All Together

Addis Ababa University
School Of Graduate Studies

Staff Turnover in International Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs): A Case Study of International
Rescue Committee (IRC)

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduates Studies of
Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement
of the Degree of Masters of Business Administration

Submitted By

Yared Debebe

Faculty of Business & Economics
July 2007

________________________________________________________________________

Staff Turnover in International Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs):
A Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC) A Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC) A Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC) A Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC)

BY: Yared Debebe BY: Yared Debebe BY: Yared Debebe BY: Yared Debebe

Faculty of Business and Economics Faculty of Business and Economics Faculty of Business and Economics Faculty of Business and Economics

MBA program MBA program MBA program MBA program

Approved by Board of Exa Approved by Board of Exa Approved by Board of Exa Approved by Board of Examiners miners miners miners

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Advisor Signature

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Examiner Signature

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Examiner Signature

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Examiner Signature

Statement of Certification

This is to certify that Ato Yared Debebe has carried out his
research work on the topic entitled Staff Turnover in
International Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - A
Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC).

The work is original in nature and is suitable for submission for the
award of Masters Degree in Business Administration (MBA).

______________________
Advisor: Professor G.Krishna Murthy
Date: _______________________

Statement of Declaration

I, Yared Debebe declare that this study, Staff Turnover in
International Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - A
Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC), is my
own work. I have carried out the present study independently with
the guidance and support of the research advisor, Professor G.
Kirshna Murthy. The study has not been submitted for award of
any Degree or Diploma Program in this or any other Institution. It
is in partial fulfillment to the requirement of the program Masters
Degree in Business Administration (MBA).

__________________
Yared Debebe
Date: ___________

Acknowledgment

My most sincere and heartfelt thanks go to Professor Kirshina Murthy, my thesis advisor,
for his unreserved and timely support in checking, commenting and giving constructive
advice all along my activities. Had it not been for his genuine professional and scholastic
approach the successful completion of this paper could have been in doubt.

I am also grateful to Ato Ermeias Woldu, Wz Lulit Etefa, Wz Etsegenet Hailu, Ato Wubbe
Demisew and Ato Admasu for their coordination, collection and timely submission of the
questioners. I am also indebted to all Human Resource and Administration Department
Staffs of the IRC for their valuable contribution in providing me necessary information
and data. Without their unreserved help, completion of the project will be difficult.

My sincere gratitude should also go to my family and friends who encouraged me to
pursue my study at higher education. Most deeply and with love, I would like to express
my debt to my beloved wife Wzo Seble Tadesse who played significant role in editing and
advising the project, and encouraging my stay in the university and the rest of my life.

Finally, but most importantly I acknowledge my God who gave me endurance and
strength in the face of all challenges.

Yared Debebe
A.A.U
Addis Ababa

Table of Content
Chapter One
Introduction 1
1.1 Significance of the Study 4
1.2 Statement of the Problem 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6
1.4 Methodology 7
1.5 Scope & Limitation of the Study 8
1.6 Organization of the Paper 9
Chapter Two 10
Review of Literature 10
2.1 Defining Staff Turnover 10
2.2 Measuring Staffs Turnover 12
2.3 Factors Affecting Staffs Turnover 13
2.4 Types of Turnover 14
2.5 Voluntary Turnover Decision Process 15
2.5 Effects of Staffs Turnover 17
2.5.1 Effects on Employers 19
2.5.2 Effects on Workers 21
2.6 Methods of Identifying Reasons for Staffs Turnover 21
2.6.1 Exit Interview 22
2.6.2 Surveys of Ex-employees 24
2.6.3 Attitude Surveys 24
2.6.4 Quantitative Approaches 25
2.7 Improving Staffs Retention 26
Chapter Three 32
Non Government Organizations (NGOs) in Ethiopia 32
3.1 What is NGO? 32
3.2 NGOs in Ethiopia 34
3.3 Major Partakers on the NGOs Activity in Ethiopia 35
3.3.1 Role and Responsibility of Ministry of Justice. 35
3.3.2 Role and Responsibility of DPPA 36
3.3.3 Role and Responsibility of CRDA 37
3.4 NGOs Contributions to the Community 40
3.5 NGOs Contributions to Employment 42
3.6 NGOs Total Expenditure during 1997-2001 44
Chapter Four 46
The International Rescue Committee (IRC) 46

4.1 IRC Ethiopia Program 47
4.2 Summary of Individual Programs 47
4.3 Organizational Structure of IRC Ethiopia 50

Chapter Five 53
Staffs Turnover in the IRC - A Case Study 53
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 53
5.1 Existing Staffs Profile of the IRC 53
5.2 Terminated Staffs Profile of the IRC 55
5.3 Analysis of Data Gathered through Questionnaire 59
5.3.1 General Characteristics of the Respondents 60
5.3.2 Terminated Staffs View about the IRC 62
5.3.2.1 Response from Individual Point of View 62
5.3.2.2 Response of Ex-Staffs from General Observation 68
5.3.3 Existing Staffs View about the IRC 69
5.3.3.1 Response from Individual Point of View 70
5.3.3.2 Existing Staffs Response from General Observation 74
5.3.4 Management Staffs View about the IRC 75
5.4 Estimated Cost of Staffs Turnover 77
5.5 Measures Taken to Reduce Staffs Turnover 79
Chapter Six 81
Conclusions and Recommendations 81
6.1 Conclusion 81
6.2 Recommendations 83
Bibliography
Appendices
Copy of Questionnaire to Ex Employees
Copy of Questionnaire to Existing non Management Employees
Copy of Questionnaire to Management Employees

Abstract

This project paper aims to analyze the staff turnover of international non governmental
organizations (NGO) and particularly the case of the International Rescue Committee (IRC).
Non government non profit organizations are one type of the institutions that provide
employment opportunities in addition to the private sectors and government institutions. The
success of NGOs is determined by the availability and commitment of efficient and effective
human resources. However, currently most of the NGOs are highly affected by staff turnover and
therefore the quality of the service they provide to the beneficiaries is affected and the financial
and non-financial cost of replacing vacant posts is significantly increased.
In order to identify the causes and impact of the staff turnover in IRC, the project has used both
primary and secondary data. With regard to primary data, first hand data have been collected
through questionnaire filled by twelve terminated, thirty one existing non-management and seven
management staffs of the organization selected based purposive sampling. Moreover data about
the trend of both existing and terminated staff were collected from the organization.

IRC (An American NGO) was founded at the suggestion of Albert Einstein in 1933 with the
objective to assist Germans suffering under Hitler. Currently it works in twenty five countries
and fifteen are found in Africa. IRC Ethiopia program has started in 2000 in response to the
severe drought in Somali Region. With 209 permanent employees IRC Ethiopia participate in
education and Community service, Environmental Health (Water and Sanitation), Health, and
other sectors in the four refugee camps and local communities.
Since from the period 2004/2005 to 2006/2007 the total number of staffs terminated from the IRC
is counted to 89. However, though the organization does not keep detailed record for each
resigned/terminated staffs, the total number of terminated staffs since from establishment is
around 174. This indicates that the organization has lost almost 45% (174 out of 383) of its
employees due to different reasons. The analysis of the three year period figures portray that
most of the employees are terminated /resigned from the IRC during the first months of their
employment period. Of the total terminated 89 employees, the highest share of terminated staff
based on position is counted for the Officer and Assistant positions. Regarding termination based
on filed office Assosa and department Education and Community service takes the lion shares.

The findings of the study also revealed that the causes of staff turnover are a combination of
factors. Family problems, poor leadership, dissatisfaction with the job, better opportunity in
other organizations, dissatisfaction with the area, and educational opportunity are some of the
causes. Based on the findings recommendations are suggested.

1
Chapter One
Introduction

Non government non profit organizations are one type of the institutions that provide
employment opportunities in addition to the private sectors and government institutions.
Nonprofit non Government Organizations are organizations with funds and programs
managed by its own trustees or directors, established to maintain or aid social,
educational, charitable, religious, or other activities serving the common welfare
1
. They
include lower level organizations such as community groups, associations, co-
operatives religious and private development organizations.

Non government organizations (NGO) participation in the development activity of the
country was back to the early twentieth century. Although their primary objective at that
time was spiritual, the European missionaries were participated in the expansion of
education and health care services. However, after the break of the 1973/74 famine, the
NGOs emerged as important participants in the development and emergency relief
efforts of the country. Since 1973 the participation of non government organizations in
the charity, emergency and famine response, and participate in the development of the
local economy as well as capacity building of the people in which they execute their
operations have been increased
2
.

The contribution of NGOs in the emergency response as well as their participation in the
development and charity activities has been well known by the Federal as well as the

1
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005
2
CRDA & DPPC 2004, Information Package on NGO Contributions, PP 1
2
local (regional) governments. In order to integrate and control the activities of these
organizations, the Federal government of Ethiopia requires NGOs to be registered and
operate legally. So as to facilitate this activity, Ministry of Justice has been empowered
to register and give license for local and international non government organizations to
operate legally and in compliance with the requirement of the country.

One of the major factors that determine the success of NGOs is the availability and
commitment of efficient and effective human resources. For that matter any organization
to achieve its objectives needs to have staffs that are competent enough to execute their
responsibilities in a professional manner and dedicated to the organizational objectives.
Therefore, human resource management is one of the crucial functions that should be
carried out in a systematic way so as to maintain well performing employees with in the
organization. Thus, organizations should have effective human resource management
system that is well formulated and implemented to ensure that they hire and maintain
employees which contribute to the successful accomplishment of organizational
objectives. Among other things retention of potential employees is the main problem of
international NGOs. The turnover in the International Rescue Committee (IRC), one the
international NGO, is expected to be high due to:
The working area of most of the offices is in remote areas and separation from
family.
Too much work load beyond normal working hours.
Incompatibility of culture of expatriate and national staffs.
Inefficient leadership and non-participatory management styles.
Interest for personal improvement like better compensation, education, etc
3

Any organization whether it is profit making or not desires to retain its efficient and
productive staffs to the maximum possible period. However employees leave the
organization due to internal and external factors that might be avoidable or not.

Staffs turnover is a warning sign of low morale and it is the amount of movement in and
out of employees in an organization. In general employees leave their jobs either
voluntarily by their own decision or forced to leave by the decision of the employer.

As the result of excessive turnover, organizations incur additional costs and holdup their
performance. When humanitarian organizations like the IRC face high staff turnover they
will be behind the schedule in utilizing budget and unable to implement quality programs
for their beneficiaries. As a consequence their relationship with donors, regulatory
bodies and beneficiaries becomes questioned and existing staffs will be stressed due to
the additional responsibilities to cover the vacant posts.

It is believed that a certain amount staff turnover is acceptable by most organizations so
as to inject new bloods in the organization that can bring new ideas and experiences of
performing a job. Moreover, some organizations uses acceptable staffs turnover to
promote subordinates to the higher positions. However, if the rate of turnover is beyond
the acceptable level, it becomes a challenge for senior managers and the organization
as well
3.

3
Loquercio, et al, 2006, Understanding and Addressing Staffs Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies, 1
4
The numbers of NGOs operating in the countrys six Regions, i.e. Addis Ababa, Amhara,
Oromiya, SNNPR, Somali and Tigray that has operational agreement and working in
collaboration with DPPC during 1997-2001 were 271. Of which 188 are local and 83 are
international ones. The numbers of projects during this period in the six regions were
360, out of which 223 were supported by local and 137 were supported by international
NGOs. These organizations have been giving employment opportunity for 9,803 people.
The ratio of national staffs constitutes for 98.4% (9643 employees) and expatriate staffs
account for 1.6% (160 employees)
4
.

International Rescue Committee (IRC) is one of the international non government
organizations operated in the country. The IRC currently (May 2007) has 209
employees in its six field and the country offices. As an international NGO IRC also
affected by high staffs turnover and has been loosing competent staffs.

1. Significance of the Study
Non governmental organizations' success can be measured mainly through delivery of
quality services to their beneficiaries/customers. This can be achieved through
designing of well formulated plans and programs, allocation of sufficient funds and
materials, assignment and retention of committed and competent staffs. However
currently, most of the international humanitarian organizations operated in the country
are affected by high staffs turnover. Due to this high staffs turnover the IRC has been
losing its experienced employees who have better relationship with donors,

4
CRDA & DPPC 2004, Information Package on NGO Contributions,
5
beneficiaries, controlling authorities and other stakeholders. Therefore, the non financial
cost of staff turnover is beyond the expectation of the officials of the organization.

As this project assesses the impact and causes of the staff turnover in the IRC, it
provides important information about the existing problem of staff management in this
organization. The project also provides sufficient data about the causes of staff turnover
and the means for minimizing staffs turnover. Moreover, this project lay ground for
future researchers and contributes to the Ethiopian human resource management
literature.

2. Statement of the Problem
These days the cost of staff turnover becomes one of the major concerns of
organizations both in financial and non financial terms. With regard to financial costs
NGOs are forced to allocate significant amount of money. For instance, for vacancy
advertisement up to Birr 1,035 per half a page of one time ad on news paper and
recruitment costs like pre-employment medical cost Birr 300, transportation to duty
station Birr 1300, travel expense Birr 400 for a single employee, Group orientation in
Addis office Birr 2160, Relocation/shipment expenses for personal belonging ETB
1,500.00. All costs are average per an employee and there is almost on average 30
terminations per year in the IRC. Even smaller organizations are forced to assign
personnel to process frequent staffs resignations and recruitment activities. As the result
of the high turnover in these organizations, most of them are exposed to low productivity
in terms of quality and quantity of work. Therefore, this project paper is aimed to pinpoint
6
and provide solutions to the problems associated with high staffs turnover in the IRC. In
order to achieve the above objectives, this project paper will answer the following
questions.
What are the major causes of staff turnover in the IRC?
What are the consequences of high staffs turnover in the organization?
Do IRC have any mechanisms that reduces staffs turnover in its
organizations?
What is the attitude of the management staffs with regard to staff turnover?
Which profession and department are more subject to staffs turn over?

3. Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this project is to asses the cause and impact of staffs turnover in
the International Rescue Committee and to suggest possible solutions to minimize staffs
turnover and its consequences. The specific objectives of this project are to:
Identify the major causes of staff turnovers in the IRC.
Understand the impact of staff turnover in the well functioning of the
organization.
Identify the most susceptible departments which are the major concern for
the IRC.
Know at what point of experience/year of service most employees are
going to leave the organization.
Know the feelings of existing senior management staffs about employee
turnover.
7
Suggest what corrective actions should be taken to minimize staff
turnover.
Suggest recommendations that the IRC and other International NGOs can
do to handle the consequences of unavoidable staff turnover.

4. Methodology
Source of Data
In an attempt to assess the impact of staff turnover in the IRC and to provide possible
recommendations, the project has used both primary and secondary data. With regard
to primary data, first hand data have been collected through questionnaire filled by the
terminated, existing non-management staffs and management staffs of the organization.
Besides raw data about the staffs history have been collected from the Human
Resource and Administration Department. In addition personal discussion and interview
was made with these people in order to be acquainted with the overall environment of
the organization and the effort and performance made to reduce staffs turnover.

As far as secondary data concerned, relevant data has been collected from NGOs like
Christian Relief and Development Association (CRDA), concerned government
organizations like Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency (DPPA), Ministry of
Justice, etc. Moreover, different literatures about staff turnover, staffs retention
mechanisms, and other human resource management books and literatures, websites
(internet) and other available sources has been referred and cited in the project work.

8
Sampling Techniques
For the purpose of this project sampling technique has been made use of. Purposive
sampling method was used for terminated and management staffs in which resigned,
existing and senior officials of organizations are selected based on the availability and
reach-ness of the respondents. Accordingly 12 terminated, 7 management and 31 non
management staffs are participated on the research project. The samples respondents
are requested to complete the questionnaire using both hard and soft copies. Of the
total response, 18 (36%) replies were made through email (soft copy) and the remaining
32 (64%) are made by hard copy.

Analysis of Data
To meet the objectives stated in the above section, data collected from structured
questionnaire have been analyzed using statistics such as tabulation, frequency
distribution, and percentage.

5. Scope & Limitation of the Study
The scope of this project is constrained to staffs turnover and its impact on the IRC.
Therefore data analysis and interpretation of findings is based on the culture,
compensation, working environment conditions, leadership skill of management staffs
and etc of the organizations. Due to limitation of time it was difficult to collect all the
questioners sent to respondents. Besides, the project emphasis was restricted to staffs
turnover of permanent local/national staffs of the organization i.e. it excluded
international/expatriate staffs, refugee and national incentive staffs of the IRC. Therefore
9
this project is delimited by analysis and interpretation of data by taking questionnaire of
selected national/local staffs for the last three years.

6. Organization of the Paper
The project is organized in to six chapters. The first chapter deals with the introductory
part of the project in which back ground of the project, significance of the study,
statement of the problem, objectives of the study, methodology used, scope and
limitation of the project and organization of the paper are incorporated. The second
chapter deals with the literature review. Third chapter incorporate NGOs practice in
Ethiopia. Background information about the IRC is provided in chapter four. Chapter five
discusses research findings and analyzes the data. Finally, conclusion and
recommendation are presented in the sixth chapter.

Chapter Two
Review of Literature

2.1 Defining Staff Turnover
10
The emergence of different organizations in the nation and the related increase in the
requirement of skilled labor force leads for competition of organizations to hire and
maintain the best employees. Hence staffs turnover becomes one of the major human
resource problems of most organizations. Different scholars have defined staffs turnover
in the following manner.
According to Ivancevich and Glueck, staff turnover is the net result of the exit of some
employees and entrance of others to the organization.
5

Singh et al, 1994, also define staff turnover as the rate of change in the working staffs of
a concern during a definite period.
6

kossen defined the staff turnover as it is the amount of movement in and out (of
employees) in an organization
7
.
Staff turnover is the proportion of staff leaving in a given time period but prior to the
anticipated end of their contract
8
.
Turnover, as per Wikipedia (the free encyclopedia), in a human resources context refers
to the characteristic of a given company or industry, relative to rate at which an
employer gains and loses staffs
9
.

5
Ivancevich John and Glueck William, 1989, Foundation of Personnel/Human Resource Management, Irwin, PP 873

6
Singh BP, Chabra T. and Taneja P., 1994, Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, Dhanpat Rai and Sons, PP 345

7
Stan Kossen, 1991, The Human Side of Organization, 5th ed. Harper Collins, New York, 1991 pp 212

8
Loquercio, et al, 2006, Understanding and Addressing Staffs Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies, 1

9
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2006
11
Most of the above scholars have defined staff turnover in terms of the indefinite period
(permanent) employment contract made between employer and employee. As a result
they have assumed the in and out movement of all staffs with out considering the type of
employment. However, Loquercios definition excludes the expected termination of
contractual employees which is much more expected and the general characteristics of
most NGOs.
Staff turnover that can occur in any organization might be either voluntary or involuntary.
Voluntary turnover is refers to termination initiated by employees while involuntary
turnover is the one in which employee has no choice in the termination as it might be
due to long term sickness, death, moving overseas, or employer-initiated termination
10
.
Turnover can be classed as internal or external. Internal turnover involves employees
leaving their current position, and taking a new position with the same organization. Both
positive enforcement (such as increased employee motivation and commitment) and
negative consequences (such as project/relational disruption) of internal turnover exist,
and thus this form of turnover may be as important to monitor as its external counterpart.
Internal turnover might be moderated and controlled by typical human resource
mechanisms, such as an internal recruitment policy or formal succession planning
11
.
2.2 Measuring Staffs Turnover

10
Heneman et al, 1998, Personnel/ Human Resource Management, Universal Book Stall, New Delhi, pp 181
11
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
12
The commonly used formula to calculate a crude turnover rate for any given period is
described as shown below by the United Kingdom based Chartered Institute of
Personnel & Development (CIPD) 2006 report
12
.

Total number of leavers over a period X 100
Average number of staffs employed over a period.

However, Loquercio suggest that number of leavers should encompasses all leavers,
including people who left due to dismissal, redundancy, or retirement, but it typically
excludes those leaving at the end of fixed contract. The main purpose of excluding fixed
term employees from the calculation is that it does not indicate the real problem of the
organization
13
.

CIPD also introduced stability index of staffs which indicates the retention rate of
experienced employees. Like turnover rates, this can be used across an organization as
a whole or for a particular part of it. The usual calculation for the stability index as cited
by CIPD is
14
:

Number of staffs with one or more years service x 100
Number employed a year ago
2.3 Factors Affecting Staffs Turnover

Employees move from one organization to the other and from one industry to the other
for different reasons. Sometimes it is the attraction of a new job or the prospect of a
period outside the workforce which 'pulls' them like higher salary or better benefits; on

12
CIPD, Employee Turnover and Retention, http://www.cipd.co.uk/surveys
13
Loquercio, et al, Understanding and Addressing Staffs Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies, 2006, 1
14
13
other occasions they are 'pushed' due to dissatisfaction in their present jobs to seek
alternative employment. Sometimes it is mixtures of both pull and push factors
15
.
Turnover ratio tends to be lower during period of economic recession when jobs are
scarce and when economic conditions return to normal, disgruntled employees often
begins to seek employment elsewhere.
16

According to the recent research conducted by CIPD in 2006 in UK, push factors play a
major role in most resignations than pull factors. CIPD also emphasized that it is
relatively rare for people to leave jobs in which they are happy, even when offered
higher pay elsewhere.
17

In general, employees leave on their own accord or they are discharged. Every
separation of an employee from an organization whether voluntary or involuntary is
serious problem for the organization. Though some degree of staff turnover is
acceptable, it affect the well functioning of an organization if they have excess staffs turn
over.
18
Therefore, human resource management is one of the most important functions
that should be carried out with care and consciously in order to motivate staffs for better
productivity and serve the organization for long time. The cause of staff turnover should
be studied by management carefully. From the control point of view the staff turnover
may either be avoidable or unavoidable.
19
They also further elaborated that unavoidable
causes are not fault of management but due to other factors which are not under
organizations control like employees personal betterment, domestic affairs such as

15
Ibid
16
Stan Kossen, The Human Side of Organization, 5th ed, 1991Harper Collins, New York, pp 212
17
18
Loquercio, et al, Understanding and Addressing Staffs Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies, 2006, pp 1
19
Singh BP, et al , Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, 1994, Dhanpat Rai and Sons, pp 348
14
marriage and pregnancy, illness, retirement, death, etc. and avoidable causes are like
employees dissatisfaction with job, low remuneration, long hour of work and poor
working conditions, bad relation with supervisors and fellow workers and redundancy of
activities.

2.4 Types of Turnover

Though there are many causes for staff turnover in an organization, all of them have not
negative impact on the well functioning of an organization. Organizations should
differentiate between voluntary and involuntary turnovers and take actions on the one
that they have control. Voluntary turnovers are those caused by the interest of the
employee (e.g. to take job in other organization for better salary) while involuntary
turnovers are the decision of management to quit employees from work (e.g. dismissal
for gross misconduct). In general, all resignations not formally initiated by employers are
voluntary resignations. Voluntary turnovers are further distinguished between functional
and dysfunctional turnovers.
20

Functional turnovers are the resignation of substandard performers and dysfunctional
turnovers are refers to the exit of effective performers.
21
They also classified
dysfunctional turnover, which is the most concern of management due to its negative
impact on the organizations general performance, into avoidable turnover (caused by
lower compensation, poor working condition, etc) and unavoidable turnovers (like family
moves, serious illness, death, etc) over which the organization has little or no influence.
Therefore, management should gives special attention to avoidable turnover over which

20
Taylor, Stephen, Employee Resourcing, Cromwell Press, Wiltshire, 1998 ,pp 228
21
Loquercio, et al, Understanding and Addressing Staffs Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies, 2006, pp 2
15
it has control and improves the situation and then staffs retention. The following chart
adapted from Loquercio et al gives a clear picture of staff turnover ladder.

Figure 1 Types of Staffs Turnover

Source, Loquercio, et al, Understanding and Addressing Staffs Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies

2.5 Voluntary Turnover Decision Process
It is believed by literatures that employees make decision for resignation after making
some analysis and there is a very wide variety of possible explanations for their
voluntary resignations. People become dissatisfied with their jobs for a range of
reasons; as explained by Stephen, employees may become bored with the content of
job, frustrated by lack of promotion, fed up with their supervisors or irritated by changes
in their working environment. In some cases the job may simply fall short of their
expectations at the time of appointment. However, Stephen also suggests that, such
phenomena are only half the story in most cases, for a resignation to occur, the
individual concerned must first perceive that there are better opportunities elsewhere

Turnover

Voluntary

Involuntary

Dysfunctional

Functional

Avoidable Turnover
Unavoidable
Turnover
16
and then secure another position. The following ten steps are the decision process for
the voluntary turnover.
22

a. Evaluate existing job,
b. Experience job dissatisfaction,
c. Think of quitting,
d. Evaluate expected utility of search for a new job and the cost of quitting,
e. Decide to search for alternatives,
f. Search for alternatives,
g. Evaluate alternatives
h. Compare best alternative with present job
i. Decide whether to stay or quit
j. Quit

It is therefore important, when assessing the reasons for turnover and devising remedial
plans, to take account not just of employee dissatisfaction, but also of the possible
alternatives open to employees, as well as the relative ease with which any such
opportunities can be taken up.

2.5 Effects of Staffs Turnover
There is some debate in the literature about how far employers should be concerned
about turnover levels. Some writers have emphasized the potentially positive effects of a
continuous transfusion of fresh blood into the organization. As cited by Stephen Taylor,
Careell et al (1975:777) distinguish between functional and dysfunctional turnover, and

22
Taylor, Stephen, Employee Resourcing, Cromwell Press, Wiltshire, 1998 ,pp 236-237

17
suggest that the former serves to promote innovative ideas and methods and can thus
renew a stagnating organization, while Hom and Girffeth (1995:27-30) also draw
attention to research that has shown functional turnover to be commoner than the
dysfunctional form. The net result is an improvement in productivity as poorer
employees quit, leaving a higher proportion of good performers to enhance
organizational effectiveness. They also note that high turnover gives employers more
opportunity to promote and develop valued staffs and reduces the need to make costly
redundancy when there is a downturn in business.
23

High turnover is probably least worrying in industries employing people in relatively low-
skilled occupations that nevertheless required high levels of customer service (eg fast-
food restaurants and telesales operations). As cited by Taylor, (Kearns 1994:11), this is
because the employer wishes to tie together what is, in all likelihood, a short term burst
of enthusiasm on the part of the employee. Such a situation has allowed the various
brands of burger restaurant to expand rapidly across the world while coping with annual
turnover rates averaging 300 per cent (Ritzer 1996:130).
24

Despite these points, it is safe to conclude that, for most organizations, turnover in
excess of 5-10 per cent has more negative than positive consequences. The more
valuable the employees in question, the more damaging the resignation, particularly
when they move on to work for a competitor. According to Hom and Griffeth (1995:13-
27), as cited by Stephen, there are various reasons, aside from the costs directly
associated with the resignation, for employers to minimize the numbers of employees

23
24
Ibid
18
leaving. These include productivity losses, impaired quality of service, lost business
opportunities, an increased administrative burden and employee demoralization.
25

However, it is the direct costs associated with turnovers that have received the most
attention from writers on this topic, and organizations strive to reduce the frequency of
voluntary resignations from such point of view.

One of the most important questions relating to staffs turnover is at what point does
turnover become excessive. For CIPD (2006) there is no such thing as universally
applicable target for an ideal turnover rate. According to CIPD:
26

Where it is relatively easy to find and train new employees quickly and at
relatively little cost (i.e. where the labor market is loose), it is possible to sustain
high quality levels of service provision despite having a high turnover rate. By
contrast, where skills are relatively scarce, where recruitment is costly or where it
takes several weeks to fill a vacancy, turnover is likely to be problematic from a
management point of view. This is especially true of situations in which you are
losing staffs to direct competitors or where customers have developed
relationships with individual employees as is the case in many professional
services organizations.

Singh et al explained that staff turnover is inevitable and is bound to exist in all industrial
units even in those organizations where salary and working conditions are extremely
attractive and satisfactory. However high staffs turnover is a serious problem and
therefore should be treated carefully. High staffs turnover adversely affect both employer
and employees. The following are some of the effects of high staffs turnover on

25
Ibid ,pp 231
26
19
employers and employees incorporating material from a variety of sources. It is clear
that some are more readily quantifiable than others:
27

28

29

2.5.1 Effects on Employers
Direct recruitment costs (advertising, use of agents etc)
Recruitment administration (responding to enquiries and sending out
application forms, equal opportunities monitoring)
Selection costs (traveling expenses for candidates, psychometric testing,
staffs time in interviewing or running assessment centers, checking
references)
Development costs (training the new employee using formal and informal
development methods, induction training)
Administrative costs associated with resignations (pay-roll arrangements,
calculation of holiday entitlements, pension transfers, conducting exit
interviews)
Administrative cost associated with new starters (contract writing, medicals,
sending out documentation, issuing uniforms, parking permits, identity
badges, company cars etc, relocation expenses for new starter)
Inefficiency in production or service provision (resulting from slackness on the
part of the resigner, inexperience of the replacement employee and
inefficiencies resulting from a period in which the vacancy is unfilled)

27
Singh BP, et al , Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, 1994, Dhanpat Rai and Sons,pp 346-348
28
29
ACAS 2005,Controlling Labor Turnover, www.acas.org.uk

20
Overtime and costs of hiring temporary workers (during the period between
resignation and the hiring of a new member of staffs).
The team sprit among the workers is distributed due to high staffs turnover as
newly recruited very often.
The market reputation of the employer is adversely affected due to high staffs
turnover. May not be able to meet customer orders and expectations on timely
manner.

Although not all of the above cost implications will apply in any one case of voluntary
resignation, several are likely to feature in some way. Each element will not in itself
necessarily result in a great deal of expenditure, but it is the cumulative effect that gives
the business case for attacking turnover its potency.

Estimates of the actual cost of turnover vary considerably depending on which of the
factors listed above are included in the calculation. The level of the final figure also
varies with the nature and content of the job under consideration. Ball-park figures are
thus of only limited use to personnel specialists seeking to compare the performance of
their organizations with others. However, they do give a useful indication of the potential
scale of cost implications associated with high turnover.

2.5.2 Effects on Workers

Due to shifting of employment, a worker has to sacrifice the benefits of his
previous service. Such benefits include pension, provident fund, yearly
increment, leave and so on. All benefits go once workers give up his stable job.
21
A worker develops special skills and ability due to long and continuous service
in industry. This skill is his personal assets. However, it may become
meaningless if the worker leaves the present job and joins a new one.
The worker may not be able to adjust on a new job in a new organization. This
put tremendous mental pressure on him.
A worker who changes his job quite often may be looked upon by others
including employers with suspicion.
The work environment changes when a worker shifts from one unit to another.
He may find it difficult to adjust to a new environment.

2.6 Methods of Identifying Reasons for Staffs Turnover
Since turnover involves the most important resource of an organization, it needs to be
examined and monitored. Organizations need to know who is leaving, why they are
leaving, and whether any effort on their part can slow turnover.

Several different methods are available to researchers seeking to investigate why
employees choose to leave. Here we consider four contrasting approaches: exit
interviews, survey of ex-employees, attitude surveys, and quantitative approaches.
30

2.6.1 Exit Interview
Undertaking formal interviews with employees before they leave the organization is a
common method used to develop an understanding of their motivation for resigning.
The most straightforward approach is to take the resigner through a questionnaire of
direct questions concerning his/her satisfaction with pay, supervisor, development

30
22
opportunities, relationships with colleagues and job content. There are, however, a
number of problems with such approaches that can serve to reduce their effectiveness.
First, there is the tendency of employees to develop a far more optimistic outlook after
they have secured a new job and resigned. Their original reasons for seeking
alternative employment offer get forgotten as they move toward their last day. Such
feelings are compounded if counter-offers are made to encourage them to stay and may
disappear completely in the last days as cards are signed, leaving presents bought,
affectionate speeches given and farewell parties held. This is often not, therefore, the
best time to ask them for an honest and well-balanced assessment of their reasons for
quitting.
31

A further problem arises when supervisors or department heads undertake exit
interviews, because leavers will often baulk at implying any criticism of them-particularly
if they believe that they will require positive references in the future. The reason given
for leaving may thus obscure the whole truth or may even be entirely false. It is far
easier to say that you are leaving because you were offered more money elsewhere or
because your spouse is moving, than to state openly that you disapprove of your new
mangers style or feel that you have been treated unfairly in some way.
32
According to
ACAS, employees often simply quote some small incident which proved the last straw
as a means of avoiding the admission of deeper or less tangible factors.
33

It can thus be argued that exit interviews, if used at all, should be undertaken very soon
after the resignation has been confirmed, and that they should be carried out by an

31
32
Ibid
33
ACAS 2005,Controlling Labor Turnover, www.acas.org.uk, 2007, pp 07
23
individual who will not have any role in writing future job references.
34
A personnel
officer is very will placed to carry out such work. According to Carrell et al (1995:770),
as cited by Taylor, another way of encouraging candour is to explain to the leaver that
the aim of interview is to gather information for improving work conditions. In the other
words, the individual should be asked directly for his or her opinion on how things can
be improved and only indirectly about any personal reasons for resigning.
35

In general, it is necessary to note that leaving employees may not be interested to give
the true cause of their resignation if they think that their supervisor is responsible to give
future reference,
36
or if the employee might want to be reemployed at the future date.
37

Therefore, both these scholars suggest that leaving employees should be interviewed or
required to fill exit questionnaire with one or the combination of the following methods:
The exit interviewer should not be a manger who has had responsibility for the
individual and who will not be involved in future reference writing.
38

The cause may be investigated by asking fellow employees with whom the
person leaving could be more frank.
39
(Singh 1995).
To give employees a questionnaire as they are exiting and ask them to complete
and mail it back after some time
40
(Ivancevich and Glueck 1989).
To contract an independent survey company to conduct telephone exit interview
with each departing employee (Loquercio 2006).

34
35
Ibid
36
37
Ivancevich J. and Glueck W , Foundation of Personnel / Human Resource Management, 1989, Irwin, pp 876
38
39
Singh BP, et al , Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, 1994, Dhanpat Rai and Sons,pp 346-348
40
Ivancevich J. and Glueck W , Foundation of Personnel / Human Resource Management, 1989, Irwin, pp 876
24
2.6.2 Surveys of Ex-employees
Another way of collecting information about the reason for staff resignation is to contact
former employees some months after they left the organization and ask them for a
considered view of their reasons for resignation. While the use of this method is
relatively rare, as cited by Stephen Taylor, there have been a number of cases covered
recently in the personnel journals that indicate some large organizations are
experimenting with it. Candor is further encouraged if the surveys are carried out by
independent bodies and are clearly labeled private and confidential.
41

2.6.3 Attitude Surveys
A third approach is to seek the views of employees before they leave and so provide a
basis for the development of policies and practices that will deter them from so doing.
These too are truly effective only if confidential-so as to maximize the chance of
employees stating honestly how they feel about their jobs, their perceived opportunities,
their bosses, colleagues and the organization as a whole. Questions can also be asked
about their current intentions as regards the future and about their perception of
alternative career paths open to them. Such approaches enable employers to anticipate
in which areas future turnover is most likely to occur, and to gain an insight into the main
causes.
42

2.6.4 Quantitative Approaches
An alternative method to the use of surveys is to make use of the employee records to
compare the data or characteristics of those who leave with those who stay. Although

41
42
Ibid
25
quantitative approaches are unlikely in themselves to give a particularly clear picture of
reasons for turnover, they may reveal some interesting general trends and can usefully
supplement information gathered using the three other methods outlined above.

Any number of ratios can be investigated using quantitative analyses. Examples might
include comparing leavers with stayers in terms of their ages, the distance they travel to
work, their shift-patterns, pay levels, performance record or length of service. It is also
possible to use these techniques to identify the extent to which turnover varies with the
type of job undertaken or with the supervision of different managers. As with all
quantitative analyses, the data is really useful only when there are large sample sizes
available. Such approaches are thus inappropriate for smaller organizations.
43

2.7 Improving Staffs Retention
Though it is natural and healthy for people to leave the organization from time to time as
this allows for the introduction of fresh ideas and promotions, unless organizations retain
workers for a reasonable period, however, they are unlikely to be able to provide the
quality goods and services required to remain competitive. If labor turnover becomes
excessive, it can indicate management problems therefore should be corrected timely.
44

Once the reasons for resignations have been established and analyzed, the next step is
to formulate plans to reduce them. Clearly, it is impossible to generalize about the form
such plans will take, because they will vary dramatically depending on the causes of

43
Ibid
44
26
turnover in specific organizations. Employers may often find that very different factors
explain resignations in each department or business unit. However, there are several
possible courses of remedial actions that can usefully be considered and which have
been shown by researchers to have a positive effect in some circumstances. Hom and
Griffth (1995), as cited by Taylor, in their comprehensive review of recent US research
into the management of turnover, describe nine areas for employers to consider. The
first six are described as robust methods of controlling turnover, and according to
Stephen Taylor, there is strong research evidence, and the final three as promising
methods:
45

Realistic job previews staffs turnover can be reduced by giving the true
picture of the job to candidates. As stated by Robbins realistic job preview
is sharing of both favorable and unfavorable information about the job with
candidate. This includes brochures, films, plant tours, work sampling, or a
short script made up realistic statements that accurately portray a job.
46

Job enrichment- employees will stay in an organization if they achieve high
level of motivation, satisfaction and performance with the jobs they do are
more interesting and challenging. Further more, the following perceptions
of jobs by job-holders are particularly important. These are, opportunity for
self and career development, the job is meaningful or significant, variety of
skills are used to do the job, high degree of personal responsibility, high
degree of autonomy, and positive feedback on performance.

45
46
Decenzo and Robbins, Human Resource Management, 1999, John Williams & sons, Toronto, pp 208
27
Workspace characteristics researches indicated that large open-plan
offices with few dividing walls or partitions tend to reduce employees
significance and autonomy, overcrowding and darkness make matters
worse. Therefore, as far as possible employers should consider making
workspace attractive to employees.
47

Induction practices Proper orientation is one of the mechanisms that
reduces turnover especially that occur in the first months of employment.
The induction packages include proper orientation about terms of
employment, security issues, health and safety regulations, wage and
benefits, organizational rules and policies, employee development
opportunities, sufficient information about the organization and the
industry, job performance issues including job description, standards,
appraisals, and role with in the department.
48

Leader-member exchange- implies paying new comers (starters) particular
attention and activity trying to develop high-trust relationships with them
from the start. This reduces particularly first month turnovers.
Employee selection - this starts from preparing a clear specification of the
person required; setting standards that are not too high (this could result in
recruits who are overqualified and who might become bored) nor too low
because of a shortage of good candidates; setting suitable selection tests
where appropriate e.g. for essential practical skills but be careful they

47
48
Marchington, Mick and Wilkerson, Adrian, Core Personnel and Development, 2000,Cromwell press, Wilshire, pp
138-139
28
do not discriminate unfairly; involving supervisors and ensure that
interviewers are trained;
Reward practices better rewards are one of the means to reduce
turnover. This includes both extrinsic rewards (external to the job and tend
to be tangible and include various forms of payment, fringe payments,
promotions, car, etc) and intrinsic rewards which is concerned with
enhancement of self esteem and self worth.
Demographic diversity as cited by Stephen, on average women and
member of ethnic minorities are more likely than white male to leave jobs
voluntarily. Therefore, whether the discrimination is imagined or real, it the
perception of inequality that is significant, and should be tackled to reduce
the turnover. The way to tackle unfair discrimination is to introduce and
communicate effective equal opportunity policies that managers should at
levels are obliged to accept.
Managing inter-role conflict the other staffs retention mechanism cited by
Stephen relates to reduction of conflicts that arises between the demand of
work and family. In addition to the minimum standard required by law,
employers need to go further for flexible work schedules, childcare, home
workings, etc.

In addition ACAS has suggested that organizations need to keep a record of the number
of people leaving and why they are leaving and should pay particular attention to
voluntary resignations. In the mean time management should identify whether excessive
turnover is among recent starters or among trained and experienced workers. They
29
have also indicated the following measures might reduce staffs turnover depending on
their stay in the organizations.
49

Reduce turnover among new starters by paying particular attention to recruitment,
induction and training. In particular:
ensure job advertisements give an accurate picture of the job including
terms and conditions;
prepare a clear specification of the person you require;
set standards that are not too high (this could result in recruits who are
overqualified and who might become bored) nor too low because of a
shortage of good candidates;
set suitable selection tests where appropriate e.g. for essential practical
skills but be careful they do not discriminate unfairly;
involve supervisors and ensure that interviewers are trained;
help new recruits settle in and make sure they have enough information
about the job and the organization and are trained to carry out their duties
effectively.

Reduce turnover amongst long-term workers by checking:
that they feel involved and are kept in the picture about such things as new
orders, product development, new equipment and other changes;

49

30
that they are not unfairly discriminated against because of their race, sex,
disability, sexual orientation, religion or belief;
that they are not being bullied or harassed or working under undue stress;
that they have opportunities for development and/or advancement;
management style is acceptable and managers and supervisors are
trained, particularly to handle the human aspects of management;
pay levels have not become out of line with similar local jobs;
systems and methods of pay are fully understood and felt to be fair;
there are proper procedures for dealing with grievances and disciplinary
matters;
that workers are given the opportunity to discuss work and progress with
you or their manager or supervisor;
working conditions are safe, healthy and clean and facilities, such as
toilets, are up to standard;
flexible working is taking seriously. Parents of young and disabled children
have the right to request more flexible working arrangements, including;
flexi-time, home working, term-time working, and job sharing and
employers can only refuse such requests if there are clear business
reasons for doing so; that workers receive adequate training for new
work or to operate new machinery or procedures;
why leavers resigned;
what the workers like and dislike about the company.
31
In general keeping staff turnover low is important. It requires being aware of the current
state of the practice work environment, choosing appropriate new hires and providing
them with proper training, talking to staffs members and solving problems as they
emerge. Organizations should strive to provide superior leadership in their practice,
keep communication lines open and support the entire staffs. Periodically take time to
examine the workplace from the employee's perspective, and continually seek to
improve it.
50
This will help organizations to create and maintain a place where people
want to work and stay.

Chapter Three
Non Government Organizations (NGOs) in Ethiopia
3.1 What is NGO?

There is no clearly cut definitions about non government organizations (NGOs). As
stated by MoE one of the difficulties about NGOs for professionals is providing
universally accepted definition and classification.
51
Nonetheless, it is sound to see some
of the definitions and classifications given by different scholars.

50

51
MOE , (2002). Partnerships between Government and Non Government Organizations to Promote Basic Primary
Education, Addis Ababa: EMPDA. Pp 19
32
As stated by Endalemaw, (Sheffer (1994: 47)) non governmental organizations are non-
profit voluntary organizations which are found by people who share common goals and
co-operate to achieve it.
52

Endalemaw (2006) defined that Non Governmental Organizations are non-profit
organizations that give services to client groups. They include lower level organizations
such as community groups, associations, co-operatives religious and private
development organizations.
53

Microsoft Encarta 2005 says that Nonprofit non Government Organizations or
Foundation are organizations with funds and programs managed by its own trustees or
directors, established to maintain or aid social, educational, charitable, religious, or other
activities serving the common welfare.
54

Based on these definitions NGOs do not belong to any governmental structure. They
can set priorities and manage their objectives independently. But this is not to say that
NGOs do not support government plans and actions.

NGOs are of various natures they can be arranged from very large to small; international
to local; long lasting to short period. And their activities are also varies with the
objectives they stand for. For instance, as cited by Endalemaw, (Moser (1993: 193-94)
has identified different types of NGOs in terms of their institutional location,
organizational composition and activities. In their institutional location they are classified

52
Endalemaw Teka , An Assessment of the Contributions Made by NGOs in the Promotion of Quality and Gender
Equity in Primary Education in BGRS, M.A. Thesis, 2006,Addis Ababa University, Pp 45
53
Ibid,
54
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2007
33
under local, national and international levels. In their organizational composition there
are donor organizations of international nature involved in donating and service
providing organizations and national NGOs involved in providing services to those grass
root level. Based on their activities, NGOs can be categorized as those involved in relief,
research, environment, emergency, health, education and development as a whole.
55

NGOs in general gives employment opportunities for local, national and international
(expatriate) staffs and contributes to the well being of the society. Based on this, the
following discussion focuses on the major participants and involvement of NGOs in
Ethiopia and their contribution towards the development, health and water emergency
and other activities and their participation in the creation of employment opportunity in
the country.
3.2 NGOs in Ethiopia
Non Government organizations history in Ethiopia is back to the early 20 century related
with the introduction of modernization and the participation of European missionaries in
the development of the economic and social life of the country. Although their primary
preoccupation remained spiritual, they took pioneering steps in the expansion of
education and health care services.
56

It was, however, following the outbreak of the drought and its attendant famine of
1973/74 that the NGOs emerged as important participants in the development efforts of

55
Endalemaw Teka , An Assessment of the Contributions Made by NGOs in the Promotion of Quality and Gender
Equity in Primary Education in BGRS, M.A. Thesis, 2006,Addis Ababa University, Pp 45
56
CRDA & DPPC 2005, Information Package on NGO Contribution, Addis Ababa, DSA, pp 1
34
the country. For instance, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church - Child & Family Affairs
Organization (EOC-CFAO) which is an indigenous local and non government
organization was established in 1973 with the objective of assisting drought affected
population especially children and women in the Northern part of the country by
obtaining financial and technical support from the German based Christian organization
donor called Kindernothilfe.
57

Initially the major emphasis of the NGOs was on relief operation in which their
achievements in saving millions of lives have been widely accepted. Since then, NGOs
have become a permanent feature in the development of process of the country. In
addition, the recurrence of the 1984/85 drought gave a further boost to the growth of
NGOs both in number and scale, especially their involvement in emergency
operations.
58

3.3 Major Partakers on the NGOs Activity in Ethiopia
The contribution of NGOs in the emergency response as well as their participation in the
development and charity activities has been well known by the federal as well as the
local (regional) governments. In order to integrate and control the activities of these
organizations, the Federal government of Ethiopia requires NGOs to be registered and
operate legally. The major players in the normal operation of NGOs in Ethiopia are
Ministry of Justice (MoJ), Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC)
and Christian Relief Development Association (DPPA). The following sections give

57
EOC-CFAO, 30 Years of Dedicated Service, 2003, pp 9
58
35
some highlight about the roles and responsibilities of these government and non
government organizations.

3.3.1 Role and Responsibility of Ministry of Justice.
Ministry of Justice has been empowered to register and give license for local and
international non government organizations. Before 1995 the responsibility for
registration was the Ministry of Interior, but after 1995, the authority and duty was
transferred to Ministry of justice by Proclamation No. 4/1995. Therefore, in order to
operate legally and in compliance with the requirement of the country, NGOs are
required to be registered and get license from the Ministry and carry out activities in
Ethiopia.

To be registered, International NGOs should present authenticated documents which
includes certificates that stipulates the NGO is legal non profit making organization in
the country of origin, internal regulation and program that confirm sphere of activity,
letter of boards consent and decisions so that the organization operate in Ethiopia,
project profile revealing the intended activity, and letter of appointment by the country
representative. All the above documents directly delivered to the Ethiopian embassies,
consulates or permanent representatives. The respective diplomatic missions will
immediately send the above documents to the Foreign Ministrys Directorate of
International Organization and economic cooperation. If the international NGO granted
permission both from Foreign Ministry and MoJ, shall enter into the country, submit
36
documents and commence registration with the MoJ. Moreover, MoJ renew the
registration of NGOs once every three years based on their activity and audit report.
59

3.3.2 Role and Responsibility of DPPA
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency in accordance with its mandate and the
national policy on disaster prevention and Management and its directive facilitate the
work of NGOs and at the same time ensure due compliance of the NGOs with the law of
the country. NGOs make one or more operational agreement with DPPA or and or with
regional DPPC and/or bureaus. DPPC would facilitate an effective environment in which
NGOs carry out work in a planned manner so that duplication and wastage are avoided
and all parties are able to work towards self sufficiency and empowerment of the people.

DPPA has the following major roles and responsibilities in the activities of NGOs.
Selecting and designating operational areas based on the preference and field
of competence of the NGOs.
Liaise between the NGOs, regional administration and DPPA bureaus and
other governmental agencies
Evaluate the operation of the NGOs in accordance with the policies and
procedures established.
Facilitate duty free importation of capital goods
Facilitate the entry of qualified expatriate personnel in to the country for head
office and in the absence of local expertise for projects as stipulated in the
agreement.

59
http//www.mojet/associations_egistration.htm
37
Review and verify the overall financial performance of the NGOs.
Approve the opening of bank account and to change the signatories when the
need arises.
3.3.3 Role and Responsibility of CRDA
What is CRDA?
Christian Relief and Development Association (CRDA) is an indigenous non-profit
umbrella organization. It is an association of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) engaged in relief and rehabilitation,
developmental activities focusing on poverty alleviation and policy advocacy and
lobbying. It is the first legally registered association of NGOs/ CSOs operating in
Ethiopia and serves as a forum for collective vision and action. It allows resource
mobilization and the sharing of experiences for effective and sustained impact. CRDA
builds capacity to ensure efficiency and quality are met, efforts are not duplicated and
lessons can be learnt.
60

History and Evolution of CRDA
The idea of creating CRDA was initially conceived in 1973 when a group of few
organizations agreed to exchange information and coordinate their response to the
grave humanitarian disaster of the time inflicted by drought, famine and displacement in
the northern part of Ethiopia. As the intensity of the crisis deepened, a bank account

60
CRDA Toolkit, 2007, Addis Ababa, pp
38
was opened and the Christian Relief Fund was established to mobilize resources.
Founding members of CRDA are:
61
-
1. Adventist Development and Relief Agency
2. Baptist General Conference Mission
3. Baptist Mission/Ethiopia
4. Catholic Relief Services
5. Ethiopian Catholic Secretariat
6. Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus
7. Kale Heywet Church Development Program
8. Lutheran World Federation
9. Norwegian Church Aid
10. Oxfam/UK
11. Society of International Missionaries
12. St. Mathews Church
13. Swedish Philadelphia Church Mission

Role of CRDA
CRDA was initially formed to coordinate efforts of few organizations that responded to
the humanitarian exigencies of the 1973/74 famine. It has since then expanded its
services and membership. In particular, it has shifted from focus on coordinating relief
efforts of NGOs to development programs and advocacy efforts such as:-
62

Building capacity of indigenous NGOs

61
Ibid
62
Ibid
39
Promoting information exchange and networking for advocacy and lobbying
within CSOs and other agencies which are active in development areas, and
Promoting an enabling environment for greater contribution of CSOs to
development endeavors of Ethiopia.

Membership in CRDA
As at January 2007, CRDA has 283 member agencies. Of CRDAs total membership,
69% (194) are local NGOs and 31% (89) are international.
63
The membership operate
throughout the country, covering both urban and rural areas emphasizing food security,
rural and urban development, health, HIV/AIDS, education, gender, water and
sanitation, infrastructure, good governance, environmental protection, civic education,
etc.

Any NGO/CSO can become a member of CRDA so long as it fulfills certain criteria.
Though they are varied in their organization, activities and scope of intervention, all
CRDA members envision a society where human dignity, justice, peace and equality
prevail and needs are satisfied. Since its establishment, CRDA has seen a continuous
growth in the number of membership, increasing 22 times over from the 13 members it
started with.
64

3.4 NGOs Contributions to the Community
According to CRDA and DPPC (2005) the contribution of NGOs to the community as
well as to the country can be mentioned in terms of fixed assets, capacity building,

63
Ibid
64
Ibid
40
financial backups, different outputs and employment creation. Constructions like clinics,
health posts, hospitals, training centers, schools, access roads, bridges, irrigation
schemes, water supply schemes, conservation structures, residential houses, and toilets
in different regions of the country are considered as major contributions in terms of fixed
assets.
65
NGOs have been also contributing with the following major intervention areas
like food security that includes food crop production, livestock development,
conservation of natural resource and afforestation; health and domestic water supplies,
reproductive health and family planning, HIV/AIDS, education facilities (formal and non
formal), capacity building, urban and rural physical infrastructure, and emergency
services.

The major achievements of 271 NGOs (i.e. 188 local and 83 international) for the five
years of 1997 2001 (CRDA & DPPC, 2005) were as shown below.

Table 1 Major Achievements of NGOs for the period 1997-2001
Description UoM
Local
NGOs
Internatio
nal NGOs
Total
Food Security
Supplied farm tools to households No. 426,370 96,085 522,45
Provided draft animals (Oxen) No. 1,155 611 1,764
Land brought under irrigation Ha. 626 3,548 4,174
Supplied agricultural input Qt. 982 1,330 2,312
Irrigation water supply system Km 225 632 857
No of tree seedling distributed for free milli 24 36 50
Health and Water
Health posts No. 221 445 665

65
41
Clinics No. 11 72 83
Hospitals No. 1 20 21
Construction & rehabilitation of No. 9 16 25
Water points No. 1,122 1,823 2,945

Education
Schools built (formal) No. 251 173 424
Public libraries No. 10 2 12
Expansion of exiting schools Bloc 16 32 48

Capacity Building
Farmers trained in various skill No. 636,753 336,812
Persons provided with vocational No. 680 415 1,095
Saving & Credit Association organized No. 20,234 1,802 22,036
Training Centers established No. 244 85 329

Physical Infrastructure
Roads Constructed/rehabilitated Km 3,205 16,580 19,785
Residential Houses No. 1,508 1,392 2,900
Bridges Constructed/maintained No. 13 28 41

Emergency
Persons supplied with relief food No.
2,061,527 1,221,448 3,282,97
Supported orphans No. 58,000 12,000 70,000
Day care center established No. 4 34 38
Houses constructed No. - 482 482
Note: The figures presented were for the six Regions, i.e. Addis Ababa, Amhara, Oromoia,
SNNPR, Somali and Tigray
Source CRDA & DPPC, 2005.

The total numbers of projects during the period of 1997-2001 in the six regions were
360, of which 223 were supported by local and 137 were supported by international
NGOs. Accordingly the number of projects accounted in Addis Ababa were 114 (31%),
Oromoia 77 (21%), Amhara 71 (20%), SNNPR 68 (19%), Tigray 17 (5%) and Somali 13
(4%). With regard to sector of programs or services based on the aggregate data 51%
were Health and Water, 17% Food security, 15% physical infrastructure, 11%
educational facilities, 5% capacity building and 1% was HIV/AIDS.
42
3.5 NGOs Contributions to Employment
The other contribution of NGOs working in the country has been the creation of
employment opportunity. Based on the data obtained from the CRDA and DPPA report
of 2005, the total number of staffs working in the six regions of 271 organizations as of
December 2002 were 9803 out of which 9643 (98.4%) were national and 160 (1.6%)
were international or expatriate staffs. The following table adapted from CRDA depicts
staffs distribution by job, region and type.
Table 2 Number of NGO staffs by region, job and type as at December 31, 2002
Number of Employees
Region Total
Management Technical Support
No. of
Expatriate
Staffs
Addis Ababa 3979 506 (13%) 1418 (37%) 2044 (50%) 74
Amhara 2600 294 (11%) 1108 (42%) 1198 (47%) 26
SNNPR 1624 155 (10%) 660 (41%) 809 (49%) 51
Tigray 1135 49 (4%) 463 (41%) 623 (55%) 4
Somali 305 40 (13%) 96 (31%) 169 (56%) 5
Expatriate 160 160
Total 9803 1044 3745 4584
CRDA and DPPC 2005

According to the report, out of the total 9803 staffs 64% were male and 36% are female.
About 11% of the NGO staffs hold for management functions with executive roles, 39%
provide technical or expert service, while 50% are support giving staffs. Regional
distribution of the NGO staffs shows 41% were in Addis Ababa, 27% in Amhara, 17%
SNNPR, 12% Tigray, and 3% in Somali.

43
Local NGOs account for 77% (7551 employees) of the work force of which 36% were
females and international NGO account for the remaining 23% (2252 employees) and
35% were females. Staffs distribution by region and type of NGO is shown below.
Table 3 Number of Local and International staffs by region
Region
Local NGO
Employees
International
NGO Employees
Total
Addis Ababa 3127 (79%) 852 (21%) 3979
Amhara 1161 (62%) 989 (32%) 2600
SNNPR 1454 (90%) 170 (10%) 1624
Tigray 963 (85%) 172 (15%) 1135
Somali 236 (77%) 69 (23%) 305
CRDA and DPPC 2005

Job category indicated that 851 (82%) of management staffs, 3008 (80%) of technical
staffs and 3612 (74%) of support staffs were found in local NGOs. While the remaining
193 (18%) of Management, 737 (20%) of technical and 1242 (26%) of support staffs
were working in international NGO.

3.6 NGOs Total Expenditure during 1997-2001
The total expenditure made by NGOs for the period 1997-2001 for the six regions were
Birr 3,599.65 million of which the local NGOs expenditure were Birr 1,992.41 million
(55.35%) while the expenditure of international NGOs were Birr 1,607.24 (44.65%). Out
of the total Birr 3,599 billion expenditure, the largest amount of 26% (Birr 939.4 Million)
was expended for Oromiya region and the lowest amount of 7% (Birr 241.25 million) is
44
for Somali region. The following tables customized from the CRDA and DPPC 2005
report summarizes Non Governmental Organizations expenditure by region and period.

Table 4 NGOs Expenditure by region by year
Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total %
Tigray 139.56 54.00 60.94 139.65 101.00 495.15 14%
Amhara 117.78 154.09 149.57 208.40 193.73 823.57 23%
Oromiya 157.71 174.58 235.96 214.43 156.72 939.40 26%
SNNPR 32.15 74.58 130.43 164.79 317.13 719.08 20%
Somali 13.21 102.69 29.23 42.56 53.56 241.25 7%
Addis Ababa 49.33 48.90 66.75 83.58 132.64 381.20 11%
Total 509.74 608.84 672.88 853.41 954.78 3,599.65 100%
CRDA and DPPC 2005

With regard to expenditure by sector, out of the total Birr 3,599 billion expenditure 90%
(Birr 3.24 Billion) was expended for development programs and the rest 10% (Birr
359.65 million) was for relief and rehabilitation operations

Table 5 NGOs Expenditure for the period 1997-2001 by sector by region
Sector AA Amhara Oromiya Somalia Tigray SNNPR Total %
Food Security 27.64 197.55 267.31 110.60 179.95 165.44 948.49 26%
Health & Water 59.64 131.53 361.00 45.27 68.69 325.16 991.29 28%
HIV/AIDS 19.56 14.50 2.73 1.09 2.91 9.12 49.91 1%
Education &
Training
135.67 101.49 234.70 14.43 84.54 130.54 701.37 19%
Capacity building 83.44 128.10 12.92 37.17 28.93 31.92 322.48 9%
Physical
Infrastructure
34.77 96.87 36.57 18.00 12.47 28.52 227.20 6%
Emergency
Operation
12.83 158.84 26.67 13.88 119.67 14.94 346.83 10%
Total
381.20 823.60 939.40 241.30 495.20 719.10 3,599.65 100%
CRDA and DPPC 2005

45
Summary

NGOs participation in the development and emergency relief activity in the country is
back to the early twenty century. However, after the 1984/85 drought the number of
NGOs operating the country has increased significantly. Based on the 2005 report of
CRDA and DPPA for the period 1997-2001, the total number of NGOs operated in six
regions (Tigray, Oromiay, Amhara, SNNPR, Somali and Benishangul Gumuz) of the
country accounted to 271 of which 188 were local and 83 were international.

These local and international NGOs have created employment opportunities for 9803
peoples (9,643 were locals and 160 were international). Areas of participation of the
NGOs during the period were in food security, health and water, HIV/AIDS, education,
capacity building, physical infrastructure, and emergency activities. The total
expenditure of the period was 3599 million birr out of this the expenditure of local NGOs
were Birr 1.99 Billion (55.35%) and the international NGOs were Birr 1.61Billion
(44.65%).

Chapter Four
The International Rescue Committee (IRC)
The American branch of the European-based International Relief Association (IRA),
former name of the IRC, founded at the suggestion of Albert Einstein in 1933 to assist
Germans suffering under Hitler. Refugees from Mussolini's Italy and Franco's Spain are
46
later assisted. The current name of the organization was given in 1942 after the IRA was
merged with the Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC).
66

During its more than 70 years of service, the IRC internationally participates in activities
like relief, rehabilitation, protection, post conflict development, resettlement services and
advocacy for those uprooted or affected by violent conflict and oppression. The IRC
delivers lifesaving aid in emergencies, rebuilds shattered communities, cares for war-
affected children, rehabilitation, health care, water and sanitation systems, reunites
separated families, restores lost livelihoods, establish schools, trains teachers,
strengthens the capacity of local organizations and supports civil society and good
governance initiatives.

The head quarter of the International Rescue Committee is based in New York, United
States. The organization currently works in 25 countries oversees and out of which 15
courtiers are found in Africa.

4.1 IRC Ethiopia Program

IRC Ethiopia was established in 2000 in response to the severe drought in Somali
Region. The IRC currently works throughout Ethiopia, in four refugee camps and with
local drought affected populations in West Harage Zone and Southern Nations and
Nationalities Peoples Region (SNNPR).

66
http//www.theirc.org/resources
47
The four refugee camps are located in three regions of Ethiopia. Shimelba refugee
camp Tigray Region, for Eritrean refugees who fled during Ethiopia-Eritrea boarder war
of 1998-2000. In Benishangul Gumuz Region Sherkole and Yarenja refugee camps for
Sudanese refugees who fled due to the 20 year civil war and in Somali Region
Kebribeya refugee camp for Somalis refuges who are largely migrated from Mogadishu
area due to insecurity problem of the Somali. IRC Ethiopia has provided service for
45,630 refugees and 222 924 Ethiopians. These activities indirectly aid 891,206 people.
In the refugee camps, IRC Ethiopia provides emergency education (both formal and non
formal), psychosocial support for youth, community service, water supply improvements,
sanitation promotion, HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention, reproductive health
education and services, voluntary counseling and testing, and gender based violence
awareness and preventions. For drought-affected communities in Ethiopia, IRC projects
include provision of emergency water and sanitation, livelihoods recovery initiatives for
farmers and pastoralists, and community-based education aimed at reducing the
number of children involved in the worst forms of child labor.

4.2 Summary of Individual Programs
Education

The IRC works to increase the quality of education in the refugee camps by building
classrooms, training teachers, launching per-schools and developing informal and out-
of-school youth. Equally, awareness raising and sanitary supply distribution have
contributed to promoting girls education. In the local community, through the KURET
(Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia Together) initiative the IRCs education programs is
48
working to reduce the number of children engaged in the worst forms of child labor
through community capacity-building and awareness-raising, construction of Alternative
Basic Education schools, teacher training and functional vocational literacy programs for
youth.

Community Services

Through its community services programs in the camps, the IRC works to increase
community representation of vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly and the
disabled and assists in the removal of barriers to their access to camp services.
Vulnerable groups receive vocational training in skills such as embroidery, tailoring,
masonry, carpentry, and soap making, and small grants are provided to assist them in
setting up small business such as tea shops, bakeries, and laundry shops.

Health

The IRC Ethiopia health sector works in 3 refugee camp locations as well as host and
local communities in the areas of reproductive health and HIV/AIDS awareness raising
programs organize campaigns, collects data on service usage, trains community health
workers, show educational videos, distributes condom to refugees, and increases
access and awareness of family planning methods. In Sherkole refugee camp the IRC
operates a Voluntary Counseling and Testing center and plans to expand this service to
Shimilba. The IRC is also working to promote increased access of Anti-retroviral drugs
for mothers to be in. Equally, the IRC Ethiopia health program is also working in areas
of eye care and polio (and other childhood diseases)

49
Environmental Health (Water & Sanitation)

IRC creates, maintains and improves water supply systems in refugee camps and local
communities. For this the IRC builds new latrines and waste pits, drills, boreholes,
trains water system operation and maintenance teams, helping strengthen the capacity
of local water bureaus, and educating refugees and local families on sanitation and
hygiene. The IRC also distributes mosquito nets to steam rampant malaria and building
an emergency team ready to work with partners to respond to rises around the country.

Livelihoods

IRC has begun two livelihoods recovery initiatives in Oromia region. IRC is organizing
livelihood fairs where they can buy improved seed varieties. Farmers are also receiving
training on alternative agricultural practices. In Somali region IRC works as part of
consortium where livelihoods recovery focuses on animal health and improving market
opportunities for livestock.

Geographical Information System (GIS)
GIS provides IRC Ethiopia with a satellite images, digitized maps and aerial
photographs that are used in innovative ways not only to map water sources but also to
analyze the impact of different socio-economic and infrastructure factors. GIS is also
being used to map out humanitarian actors and projects, thus contributing to inter-
agency coordination and helping to avoid duplication of efforts while highlighting areas
of need.

4.3 Organizational Structure of IRC Ethiopia

50
IRC Ethiopia currently has 8 international and 209 national employees working in the
seven offices. The national office is based in Addis Ababa and the remaining six field
offices are found in Assosa, Awassa, Asebetefri, Shire, Jijiga and Chagni. The country
office is under the leadership of the Country Director and all field offices are run by Field
Coordinators. The Country Director has the ultimate power in making decisions for the
country program.

The IRC has two main divisions in Addis Ababa, i.e. Programs and Support. Program
department includes, Water and Sanitation, Education and Community Service,
Environmental Service (or Water and Sanitation), Health Program and GIS. The
program department is headed by the Deputy Director assisted by Technical/Sector
Coordinators providing technical support for field level program staffs that are engaged
in direct implementation of the programs. Finance, Logistics, and Human Resources &
Administration departments are found under support and each of them is headed by the
respective Coordinators and directly report to the Country Director.

All department heads in Addis Ababa including the Deputy Director are report to the
Country Director. The Country Director is also responsible to oversee the Field
Coordinators that are responsible for the management and leadership of each field
offices. Though the IRC follows open door policy, in general its formal reporting
relationship is as shown below.

Figure 2, Condensed Organizational Structure of IRC Ethiopia Program
51

Source: the IRC Office

Summary
The IRC Ethiopia from its establishment of the year 2000 has been able to provide
services for 45,630 Sudanese, Eritrean and Somali refugees and for 222 924
Ethiopians. These activities indirectly aid a total of 891,206 people.
Currently, the IRC participates in programs like Education, Community service, Health,
Environmental health (Water and Sanitation), Livelihoods and Geographical Information
System activities. The organization has created employment opportunities for 209
people.

Since the organization operates in remote areas with lack of infrastructure, warm
temperature, vulnerability to malaria, lack of entertainment, and due to other factors, it
has been affected by high staffs turnover. The following chapter analyzes the staff
turnover of the organization.

Country
Director
Logistics
Coordinator
Finance
Controller
HR/Admin
Coordinator
Deputy
Director
Program
Coordinators
Field
Coordinators
52

Chapter Five
Staffs Turnover in the IRC - A Case Study

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

53
This section deals with two parts, i.e. the first part present and analyze data collected
from the IRC, and the second part present and analyze data collected through the
questionnaire. Three types of questionnaires were distributed to terminated, existing and
management staffs so as to get different ideas from all sides. The findings and
interpretation of data will be dealt following the data analysis obtained from the IRC and
computed by the researcher.

5.1 Existing Staffs Profile of the IRC

The staff profile of the IRC as of May 31, 2007, indicates that there were 209 employees
who have open employment contract with the organization. These 209 employees are
found in seven different offices. The table shown below illustrates the total number of
staffs and the proportionate share of each office. Besides, the table also indicates the
total number of staffs and their corresponding service year. For instance, for its more
than seven years of service, the IRC has only 11 peoples (or 5% of the total employees)
who has a service year of 5 year or more. On the other hand, 29% of the employees (61
in number) are new blood to the organization, i.e. they are under one year of service.

Table 6 Existing Staffs Profile by Service Year and by Office
Service
Year
Addis
Ababa
Asebe
Teferi
Assosa Awassa Jijiga Shire Yarenja Total %
> 5 Year 5 0 0 0 1 5 11 5%
4-5 Year 8 7 5 0 0 4 24 11%
3-4 Year 15 7 2 3 0 2 29 14%
2-3 Year 10 4 5 1 3 3 26 12%
1-2 Year 4 3 16 12 15 8 58 28%
< a Year 6 11 10 7 17 8 2 61 29%
Total 48 32 38 23 36 30 2 209 100%
Percentage 23% 15% 18% 11% 17% 14% 1% 100%
54
Source: IRC office and own computation

The Job grade of the IRC is categorized in to six grades and ten steps. The first grade
(Grade 1) includes Guards, Cleaners, and Cooks; the second Grade (Grade 2)
comprises Drivers, Cashiers, Storekeepers, Receptionists; the third grade (Grade 3)
includes assistants; forth grade Officers; fifth grade Managers and the sixth grade is
Coordinators. Based on this category the largest share of staffs is Grade 1 with a
proportion of 27% (57 in number of employees).
Table 7 Existing Staffs Profile by Job Grade and by Office
Job Grade AA
Asebe
Teferi
Assosa Awassa Jijiga Shire Yarenja Total
%
Grade 6 (Coordinator) 7 1 1 1 2 1 0 13 6%
Grade 5 (Manger) 10 3 2 1 5 3 1 25 12%
Grade 4 (Officer ) 8 6 10 5 9 8 0 46 22%
Grade 3 (Assistant
Officers) 2 8 6 6 3 5 1 31 15%
Grade 2 9 7 8 3 6 4 0 37 18%
Grade 1 12 7 11 7 11 9 0 57 27%
Total 48 32 38 23 36 30 2 209 100%
Percentage 23% 15% 18% 11% 17% 14% 1% 100%

With regard to the number of staffs on the basis of departments, the largest share (52%
or 108 employees) goes to Logistics department. This is because of the inclusion of all
Guards, Cooks, Drivers, Storekeepers, and most of the cleaners and Receptionists are
under the department. The share of each department is presented in the below table.
Table 8 Existing Staffs Profile by Department and by Office
Department /Location
A
A

A
s
e
b
e

T
e
f
e
r
i

A
s
s
o
s
a

A
w
a
s
s
a

J
i
j
i
g
a

S
h
i
r
e

Y
a
r
e
n
j
a

T
o
t
a
l

%

HR and Admin 5 1 1 7 3%
Education & Community Service 3 5 8 1 5 5 27 13%
Finance 5 2 2 2 3 2 16 8%
55
GIS 2 1 3 1%
Health 3 1 4 1 2 5 16 8%
Logistics 25 18 20 10 19 15 1 108 52%
PLI 1 4 5 2%
Management Group 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 4%
Environment Health(Water and
Sanitation) 3 3 2 8 1 2 19 9%
Total 48 32 38 23 36 30 2 209 100%

5.2 Terminated Staffs Profile of the IRC

Though there has been staffs turnover since from the establishment, the IRC has been
able to maintain crude records of the human resource movement after the
reorganization of departments made in the period 2004/2005. During this period the
Operation department was separated in to two departments namely, Logistics and HR
and Administration. Accordingly, the HR and Admin Department has started to record
the staffs profile from the year 2004. This project paper analysis is, therefore, made
starting from the fiscal period 2004/2005.

Since from the period 2004/2005 to 2006/2007 the total number of staffs terminated
from the IRC is counted to 89. However, though the organization does not keep detailed
record for each resigned/terminated staffs, the total number of terminated staffs since
from establishment is around 174. This indicates that the organization has lost almost
45% (174 out of 383) of its employees due to different reasons.

Based the data obtained for the last three years four types of analysis are made. The
first type of analysis is made for terminated staffs based on fiscal year and field offices.
Out of the total 89 terminated staffs, 30 (33.71%) were for the period 2004/2005, 34
(38.2%) were for 2005/2006 and 25 (28.09%) were for 2006/2007.

56
When we compare termination rate based on location, Assosa - Sherkole field office
accounted for 21.35% (19 employees) followed by Addis office which accounts for 18%
or 16 employees. In addition, the comparison of the number of terminated staffs with the
existing staffs for the last three years indicates that the Assosa-Sherkole filed offices
crude turnover rate is accounted to 50% followed by Shire-Shimelba office of 47%. The
600% proportion of Yarenja Office is caused due to the phase out of the project. The
below table depicts the terminated staffs distribution by period and location of offices.
Table 9 Terminated Staffs Profile by Year of Service and by Office
Period / Location
A
A

A
s
e
b
e

T
e
f
e
r
i

A
s
s
o
s
a
/

S
h
e
r
k
o
l
e

A
w
a
s
s
a

J
i
j
j
i
g
a

S
h
i
r
e
/

S
h
i
m
e
l
b
a

Y
a
r
e
n
j
a

T
o
t
a
l

%

b
y

Y
e
a
r

Year 2004/2005 8 3 9 2 6 2 30
33.71
%
Year 2005/2006 4 7 6 2 6 4 5 34
38.20
%
Year 2006/2007 4 3 4 5 4 5 25
28.09
%
Total Terminated 16 13 19 2 13 14 12 89
100.00
%
Percentage by
Location
17.9
8%
14.61% 21.35% 2.25% 14.61% 15.73% 13.48% 100.%

Existing Staffs 48 32 38 23 36 30 2 209
% of Terminated
to Existing by
Location
33
%
41% 50% 9% 36% 47% 600% 43%


The second analysis was made by categorizing termination of employees in to seven
classes based on their service years. Accordingly, the analysis of the three year period
figures portray that most of the employees are terminated /resigned from the IRC during
the first months of their employment period (less than six month stay in the IRC) and
which accounts to 31.46% (or 28 employees) followed by the termination/resignation of
57
staffs whose service year is greater than one year but less than two year service. This
category accounts to 29.21% (or 26 employees). The following table depicts the
proportion of staffs resigned based on service Years.

Table 10 Terminated Staffs Profile by Year of service

Service Year
No of
Terminated
Staffs
Percent
Less than Six month 28 31.46%
6 Month - 1 Year 14 15.73%
1 - 2 Year 26 29.21%
2 - 3 Year 16 17.98%
3 - 4 Year 3 3.37%
4 - 5 Year 2 2.25%
> 5 Year 0 0.00%
Total 89 100.00%


The third type of analysis is made based on termination/ resignation of staffs by position
or grade of employees. As shown on the below table, the highest termination/resignation
was for the Officer position which accounts for one third of the total termination (33.71%
or 30 employees). The proportion of terminated staffs to existing staffs based on grade,
however, indicates that both the Assistant and Officer Positions are equally susceptible
to staffs turnover as both of them have accounted to 65%. The least termination
/resignation were the Coordinator position (the highest rank in the organization) and only
one employee (account to 1.12%) was resigned from this position. The other section of
the below table includes both grade 1 and grade 2 which include guards, drivers,
cleaners, receptionists, cooks, etc.
58

Table 11 Terminated staffs by Position
Position
No of
Resigned
staffs
Percent
Existing
Staffs
Proportion of
Resigned to
Existing
Assistant 20 22.47% 31 65%
Officer 30 33.71% 46 65%
Manager 11 12.36% 25 44%
Coordinator 1 1.12% 13 8%
Others 27 30.34% 94 29%
Total 89 100.00%
209 43%

The last type of analysis of is made based on the department. As indicated on the
Percent of Terminated Staffs column of the table below, the crude percentage figure
shows that 39.33% (35 out of 89 employees) are terminated from Logistics Department.
However, the Proportion of Resigned staffs to Existing staffs column indicates the total
number of staffs resigned from each department in comparison with the number of
existing staffs of the respective departments. This figures measures which department is
really susceptible to high staff turnover. Accordingly, the Education and Community
Service Department is the one that is more susceptible to high turnover as witnessed by
the percentage of 81% followed by Health department with 69%.

Table 12 Terminated staffs by Department
Department
No of
Resigned
Staffs
Percent of
Terminated
Staffs
Existing
Staffs
Proportion of
Resigned to
Existing
A B C D=A/C
HR and Administration 2 2.25% 7 29%
Community Service &
Education
22 24.72% 27 81%
Finance 9 10.11% 16 56%
GIS 1 1.12% 3 33%
59
Health 11 12.36% 16 69%
Logistics 35 39.33% 108 32%
Management 3 3.37% 8 38%
Water 5 5.62% 19 26%
PLI 1 1.12% 5 20%
Total 89 100.00% 209 43%

5.3 Analysis of Data Gathered through Questionnaire

In this section the data collocated through the three types of questionnaires are
analyzed and interpreted. As stated before, to maximize the diversity of the ideas and
attitudes, three types of questionnaires were distributed to the ex, existing and
management staffs. Besides, in order to gather sufficient information about the IRC, the
questionnaires were also sent to six offices, i.e. one to the country office at Addis Ababa
and to five field offices Asossa, Asebeteferi, Awassa, Jijiga and Shire. In general, 95
questionnaires (58 for existing, 12 for management and 25 for resigned staffs) were
distributed. Out of 95 questionnaires, 57% of the questionnaires (or 54 questionnaires
i.e. 36 for existing, 7 for management and 12 for terminated staffs) were collected.
However, the four questionnaires collected from existing staffs are rejected due to poor
or incomplete responses. The general characteristics of the respondents and their
opinion about the IRC are presented in the following sections.

5.3.1 General Characteristics of the Respondents

The general characteristics of the respondents include both personal and professional
characteristics. The respondents were 31 existing staffs, 12 ex-staffs and 7
60
management staffs. The table shown on the next page describes the respondents
general characteristics about sex, age, martial status, educational qualification,
department, work experience and their position in the IRC.

As shown on the next page table, out of the total 50 respondents, 12 (24%) of them are
ex-staffs, 7 (14%) management staffs, and 31 (62%) are non management existing
staffs.

Of 50 respondents 41 (82%) and 9 (18%) were males and females respectively. With
regard to age; the majority of the respondents i.e. 25 (50%) are young and between the
age of 20-30.

Concerning the martial status of the respondents 60% (26) of them are single and 5%
(2) of them are Divorced. With regard to educational qualification of the respondents 30
(60%) are first degree holders and 2 (4%) of them has second degree. The following
table 13 depicts the general characteristics of the respondents.

Table 13 General Characteristics of Respondents
Ex-Staffs
Management
Staffs
Existing Staffs Total
Item
No
Description
Number % Number % Number % Number %
1 Sex
Male 10 83% 6 86% 25 81% 41 82%
Female 2 17% 1 14% 6 19% 9 18%
Total 12 100% 7 100% 31 100% 50 100%
2 Age
20-25 Year 0 0% 0% 3 10% 3 6%
26-30 Year 7 58% 1 14% 14 45% 22 44%
31-35 Year 5 42% 5 71% 7 23% 17 34%
> 35 Year 0 0% 1 14% 7 23% 8 16%
Total 12 100% 7 100% 31 100% 50
61
3 Martial Status
Single 7 58% 19 61% 26 52%
Married 4 33% 10 32% 14 28%
Widowed 0% 0% 0 0%
Divorced 0% 2 6% 2 4%
No Answer 1 8% 1 2%
Total 12 100% 0 0% 31 100% 43 86%
4 Educational Qual. 0
12 Grade and Below 0 0% 0% 1 3% 1 2%
College Diploma 3 25% 2 29% 12 39% 17 34%
First Degree 9 75% 3 43% 18 58% 30 60%
Second Degree 0% 2 29% 0 0% 2 4%
Total 12 100% 7 100% 31 100% 50 100%
4 Department
Finance 2 17% 2 6% 4 9%
Logistics 2 17% 5 16% 7 16%
HR and Admin 0 0% 3 10% 3 7%
Programs 8 67% 18 58% 26 60%
No Answer 0% 3 10% 3 7%
Total 12 100% 0 0% 31 100% 43 100%
5 Work Experience in
the IRC
< 1 Year Service 4 33% 2 29% 12 39% 18 36%
1-2 Year Service 3 25% 0 0% 9 29% 12 24%
2-3 Year Service 0 0% 3 43% 3 10% 6 12%

3-5 Year Service 5 42% 2 29% 6 19% 13 26%

> 5 Year Service 0 0% 0 0% 1 3% 1 2%
Total 12 100% 7 100% 31 100% 50 100%
6 Position in the IRC
Assistant 4 33% 13 17 35%
Officer 7 58% 16 23 48%
Manger 1 8% 5 71% 2 8 17%
Coordinator 0 0% 2 29% 0 2 4%
Total 12 100% 7 100% 31 0 50 100%
Source: Computed from questioners

As to years of service in the IRC, 18 (36%) has service year of less than six month, 14
(28%) has greater than 3 year of service. Concerning grade or position in the IRC, 17
(35%) are Assistant position, 23 (48%) have are Officers, 8 (17%) are Managers and 2
(4%) are Coordinators.

5.3.2 Terminated Staffs View about the IRC

62
This section analyzes terminated staffs view about the IRC from two perspectives. The
first perspective is based on individual respondent insight about his/her personal opinion
regarding their job, salary, relationship with others and his/her general feelings. The
second perspective is based on the general environment of IRC including what they
have heard from others and what he/she observed during his/her stay in the IRC and in
comparison with other similar organizations.

5.3.2.1 Response from Individual Point of View

Pre-placement orientation or induction is given by the IRC at the time of employment.
The orientation package includes the IRC background information, personnel policy and
procedures; finance and grant management, working conditions and environment,
mandatory reporting, etc. The orientation is given by the respective department staffs.
Table 14 Ex staffs Pre-Placement Induction/Orientation rating
Rate Number of Respondents Percent
Excellent 1 8%
Very Good 4 33%
Good 5 42%
Fair 1 8%
No Answer 1 8%
Total 12 100%
Ex -staffs opinion about the induction program of the IRC is rated as excellent by 8% (1),
very good 33% (4), good 42% (5), fair 8% (1) and 8 % (1) no response. This indicates
that the IRC needs to do more to achieve the highest satisfaction standard in orientation
specially to reduce early terminations.

Having sufficient information about the history and status of the job, the existing
relationship between beneficiaries, regulatory bodies, donors and other agencies is
63
crucial for the successful implementation of programs. Besides, this reduces the time
required by an employee to adapt the job and working environments. This can be
achieved by obtaining necessary handover through documents and personal discussion
with predecessor. In this regard, the ex staffs were inquired to indicate how they got
handover. Out of the total 12 respondents, 4 (33%) were handed over through
document, 2 (17%) handed over in person, 1 (8%) both through document and, 5 (42%)
has not get any type of handover documents. As shown on the below table, 40% (2) out
of five respondents who has not get any type of handover experience difficulty in
properly executing their jobs. Moreover, out of these 12 respondents 50% (6) of them
was not able to handover to their successors due to unavailability of replacements. In
order to avoid loss of organizational memories, if termination is not avoidable,
management of IRC needs to look mechanisms that facilitate the quick replacement of
staffs to ensure in person handover and also should able to enforce staffs at lest to
prepare handover documents. The below table indicates staff opinion about handover.

Table 15 Terminated Staff Opinion about Handover
1 How did you get your handover
Through document 4 33%
Personal (face to face) 2 17%
Not at all 5 42%
Both 1 8%
Total 12 100%
2
Was there any difficulty due to lack of proper handover in any form?
Yes 2 40%
No 2 40%
No Answer 1 20%
Total 4 100%
3. Did you handed over to your successor
Yes 6 50%
64
No 6 50%
Total 12 100%

Ex staffs are inquired whether they felt marginalized (unimportant) or not. Forty two
percent (5) of the respondents were replied that they had experienced this feeling and
58% (7) replied that they did not felt marginalized. The summarized response indicates
that line mangers do not participate staffs in making vital decision; and important
information which was necessary for properly existing the jobs were not sufficiently
given to staffs. As a result they developed such type of sense.
Table 16 Ex Staffs Feeling About Marginalization (Sense of Unimportance)
Yes 5 42%
No 7 58%
Total 12 100%
Terminated staffs were requested to rate their relationship with their technical and
immediate supervisors. Almost all of field based IRCs staffs has two supervisors in
which they are directly responsible to report the Filed Coordinator for all types of
administrative and routine issues and simultaneously report to Addis officials for
technical matters.
Table 17 Relationship with Immediate and technical supervisor
1. Relationship w/h Immediate supervisor
Excellent 3 25%
Very good 7 58%
Good 1 8%
Fair 0 0%
Bad 1 8%
Total 12 100%
2. Table Relationship w/h technical supervisor
Excellent 3 25%
V good 5 42%
Good 1 8%
Fair 1 8%
Bad 1 8%
No Answer 1 8%
65
Total 12 100%
As shown on the above tables, the ex-staffs respondents have rated their relationship
with their immediate supervisor in the following manner. Of 12 respondents 3 (25%) had
excellent, 7 (58%) very good, 1(8%) good, and 1 (8%) rated as bad. With regard to
relationship with technical supervisor, 3 (25%) has rated excellent, 5 (42%) very good,
1(8%) good, 1 (8%) fair, 1 (8%) bad and 1 (1%) no answer. Though, in general, ex staffs
has good relation with both types of supervisors, the number of ex staffs who has
favorable attitude to immediate supervisors are greater than the technical supervisor.
Exstaffs attitudes towards payment, and work load and responsibility in terms of
capacity are as follows.
Table 18 Terminated staffs rating about pay, workload, responsibility
1
Do You Think That You Have Been Paid Well
Yes 3 25%
No 9 75%
Total 12 100%
2 Work Load In Terms Of Normal Working Hours
normal 1 8%
Beyond 11 92%
Under 0%
Total 12 100%
3 Responsibility In Terms Of Capacity
Below 5 42%
Within 5 42%
Beyond 2 17%
Total 12 100%

Though as compared to government organizations and local NGOs IRCs salary scale is
far more better, out of the total 12 respondents, 75% (9) of them are not happy with the
payment while 3 (25%) responded as they have been paid well. With regard to work
load in terms of normal 8 hour work per day, most of the ex-staffs 92% (11) responded
that the work load was beyond normal 8 hour work while 1 (8%) says it was under
normal condition. Similarly of 12 respondents, 75% (9) of them complain that the salary
they have been paid does not compensate the work load while 17% (2) says salary
66
compensate workload and 1 (8%) responded as it was good. As to responsibility in
terms of capacity, out of 12 ex-staffs, 5 (42%) of respondents claims that they were
working below their capacity, 2 (17%) beyond their capacity and 5 (42%) agree that they
had worked within their capacity.
Since most of the IRCs field offices are found in the remote area of the country,
respondents are also inquired to rate the working environment. Accordingly, no one has
rated the working environment as excellent, however, 1 (8%) rated as very good, 7
(58%) moderate, 2 (17%) good and 2(17%) as bad. Of these 12 respondents, 7 (58%) of
them replied that the environment condition is one of the reasons for their resignation,
while 5 (42%) replied that this does not any contribution to their resignation.
Table 19 View about Working Environment
Number of Respondents Percent
1. The Working Environment Condition of IRC
Excellent 0%
V good 1 8%
moderate 7 58%
Fair 2 17%
Bad 2 17%
Total 12 100%
2. Do you think that the environment condition had impact for your resignation
Yes 7 58%
No 5 42%
Total 12 100%
The staff composition of IRC includes both expatriate and national/local staffs.
Therefore, ex-staffs were inquired to give their opinion whether there was any
discrimination between national and expatriate staffs in terms of salary, workload, and
treatment. Consequently, 75% (9) say there is discrimination in salary payment while
25% (3) do not agree with this. With regard to work load 25% (3) says there decimation
but 75% (9) say there is no work load discrimination. Concerning treatment, 7 (58%)
agree that there is discrimination while 5 (42%) responded that there is no discrimination
in terms of treatment.
Table 20 Terminated Staff view about discrimination
67

No of
Respondents
Percent
No of
Respondents
Percent Total Percent
Salary Yes 9 75% No 3 25% 12 100%
Workload Yes 3 25% No 9 75% 12 100%
Treatment Yes 7 58% No 5 42% 12 100%
It is believed by many researchers that the cause of staffs turn over might be one or
more interrelated reasons. With this in mind ex-staffs respondents were inquired to list
their reasons for resignations. Therefore the summarized response indicates that the
cause for one employee is a family problem. That is he intends to marry and live with his
spouse in Addis. The other 11 (92) % resigned staffs have the combination of more than
one problem. Accordingly, resignation of 4 (33%) was poor leadership problem, 1 (8%)
security (that is war), 6 (50%) were due to dissatisfaction of the job including routine
work and lack of promotion, 4(25%) due to better opportunity including higher salary,
higher position, changing of work profession and better place like Addis, 3 (25%) were
due to dissatisfaction with area as stated by remote place, warm temperature,
vulnerability to malarial and lack of entertainment and 1 (8%) resigned due to
educational opportunity (to continue masters in Addis Ababa University).

5.3.2.2 Response of Ex-Staffs from General Observation

In this section ex-staffs are requested to rate based on what they have heard or
observed from others and as far as possible in comparison with other similar
organizations. All respondents have at least two years work experience before joining
IRC and, therefore, believed that they have sufficient information to judge the
organization. The following table depicts the percentage summary of the respondents.
Table 21 Ex staffs view from general observation.
68
1 Working Condition of IRC
Excellent
V good 6 50%
Good 3 25%
Fair 3 25%
Bad
Total 12 1
2 Relationship among staffs
Excellent 2 17%
V good 2 17%
Good 7 58%
Fair 1 8%
Bad 0%
Total 12 100%
3
Relationship between supervisors and subordinates
Excellent 1 8%
V good 5 43%
Good 1 8%
Fair 4 33%
Bad 1 8%
Total 12 100%
4 Leadership skill of your supervisors
Excellent 4 33%
V good 3 25%
Good 0%
Fair 2 17%
Bad 3 25%
Total 12 100%
5 Benefits and Compensation of the IRC comparison with other org
Excellent 0%
V good 3 25%
Good 5 42%
Fair 1 8%
Bad 3 25%
Total 12 100%
With regard to the general working condition of IRC out of 12 respondents, no one has
said excellent, 6 (50%) replied as very good, 3 (25%) as good, and 3 (25%) as fair.
Concerning relationship among staffs, 2 (17%) rated as excellent, 2 (17%) very good,
7(58%) good, and 1 (8%) rated fair.

The other factor that ex staffs requested was their feeling about the leadership skill of
their supervisors, accordingly, 4 (33%) excellent, 3% (25%) very good, 2 (17%) fair and
3 (25%) rated as bad. Regarding relationship between supervisors and subordinates out
69
of the 12 respondents 1 (8%) rated excellent, 5 (42%) very good, 1 (8%) good, 4 (33%)
fair, and 1 (8%) rated as bad.

Concerning benefits and compensation of IRC no one has rated as excellent, but 3
(25%) very good, 5 (42%) good, 1 (8%) fair, 1 (8%) bad and 3 (25%) rated as bad.

5.3.3 Existing Staffs View about the IRC

In this section also respondents are inquired to reply from the two type of perspectives
used in the ex-staffs section. As indicted on Table 13, the total number of respondents
are 31 of which 25 (81%) are male 6 (19%) are females and includes all departments
with the proportion of 2 (6%) Finance, 5 (16%) Logistics, 3 (10%) Human Resource and
Administration, 18 (58%) from all programs and 3 (10%) of them are not mentioned
their department. This section, though, assumed for non-management staffs, it includes
two management staffs (managers) who filled the questionnaire prepared for non
management staffs unknowingly but completed genuinely.
5.3.3.1 Response from Individual Point of View

Existing staffs opinion about the induction program of the IRC is rated as excellent by
13% (4), very good 42% (13), good 29% (9), 10% (3) fair, 3 % (1) bad and 8 % (1) no
response. This indicates that in comparison to the ex staffs, the existing staffs have
relatively better satisfaction and therefore this might be one of the factors for resignation
of less informed employees.
Table 22 Existing Staffs Pre-Placement Induction/Orientation
70
Excellent 4 13%
Very Good 13 42%
Good 9 29%
Fair 3 10%
Bad 1 3%
No Answer 1 3%
Total 31 100%
With regard to handover, out of the total 31 respondents, 15 (49%) were handed over
through document, 10 (32%) handed over in person, and, 5 (16%) has not get any type
of handover documents. As shown on the below table, 40% (2) out of five respondents
who has not get any type of handover experience no difficulty in properly executing their
jobs.
Table 23 existing staff view about Handover
1 How did you get your handover
Through document 15 49%
Personal (face to face) 10 32%
Not at all 5 16%
Both
No answer 1 3%
Total 31 100%
2
Was there any difficulty due to lack of proper handover in any form?
Yes 0
No 5 100%
No Answer
Total 5 100%
Existing staffs are inquired whether they feel marginalized or not. Ten percent (3) of the
respondents were replied that they had experienced this feeling, 84% (26) replied that
they did not felt marginalized and 6% (2) did not give any answer. Except for
mentioning the feeling of marginalization, no one has mentioned the cause of their
feeling.
Table 24 Existing Staffs Feeling About Marginalization (Sense of Unimportance)
Yes 3 10%
No 26 84%
No Answer 2 6%
71
Total 31 100%
In the same manner as the ex-staffs, the existing staff respondents have also ranked
their relationship with their immediate and technical supervisors. Accordingly, they rated
their relationship with immediate supervisor as 14 (45%) excellent, 14 (45%) very good,
1(3%) good, and 2 (7%) rated as fair. With regard to relationship with technical
supervisor, 12 (39%) rated excellent, 7 (23%) very good, 2(6%) good, 2 (6%) rated as
fair, and 8 (26%) gives no answer, this might be due to the presence one supervisor
only. The same as ex-staffs, though, existing staffs have good relationship with both
supervisors; the number of existing staffs who have favorable attitude to immediate
supervisors are greater than the technical supervisor.
Table 25 Relationship with Immediate and technical supervisor
1. Relationship w/h Immediate supervisor
Excellent 14 45%
Very good 14 45%
Good 1 3%
Fair 2 7%
Bad %
Total 31 100%
2. Table Relationship w/h technical supervisor
Excellent 12 39%
V good 7 23%
Good 2 6%
Fair 2 6%
No answer 8 26%
Total 31 100%
The attitudes of existing staffs towards work load, responsibility in terms of capacity and
payment are discussed as follows. With regard to work load in terms of normal 8 hour
work per day, most of the existing staffs 61% (19) responded that the work load was
beyond normal 8 hour work and 12 (39%) says it is under normal condition. As to
responsibility in terms of capacity, out of 31 staffs, 7 (23%) of the respondents claims
that they were working below their capacity, 23 (74%) within their capacity, and 1 (3%)
responded it is beyond their capacity. Concerning payment, out of the total, 45% (14) of
72
them are not happy with the payment while 16 (52%) responded as they have been paid
well and 1 (3%) said it is fair.
Table 26 Existing Staff View about pay, workload and responsibility
1
Do You Think That You Have Been Paid Well
Yes 16 52%
No 14 45%
Not fair 1 3%
Total 31 100%
2 Work Load In Terms Of Normal Working Hours
normal 12 39%
Beyond 19 61%
Under 0 0%
Total 31 100%
3 Responsibility In Terms Of Capacity
Below 7 23%
Within 23 74%
Beyond 1 3%
Total 31 100%
Existing staffs were also inquired to compare payment with work load and they rated
that, only 7 (23%) of them responded that the payment compensate the workload, and
21(68%) of them complain that the salary they are getting does not compensate the
work load and 3 (10%) gives no response.
Based on the same reason mentioned in the terminated staffs view section, existing
staffs also inquired to rate the working environment. Accordingly, no one has rated the
working environment as excellent, however, 9 (29%) rated as very good, 6 (19%) replied
as moderate, 8 (26%) said fair and 8(26%) rated as bad. Concerning their future stay in
the IRC out of 31 respondents, 23 (74%) of them replied that the environment condition
has impact on their future stay and 8 (26%) replied that the working environment does
not have any effect on their future stay in the IRC.
Table 27 Existing staff views about working environment
1. The Working Environment Condition of IRC
Excellent 0%
Very Good 9 29%
73
Moderate 6 19%
Fair 8 26%
Bad 8 26%
Total 31 100%
2. Do you think that the environment condition will have impact for your future stay
Yes 23 74%
No 8 26%
Total 12 100%

Out of 31 existing staffs 22 (71%) of them believes that there is discrimination in salary
between expatriate and national staffs, whereas 9 (29%) of them disagree with this. With
regard to treatment 8 (26%) of them believe that there is favoritism to expatriate staffs.
However, 23 (74%) of them replied that there is no special treatment to expatriate staffs.
With regard to work load, 26% (8) says there is decimation but 74% (23) say there is no
work load discrimination.
Table 28 Existing staff views about presence of discrimination between expat and national

No of
Respondents
Percent
No of
Respondents
Percent Total Percent
Salary Yes 22 71% No 9 29% 31 100%
Workload Yes 8 26% No 23 74% 31 100%
Treatment Yes 5 16% No 26 84% 31 100%
The existing staffs are also inquired to reply what would be the major enforcing factors
that may oblige them to resign from the IRC. Respondents have given two or more
enforcing factors that may cause them to resign. Accordingly, the following figures
indicate the summarized response of the 31 respondents. Leadership problem might be
the reason for 3 (10%), 10 (32%) family problem including proximity to family, 7 (23%)
security including war, 5 (16%) dissatisfaction with the job which includes routine work
and lack of promotion. Better opportunity in other organization in terms of salary, higher
position, changing of work profession and better place like Addis is accounted to 18
74
(58%) of the respondents. 3 (25%) respondents were suggested that dissatisfaction with
area as stated by remote place, warm temperature, vulnerability to malarial and lack of
entertainment might be the major causes. Educational opportunity is mentioned by 17
(55%) staffs as a potential cause for the resignation.

5.3.3.2 Existing Staffs Response from General Observation

The existing staffs general view about the IRC based on their general observation is
presented as follows. Concerning the relationship among staffs in the IRC, out of 31
respondents, 14 (45%) replied that there is excellent relationship, 13 (42%) rated as
very good, 4 (13%) rated as good. With regard to relationship among staffs, 9 (29%)
rated as excellent, 18 (58%) very good, 4 (13%) good. Concerning leadership skills of
supervisors, 13 (42%) rated as excellent, 15 (48%) very good, and 3 (10%) as good.
Pertaining to benefits and compensation of IRC 1 (4%) rated as excellent, 10 (32%) very
good, 5 (16%) as good, 10 (32%) fair and 5 (16%) rated as bad.

Table 29 existing staffs views from general observation.
1 Working Condition of IRC
Excellent 0%
V good 14 45%
Good 13 42%
Fair 4 3%
Bad 0%
Total 31 1
2
Relationship between supervisors and subordinates
Excellent 9 29%
V good 18 58%
Good 14 13%
Fair
Bad
Total 31 100%
3 Leadership skill of your supervisors
Excellent 13 42%
V good 15 48%
75
Good 3 10%
Fair
Bad
Total 31 100%
4 Benefits and Compensation of the IRC comparison with other org
Excellent 1 4%
V good 10 32%
Good 5 16%
Fair 10 32%
Bad 5 16%
Total 31 100%
5.3.4 Management Staffs View about the IRC

General characteristics of the respondents as indicated on table 13, out of the total 7
respondents 6 (86%) are male and 1 (14%) is female. Of these respondents, 2 (29%)
have worked in the IRC less than a year, 3 (43%) between 2 and 3 years, and 2 (29%)
are with service year of greater than 3 but less than 5 years. Concerning position, 5 are
mangers and 2 are coordinators.

Leadership skill is one of the factors that determine the retention of staffs in an
organization. Leaders develop their leadership skill through experience, formal training
and education. With this view management staffs were inquired about their experience,
placement on position, exposure to any form of human resource management training.
Accordingly, four (57%) of the respondents has got their managerial positions through
promotion while the two has got through initial employment. With regard to human
resource management 57% (4) have earlier experience before joining IRC but not the
rest of 43% (3). Of these respondents, majority of them i.e. 86% (6) does not take any
form of human resource management training, and 5 (71%) of them assert that they
have developed leadership skill through experience. Relationships with their
76
subordinate is rated as excellent by 1 (14%), very good 3 (43%), good 2 (29%) and fair
1 (14%). The following table depicts the summarized response of management staffs.
Table 30 management staffs response about themselves

Rate
Number of
Respondents
Percent
1 How did you get the current position
Through Initial Employment 2 29%
Through Promotion 4 57%
Both Promotion and Initial Employment 1 14%
Total 7 100%
2 How you developed your Leadership skill
Through Experience 5 71%
Through Training 0%
Both 2 29%
Total 7 100%
3 Do you have any HR mgmt practice before IRC
Yes 4 57%
No 3 43%
Total 7 100%
4 Have you get any HR Training after joining IRC
Yes 1 14%
No 6 86%
Total 7 100%
19
How do you rate your relationship with
subordinates
Excellent 1 14%
Very Good 3 43%
Good 2 29%
Fair 1 14%
Total 7 100%
These management staffs have rated the general environment of the IRC in the
following manner. Concerning relationship among staffs, no one has rated as excellent,
however, 3 (43%) as very good, 2(29%) as good, 2(%) as fair. These officials has also
rated workload in terms of the normal eight hour working and 3 (43%) agree that it is
under normal condition while 4 (57%) said that it is beyond the normal working hours. In
the view of the management staffs, the working condition of the IRC is rated as very
good by 57% (4), 29% (2) good and 14% (1) as fair.

77
Table 31 management staffs response about IRC

Rate
Number of
Respondents
Percent
1 Relation ship among staff
Excellent 0%
V good 3 43%
Good 2 29%
Fair 2 29%
Total 7 100%
2 Workload in term of 8 hour per day
normal 3 43%
Beyond 4 57%
Under 0%
Total 7 100%
3 Working condition of the IRC
Excellent 0%
V good 4 57%
Good 2 29%
Fair 1 14%
Total 7 100%

5.4 Estimated Cost of Staffs Turnover

Due to the recurrent staff turnover, IRC has been incurring both financial and non
financial costs. The average financial cost per employee is estimated to be equal to Birr
ETB 6,740.00 Assuming that IRC has an average of 30 terminations per year the total
annual financial cost is ETB 202,200 (6,740.00x30). The breakdown of the costs is
shown below.
Cost of vacancy posting estimated ETB 1,035.00 for one time posting.
Medical check up expenses ETB 300.00/employee.
Telephone cost for checking three references estimated ETB 30.00
ETB 1,700.00 for travel costs (air fare and per diem).
Costs related to orienting a new staffs for a one time group orientation in Addis
Ababa is estimated about ETB 2,160.00.
78
ID printing ETB 15.00/employee.
Relocation/shipment expenses for personal belonging estimated about ETB
1,500.00.
Note that on the above estimation average cost per employee doesnt include non
financial costs related to termination and recruitment of replacements. These are the
time spent by human resource and line managers to review CVs, conduct interviews,
checking references and orienting a new staffs.
Loss of organizational memory is one of the non financial costs that IRC is paying for.
As indicated on the ex staffs views, majority of them did not get any type of handover
from their predecessor. Lack of proper handover slightly creates loose relationship with
those bodies like beneficiaries, regulatory bodies, other similar agencies and donors
who have established strong ties with the predecessor. In addition, insufficient handover
make the new comer to take more time for learning the environment, the job, working
condition and collogues and, therefore, this create low performance during the first
months of employment.
5.5 Measures Taken to Reduce Staffs Turnover

The management of the IRC feels the presence of significant staff turnover. Therefore,
in order to maintain staffs for the maximum possible time it has been implementing
different retention strategies. The following are some of the strategies used by the IRC.
It has been giving opportunities for its national staffs to be international staffs as
full and short term assignment in different countries. Accordingly, 2 of the national
staffs become full time international and 4 existing national employees assigned
on a short term basis.
79
The basic salary of staffs was revised starting from March 2007 with a minimum
of 5% and maximum of 33% raise.
Awarding employees at their five year anniversary by providing work certificates,
gift (wristwatch) and posting their services on the bimonthly bulletin.
Internal promotion is encouraged in the organization and decreased hiring from
outside for vacant posts. For the last three years it has given 28 promotions. The
following table depicts the summary of promotion.
Table 32 Trend of Promotion in the IRC
Fiscal Period
Type of
Promotion
2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 Total
From G1 to G2 1 1 2
From G2-G3 1 6 7
From G3-G4 3 1 4 8
From G4-G5 1 4 2 7
From G5-G6 4 4
Total 5 6 17 28
Source: IRC Office and own computation
Providing different international and local trainings,
Help staffs to organize staffs retreat programs by allocating money to each field
offices.
Provides Rest and Relaxation (R&R) package twice a year. The package
includes seven days rest and round trip air fare to travel from duty station to
home.
Summary
IRC currently has 209 employees in its seven offices. Out of these eleven have a
service year of 5 or more. The IRC Job grade is divided into six grades and 6% (13) of
them are coordinators (Highest rank in the organization) while 27% (57) are in the
lowest grade. i.e. Grade 1.
80
For the last three years IRC has lost 89 employees. Assosa Sherkole filed office
accounted the larges share with 21.35% (19) of terminated staffs. Based on year of
service 31.46% (28) employees were terminated during the first six months of
employment. Regarding positions Officer and Assistant and from departments Education
and Community Service are the most susceptible ones.
Questionnaires were distributed to the ex, existing and management staffs to collect
ideas from all sides. Respondents have given their opinion about the working conditions,
relationship among staffs and between supervisor and subordinates, working
environment, payment, workload in terms the normal eight hour, responsibility in terms
of capacity, etc. Based on the findings conclusions and recommendations are given in
the following chapter.

Chapter Six
Conclusions and Recommendations

6.1 Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause of staff turnover in the IRC and to
give possible solution and recommendations to reduce staffs turnover and how to
withstand the unavoidable staff turnover. To achieve this objective, data are collected
through questionnaire from ex, existing and management staffs. Besides the overall
trend of human resource movement was collected from the Human Resource and
Administration Department of the organization. Since the department was established
from 2004 and crude data record of employees were maintained from this period the
81
analysis was made based on the last three year records. The IRC currently has 209
employees and lost 89 employees during the last three years.

In order to achieve the major objectives of the paper representative sample were taken
from ex, existing, and management staffs. Moreover, all field country office staffs are
included in the sample. Out of the 54 questioners collected 4 are rejected due to poor or
incomplete responses.

The data obtained from the IRC indicates that the most susceptible department in
organization is the Education and Community Service followed by the health
department. Moreover, the data also shows that the largest number of employees are
terminated during the first six months of their employment.
The response obtained from the questionnaire point out that, both ex and existing staffs
have favorable relationship with their immediate and technical supervisors. However, the
understanding between staffs and immediate supervisor is better than the one with the
technical supervisor.
Most of the sample respondents participated from each category agrees that the
workload of staffs is beyond the normal eight hour working. The ex and existing staffs
also complain that the payment they receive does not compensate the workload though
52% of the existing staffs believe that they have been paid well.
Majority of the sample ex staffs believes that their responsibility were below their
capacity. On the contrary, mass of the existing staffs agree that they are working within
their capacity.
82
Most of the respondents, the ex and existing staffs, rated the working environment of the
IRC as moderate. The ex staffs have also added that the environment had contribution
for their termination. In addition, more than 71% of the existing staff respondents believe
that the environment has significant impact on their future stay in the IRC.
More than one third of the respondents both from the ex and existing staffs strongly
believes that there is salary discrimination between expatriate and national/local staffss.
Besides, 58% of the resigned staffs believe that management of the IRC is more
favorable to treat expatriate than local/national staffs.

Most of management staffs have developed their leadership skill through experience. Of
these, 86% (6) of them has not get any type human resource management training after
receiving the responsibility of being a manger or coordinator. 43% of them also rated
their relationship with subordinate is below average.

6.2 Recommendations
The efforts exerted by management to reduce staffs turnover and to retain competent
staffs are worthy and should continue. In most situations the cause of staff turnover are
a combination of one or more factors. Therefore, the best solution for the problem is to
identify the major causes and treating them to reduce or if possible eliminate from the
working environment. Based on the analysis and findings the following
recommendations are forwarded to strengthen the effort of the IRCs management.
Most of the members of the Education and Community Service department are
graduated by Sociology, Psychology, education and the like. Since most of the
83
international and local humanitarian organizations are working with the
community, these professions are more exposed to competition. Therefore, IRC
needs to evaluate its salary and benefit structure and should pay competitive
compensations that pay off the work load and the working environment.
To avoid termination of staffs during the first months of employment IRC should
be able to give detailed and proper orientation including the drawbacks of the
working environment, security, health and safety issues. And encourage leaders
of the department or the field office to create friendly environment for new comers
by introducing to each and every members of the organization and the culture of
the general working environment.
In order to uplift the relationship between staffs and technical supervisors to the
higher standard, technical supervisors resides in Addis needs to understand the
working conditions and environment of the field offices and the moral standards
of staffs and provide the required professional assistances with the full context of
the situations.
Working beyond the normal 8 hour per day will cause employees to fade up with
the job, reduces performance and cause burnout of employees. This result in low
quality of service to beneficiaries/customers, and unexpected runaway of
employees. Therefore, management needs to identify the cause of the work load
and hire assistants or add additional employees to support the position.
Since the field offices are found in the remote area with lack of infrastructure and
entertainment facilities, IRC should need to think of providing entertainment
mechanisms like DSTV, sporting equipments like chess, table tennis and the like
84
and orienting staffs to use the facilities during rest times. Moreover, since these
peoples are living far from family and friends, IRC should consider increasing the
existing rest and relaxation event at least from two to three.
In order to avoid loss of organizational memories, and if termination is not
avoidable, management of IRC needs to look mechanisms that facilitate the quick
replacement of staffs to ensure in person handover. However, if immediate
replacement is not possible, IRC should enforce staffs at least to prepare
handover documents which facilitate easy understanding and follow up of work.
The IRC is paying different rate for local and international staffs due to
competition in international labor market for qualified personnel, additional
charges for expatriate staffs in local markets (hotel rooms and services, etc),
displacement from country of origin, citizenship privilege in the country, etc.
Therefore, for the time being, IRC needs to orient local/national staffs about the
reasons for different salary scale for local and international staffs by stating the
above reasons and avoid the sentiment of discrimination in the eyes of the local
staffs. However, on the long run, IRC needs to focus on capacity building of
national staffs in order to reduce its dependence on international staffs as well as
to change the perception of the national staffs.
Supporting management staffs with formal human resource management training
will further enhance their skill in improving the existing moderate relationship
between supervisors and subordinates. Therefore, IRC needs to identify its
officials weakness and provide the appropriate human resource management
trainings.
85

Bibliography

1. ACAS 2005,Controlling Labor Turnover, www.acas.org.uk
2. Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development, Recruitment, Retention &
Turnover, Annual Survey Report 2006, UK http://www.cipd.co.uk/surveys
3. CRDA & DPPC 2004, Information Package on NGO Contribution, Addis
Ababa, DSA
4. Decenzo and Robbins, Human Resource Management, 6 six edition, John
Williams & sons, Toronto, 1998
5. Endalemaw Teka (2006). An Assessment of the Contributions Made by
NGOs in the Promotion of Quality and Gender Equity in Primary
Education in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, M.A. Thesis, Addis
Ababa University
6. EOC-CFAO, 30 Years of Dedicated Service, 2003, EOC- CFAO, Addis
Ababa
7. Gary Dessler, Human Resource Management, 7
th
ed, 1997
8. Heneman Herbert, Donald Schwab, and John Fossum, 1998, Personnel/ Human
Resource Management, Universal Book Stall, New Delhi
86
9. Ivancevich John and Glueck William, 1989, Foundation of Personnel /
Human Resource Management, IRWN, Boston
10. Judy Capko, 2005, Identifying Causes of Staff Turnover, Family Practice
Management (www.afap.org/fpm)
11. Loquercio, David, Hammersley Mark and Emmens, Ben, 2006,
Understanding and Addressing Staff Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies,
www.odihpn.org
12. Mailgram Lynne & Others: Managing Smart; Prentice Hall, 1999
13. Margchington, Mick and Wilkerson, Adrian, 2000, Core Personnel and
Development, Cromwell Press, Wiltshire, 1998
14. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2007.
15. Miller, Grandaux, Yolande Michel Welmond and Joy Wolf (2002). Evolving
Partnerships: The Role of NGOs in Basic Education in Africa. Washington.
D.C.; USAID
16. MOE (2002). Partnerships between Government and Non Government
Organizations to Promote Basic Primary Education. Addis Ababa:
EMPDA.
17. Stan Kossen, The Human Side of Organization, 5
th
ed. Harper Collins, New
York, 1991
18. Taylor, Stephen, Employee Resourcing, Cromwell Press, Wiltshire, 1998
19. Tegegn Nuresu (1996). Basic Indicators of Education System Performance:
A manual for Statistician and Planners. Addis Ababa: EMPDA.
20. Singh BP, Chhabra T and Taneja P, 1994, Personnel Management and
Industrial Relations, Dhanpat Rai and Sons, Delhi
21. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
22. http//www.eowa.gov.au
23. http//www.hrmguide.co.uk
24. http//www.mojet/associations_egistration.htm
25. http//www.theirc.org/resources

87

School of Graduate Studies
Faculty of Business and Economics

Questionnaire for Terminated Employees

The purpose of this questionnaire is exclusively for academic purpose as a requirement for MBA.
It's administered to assess your views about your previous working conditions and experience
related with your profession, relationship with supervisors and fellow workers, remuneration
packages, and in general your observation about your previous international NGO experience of
the IRC. The collected data will be analyzed in terms of staff turnover (Human Resource
Management Practice) in international non government organizations. I assure you that, all your
responses will be kept in absolute confidentiality and you will not be held responsible for the
research outcome.

Therefore, your genuine, frank and timely responses are quite vital to determine the success of
this study. So, I kindly request your contribution in filling the questionnaire honestly and
responsibly.

NB.
1. No need of writing your name;
2. Answer the alternatives by encircling your choices(s) and/or by filling the space
provided for narration or descriptive questions.
3. If you are inquired to fill the soft copy of the questionnaire (if you are inquired
through email), please highlight (shade) your answer.
4. Please respond as accurately as possible and at your earliest possible time.

88
1. Personal Profile

1. Sex:
M F

2. Age (Years) A.
20-25 B. 26-30 C. 31-35 D. > 36 -40

3. Martial Status

A. Single B. Married. C. Widowed D. divorced

4. Educational Qualification A. 12
grade or below B. Diploma C. 1
st
Degree D. 2
nd
Degree

5. Your department in the IRC.

6. Your work experience in the IRC A. <
a year B.1-2 Years C. 3-5 D. > 5 years

7. Total work experience including that were done in other organizations (if any)
A. < a year B. 1-2 C. 2-3 D. 3-5 E. > 5 years.

8. Position in the IRC at the time of resignation
A. Officer B. Manger C. Coordinator D. Assistant Officer

9. How would you rate your pre-placement orientation (induction) program?
a. Excellent b. Very good c. Good d. Fair e. Bad

10. How did you get your handover from your predecessor?
A. Through Document B. Personal (face to face handover) C. No at all

11. If your answer for question 12 is C (no at all), did you face any problem in properly
executing your work?
A. yes B. No If yes, please specify your difficulties...
89

12. Did you hand over to your successor (replacement)? A
Yes b. No If no,
was it due to A. Your
immediate (without notice) termination B. Unavailability of replacement c)
Other specify, ..

13. Did you feel that you were marginalized by the management? a.
Yes b. No If yes, what could be the reason ..

14. How was your relationship with your supervisors? (1)
With your immediate supervisor?
A. Excellent B. Very good C. Good D. Fair E. Bad
(2) With your technical supervisor?

15. Have you ever made any grievance to your supervisor?
A. Yes B. No.
If yes, how do you feel about the response?
A. Very satisfied B. Satisfied C. Not satisfied D. No reply at all

Do you think that you have been paid well?
A. Yes B. No.

16. How was the work load in terms of normal working hours (i.e. 8 hour per day)? A.
Normal B. Beyond C. Under

17. How was your responsibility in terms of your professional capacity? A.
Below your capacity B. Within your capacity C. Beyond your capacity

18. How was the work environment that you were working? A. Very
good B. Moderate C. Fair D. Bad
90

19. Do you think that the environment condition had impact for your resignation? A.
Yes B. No.

20. Do you think that the salary that you get compensate your work load?
A. Yes B. No.

21. Was there any discrimination between expatriate and you, in respect of a)
salary i) yes ii) no
b) workload i) yes ii) no
c) treatment i) yes ii) no
d) other please specify .

22. Reasons for your resignation from the IRC (select your reasons and fill the causes)
a. Leadership
problems ;.. b. Due to
family;... c.
Working conditions;.
d. Security ;
e. Dissatisfaction with the job ;....
f. Better opportunity in other organization in terms of ;.
g. dissatisfaction with the area /place of work .
h. educational opportunity i. other,
please specify .

2. Organizational Information (Over all the IRC)

1 What do you think about the working condition? A.
Excellent B. Very good C. Good D. Fair E. Bad

2 How was the relationship among staffs? A.

3 How was the relationship between supervisors and subordinates? A.
91

4 How do you rate the leadership skill of your supervisors? A.

5 How do you rate the benefits and compensation of the IRC in comparison with other similar
organizations? A. Excellent B. Very
good C. Good D. Fair E. Bad

6 What should be done to improve the working situations in general?

Thank You

Questionnaire for Existing Employees

It's administered to assess your views about your working conditions and experience related with
your profession, relationship with supervisors and fellow workers, remuneration packages, and in
general your observation about your international NGO experience (the IRC). The collected data
will be analyzed in terms of staff turnover (Human Resource Management Practice) in
international non government organizations. I assure you that, all your responses will be kept in
absolute confidentiality and you will not be held responsible for the research outcome.

responsibly.

NB.

1. Personal Profile

23. Sex:
92
M F

24. Age (Years) A.
20-25 B. 26-30 C. 31-35 D. > 36 -40

25. Martial Status

A. Single B. Married. C. Widowed D. divorced

26. Educational Qualification A. 12
grade or below B. Diploma C. 1
st
Degree D. 2
nd
Degree

27. Your department in the IRC.

28. Your position in the IRC A.
Officer B. Manger C. Coordinator D. Assistant Officer

29. Your work experience in the IRC A. 0-
6 month b. 6month to 1 year C.1-2 Years D.2-3 E.3-5 f. > 5 years

30. Total work experience including that were done in other organizations (if any)
A. Less than one year B. 1-2 C. 2-3 D. 3-5 E. > 5 years.

31. How would you rate your pre placement orientation (induction) program?

32. How did you get your handover from your predecessor?
A. Through document B. Personal (face to face handover) C. No at all

33. If your answer for question 11 is C (no), did you face any problem in properly executing
your work? A. yes
B. No If yes please specify your difficulties...

93
34. Did you feel that you have been marginalized in the management?
A. Yes B. No What could be the reason
.

35. How do you rate your relationship with your supervisors?

(1) With your immediate supervisor?

(2) With your technical supervisor? (If any)

36. Do you think that you have been paid well?
A. Yes B. No.

37. How is the work load in terms of normal working hours (i.e. 8 hour per day)? A.
Normal B. Beyond the Normal Working hour C. Under

38. How is your responsibility in terms of your professional capacity? A.
Below capacity B. Within capacity C. Beyond capacity

39. How do you rate the environment condition that you are working?
a. Very good b. Moderate c. Fair d. Bad

40. Is there any discrimination between expatriate and you, in respect of a)
salary i) yes ii) no
b) treatment i) yes ii) no
c) workload i) yes ii) no
d) other, please specify .

41. Do you think that the environment condition will have impact on your future stay in the
IRC?
A. Yes B. No

Do you think that the salary that you get compensate your work load?
A. Yes B. No

94

42. If there is any enforcing factor that cause you to resign, which one will be your reasons
for resignation? (Please fill your reasons on the space provided)
A. Leadership problems (. B. Due
To Family (E.G. Marriage. D.
Security (e.g... War
E. Dissatisfaction with the Job (E.G. Boring, No Promotion
F. Better Opportunity in Other Organization (E.G. Salary, Promotion ..
G. Dissatisfaction with the Area /Place of Work
H. Educational Opportunity I. Other,
Please Specify..

2. Organizational Information (Over all the IRC)

7 How do you rate the relationship among staffs?

8 How do you rate the relationship between supervisors and subordinates?

9 How do you rate the leadership skill of your supervisors? A.

10 How do you rate the benefits and compensation of the IRC in comparison with other
similar organizations? A. Excellent
B. Very good C. Good D. Fair E. Bad

Thank You
95


Questionnaire for Management Staffs

It's administered to assess your views about your working conditions, experience, staffs that have
been working under your supervision, and general working environment about your organization
the IRC. The collected data will be analyzed in terms of staff turnover (Human Resource
Management Practice) in international non government organizations. I assure you that, all your
responses will be kept in absolute confidentiality and you will not be held responsible for the
research outcome.
.
responsibly.

NB.

1. Personal Profile

1.Sex:
M F
96

2.Age (Years)
A. 20-25 B. 26-27 C. 31-35 D. 36 -40 E. Above 40

3. Educational Qualification
A. 12 grade or below B. Diploma C. 1
st
Degree D. 2
nd
Degree

4.Your work experience in the IRC (in years)
A. Less than one year B.1-2 Years C. 2-3 D. 3-5 e. > 5 years

5.Total work experience including other organizations, if any
A. less than one year B. 1-2 C. 2-3 D. 3-5 E. > 10 years.

6.Your total managerial experience
A. less than one year B. 1-2 C. 2-3 D. 3-5 E. > 5 years.

7.Your Position in the IRC A.
Manger B Coordinator C. Other specify ..

8.How you get your current positions? A.
Initial Employment B. By Promotion C. Other, please specify

9.How do you rate your own leadership skill?

10. How you developed your leadership skill? (Select one or more)
A. through experience B. through training C. other, please specify

11. Did you have human resource management practice before joining IRC?
A. Yes B. No

12. Did you take human resource management training after joining IRC?
A. Yes B. No

13. How do you rate your relationship with your subordinates?

97
14. How you judge the work load of your subordinates in terms of the normal working hour
(i.e. 8 hour per day)?
A. Normal B. beyond C. Under

15. What do you think about the working condition of the IRC?

16. How do you rate the relationship between staffs?

17. How do you rate the relationship between supervisors and subordinates?
a. Excellent b. Very good c. Good d. Fair e. Bad

Thank You

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