Bi 1:

TNG QUAN V C S D LIU

Gii thch khi nimd liu v c s d liu (CSDL)
Cc phng php qun l d liu v cc c trng
Gii thch cc m hnh d liu khc nhau
H qun tr CSDL (DBMS) v h qun tr CSDL quan h
(RDBMS)
Mc tiu bi hc hm nay
Gii thch khi nimd liu v c s d liu (CSDL)
Cc phng php qun l d liu v cc c trng
Gii thch cc m hnh d liu khc nhau
H qun tr CSDL (DBMS) v h qun tr CSDL quan h
(RDBMS)
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 2
D liu (data)
L cc thng tin ca i tng (v d: ngi, vt, mt khi nim,
s vic) c lu tr trn my tnh.
C th truy nhp vo d liu trch xut ra cc thng tin.
D liu c m t di nhiu dng khc nhau (cc k t,
k s, hnh nh, k hiu, m thanh). Mi cch m t nh
vy gn vi mt ng ngha no .
D liu
D liu (data)
L cc thng tin ca i tng (v d: ngi, vt, mt khi nim,
s vic) c lu tr trn my tnh.
C th truy nhp vo d liu trch xut ra cc thng tin.
D liu c m t di nhiu dng khc nhau (cc k t,
k s, hnh nh, k hiu, m thanh). Mi cch m t nh
vy gn vi mt ng ngha no .
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 3
D liu v i tng c th khc nhau, ty thuc vo ng
cnh.
V d: d liu v i tng sinh vin c th khc nhau ty
vo mc ch qun l:
Qun l im: Tn, m sinh vin, im mn 1, im mn 2, im
mn 3
Qun l nhn thn: Tn, a ch, ngy sinh, qu qun, lp
D liu
D liu v i tng c th khc nhau, ty thuc vo ng
cnh.
V d: d liu v i tng sinh vin c th khc nhau ty
vo mc ch qun l:
Qun l im: Tn, m sinh vin, im mn 1, im mn 2, im
mn 3
Qun l nhn thn: Tn, a ch, ngy sinh, qu qun, lp
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 4
CSDL (Database) = Tp hp d liu c t chc c cu
trc lin quan vi nhau v c lu tr trong my tnh.
CSDL c thit k, xy dng cho php ngi dng lu
tr d liu, truy xut thng tin hoc cp nht d liu
C s d liu (CSDL)
CSDL (Database) = Tp hp d liu c t chc c cu
trc lin quan vi nhau v c lu tr trong my tnh.
CSDL c thit k, xy dng cho php ngi dng lu
tr d liu, truy xut thng tin hoc cp nht d liu
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 5
C s d liu
Ngi dng
Cho php truy nhp
thng tin
Lu tr thng tin
CSDL c t chc c cu trc:
Cc d liu lu tr c cu trc thnh cc bn ghi (record), cc
trng d liu (field).
Cc d liu lu tr c mi quan h (relational) vi nhau.
Kh nng truy xut thng tin t CSDL:
CSDL c cu trc d dng truy cp, qun l v cp nht d
liu
Cn phi qun tr CSDL
C s d liu
CSDL c t chc c cu trc:
Cc d liu lu tr c cu trc thnh cc bn ghi (record), cc
trng d liu (field).
Cc d liu lu tr c mi quan h (relational) vi nhau.
Kh nng truy xut thng tin t CSDL:
CSDL c cu trc d dng truy cp, qun l v cp nht d
liu
Cn phi qun tr CSDL
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 6
V d mt CSDL:
D liu v C s d liu
Kho d liu v tng cun sch gm:
- Tn sch
- Tn tc gi
- Nh xut bn
- Nm xut bn
- Gi sch...
D liu l cc
cunsch
CSDL lu
tr thng
tincc cun
sch
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 7
Kho d liu v tng cun sch gm:
- Tn sch
- Tn tc gi
- Nh xut bn
- Nm xut bn
- Gi sch...
CSDL lu
tr thng
tincc cun
sch
Truy cpCSDL tm
cc cunschtheo tn
tc gi, theo nh xut
bn
CSDL cung cp kh nng tru tng ha d liu thng qua cc lp. Bao gm
3 lp: Lp vt l, Lp logic, Lp bn ngoi.
S phn bit gia cc lp to nn 2 tng c lp: c lp d liu vt l v
c lp d liu logic
Cc c tnh trong CSDL
CSDL cung cp kh nng tru tng ha d liu thng qua cc lp. Bao gm
3 lp: Lp vt l, Lp logic, Lp bn ngoi.
S phn bit gia cc lp to nn 2 tng c lp: c lp d liu vt l v
c lp d liu logic
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 8
Lp vt l:
Lp vt l cha ton b cc file d liu
Ngi dng CSDL khng nht thit phi nmc
cu trc t chc ca cc file d liu vt l khi s dng
mt c s d liu.
Cc c tnh trong CSDL
Lp vt l:
Lp vt l cha ton b cc file d liu
Ngi dng CSDL khng nht thit phi nmc
cu trc t chc ca cc file d liu vt l khi s dng
mt c s d liu.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 9
Lp logic (cn c gi l Schema):
Cu trc d liu tru tng c to thnh t lp vt l.
Lp logic c th cha mt tp hp cc bng hai chiu, mt cu
trc phn cp tng t nh s t chc ca mt cng ty hay
mt vi cu trc khc
Cc c tnh trong CSDL
Lp logic (cn c gi l Schema):
Cu trc d liu tru tng c to thnh t lp vt l.
Lp logic c th cha mt tp hp cc bng hai chiu, mt cu
trc phn cp tng t nh s t chc ca mt cng ty hay
mt vi cu trc khc
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 10
Lp bn ngoi:
Bao gmcc khung nhn (view) v c gi chung l
subschema
Khung nhn: l khi nimcho php nhiu ngi dng quan st
d liu theo nhiu cch khc nhau trong khi d liu lu bn di
tng vt l l duy nht.
Cc c tnh trong CSDL
Lp bn ngoi:
Bao gmcc khung nhn (view) v c gi chung l
subschema
Khung nhn: l khi nimcho php nhiu ngi dng quan st
d liu theo nhiu cch khc nhau trong khi d liu lu bn di
tng vt l l duy nht.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 11
c lp d liu vt l:
Kh nng thay i cu trc file vt l ca mt c s d liu m
khng lmgin on ngi dng ang truy cp vo cc qu
trnh ang din ra c gi l c lp d liu vt l
Vic phn bit lp vt l vi lp l-gic to ra s c lp d liu
vt l
Cc c tnh trong CSDL
c lp d liu vt l:
Kh nng thay i cu trc file vt l ca mt c s d liu m
khng lmgin on ngi dng ang truy cp vo cc qu
trnh ang din ra c gi l c lp d liu vt l
Vic phn bit lp vt l vi lp l-gic to ra s c lp d liu
vt l
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 12
c lp d liu logic:
Kh nng to ra cc thay i ti lp l-gic m khng lmgin
on ngi dng hin ti v cc qu trnh ang din ra c gi
l c lp d liu l-gic.
Vic phn bit gia lp l-gic v lp bn ngoi to ra tnh c
lp d liu l-gic.
Cc c tnh trong CSDL
c lp d liu logic:
Kh nng to ra cc thay i ti lp l-gic m khng lmgin
on ngi dng hin ti v cc qu trnh ang din ra c gi
l c lp d liu l-gic.
Vic phn bit gia lp l-gic v lp bn ngoi to ra tnh c
lp d liu l-gic.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 13
Qun l d liu: l qun l mt s lng ln d liu, bao
gm c vic lu tr v cung cp c ch cho php Thao
tc (thm, sa, xa d liu) v Truy vn d liu.
2 phng php qun l d liu:
H thng qun l bng file
H thng qun l bng CSDL
Qun l d liu
Qun l d liu: l qun l mt s lng ln d liu, bao
gm c vic lu tr v cung cp c ch cho php Thao
tc (thm, sa, xa d liu) v Truy vn d liu.
2 phng php qun l d liu:
H thng qun l bng file
H thng qun l bng CSDL
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 14
D liu c lu tr trong cc file ring bit
V d: cc chng trnh lu tr thng tin bng h
thng cc file dng text
Nhc imca vic qun l bng file:
D tha v mu thun d liu
Kmhiu qu trong truy xut ngu nhin, hoc x l
ng thi
D liu lu tr ri rc
Gp vn v an ton v bo mt
Qun l d liu bng file
D liu c lu tr trong cc file ring bit
V d: cc chng trnh lu tr thng tin bng h
thng cc file dng text
Nhc imca vic qun l bng file:
D tha v mu thun d liu
Kmhiu qu trong truy xut ngu nhin, hoc x l
ng thi
D liu lu tr ri rc
Gp vn v an ton v bo mt
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 15
Qun l d liu bng CSDL gip d liu c lu tr mt cch hiu
qu v c t chc, cho php qun l d liu nhanh chng v hiu qu
Li ch ca h thng qun l bng CSDL:
Trnh d tha, trng lp d liu
mbo s nht qun trong CSDL
Cc d liu lu tr c th c chia s
C th thit lp cc chun trn d liu
Duy tr tnh ton vn d liu
mbo bo mt d liu
Qun l d liu bng CSDL
CSDL
Qun l d liu bng CSDL gip d liu c lu tr mt cch hiu
qu v c t chc, cho php qun l d liu nhanh chng v hiu qu
Li ch ca h thng qun l bng CSDL:
Trnh d tha, trng lp d liu
mbo s nht qun trong CSDL
Cc d liu lu tr c th c chia s
C th thit lp cc chun trn d liu
Duy tr tnh ton vn d liu
mbo bo mt d liu
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 16
Cc CSDL c th khc nhau v chc nng v m hnh d liu (data
model).
M hnh d liu s quyt nh cch thc lu tr v truy cp d liu.
Ty tng ng cnh quan h gia cc thnh phn d liu trong
CSDL, m hnh phc hp c p dng vic lu tr v truy xut
d liu t hiu qu cao nht.
Cc m hnh CSDL
Cc CSDL c th khc nhau v chc nng v m hnh d liu (data
model).
M hnh d liu s quyt nh cch thc lu tr v truy cp d liu.
Ty tng ng cnh quan h gia cc thnh phn d liu trong
CSDL, m hnh phc hp c p dng vic lu tr v truy xut
d liu t hiu qu cao nht.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 17
Cc m hnh:
M hnh d liu file phng
(Flat file)
M hnh d liu mng
(Network model)
Cc m hnh CSDL
M hnh d liu phn cp (Hierarchical
model)
M hnh d liu quan h (Relational model)
M hnh d liu hng i tng (Object-
Oriented model)
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 18
Custo
mer ID
Company
Name
Contact First
Name
Contact Last
Name
Job Title City Sta
te
6 Company F Francisco Prez-Olaeta Purchasing
Manager
Milwa
ukee
WI
26 Company Z Run Liu Accounting
Assistant
Miami FL
Customer:
6
Order: 79
Order: 56
Order
Detail:
Product 28
(Other
Employee
2 Orders)
Employee:
2
Order
Detail:
Product 7
Order
Detail:
Product 51
M hnh ny ch dng cho cc CSDL n gin.
CSDL dng file phng thng l file kiu vn bn cha
d liu dng bng
M hnh d liu file phng
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 19
V d: mt file phng th hin thng tin mt Customer (Khch hng)
di dng bng ca mt cng ty Northwind Traders chuyn cung
cp cc mt hng thc phm
M hnh d liu file phng
Customer
ID
Company
Name
Contact First
Name
Contact Last
Name
Job Title City State
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 20
Customer
ID
Company
Name
Contact First
Name
Contact Last
Name
Job Title City State
6 Company F Francisco Prez-Olaeta Purchasing
Manager
Milwaukee WI
26 Company Z Run Liu Accounting
Assistant
Miami FL
T chc theo hnh cy, mi nt biu din mt thc th d liu.
Lin h d liu th hin trn lin h gia nt cha v nt con. Mi nt
cha c th c mt hoc nhiu nt con, nhng mi nt con ch c th c
mt nt cha.
Do m hnh phn cp th hin cc kiu quan h:
1-1
1-N
M hnh d liu phn cp
T chc theo hnh cy, mi nt biu din mt thc th d liu.
Lin h d liu th hin trn lin h gia nt cha v nt con. Mi nt
cha c th c mt hoc nhiu nt con, nhng mi nt con ch c th c
mt nt cha.
Do m hnh phn cp th hin cc kiu quan h:
1-1
1-N
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 21
V d: mt m hnh d liu phn cp trong CSDL Northwind
M hnh d liu phn cp
Customer:6 Order: 56
Order Detail:
Product 48
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 22
Order: 79
Order Detail:
Product 48
Order Detail:
Product 51
Order Detail:
Product 7
Hn ch:
Mt nt con khng th c qu mt nt cha -> Khng biu din c
cc quan h d liu phc tp
M hnh d liu phn cp
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 23
Cch t chc:
Cc file ring bit trong h thng file phng c gi l cc bn
ghi . Tp hp bn ghi cng kiu to thnh mt kiu thc th d
liu.
Cc kiu thc th kt ni vi nhau thng qua mi quan h cha-
con.
M hnh d liu mng biu din bi mt th c hng, v cc
mi tn ch t kiu thc th cha sang kiu thc th con.
M hnh d liu mng
Cch t chc:
Cc file ring bit trong h thng file phng c gi l cc bn
ghi . Tp hp bn ghi cng kiu to thnh mt kiu thc th d
liu.
Cc kiu thc th kt ni vi nhau thng qua mi quan h cha-
con.
M hnh d liu mng biu din bi mt th c hng, v cc
mi tn ch t kiu thc th cha sang kiu thc th con.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 24
V d: Cu trc m hnh mng ca Northwind
M hnh d liu mng
Customer: 6
Order: 56
Order Detail:
Product 28
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 25
Order: 79
(Other
Employee 2
Orders)
Employee:2
Order Detail:
Product 7
Order Detail:
Product 51
Tnh cht:
u im:
D biu din m hnh
Din t c cc lin h d liu phc tp
Nhc im:
Truy xut chm
Khng thch hp vi cc CSDL c quy m ln.
M hnh d liu mng
Tnh cht:
u im:
D biu din m hnh
Din t c cc lin h d liu phc tp
Nhc im:
Truy xut chm
Khng thch hp vi cc CSDL c quy m ln.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 26
Trong m hnh d liu quan h, khng c cc lin kt vt l. D liu
c biu din di dng bng vi cc hng v cc ct:
CSDL l tp hp cc bng (cn gi l quan h)
Mi hng l mt bn ghi (record), cn c gi l b (tuple)
Mi ct l mt thuc tnh, cn c gi l trng (field)
D liu trong hai bng lin h vi nhau thng qua cc ct chung.
C cc ton t thao tc trn cc hng ca bng.
M hnh d liu quan h
Trong m hnh d liu quan h, khng c cc lin kt vt l. D liu
c biu din di dng bng vi cc hng v cc ct:
CSDL l tp hp cc bng (cn gi l quan h)
Mi hng l mt bn ghi (record), cn c gi l b (tuple)
Mi ct l mt thuc tnh, cn c gi l trng (field)
D liu trong hai bng lin h vi nhau thng qua cc ct chung.
C cc ton t thao tc trn cc hng ca bng.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 27
V d: m hnh d liu quan h trong CSDL Northwind gm 3 bng:
Customer, Order, Employee
M hnh d liu quan h
V d: m hnh d liu quan h trong CSDL Northwind gm 3 bng:
Customer, Order, Employee
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 28
Ra i vo khong u nm 90, da trn cch tip cn ca phng
php lp trnh hng i tng.
CSDL bao gm cc i tng:
Mi i tng bao gm cc thuc tnh, phng thc (hnh vi) ca i
tng.
Cc i tng trao i vi nhau thng qua cc phng thc.
Mt i tng c th c sinh ra t vic tha k t i tng khc,
np chng (hay nh ngha li) phng thc ca i tng khc
M hnh d liu hng i tng
Ra i vo khong u nm 90, da trn cch tip cn ca phng
php lp trnh hng i tng.
CSDL bao gm cc i tng:
Mi i tng bao gm cc thuc tnh, phng thc (hnh vi) ca i
tng.
Cc i tng trao i vi nhau thng qua cc phng thc.
Mt i tng c th c sinh ra t vic tha k t i tng khc,
np chng (hay nh ngha li) phng thc ca i tng khc
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 29
V d m hnh d liu i tng Customer
M hnh d liu hng i tng
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 30
Cc m hnh CSDL cp n cc hnh thc t chc lu tr v truy
cp d liu.
H qun tr CSDL (DataBase Management System DBMS) l cc
phn mm gip to cc CSDL v cung cp c ch lu tr, truy cp
theo cc m hnh CSDL.
V d:
SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle l cc h qun tr CSDL
in hnh cho m hnh quan h.
IMS ca IBM l h qun tr CSDL cho m hnh phn cp
IDMS l h qun tr CSDL cho m hnh mng
H qun tr CSDL
Cc m hnh CSDL cp n cc hnh thc t chc lu tr v truy
cp d liu.
H qun tr CSDL (DataBase Management System DBMS) l cc
phn mm gip to cc CSDL v cung cp c ch lu tr, truy cp
theo cc m hnh CSDL.
V d:
SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle l cc h qun tr CSDL
in hnh cho m hnh quan h.
IMS ca IBM l h qun tr CSDL cho m hnh phn cp
IDMS l h qun tr CSDL cho m hnh mng
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 31
Nhng li ch DBMS mang li:
Qun tr cc CSDL
Cung cp giao din truy cp che du cc c tnh phc tp v mt cu
trc t chc d liu vt l
H tr cc ngn ng giao tip. V d:
Ngn ng m t, nh ngha d liu DDL
Ngn ng thao tc d liu DML
Ngn ng truy vn d liu c cu trc SQL
C c ch an ton, bo mt cao
H qun tr CSDL
Nhng li ch DBMS mang li:
Qun tr cc CSDL
Cung cp giao din truy cp che du cc c tnh phc tp v mt cu
trc t chc d liu vt l
H tr cc ngn ng giao tip. V d:
Ngn ng m t, nh ngha d liu DDL
Ngn ng thao tc d liu DML
Ngn ng truy vn d liu c cu trc SQL
C c ch an ton, bo mt cao
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 32
H qun tr CSDL quan h (Relational DataBase Management
System = RDBMS)
RDMBS l mt dng DBMS c s dng ph bin nht, trong
tt c d liu c t chc cht ch di dng cc bng d liu.
Tt c cc thao tc trn CSDL u din ra trn cc bng.
H qun tr CSDL quan h
H qun tr CSDL quan h (Relational DataBase Management
System = RDBMS)
RDMBS l mt dng DBMS c s dng ph bin nht, trong
tt c d liu c t chc cht ch di dng cc bng d liu.
Tt c cc thao tc trn CSDL u din ra trn cc bng.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 33
H qun tr CSDL quan h
RDBMS
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 34
BNG1
Kha
D liu...
BNG2
Kha
D liu...
CSDL
Rt nhiu ngi dng thamgia vo h thng RDBMS nh:
Ngi qun tr CSDL (DataBase Administrator)
Ngi thit k CSDL (DataBase Designer)
Ngi phn tch h thng (System Analysts)
Ngi lp trnh ng dng (Application Programmers)
Ngi thit k v trin khai CSDL (DBMS Designers and Implementers)
Ngi dng cui (End User)
Ngi dng lin quan n RDBMS
Rt nhiu ngi dng thamgia vo h thng RDBMS nh:
Ngi qun tr CSDL (DataBase Administrator)
Ngi thit k CSDL (DataBase Designer)
Ngi phn tch h thng (System Analysts)
Ngi lp trnh ng dng (Application Programmers)
Ngi thit k v trin khai CSDL (DBMS Designers and Implementers)
Ngi dng cui (End User)
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 35
D dng nh ngha, duy tr v thao tc d liu lu tr.
Trch xut d liu d dng
D liu c chun ha v c bo v tt
Nhiu nh cung cp cung cp phn mm
D dng chuyn i gia nh cung cp v nh trin khai
RDBMS l cc sn phmtrng thnh v n nh
Ti sao li tp trung vo CSDL quan h?
D dng nh ngha, duy tr v thao tc d liu lu tr.
Trch xut d liu d dng
D liu c chun ha v c bo v tt
Nhiu nh cung cp cung cp phn mm
D dng chuyn i gia nh cung cp v nh trin khai
RDBMS l cc sn phmtrng thnh v n nh
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 36
CSDL l tp hp d liu lin quan vi nhau c lu tr c cu trc
v d dng cp nht d liu hoc trch xut thng tin t CSDL.
T chc CSDL to ra cc lp tru tng CSDL: lp vt l, lp lo-gic
v lp bn ngoi.
Ban u d liu lu tr ri rc di dng cc file, gi l m hnh d
liu file phng.
Sau , cc m hnh d liu khc c thit k cho php m t
cch thc lu tr d liu v cch thc truy nhp d liu d dng
Tng kt bi hc
CSDL l tp hp d liu lin quan vi nhau c lu tr c cu trc
v d dng cp nht d liu hoc trch xut thng tin t CSDL.
T chc CSDL to ra cc lp tru tng CSDL: lp vt l, lp lo-gic
v lp bn ngoi.
Ban u d liu lu tr ri rc di dng cc file, gi l m hnh d
liu file phng.
Sau , cc m hnh d liu khc c thit k cho php m t
cch thc lu tr d liu v cch thc truy nhp d liu d dng
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 37
H qun tr CSDL (DBMS) l tp cc chng trnh cho php
ngi dng lu tr, cp nht v trch xut thng tin t CSDL.
H qun tr CSDL quan h (RDBMS) l tp hp cc chng trnh
cho php to v thao tc vi CSDL quan h.
C nhiu i tng ngi dng RDBMSnh: qun tr CSDL, thit
k CSDL, phn tch v thit k ng dng, ci t CSDL, ngi dng
cui.
Tng kt bi hc
H qun tr CSDL (DBMS) l tp cc chng trnh cho php
ngi dng lu tr, cp nht v trch xut thng tin t CSDL.
H qun tr CSDL quan h (RDBMS) l tp hp cc chng trnh
cho php to v thao tc vi CSDL quan h.
C nhiu i tng ngi dng RDBMSnh: qun tr CSDL, thit
k CSDL, phn tch v thit k ng dng, ci t CSDL, ngi dng
cui.
Slide 1 - Tng quan v CSDL 38