore the data configuration.
Possible Removals
During RF optimization stage, you might remove neighbor cells in the following
situations:
Remove the neighbor cells related to cross-cell coverage on the precondition
that the cross-cell coverage problem is solved and no new weak coverage
areas are appear.
Remove neighbor cells according to experiences while referring to the
network topology structure. This applies to that the original neighbor cell list
is full and new neighbor relations must be added. Perform test after removal
and confirm that the removal does not cause bigger problems. Otherwise,
you must reselect the neighbor cells to be removed.
In the later stages, you can refer to removing traffic measurement statistics. For
details, see WCDMA Handover and Call Drop Problem Optimization Guide.
7.2 SHO Factor based on DT Analysis
7.2.1 Definition of SHO Factor based on DT
According to the DT data from scanner, you can obtain the SHO Factor based on
DT, defined as below:



DT in points collected - scanner total of Number
conditions handover meet the that DT in points collected - scanner of Number
Ratio Handover Soft

No subscribers are using the network during RF optimization stage, so UE DT
data of entire network in a time is used and geographically averaged by 5 meters.
You can obtain the ratio of the points in soft handover state to all DT points. Set
the scanner consistent to the system parameters with default configuration, such
as 1A and 1B threshold.
7.2.2 General Principles and Methods in Optimization
The SHO Factor based on DT during RF optimization stage must be 5%10%
2

lower than the KPI target value, because the following optimizations cause SHO
Factor based on DT to increase and brings difficulties in ensuring traffic
measurement SHO Factor based on DT.
At the end of large-scale coverage optimization and pilot pollution optimization,
the SHO Factor based on DT will be within or close to the target range. Upon this,
no specific optimization on SHO Factor based on DT is necessary, and you can
adjust the ratio during parameter optimization. If the SHO Factor based on DT still
cannot meet the requirements after large-scale adjustment, you must optimize
the SHO Factor based on DT.
If the SHO Factor based on DT is over large, decrease or change the handover
areas by using the following methods for shrinking coverage areas:
Increase the down tilt
Adjust azimuth
Decrease the antenna height
Decrease the PICH power
The precondition for adjustment is that the adjustment will not cause new
coverage voids, coverage blind zone, and more pilot pollution.
The adjustment proceeds as below:
Start Assistant
Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 4th Best ServiceCell and RSCP for 3rd Best
ServiceCell
Select candidate cells in the 4th Best ServiceCell and 3rd Best ServiceCell
0 shows the RSCP for the candidates in 4th Best ServiceCell. List the SC136
cell as a candidate cell.
At this stage, the pilot pollution comes to an end. RSCP for 3rd Best ServiceCell
is more useful in terms of reference. Select the sites or cells to which the

2
Further research will be on how to define the range of difference of SHO Factor based
on DT between RF optimization and KPI



adjustment is applicable and does not break the preconditions. If the actual SHO
Factor based on DT after adjustment is still different from the KPI one, select
candidate cells from RSCP for 2nd Best ServiceCell. The sites are densely
distributed in microcell coverage areas, so the SHO Factor based on DT is much
higher.

RSCP for candidate of 4th Best ServiceCell



8 Adjustment Methods
The adjustment during RF optimization stage include adjusting neighbor cell list
and adjusting engineering parameters.
Most coverage and interference problems can be solved after adjusting the
following site engineering parameters (from superior to inferior):
Adjust antenna down tilt
Adjust antenna azimuth
Adjust antenna height
Adjust antenna location
Change antenna type
Add TMAs
Change site type (such as changing a site supporting 20 W power amplifier to a
site supporting 40 W power amplifier)
Change site location
Construct new site or add RRU



9 Summary
This document describes the content of RF optimization in network optimization.
RF optimization concern the improvement of signal distribution, and it helps to
provide a good radio signal environment for the following parameter optimization.
The test during RF optimization is usually DT, with other tests as supplementary.
The problems to be analyzed during RF optimization is primarily about coverage,
pilot pollution, and handover, with problem as supplementary. RF optimization
help to solve handover, call drop, access, and interference problems. The
parameters to be adjusted during RF optimization are primarily engineering
parameters. Cell parameters are adjusted during parameter optimization stage
(excluding adjusting neighbor cell list).
This document is mainly for RF optimization of new network. How to optimize an
existing network for expansion needs further tracing. The methods for optimize
SHO Factor based on DT and the judgment conditions for removing neighbor
cells are still under research, and they will be supplemented in the future
versions.



10 Appendix: Coverage Enhancement Technologies
10.1 Coverage-enhancing Technologies
10.1.1 TMAs
Using TMAs helps to reduce the total noise figure of NodeB receiver subsystem,
so the uplink coverage performance is improved. The coverage gain depends on
the mechanism of receiver subsystem and loss of related feeders. If the system
downlink capacity is restricted, using TMAs will shrink system capacity. The
typical capacity shrinkage is 6%10%.
10.1.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity
Increase the number and improve the quality of RAKE receivers of UE by using
time switched transmit diversity (TSTD) and space and time transmit diversity
(STTD) in the downlink. Therefore the coverage range is expanded, system
capacity increases, and the number of NodeBs decreases.
Using four-antenna receiver diversity reduces requirements on Eb/No needed in
demodulation. In line of sight, compared with the gains of 2 antennas with 2
receiver diversity, the gain of 2 antennas with 4 receiver diversity is 2.53.0 dB.
You can adjust the uplink sensitivity by 2.53.0 dB and reduce the sites by
25%30%.
10.1.3 RRU
Remote radio unit (RRU) physically detach NodeB RF module from baseband
module, so you can place RF module afar without using very long feeders. The
uplink and downlink link budget is improved. Remote RF indicates that the
coverage performance is improved but the system capacity remains the same.
Compared with remote RF, using TMAs increases maximum path loss and lowers
NodeB EIRP due to bringing insertion loss.
10.1.4 Micro Cells
NodeBs are densely distributed in urban and dense urban areas, so selecting a
site is difficult. Using micro cells is a solution to high capacity and caters for urban
and dense urban environment. A feature of using micro cells is that buildings are
used to block signals so that the interference from neighbor cells is lowered and
downlink capacity is increased.



References
[1] GENEX Probe Radio Air Interface Test Software User Manual
[2] GENEX Nastar WC MA User Manual (DCHN)

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